Introduction

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e.,

voltage) across an electrical conductor in a changing field. Michael is generally credited
with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically
described it as Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law describes the direction of the
induced field. Faraday's law was later generalized to become the Maxwell–Faraday
equation, one of the four Maxwell equations in his theory of electromagnetism.
Electromagnetic induction has found many applications, including electrical
components such as inductors and transformers, and devices such as electric
motors and generators. Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday,
published in 1831. It was discovered independently by Joseph Henry in 1832.

Applications of electromagnetic induction

Eddy Currents
An eddy current is a swirling current set up in a conductor in response to a changing
magnetic field. By Lenz¹s law, the current swirls in such a way as to create a magnetic
field opposing the change; to do this in a conductor, electrons swirl in a plane
perpendicular to the magnetic field. Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose,
eddy currents cause energy to be lost. More accurately, eddy currents transform more
useful forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, into heat, which is generally much less
useful.
Electric Generator
A electric motor is a device for transforming electrical energy into mechanical energy;
an electric generator does the reverse, using mechanical energy to generate electricity.
At the heart of both motors and generators is a wire coil in a magnetic field. In fact, the
same device can be used as a motor or a generator. When the device is used as a motor,
a current is passed through the coil. The interaction of the magnetic field with the
current causes the coil to spin. To use the device as a generator, the coil can be spun,
inducing a current in the coil.
Transformers
Electricity is often generated a long way from where it is used, and is transmitted long
distances through power lines. Although the resistance of a short length of power line is
relatively low, over a long distance the resistance can become substantial. A power line
of resistance R causes a power loss of I2R ; this is wasted as heat. By reducing the
current, therefore, the I2R losses can be minimized.

Experimental Setup
A permanent magnet is placed between two sets of conducting wires in such a manner
that they are opposite in directions and the other ends are connected to the two ends of
the electric bulb to complete the electric circuit. We will find that the bulb glows
brightly.

Usage of EMI for making a portable Light Lamp

Faraday’s Laws of EMI
Faraday's law of induction makes use of the magnetic flux ΦB through a region of space
enclosed by a wire loop. The magnetic flux is defined by a surface integral:

ΦB=∫ΣB⋅dA ,
where dA is an element of the surface Σ enclosed by the wire loop, B is the magnetic
field. The dot product B·dA corresponds to an infinitesimal amount of magnetic flux. In
more visual terms, the magnetic flux through the wire loop is proportional to the
number of magnetic flux lines that pass through the loop.
Generating an EMF through a variation of the magnetic flux through the surface of a
wire loop can be achieved in several ways:

1. the magnetic field B changes (e.g. an alternating magnetic field, or moving a wire
loop towards a bar magnet where the B field is stronger),
2. the wire loop is deformed and the surface Σ changes,
3. the orientation of the surface dA changes (e.g. spinning a wire loop into a fixed
magnetic field),
4. any combination of the above

Lenz’s Law
Named after the physicist Emil Lenz who formulated it in 1834,[1] states that the
direction of the current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is such that
the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes the initial changing magnetic
field.
Some Important Features
Above project can be summarised as follows:-
i. During the preparation of this project, the two sets of wires should be wounded
across the magnet in opposite directions to follow the Lenz’s Law for anti-
polarity across the permanent magnet.
ii. The electric bulb used in the project can be a readily available LED, CFL or a
filament bulb provided, the permanent magnet used should have ample magnetic
field intensity to make the bulb glow brightly.

Procedure

i. E
ii. D
iii. F
iv. Gr
v. W
vi. E
References
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NCERT Physics Part I, Textbook for Class XII