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Mobile Cloud Computing: Challenges and Future Research Directions

Conference Paper · June 2017

DOI: 10.1109/DeSE.2017.21

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 2017 10th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering
Mobile Cloud Computing: Challenges and Future Research Directions
Samaher Al-Janabi
Department of Computer Science,
Faculty of Science for Women (SCIW),
University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
samaher@uobabylon.edu.iq
Mohammad Shojafar
Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and
Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Via
Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy (CNIT), Rome, Italy
Shojafar@diet.uniroma1.it
Abstract— In society today, mobile communication and
mobile computing have a significant role in every aspect of our
lives, both personal and public communication. However, the
growth in mobile computing usage can be enhanced by
integrating mobile computing into cloud computing. This will
result in emerging a new model called Mobile Cloud Computing
(MCC) that has recently attracted much attention in academic
sector. In this work, the main challenges and issues related to
MCC are outlined. We also present the recent work and
countermeasure solutions that are proposed by researchers to
counter the challenges and lastly, crucial open research and
issues that direct future research are highlighted.
Keywords — Cloud Computing, Computational Offloading,
Mobile Computing, Security and Privacy
I. INTRODUCTION
The increased use of mobility with Information
Communication Technology (ICT) has dramatically changed
the way of our lives. Mobile devices such as PDAs, tablet and
smarty phones became an integral part of our lifestyle.
According to the International Data Corporation (IDC)
statistics [1], the worldwide expected growth for smartphones
shipments is 40.0% year over year in 2014. Also Cisco Internet
Business Solutions Group (IBSG) [2], the usage of smart
phones grew from 50 to 80 percent in 2013. Recently, it was
reported that more than 240 million of Mobile Cloud
Computing (MCC) customers will use cloud services with an
earning revenue 5.2 billion dollars in 2015 [3].
MCC is a subset of Cloud Computing (CC) that enables
convenient, on demand network access and storage which can
be used to deliver different types of services and applications to
the mobile users [4]. In MCC environment, CC, mobile
computing and networking are combined to offer cloud-based
services to mobile users where the data are stored and
applications are processed in a centralized computing
application located in the clouds [5]. MCC paradigm is
employed to mitigate the critical issues in mobile devices
including battery life, computational power, limited processing
and storage limitations.
2161-1343/17 $31.00 © 2017 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/DeSE.2017.21
Ibrahim Al-Shourbaji
Department of Computer Engineering and Networks,
Collage of Computer Science and Information System
Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ialshourbaji@jazanu.edu.sa
Mohammed Abdelhag
Department of Information System
Collage of Computer Science and Information System
Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
mohedtahir@gmail.com
This paper primary focuses on MCC and a wide range of
existing work and efforts on challenges and solutions in MCC
are provided. In addition, this work highlights the main
unsolved research challenges related to mobile devices,
application partitioning, offloading, data integrity, service
transformation, security and privacy. This work aims to be a
useful guide to MCC challenges and issues and also a point of
reference to pave the way for further work and efforts in MCC
domain. In the next section, a background overview of MCC is
provided. The challenges and solutions within MCC are
highlighted in Section 3. Some open research areas that require
additional efforts to address a number of these issues in MCC
are discussed in Section 4. Lastly, we conclude the paper.
II. BACKGROUND
John McCarthy first introduced the idea of CC in 1961 [6],
it has gained popularity and broadly applied in different
applications and environments. To satisfy the required
demands with low cost, CC delivers the computing as a service
and shares resources, software and information as utility via the
internet. The service models in the CC environment as
illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Cloud Computing Services
Cloud services are delivered via Software as a Service
(SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS). The SaaS aims to provide end users an access to
applications such as: Gmail, Facebook, blog, etc. The PaaS
offers services for the customers who can develop, test and run
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applications through the Internet such as GAE, Amazon Web
Services and Microsoft Azure. The IaaS provides the users
with resources such as servers, storage and computation
facilities.
MCC is a rich mobile computing technology that leverages
unified elastic resources of verified network technologies and
clouds to provide unrestricted mobility, functionality and
storage, while serving a huge number of mobile devices at
anywhere and anytime via the internet and regardless of
heterogamous environments based on pay-as-you use principle
[7]. In short, mobile users can access available services in
clouds without the need for computing and storage recourses
such as: memory capacity and CPU speed. This is because all
complicated computing processes are happen outside the
mobile devices.
Mobile devices can be laptops, PDA, smart phones, tablets
.etc which connect with a base station by wireless
communication technologies such as: 2G, 3G, 4G, WiFi and
LTE as shown in Figure 2. These technologies can effectively
and efficiently furnish cloud-based resources via a web
browser or a desktop application to meet mobile client’s needs
with high-level of security and low footprint. The management
components resources in the cloud are then allocated to fulfil
mobile user’s requests and establish a connection. The
calculating and monitoring functions of MCC are implemented
to ensure that Quality of Service (QoS) is reliable for fulfilling
the user’s requirements in terms of Service Level Agreements
(SLAs) until completing the connection and service.
Figure 2. Mobile Cloud Computing Architecture
A. MCC Advantages
CC can be considered as a solution to mobile computing
because of several reasons including mobility, portability and
communication [8, 9]. This section focuses on how the CC can
be employed to overcome the obstruction in mobile computing,
thus highlighting the main pros of MCC.
x Mobile devices have several problems and restriction
[10]. To overcome these problems various solutions
were proposed [11, 12, 13, 14]. However, these
solutions need some changes in the mobile devices
structure or completely new hardware that will result in
increasing the cost and may not be feasible for all
mobile devices. MCC was employed to mitigate large
computations processes in mobile devices by offloading
the applications to computational cloud.
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x In could, data and application are stored and backed up
on a number of computers. This effectively improves
reliability by backing up data and applications on
multiple computers and reducing the probability of lost
information from mobile devices. Additionally MCC
uses wireless networks which allow mobile users to
store and access the available recourses on the cloud.
For instance, Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon
S3) supports file storage service and Image Exchange
uses large storage space in the clouds [15]
x On-demand provisioning of resources on a detailed self-
service basis. This dynamically allows both service
providers and mobile users a variety of options to
execute applications without the need for resources
reservation. .
x Mobile applications deployment is performed to meet
the mobile users’ demands and expectations because the
flexible and scalable use of service provisioning and
resources through the trusted network regardless the
number of used services by the mobile users.
B. Applications of Mobile Cloud
In these days, a wide range of emerging applications of
Cloud Computing (CC) are used by mobile users such as cloud
storage [16], cloud mobile media [17], learning and education
[18], mobile social networks [19], mobile gaming [20], cloud
assisted Internet of Things (IoT) [21, 22]. These applications
are developed to meet mobile user demands and mobile device
capability [23]. The main goal of these applications is to
provide mobile users the access to available services on the
cloud even from limited resourced mobile devices. In order to
offload a mobile application to cloud, it requires splitting the
application into parts and they can be divided into three main
types based on its needs including client based, client cloud
based and cloud based models. In client based, mobile device is
responsible for holding the major execution of an application,
while, in the client-cloud based, an application is divided into
components. These components are executed by mobile device
and remote cloud. In addition, the cloud is part of an
application where the application can run, process and store.
III. CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS WITHIN MCC
Despite the several advantages that MCC provides to both
service providers and mobile users, it faces several challenges
and issues that make it more complicated than conventional
CC. In this section, we discuss crucial challenges faced by
MCC.
A. Limited Resources of Mobile Devices
Although the limited resources in mobile devices are
continually improved, they remain limited in comparison to the
personal computer. For instance, it is ineffective to run
applications that require a high volume of energy on mobile
devices. The computational offloading technique can conquer
the challenge of executing mobile applications by offloading
applications and tasks to the cloud for execution [24, 25].
Several other efforts were aimed to address the problems in
mobile devices [26, 27, 28].
B. Access Schemes:
In MCC, most communications take place within a
heterogeneous wireless medium that comes with its own set of
distinct challenges compared to conventional CC. This directly
affects managing the quality of wireless communications,
application response time and service delivery. Also challenges
arise with regard to security and the mobility of mobile
devices. Moreover, different infrastructures, platforms and
application services create portability challenges in MCC. One
particularly important challenge of MCC is the access
management, which can be remedied by using context and
location information to enhance mobile access [29].
Specifically, a mobile cloud server can locally improve access
management by using information such as device location,
capabilities and user profiles.
C. Elasticity
Like CC services, MCC services require elasticity and
scalability. Service providers should meet customer demands in
order to prevent service interruptions. Several works have been
conducted to develop elastic applications data security
[30,31,32] A secure elastic mobile application model that
includes authentication, secure communication and migration
within mobile and cloud application components for cloud
computing has been proposed [33]. This approach relies on a
device elasticity manager, cloud manager and application
manager. The device elasticity manager locates the application
components and selects the paths to communicate within the
components securely. The cloud manager allocates the
resources and maintains computational, bandwidth, and storage
usage information for different parts of components running in
the cloud end. The application manager allows for installation
and launching of application components in different cloud
nodes.
D. Security and privacy
The major data security risks such as data loss, data breach,
data recovery, data locality and data privacy result from the
fact that mobile users’ data is stored and processed in clouds
that are located at the service providers’ end. To ensure data
security in MCC, one option is to use cipher text policy
attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), which limits
unauthorized access [34]. These methods are referred as Secure
and lightweight CP-ABE (SL-CP-ABE) and constant size
ciphertext and secret keys (CP-ABE-CSCTSK). These
techniques help to control access in the MCC environment and
allow the mobile user to securely outsource computational
processing from their devices to the cloud, which offers greater
processing and encryption options. Moreover, this approach
does not restrict the access tree, and so it also provides the user
with a great deal of flexibility when managing their data.
Another solution to protect data from unauthorized access in
the cloud is a dynamic secure data scheme (P2DS), which is a
control system that uses attribute based semantic access control
and proactive determinative access algorithms [35]. The
authors used a remote data auditing method, which verifies the
data of large datasets stored in the cloud using an algebraic
signature that permits the auditor to check users’ data
possession in the cloud. To extend the P2DS method, the
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authors in [36] used divide and conquer table method which
supports dynamic data update operation. This method allows a
user to update operations at the block level without
downloading the full dataset. This approach has the advantage
of having less computation-intensive operation on the auditor
and cloud than traditional data auditing methods. Several
works have been conducted for building data security in MCC
[37, 38, 39, 40]
Privacy is a significant challenge to using cloud services,
particularly when processing mobile users’ data or applications
and when shifting from mobile devices to heterogeneous
distributed cloud servers. Because these servers are located in
different places, they are owned and maintained by service
providers rather than users and the users are not responsible for
lost privacy. This results in a lack of control over data privacy
and protection by the users. To overcome this problem, a
solution to preserve the privacy of a mobile device’s
outsourced data in the cloud using a probabilistic public key
encryption technique and ranked keyword searching algorithm
was proposed [41]. This is accomplished by making an index
file for collection by the mobile users and then encrypting both
the data and index before storing them in the cloud. In order to
access the stored data in the cloud, mobile users produce a
trapdoor for keywords and send it to the cloud. When the
trapdoor is received by the cloud , it starts searching for a list
of matched data entries and its corresponding encrypted
relevance scores. Then, the matched data is returned to the user
in ranked sequences that are based on relevance scores. The
original data can be retrieved by users using decryption
operation. A wide range of existing works were done to protect
privacy [42, 43, 44].
E. Offloading and Trust
The offloading process requires access to the cloud through
wireless networks. However, the mobile users do not have
access or control over these offloading processes, and so this
increases the risk of unauthorized access to offloaded content.
Further, there is a potential for violating the content integrity
and confidentiality, for jamming between data, application and
mobile device during partitioning that threatens availability of
cloud services. This is because the offloading content
executions are done in the cloud rather than mobile device. An
adaptive application partitioning and secure offloading
algorithm in MCC has been proposed to reduce these risks by
providing secure offloading processes [45]. Specifically, this
adaptive partitioning algorithm divides the application into
sensitive and non-sensitive parts. The sensitive part is kept on a
mobile device for local execution, and the remaining portions
of the application are offloaded to cloud for remote execution.
The partitioned components are interconnected with each other.
Additional security is offered by dynamically changing the
entities for remote execute allocation. This adaptive
partitioning and secure offloading algorithm has been shown to
be superior to the conventional linear programing based
algorithms. Mobile users mainly concern to establish trust for
largely-growing vendors and numerous efforts were done to
build trust in the cloud [46, 47. 48, 49]. Encryption, decryption,
authentication and authorization techniques are among the
techniques that can be employed to protect user data and
overcome trust issues in MCC.
F. Virtualization Techniques
With MCC, the cloud services are offered via visualization
techniques. In the cloud end, an image of the virtual machine
(VM) of the mobile device is pre-installed and the tasks of the
mobile device are offloaded to the VM for processing. This
offloading of tasks creates several threats to security including
security challenges within the VMs, unauthorized access, VM
to VM attack, communication security challenges within the
virtualized environment, security challenges within the
hypervisors and challenges to the confidentiality of data [50,
51]. In order to bolster security, a secure framework for cloud
infrastructure was proposed [47]. It uses a trusted VM
launching and a domain based stored data protection protocols.
The trusted VM was used before deploying guest VMs. In this
way, trust is established by remotely attesting host-platform
configuration to ensure data confidentiality in remote storage
using cryptographic methods. Another security approach
focuses on co-resident attacks in cloud computing [52]. This
approach improves VM allocation policy and make it harder
for the attackers to co-locate on VMs. When this allocation
policy was simulated on CloudSim, it effectively reduced the
probability of an attacker co-locating with their target.
G. Malware Attack
Malware is a threat to the availability of internet
connections and poses a particular challenge for cloud services
because traditional methods for detecting vulnerabilities and
attacks do not scale well for CC where services are distributed
over multi-threaded network infrastructures [53]. Therefore,
internet security breaches including malware, spam and emails
phishing are the most common risks to MCC and users’
privacy [54]. There are two kinds of security applications are
available to prevent such attacks for mobile devices: Cloud-
based methods [55] and on-device applications [56]. The
cloud-based methods are generally superior in that they offer
better detection and prevention; reduce on-device resource
consumption and application complexity. Despite the fact that
on-device’s methods are not as good at addressing modern
complex malware and threats, they remain the preferred
methods.
H. Economic Modelling and Pricing:
In a cloud environment, supply and demand is driven by
competition among service providers and users’ preferences
based on their Quality of Service (QoS) and pricing needs [57].
In general, service providers and users independently arrive at
their policies and resource allocation schemes [58]. Providers
can improve their returns and motivate users to pick the lowest
cost service provider based on their budget and level of QoS
[59] using market-based techniques and by adhering to
economic models that regulate supply and demand. The goal of
resource-allocation procedures is to balance feasibility and
optimization for a given service [60]. This is accomplished by
a combination of system centric and user centric approaches
that meet the demands of the heterogeneous nature of cloud
computing. The traditional approach that uses system-wide
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performance measures such as overall throughput of the system
is the system-centric approach. In contrast, user-centric
approach focuses to provide maximum utilization for users
based on a combination of system requirements and budgets.
Specifically, meeting the QoS limitations with maintaining an
acceptable level of system performance and utilization are
important and at the same time a challenge. This is particularly
challenging because they each have competing goals to
maximize resources and efficiency between service providers
and users for themselves. Therefore, resource allocation in this
market has to balance these two needs in order to be successful.
A coalition-game model for resource sharing between different
service providers in the MCC has been proposed to achieve this
necessary balance [61].
IV. OPEN RESEARCH ISSUES
In this section, critical open issues for future research work
in MCC are presented.
A. Mobile device
Because of limited resources capabilities in mobile devices,
future efforts should focus on designing, robust approaches and
solutions that lead for better resource utilization and
incorporate them into mobile devices and MCC.
B. Application Partitioning and Offloading
An important gap in security between a mobile device and
cloud relates to technology that requires data communication
between such as application partitioning, offloading and remote
executions. While encryption methods could be helpful in this
regard, sometimes it does not necessary to use these methods in
order to avoid performance degradation, especially in
computational offloading and remote execution. This leaves
individuals vulnerable since attackers can make target to
memory locations inside and outside of the processors where
the data is temporarily stored. In the light of this, it is essential
to fill this gap and prevent data loss with solutions that
simultaneously improve security and avoid performance
degradation.
C. Data Integrity
Mobile device users can access available recourses on
MCC at anywhere and anytime. Therefore, data integrity and
recovery are vitally important and they require a standard
storage and management infrastructure to overcome data
integrity, accuracy and consistency related issues in MCC.
D. Security and Privacy
The security and privacy challenges discussed in the
previous section reveal that the MCC’s security and privacy
concerns compounded by the emerging use of new technology.
Moreover, cloud storage and processing in multiple locations
also lead to privacy issues because the cloud servers of service
providers are located in different regions and countries. The
present challenges become even more difficult to handle and
vulnerable to threats as data, application, virtualization and
remote execution are under the service providers control only.
However, further research is required for security and privacy
in MCC environment.
E. Service Transformation
MCC aims at providing PC-like services to mobile devices.
Because the dissimilates between fixed and mobile device
features and between wired and wireless data communication,
service transformation is complex. Such a transition requires
economic planning and pricing schemes to create eco-friendly
business and service models that are coordinated with QoS and
SLAs. However, further efforts are required to alleviate
challenges on service transformation between dissimilar mobile
devices and cloud service storages[58].
F. Other opportunities and challenges
From what aforementioned in the previous section, MCC
has weaknesses from security and privacy point of view.
Security should be assured internally within the client’s devices
and during the transmission of data from the client to the MCC
servers. Some interesting questions in this direction include:
Where the security should be implemented on the client
side i.e.in the memory of the mobile device or SIM card?, and
When designing a security protocol for mobile environment,
How to detect flaws in that protocol?
In spite of the wide use of traditional security defense
strategies, cybercrimes on MCC infrastructure can occur.
Therefore, dynamic cloud based forensic techniques are vitally
important to help investigate when cybercrimes happen. In this
context, How to collect and store metadata for each
transaction?, How to analyze log files for better identifying and
tracing attacks on the cloud infrastructure?, and what are the
main requirements to design and establish a standard model for
cloud forensics?
The rapid use in mobile applications by users creates
mobile big data. This increases the need of mobile big data
management and automatic computing systems. The design of
effective mechanism for better recourse allocation, self-
configurable and self-optimized in MCC is also a hot topic for
research.
V. CONCLUSION
MCC empowers the mobile users with a rich functionality
despite the restricted resources in their mobile devices.
Through this work, a wide range of existing works on
challenges and solutions in MCC are presented. Firstly, we
provide a background overview of MCC in which its
advantages and applications are presented. Then, we discuss
the potential challenges of MCC along with its suggested
solutions. However, although this research field is still
unexplored in depth, many challenges are still under research.
Hence, lastly, we pointed out some open research areas that
require additional efforts to address a number of these issues in
this regards. Mobile devices, application partitioning,
offloading, data integrity, service transformation, security and
privacy represent open issues which identify future research
directions in this field.
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