DNA VIRUS - Become itchy raw pockmarks

- Highly infectious disease

DNA Virus – are mostly double stranded DNA - Infectious from one to five days before the rash appears
*Pravovirus – ssDNA; does not cause disease in humans - MoT: droplet, person remains infectious even the appearance of
rash until the disappearance of the pox (until totally flattened)
- Contagious period continues until all blisters have formed scabs,
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (Herpesviridae) which may take 5 to 10 days
- Larger human viruses - Ages from 10 to 21 days after contact with an infected person for
- Herpen: to creep (crawl) someone to develop chickenpox
- Highly specific and disseminated thru and cause chronic, latent - Prodrome (symptom that is common to all disease) of anorexia,
and current infection. myalgia, nausea, fever, headache, sore throat, pain in both ears,
complaints of pressure in head or swollen face, and malaise in
Types of Herpes Simplex Virus adolescents and adults, while in children the first symptom is
1. Type 1 (Herpes Simplex 1 Virus) usually the development of a popular rash, followed by
2. Type 2 (Herpes Simplex 2 Virus) development of malaise, fever and anorexia
3. Type 3 (Varicella-Zooster Virus) - Peripheral smear: Tzanck smear (multinucleated giant cell)
4. Type 4 (Epstein-Barr Virus) - Direct fluorescent
5. Type 5 (Cytomegalovirus) - Varicella vaccine was developed by Michiaki Takahashi in 1974

Type 1 (Herpes Simplex 1 Virus)  Secondary infection – Singles

- Most common cause of gingivostomatitis; cold sores; fever - Shingles, herpes zoster, zoster
blisters; or oral herpes or herpes lavialis - Recovered from chicken pox
- Cause of pharyngitis - Common in people on the 5th decades of life
- Would cause an infection anywhere (area where it is located) - Complications: pneumonia, hearing problems, blindness,
- MoT: by skin to skin contact (e.g. kissing) or sharing of personal encephalitis, post-herpetic neuralgia
belongings (such as towels and utensils) - Very painful because it would grow along the nerves
- The person may not have the lesion but can harbor - Unilateral, painful, vesicular rash
- Dermatomal distribution
 Hepetic whitlow: lesion that grows in the lips and fingers; very painful - Manifestation of the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus
- Starts as rash on one side of the face or body
 Factors that Cause the Appearance of the Lesion: - Blisters that scab after 3 to 5 days
a. Stress - Clears within 2 to 4 weeks
b. Sun (exposure of the area to strong sunlight) - Commonly, a person has only one episode of shingles in his/her
c. Menstrual cycle lifetime (one case where the patient has undergone 3 episodes of
d. Fatigue (not getting enough rest) shingles and eventually died)
e. Pregnancy - Cannot be passed from one person to another
f. During a lot of alcohol - Person exposed would develop chickenpox, not shingles
g. UV light - Not spread through sneezing, coughing or casual contact
h. Skin irritation (such as sunburn) - Spread the disease when the rash is in the blister-phase
i. Certain foods
j. Temperature extremes Type 4 (Epstein-Barr Virus)
- One of the common human viruses
- When defenses are low can be infected by Herpes type 1 - Causes: infectious mononucleosis (IM), Burkitt’s lymphoma,
- Can come back anytime nasopharyngeal CA
- Sexually transmitted
- Lesions may grow in eyes, lungs and nervous system  Burkitt’s Lymphoma
- A highly malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue (lymph glands)
Type 2 (Herpes Simplex 2 Virus) - The earliest manifestation is swelling of the lymph nodes in the
- Causes genital herpes neck or below the jaw.
- Sexually transmitted disease - The swollen lymph nodes are often painless and can grow very
- Doesn’t live outside the body for long time and cannot be rapidly
acquired from objects such as toilet seat & swimming pool - Usually a late disease
- Genital itching and/or pain abou2 to 20 days after being infected - Growth of lymph nodes are noticeable
with the virus - Treatment: chemotherapy, surgical removal can be done (can
- Genital herpes may first notice itching or pain cause deformity)
- Sores that appear a few hours to a few days later
- Start out as red bumps that soon turn into red, watery blisters  Infectious Mononucleosis (IM)
- Sores may make it very painful to urinate. The sores may open up, - Known as “Kissing Disease”
ooze fluid or bleed, and then heal within the next 2 to 4 weeks. - Transmission is thru close contact (virus is in the saliva)
- Incubation period 4-6 weeks
Type 3 (Varicell-Zooster Virus) - Symptoms: fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands and age of
 Primary infection – Chickenpox patient, body malaise, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormality
- Starts with vesicular skin rash (fluid containing) mainly on the in the liver test
body (trunk) and head and spread peripherally - Even given antibiotics, fever will not go down

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 - Lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes
- Self-limiting but virus may remain latent in B-lymphocytes for life - Naked RNA virus
- Disease seldom last for 4 months but if persists for more than 6 - Related to enterovirus
months (chronic EBV infection) - Classified of its own as the hepatovirus
- Mono spot test (+) - Grow in culture, primarily on Chimpanzee eggs, incubation
period is 20 days
- Complications: gold(ing), fulminant hepatitis (fever,
 Nasopharyngeal CA weakness, seizures)
- Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium of the nasopharynx - Colistatic hepatitis (mao magka jaundice)
- It is prevalent in South China - Relapsing hepatitis (it can go back)
- Once it stops, it will stop
Type 5 (Cytomegalovirus) - Hepatitis panel (test done nowadays) test for A (Ag & Ab), B
- Common virus that can infect almost anyone. Once infected, body (Ag & Ab) & C (Ag)
retains the virus for life - Transmission by personal contact, contaminated water,
- Increased in lymphocytes count there have been reports (fecal-oral route), through the
- Decrease WBC with lymphocytosis blood
- CMV may cycle through periods when it lies dormant and then - Due to kwek2 and water
reactivates. During activation you can pass the virus to other - Laboratory Diagnosis: Detection of IgG & IgM through ELISA
people. (IgM for acute infection & IgG for past infection); cell culture
- MoT: touching your eyes or inside of your nose or mouth after can be done; PCR in the feces
coming into contact with the body fluid, sexual contact, breast - High risk to toddlers, promiscus multiple sexual partners and
milk, organ transplantation or blood transfusion, birth drug users ( by sharing of needles during “hit2”
- High Risk: newborns infected with CMV before birth (congenital - Prevention: There is already a vaccine for 14 days of
CMV), infants who become infected during birth or shortly infection; proper food preparation
afterward (perinatal CMV) includes babies infected through breast
milk, & people with weakened immune systems (e.g. due to organ 2. Hepatitis B
transplant or HIV infection) - Source: Blood, blood derivatives and other body fluids
- Acquired with a single needle prick (0.00098) but a needle
TYPE 6, 7 & 8 prick may not acquire in AIDS (small chance)
 Herpes 6 - dsDNA viruses which may replicate, unusually by reverse
- Comprises 2 forms, A & B (considered as distinct rather than transcription
variant)
- 6A isolated mainly in immunocompromised hosts 3. Hepatitis C
- 6B causes the childhood illness Roseola infanticum - Source: Blood & blood derivatives
 Herpes 7 - MoT: mucosal, percutaneous
- Manifests as exanthema subitum, or other febrile illnesses - Characteristic of chronic infection
mimicking measles and rubella - Lead to hepatic cancer
- Considered as a causative agent in a variety of macular-papular - More closely associated with hepatoma of the liver
rashes in children - Prevention: screening among donors not only with Hep D
 Herpes 8 - Test presence of Ag and Ab
- Known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) - Nondetection: Ag may be present
- Most individuals latently infected with HHV-8 are asymptomatic
4. Hepatitis D
- dsDNA - Present in person that has Hep B Virus
- mainly affects the T-lymphocyte - False positive if no Hep B Virus
- MoT: Saliva - Unusual, ssDNA, circular RNA virus with a number of
- Type 6 & 7: Postulated can also infect virus 1 & 2 similarities to certain plant viral satellites and viroids.
- Type 6: Roseola infantum - Requires hepadna virus helper functions for propagation in
hepatocytes
- Important cause of acute and severe chronic liver damage
HEPATITIS VIRUS
History: initially discovered as Hepatitis A virus (infectious virus), Hepatitis B 5. Hepatitis E
(serum hepatitis), & non A – non B virus (no hep E, C, G at that time) - Similar to Hep A
Inflammation of the liver, may result from various causes, both - Acquired fecal-oral
infectious (i.e. viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic organisms) and - Transmitted by unsafe drinking water
noninfectious (e.g. alcohol, drugs, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic - Naked, ssRNA virus which shares many biophysical and
diseases) biochemical features of caliciviruses
- Important cause of large epidemics of acute hepatitis
TYPES OF HEPATITIS VIRUS
1. Hepatitis A
- Most common source of fecal-oral route
- Characteristic Hep A does not develop a chronic disease
- Self-limiting disease
- Immunization: relatively costly, effective for every 5 years

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