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Chapter 1

1.2-Basic dependencies. The Characteristics of CVT


Changing the angular velocity of the output shaft is made from changing the diameter of both
wheels at the same time or one of them. Variable and limiting transmission ratios of the variator
will be:

Accordingly, the speed of the output shaft:

The kinematic parameter of the variator is the control range - the ratio of the limiting rotational
speed of the slave shafts:

The most frequently used transmission with a symmetrical regulation of the slowdown and
acceleration, giving the greatest values of D with a smaller size. For them d1 = d2 = d,
D1 = D2 = D and therefore,

In transmissions with constant drive (d1 = D1 = D) and variable driven wheel:

With constant slave (d2= D2 = D) and variable drive wheel:

The magnitude of the loss rate ξ can reach about 5-7%.


Chapter 2
2.2-The geometry of transmission:
The angles of wrap on the pulleys in any position flexible connections are found (Fig. 4) out of
dependence:

The minus sign for the smaller pulley, plus for larger.
The angle is determined by the formula:

 Dx6 = diameter of larger pulley


 DxM = diameter of smaller pulley
 a = center distance
The estimated length of the belt in any position can be determined by an approximate relation:

At the same time, it should be found for one of the extreme positions: on D1 and or D2 and it is
Convenient to calculate by the formula:

Or

Determined by these formulas, the length of the belt is rounded


to the nearest standard value. The final center distance is found by the standard length of the
dependence:

If α<140:

In transmissions with one adjustable pulley, the center distance is variable. The belt length is
determined by the position of it’s on the largest diameter of this pulley, for which set the smallest
center-to-center distance. After round- the values of the belt length find the center distance
and a min for both end positions. To compensate for possible deviations along the length of the
strap, its hoods, as well as for the free putting of the belt in the construction-
the possibility of increasing the transmission of- center-to-center distance from the highest
calculated by 3% L and decrease from the lowest calculated by 1.5% L.
In transmissions with two adjustable pulleys compensation
deviations in length and drawing can be made either by changing the center distance, or by
additional convergence or expansion of the discs. In the first case, provides for the possibility of
changes in the magnitude and in the specified limits, the second pulley should have some stock
by diameter.
From formula (12) it follows that if the center distance is constant, the length of the belt in
different positions will be different. By ix = 1 it will be the smallest, in extreme positions - the
largest. If the required tension is set in the middle position, then all other modes strap
it will be stretched more than necessary, which reduces its durability. If the tension is selected at
the extreme positions, that in the middle of the range is not provided with the necessary traction
ability.
Due to the high Flexural rigidity of the V-belt free branches of it depart from the rectilinear form.
As a result, the actual girth angles are less than the theoretical ones determined by the formula
(10) or (10A)
Minimum estimated diameter d to a smaller pulley imposed according to the experimental data,
based on the conditions of sufficient durability of the belt. It is more convenient to define first
not d, v = d/h (h is the height of the belt section) and find d of the joint consideration of the
conditions for ensuring traction capacity, the specified control range and the resulting Details
the sequence for determining the value is given below.
The largest design diameter D of the second pulley is according to the corresponding gear ratio
(table. 2).

Pulley diameters for the other end position and for all intermediate gear ratios:
the numbers can be cinematically any within certain diameters d and D provided that D2x/D1x =
ix' . Here ix' = ix (1-ξ) is the ratio of the diameters of the pulleys. These diameters must be such
that the required belt length in all the Liege was the same and equal to its length L in the extreme
position for which the values d and D were found. In the opposite case the tea belt tension, and
therefore, transmitted them to the outside efforts will vary.
If substitute in equation (12) = solve it with respect to D12, we obtain the value of the latter, as
well as the diameter corresponding to the constant length of the belt:

The fig. 5 shows the dependence of D1x /2a and D2x /2a on the gear ratio ix at L/2a is shown =
1,6; 1,7; 1,8; 1,9; 2,0. Curves can be used for an indicative definition from relative diameters of
the pulleys for gears with symmetric and asymmetric regulation in the range ix = 0.25 to 4.
The length of the belt when it ix = 1

From here are the diameters of the disks Dcp, corresponding to ix = 1, in which the belt must
operate under the condition of conservation of the constancy of its length:

or by entering here an expression for L from formula (12) for intermediate and extreme positions,

When the gear with one adjustable pulley leading conveniently first ask the diameter d or the
latest case find d based on the traction capacity. Next on imax and d find the diameter of the
unregulated pulley D2, and on it and imin diameter D1, then, as noted above, set the length belt
and the upper limit of spacing.

In all cases disassembled after measurement of the pulleys follow the formulas (8) and (9) to find
the speed of the belt Umax the speed on the rim of the driven pulley tach compare them with
the allowable. For belts of variators the maximum speed is 25 30 m/s; in variators of grain
combines it is adjusted to 40 44 m/s. Limit values are given in section 1.2. If the tach values exceed
the permissible limits, that frequency, the rotations of the drive shaft must be reduced.
For conical disks, axial movement of each cone the process of adjustment from one extreme
position to the other will be (Fig. 6, a)

Groove width at the bottom of the belt:

If only one disc is movable in each pulley (fig. 6, b), then its movement will be twice as large.
It is most convenient to travel counting from position at ix = l. Then for drives:

For fig. 5, OA1 and oa2 segments are proportional to x1 and x2. If
move the origin to the point o1, the same curves with respect to the new abscissa axis will give
the law of change x1 and x2 of ix.
Substituting in equation (18) the value of equality (16A), after transformations we have:
To ensure the operation of the belt on the diameters corresponding to the
L = const, moving master and slave drives must
be different. For the same displacement the sum of the diameters
the pulleys will be permanent, and as you can see from the example above,
the belt length and tension will vary considerably.
The values of x1 as well as x2 can be considered as an algebra and the sum of the basic
displacement of the master and slave disks in different directions on:

and the additional offset of the discs of both pulleys in the same direction
(on sliding):

In formula (19), a plus sign for the drive pulley, and a minus sign for the slave. The total
displacement of the disks:

Here Ho is taken with a plus sign when sliding this pair of disks and a minus when they approach.
Excluding from formulas (19) and (20) we obtain

In the variator with forced movement of both discs the pulley control mechanism shall provide
the specified various movements of x1 and x2, for which special corrective devices are provided
[67]. When forced the movement of the disks can be given and equal movement x1 = x2, a
changing the length of the belt to compensate for performing disks c curvilinear generator. Disk
profiling method for this purpose it is given in [72]. With one spring-loaded pulley the difference
in movements and x2 is provided automatically due to the deformation of the spring. However,
in this case the tension will be on the range of regulation to change due to deformation springs
and belts.
Chapter 3

WEDGE E BELTS

3.1. TYPES AND STRAP STRUCTURES

V-belts are manufactured with endless, complex designs. They consist of a carrier layer — a cord, rubber
or rubber-fabric filling, and a wrapper. Belts make a layer structure, in which the elements are
positioned over the cross section depending on the functions they perform. According to the stresses
arising in the belt when working on the pulleys, there is a zone of tension, compression and an area
located near the neutral line.

They manufacture belts of two designs: cord and cord fabric. In the first cord is made of textile cord,
wound in a spiral in one layer (Fig. 9, a). In cordtkan belts, the cord consists of 2 5 rows of fabric with a
base of thin textile cords and a weak weft (Fig. 9, b). The cord is the bearing traction element of the belt.
For better communication with the rest of the elements, it is often placed in a thin layer of soft rubber.
Above the carrier layer, in the stretching zone, and below, in the compression zone, rubber n-air bags
are placed. They provide the belt with the desired shape and provide its damping properties.

Outside the core of the belt is wrapped in One or more layers of rubberized; wrapping fabric, cut
diagonally. The wrapper makes the belt frame, protects the internal elements from external influences
and increases the wear resistance of the working surfaces.

The appropriate design of the belt and the selection of the material of its elements should ensure:
sufficient fatigue strength of its elements and their connections under the action of constant and
alternating stresses; perhaps higher coefficient of friction of a belt on a pulley; good wear resistance of
working surfaces; optimal for given working conditions of the tensile modulus; good flexibility or
possibly less longitudinal bending stiffness; low hysteresis loss and high transverse rigidity.

The fulfillment of the first three requirements is necessary to achieve proper durability and good
traction ability of the belt, reliable for declining sliding and hysteresis losses with variable deformation
of the belt by stretching, bending and compression, which in turn increases its durability. Especially
important for reducing losses and increasing the service life of the belt is to reduce its bending stiffness.
For this purpose, the cord in the belt, made of high-modulus materials, should be located in the middle
of the belt and as compact as possible. In the cord fabric belt, cord threads occupy a significant part of
its section; part of them, located in the zone of adhesion, is used poorly and, experiencing alternating
stresses, reduces the durability of the belt. Straps cord - a cord with the location of the cord in one layer
is much more perfect they are more flexible, more durable, and provide greater transmission efficiency.
In world practice, in all types of V-belt belts cord-fabric belts are replaced by cord-cord. Have enrolled
previously, technological limitations have disappeared -- cardsno - new straps can be made any length.

When bending the belt on pulleys, also from the action of normal forces on the working surfaces (Fig.
10) the belt in the groove bends and contracts in the transverse direction. As a result of the deflection of
the elements - when you are stretched differently - but the load on them is distributed unequally. The
more strongly the belts deform from transverse compression, the greater the radial movement of the
belt in the groove, the greater the loss on the radial slip elastic hysteresis during compression. To reduce
this, the belt must have a high stiffness in cross-compression and cross-bending. Ensuring these
requirements is achieved nadle - zhaschim belt design and selection of materials of its co - supplying
elements. Naturally, for belts with different ratio of cross-section sizes, when working on pulleys with
different relative diameters and angles of grooves f, as well as working in different operating conditions,
the significance of these or other of the listed requirements is different. This obus - catches a certain
specialization of V-belts. When the transmit operation in extreme temperature conditions in dusty
conditions have additional requirements. In case of danger of accumulation on a belt of static charges
apply belts in antistatic execution.

For continuously variable V-belt transmission is used, the Kli - new belts as standard cross-sections
according to GOST 1284. 1-80, so and special wide variable speed. From the analysis of the expression
(28) it is seen that to increase the Dld ratio, therefore, and expand the range of regulation, it is
necessary to increase the relative width of the belt, reduce the relative pulley di-ameter and groove
angle f. For standard belts v = 11 15. With these parameters 1.4, 32 34°, min, the transmission control
range with two adjustable pulleys is 1.4 1.7. To obtain a large range of control zones, variable speed
belts are used-

tive width = 2 when the 4.7 pulley f = 22 of 28° to 4.5. With these parameters, the operating conditions
of the cooking belt are significantly different. Reducing the groove angle with the same belt tension
increases the normal forces compressing the belt. This circumstance, as well as a large relative width,
increases the transverse deformation and deflection of the belt in the groove. Therefore, the increase in
gesture - bone under transverse compression and transverse bending for the CVT - tion belts especially
important. To this end, the variator belts in a layer of tension or compression (Fig. 11, a, d) introduce
several layers of tissue, the basis of which is located across the belt. At the same time it contributes to a
more correct position of the cord, t. without bias and distortions.

For working on small diameter pulleys variable speed belts have to have a low longitudinal bending
stiffness. For this they are doing mainly cordorouy and gear - tymi: lower (Fig. 11, a, b), upper (Fig. 11, C)
or two-sided (Fig. 11, d) the location of the teeth. The weakening of the section by the recesses does not
reduce the traction ability of the belt, since it does not affect the cord carrying the load. The decrease in
the effective cross-section improves the longitudinal flexibility of amna. At the same time, the
transverse bending of the belt in the groove tooth plays the role of stiffening ribs, significantly reducing
belt deflection and distortion-

his section. as a result, the load distribution along the turns of the cord also becomes more uniform.
The most common variable speed belts with lower memory - they cord is located relatively higher and a
smaller part of its fibers falls into the compression zone. When the upper teeth belts are less flexible,
they require the use of pulleys of large diameters; such belts are not used. Double-toothed belts (Fig. 11,
g) use shki - wah particularly small diameters and low loads, in particular

textile machines. To increase stiffness in transverse bending and improve-

the load distribution on the turns of the cord sometimes gives the cross section of the belt an arched
shape (Fig. 11, b, d). This is particularly important for solid belts (Fig. 11, e), in which the deformation of
the cross section and the deflection in the groove is much greater than that of toothed belts. Variator
belts carry out as with a wrapper (Fig. 11, b, d), and without the wrapper (Fig. 11, a, d), the Wrapper pre-
stores the belt from premature failure due to delamination. The straps without the wrapper, the ends
wound in a spiral of coldsore you go to work surfaces. With increased sliding groove, these ends are
lifted up and pulled out of the belt, contributing to its destruction. However, in the absence of the
wrapper and rubber friction on the metal pulley friction coefficient is higher by 1.5 times, and such belts
require less tension (10

20%). In most cases, toothed belts are made with a shaped tooth. At the lower location of the teeth and
the presence of wrappers (Fig. 11, b) the straps often make a sliced tooth. In the last case, the belt is
made solid and on the finished belt, the cavities between the teeth are cut. For variators of agricultural
machines operating at high loads, large starting moments and with a limited range of regulation, it is
recommended to use belts of continuous cross-section of the type specified in Fig. 11, d and 12, b. Such
belts require pulleys of large diamet - ROV. For variators of motor vehicles Pirelli recommends belts
according to Fig. 11, B. It is obvious that for the machines of the last two purposes, working with
increased dustiness and with frequent slippage, belts with a wrapper are more reliable.

For variable-speed drives for industrial use but recommend straps without wrapping. For rice. 12, a, b
shows the cross sections of two similar belts.
3.2. THE MATERIALS OF THE BELT MEMBERS.

making belts

Durability, traction capacity and transmission efficiency largely depend on the material of the belt
elements and on the quality of manufacture. By finding and implementing new materials, improving the
level of technology, and in particular, the mechanization of operations carried out in the last decade in
the USSR and abroad, the durability of the variator and V-belts of other types has been significantly
increased. However, the possibility of further improving the quality of the belts is far

not exhausted.

The types of materials of the belt elements are set in accordance with the functions performed by them
in order to ensure to the greatest extent the requirements for the belt listed in the section. 3.1,

taking into account the specific operating conditions of the belt of this type. The material of the bearing
layer in accordance with its purpose should have high fatigue strength under prolonged exposure to
variable tensile and bending stresses, sufficiently high tensile modulus of elasticity, which reduces the
elastic slip of the belt and wear of its working surfaces. To reduce belt traction during operation, the
cord material must have a small residual elongation. This is especially important for variable speed belts
with fixed VA position fishing, as the belt hood significantly reduces the range of regulation.

Due to the fact that the temperature inside the belt during its operation reaches 100° C or more, the
cord material must have high heat resistance.

When selecting the material of the cord should take into account the real operating conditions. So, if at
a quiet load target - consistent high-modulus materials of the carrier layer, the shock pulsating load is
better to use a cord with a small modulus of elasticity, which improves the damping properties of the
belt and has a positive impact on the durability of the belt and other parts and components of the
machine. Belts with less modulus of elasticity are less sensitive to manufacturing accuracy.

now for the cord used materials based on synthetic in the curl: polyamide (anid, nylon) and polyester
(Lav - San, terylene, diolen, tete - a-Ron) and artificial fibers (viscose). In the domestic industry, cords
and fabrics made of anide fibers and viscose are used primarily, and less often cords made of Dacron
and nylon fabric; abroad, materials made of polyester fibers are more often used. Sometimes for the
cord is also used steel rope and fiberglass cords, they provide the highest modulus of elasticity of the
belt in tension, minimum traction, high strength, but their bending resistance is significantly lower. In
the future, the application of mixed cords of different fibers.

The strength and elastic properties of cordschnur depend on its material and structure: the number of
primary threads (the number shows the length of the thread in m, per 1 g of mass), the number of
strands in the strand and the number of strands in the cord In the table. 3 are given, according to

B. A. Ovchinnikova, use cords domestic and international power cord from diolena after impregnation,
in Fig. 13 - their deformation curves. In the designation of the structure, the first group of digits - - no.,
the average digit - 2 and the last - thickness d is obtained by measuring the cord with a microscope; the
area (mm2) of the living section

3. Characteristics of cord cords


where is the density in g/cm*, equal to 1.38 polyester fiber, polyamide and Viscose of 1.14 and 1.5.

The nominal diameter of the cord corresponds to the area

Time resistance breaking force). Cardsor in the belt experiences on a straight-line branches of tensile
deformation of 0.5 of 1% on the pulley from stretching and bending 2 to 2.5%. Accordingly, in the table.
3 given the tensile force and modulus of elasticity for stretching E,at = 0.02. The latter is calculated by
the formula

In the bending fatigue test, the anide cord withstood 200 400 600, lavsan 300 400, a viscose 100
thousand cycles [89].

As you can see, the Dacron cord is characterized by the greatest modulus of elasticity in tension and the
least elongation. Anide cord has the greatest fatigue strength in bending, but its modulus of elasticity is
the smallest, and the extract is the largest. Due to the large longitudinal flexibility, it is better suited to
work with shock, pulsating load. In viscose cord modulus of elasticity and hood have average values, but
the strength and bending resistance of the smallest.

In table. 4 the characteristics of the fabrics used for the cord and the wrapper of the V-belts are given.
The relative character of cord tissues is the same as that of cords made of the corresponding materials
[89]. The variator domestic belts are used for the carrier layer anide or nylon fabric of the brand

4. Characteristics of fabrics for V-belts


10-2-3, anide or viscose cord, for wrapping -- well-resistant to wear fabric "consisting of 80% cotton
fiber and 20% staple, nylon. To enhance the layer stretching cordorouy belts, it is administered in cap -
pink fabric. Rubber layer compression when the strap is experiencing repeated tensile strain is applied
(up to 2%), compression (up to 5

7%) and shift; the rubber layer of the tension-strain distribution pull (to 4%) and shift. As a result of
internal friction, heat is released, which leads to aging of rubber and cracking. In accordance with this,
the rubber used for V-belts must have a sufficiently high fatigue strength, increased resistance to
thermal aging and low hysteresis losses. For the compression layer, anisotropy of properties is desirable
- increased stiffness in the transverse direction and reduced in the longitudinal direction. This is
achieved in some cases by introducing fibrous fillers into the rubber with the orientation of the fibers
(calendering) in the transverse

direction.

Rubber layer of the compression and stretching are calculated on the basis of chloroprene rubber
(Nairit) or in combination with Baladi - ene nitrile rubbers [89].

Under certain formulations of rubber takes on the properties of Moreau - tostanoski. The time
resistance to rupture of rubber for Kli - new belts is 100 170 kgf/cm2, the relative elongation of 250 450
%, the residual elongation of 4 20%, the hardness of the device TM-2 70 78, hysteresis losses 16 25%.
Rubber elastic layer adjacent to the cord, are made with a high content of rubber, and to increase the
adhesion to the flow- stylish element in are associated compounds (resorcinol, hexamine, etc.). Time
resistance to rupture of these rubbers 90 130 kgf/cm2, elongation 410 550%, hardness TM-2 60

65. When low's new cardsor e elastic layer is not introduced. Before assembling the straps cardsor
under tension, the composition is impregnated, FOA and thereafter the adhesion, and dried. Then the
polyester cord is subjected to thermal fixation, polyamide hot drawing and fixation [89]. Cardcan also
impregnate, and then overlaid rubber on the calender.

The Assembly of belt blanks is carried out on a special machine: with a length of belts up to 4.5 m - on a
sliding drum, with a length of 1.8 m or more - on two BA - Raban. Apply mainly group Assembly belts
(billet VI - keel) and less individual Assembly of the workpiece of each belt. Cordorouy belts you can
collect direct or inverse modulation method. In the first case, the drum is consistently wound rubber
compression layer, a thin layer of soft rubber, cord - cord (under tension), again a layer of soft rubber
and finally - a layer of growth. Before winding, cardsor coat with glue, after - vivki rolled down valkom
and again coat with glue.

In another method of assembling the layers are typed in reverse in a row, and after cutting of the
workpiece vices turn. Cord - fabric belts are assembled by direct Assembly. Next, the workpiece separate
belts on the other machine wrap diagonally sliced rubberized fabric convey the volcano organization.

In the manufacture of belts type shown in Fig. 11, and, in wikel put the billet bottom part of the strap
with molded - governmental teeth. Wikel completely vulcanized without removal c drum /and then cut
into individual belts.
Vulcanization of belts, depending on their length of serial production can be done in the following ways:
the entire belt is in circular form; in a bent state sequentially in a continuous process; in rectilinear
forms in parts.

In the first case, a group of blanks is collected on a drum mold (Fig. 14) and lay in the
boiler diaphragm or autoclave vulcanizer. Here is the mold, covers the re - zine
diaphragm or shirt. When vulcanizing the outside and inside of the mold, a pressure
difference is created, contributing to the pre-pressing of the blanks. Less perfect
vulcanization in boilers. For its implementation of the blank belts on the drums pre-
rolled and bandaged. For curing variator belts with molded tooth Ukrniiplastmash
and Tula combine plant created a special volcano - mash, in which the form consists
of sectors, the movement of which is made by pressing belts.

Continuous vulcanization is performed on rotary presses. Thus preparation of a belt


1 (Fig. 15) put on the working drum 3 and the tension roller 2 and accept the
pressing tape 5 grooves of the working drum. Heating of belts is carried out by the
heater 4 with continuous movement of the cooking.

Vulcanization in a rectilinear form is carried out in jaw presses in parts, the belt is under tension.
Vulcanization in a circular form is used for belts up to 5 m long, on rotary vulcanizers at L = 0,9 20 m on
jaw presses at L == 1,7 20 m.

The correct belt manufacturing technology should ensure the mandatory tension of the cord and blanks
during Assembly and pressing, the correct placement of the cord in the belt, as well as the minimal
fluctuation in the cross-section dimensions along the length of the belt. The tension of the cord tightens
and increases the modulus of elasticity of the belt, and lowers the hood of its operation, increases the
efficiency of transmission and long - forever belts. Uneven coiling of the cord or skewing of the cord in
the belt lead to uneven distribution of the load on the turns of the cord. In addition, when the cord is
skewed, the belt is prone to twisting and skewing in the groove, part of its threads, shifting to the
compression zone, experiences alternating stresses during operation. All this significantly reduces the
durability of the belt. If the cord along the length of the belt is located at different levels or the cross-
section sizes vary in length, then, as indicated below, belt vibrations and torsional vibrations of the
shafts occur during transmission, which reduce the durability of both the belt and other parts of the-

dachas.

During press and rotary vulcanization, the tension and compaction of the workpiece during the
vulcanization process is better ensured. However, with these methods, the belts have areas with double
vulcanization, characterized by reduced flexibility and fatigue strength; the dimensions of the cross
section and the elastic modulus of the belt vary in its length. In addition, during the press vulcanization
distortion of the cross section in the work on the pulleys is greater.

Vulcanization on drum molds provides a beam - neck constancy of the cross section and elastic
properties along the length of the belt and smaller deviations in the lengths of the belts.

3.3. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE CONTROL STRAPS


The size of the cross section (Fig.

16) standard belts according to GOST 1284.1-80 and the limits of the calculated lengths of each section
are shown in table. 5. The basic size is the calculated width corresponding to the width of the belt along
the neutral line with a clean bend. For this the width of the profiled grooves shki - world war II. Its
position on the pulleys determines their calculated diameters, belt speed, gear ratio and belt forces. In
specified in the table. 5 the limits of the design length L necessary to take on a number of R20 and is less
preferable for a number R40. In table. 5 auxiliary data are also given: the cross-sectional area S1, the
mass of 1 m of the belt width in both the upper and lower bases of the section, and the coordinate of
the neutral line. The latter is taken h == 0.36 h.

The angle of the wedge belts according to GOST 1284.1-80 when measuring it on a straight section of
40°. The angle of the grooves of the pulleys are assigned in pre - Affairs of the 32 40° depending on the
diameter of the pulley.

For CVTs mostly use wide straps, the size of which is regulated by the standard OST 38.5.17-73. Taking
into account the variety of requirements for variator characteristics, the standard for industrial drives
provides two groups of belts with a relative width v = 3,1 3,2 and 2,3 (table. 6). The first group (1)
intended Chen for CVTs with a large diapheromera, and the second (2) with a smaller D, but with
increased power. A number of belts 1-B corresponds to the recommendation variator belts with a width
of b 16 100 mm.

For regulated transmission of agricultural machinery in the OST 38. 5. 17-73 has a number of special
belts SV with respect-

5. Parameters of V-belts of normal sections


6. Options for variable speed V-belts

7. The size of the teeth of the toothed belt to the EAST 38.5.17-73 mm
width v == 2.0. According to this standard, a number of lengths within the limits specified in table. 6, is
located on a series of normal numbers R20; the angle of the belt wedge in the undeformed state 34

The angle of the belt wedge when bending it on the pulleys decreases, and the greater the smaller the
diameter of the pulley. This change depends to a significant extent on the design of the belt: in solid
belts it will be large, in gear belts it will be smaller.

Belts series 1-In and C can be made both solid and toothed, a number of 2-In - only toothed. 2 industrial
plant used only timing belts. The dimensions of the teeth according to the standard are shown in table.
7.

In foreign practice, to ensure a particularly wide range of regulation at low power, variable belts are
used and with a greater relative width of up to 4,5. For variators with several belts for the purpose of
their equal work, the oscillation of the lengths in the kit must be within the limits provided in the
standards. For the convenience of compl-lection, the entire field of deviations of lengths is divided into 6
8 groups. The nominal lengths and the group number are indicated in the stamp. To work, it must be on
the belts of one party and one group, and in the absence of the number marking group straps should be
chosen according to their lengths.

Since the dimensions, shape, cross-section and length of the belt change under load and bending, they
should be monitored in conditions approaching the workers. With this purpose, test production lead at
standard boilerplate pulleys under tension. To do this, one of the pulleys is mounted on a floating
carriage or suspended on a measured belt (Fig. 17, a) and load. When checking, the amount of belt
immersion in the groove is controlled and the distance a between the centers of the pulleys is
determined.

The control of the immersion value is a comprehensive check of the cross-section dimensions and f. It is
produced according to the risks caused by the cut-out in the wall of the pulley groove (Fig. 17, b). When
the belt dimensions are within the permissible deviations, the upper edge of the belt should lie between
the outer surface of the pulley and the risk P2, and the lower - between the risks and po-

The distance a determine the calculated length L = 2a

Below the belt when checking it the correct position, the crank pulley several revolutions.

The dimensions of the reference pulley (Fig. 17) and the coordinates of the marks P1 and for standard
belts in this OST 38.5.17-73, for the custom will be calculated according to the limit deviations on width
and height of the straps with account of deformation of the strap under the Natia - statement [66].

For the good work of the belt is very important to maintain the size of its section along the length. So, if
the calculated width at some site changes by the value, it will cause a change in the calculated radius of
the pulley by the value Ar == 0,5 Ab ctg p/2. As a result, the instantaneous gear ratio will change, causing
belt vibration and torsional vibrations of the driven system.

Further, a change in the calculated radius of the pulley will cause in the transmission with the moving
system its movement and oscillations, and in the transmission with fixed shafts - a change in the
calculated length of the belt

and change of tension from pre-tension

Therefore, fluctuations in the belt tension are the significant are positive, the smaller the length of the
belt and the higher the modulus of elasticity. Therefore, when high-modulus rope is especially important
to have as little as possible fluctuation of the dimensions of the belt width.

At the groove angle == 26°, the values given will be:

For variable speed belt with dimensions bxh 56 22 mm and L == 2000 mm, provided the tolerance on the
width Ab == 2 mm. With the fluctuation of the belt thickness along its length within this tolerance,
during operation of the belt AL == 13.6 mm and modulus E of 3,000 kg/cm2, the change in tension To 20
kgf/cm*, which is comparable with the magnitude of pre-tension.

Studies conducted by C. Galadzhev et al. [18] belts of the same section, showed that the width of the
belts of press vulcanization along their length reached 2 mm, and the tension of the branch AS, = 100
kgf. Even the average values of effort, caused by manufacturing errors of the belt, was comparable - ble
with the initial tension. When rotary curing errors of the straps and the tension fluctuation was
significantly lower. These same studies found that the presence of dynamic loads due to the fluctuation
of tension, significantly reduces the durability of the belts.

Hence, it is necessary to establish sufficiently rigid tolerances for the belt width to fluctuate along its
length. The control element should take the oscillation of the center distance during one run at the
above complex verification. To do this, the control device (Fig. 17, a) should be equipped with an
indicator. It is possible to carry out similar check and on change of a tension of a belt in one run. To do
this, the floating pulley of the calibration machine must be spring-loaded and using a screw device to
create a belt tension.

3.4. THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE BELTS


As shown in section 3.1, the elastic properties of the belts significantly determine the qualitative
performance of the transfer. The most important of these properties are the given elastic modulus
under bending tension and transverse compression

The increase in modulus of elasticity in tension reduces slip and losses in the transmission, however, this
worsens its damping properties and transmission becomes more sensitivity - stoiteley to accuracy of
performance dimensions of the belt.

Bending stiffness is always desirable to have as little as possible - it reduces losses, increases durability
allows the use of smaller diameter pulleys. The transverse stiffness of the belts should be increased in
every possible way, while the radial movement of the belt decreases, losses are reduced, the accuracy of
the transfer ratio and the stiffness of the kinematical characteristic increases. The residual elongation
should be kept to a minimum in order to reduce the drawing during operation.

Elastic properties of belts vary widely depending on the design of the belt, the material of its elements,
as well as the technology and quality of manufacture. The elements of the belt - cord, pillows and
wrapper - are made of high-polymer materials with elastic binding. Therefore, the elastic characteristics
of the belts, as well as these materials, are not constant, but depend on the magnitude of the
deformations, the speed and prehistory of deformation, and temperature.

When loading the V-belt (Fig. 18) three stages and three components of deformations are traced: the AB
section with elastic deformation, the BV section with highly elastic deformation and the section in the g -
stage of plastic deformation. When the belt is unloaded, the elastic component is removed instantly,
high- coelestina -- slowly, the plastic component of the unprocessed - Tim.

In accordance with this, the elastic modules defined under static and dynamic loading will be different.
The first will show both elastic and highly elastic deformation, and dynamic - mainly elastic, and the
modulus of elasticity will be higher.

The V-belt is a typical composite part with a pronounced anisotropy. The elastic properties of its
longitudinal tension are determined mainly by the reinforcement uyu - schim element - cord, and the
properties of transverse compression and shear - properties of the matrix rubber pads. In about-

the bending process of the cord undergoes longitudinal deformation, and therefore the elastic
properties of the belt during bending depend on both the matrix and the reinforcing element, as well as
to a large extent on the belt structure.
For rice. 19 the elastic modulus of 28 x 13.5 mm vari - ATOR belts of different designs and 32 16 mm
belts with a molded tooth, determined under static and dynamic loading, are given. In the latter case,
the EP was established by the damping of the oscillations. As shown in Fig. 19, the value of the modulus
of elasticity of statics stabilized under stress

6 10 kgf/cm2, and in the dynamics increases, and at high voltage points and is higher compared to the
static at 28 to 35%.

The modulus of elasticity in the dynamics when the working voltage is in the range of 3,000 to 4,500
kgf/cm2. The same order of magnitude Ep obtained by P. C. Galadzhev for the variator belt 50 22 mm
[15]. The elastic modulus for belts of 28 13.5 mm of the same structure, but with and without teeth,
turned out to be almost equal.

The relationship of the elastic modulus of the belt under tension with the elastic properties of the
constituent elements is determined by the dependence

where is the modulus of elasticity under tension of the corresponding elements;

the area of their section.

Elastic modulus rubber 50 80 kgf/cm2, rubber pe cushion layer compression wrapping for the tested belt
28*13.5 mm - 150 300 kgf/cm2, the fabric layer of stretching of the same belt - 300 400 kgf/cm2 [6]. As
can be seen from the table. 3, the modulus of elasticity of coldsore two, but compared to rubber three
orders of magnitude higher. Therefore, both the magnitude of the elastic modulus of the belt and the
nature of the dependence E == f (e) are determined mainly by the applied cord - - - its material, the
diameter of the cord and the number of turns of cord or cord layers of fabric, although the cord area is 5
8%, cord fabric 25 30% of the belt cross-sectional area.

So, the static modulus of elasticity narrow V-REM - it [58] was: when coldsore polyester 3700 . . 4200
kgf/cm2, analnom --- 1200 kgf/cm2, viscose cord fabrics - 4250 kgf/cm2.
But even the belts of the same Design made of the same materials elastic properties can vary depending
on the conditions of manufacture within a fairly wide range. According to S. L. samoshkin [87], the mean
square deviation of the elastic modulus for a batch of 200 cord-fabric belts of section B at a median
value of E = 2800 kgf/cm2

it was 240 kgf/cm2, and the maximum - 1100 kgf/cm2.

The elastic modulus of the belt in bending depends on its design, manufacturing technology, bending
radius and to a large extent on the magnitude of the tensile force. It is as different in static dynamics as
it is in tension.

The dependence of the elastic modulus of the belt during bending on the elastic properties of the
constituent elements and their placement in the belt section is determined by the formula

where the modulus of elasticity in tension or compression of the material of individual elements; -
moments of inertia of these elements and the entire belt relative to the neutral axis.

From the formula (34) it follows that the higher the stiffness of the reinforcing element of the belt and
the greater the thickness of its layer, the greater the bending stiffness of the belt.

From the experiments conducted in MAMI with V-belts of different designs [61 it follows that the
modulus of elasticity E at the Chi - Stom bend (without stretching) for cord-fabric belts is 170 200
kgf/cm2, for cord-cord 90 120 kgf/cm2. Data on some belts are shown in table. 8. UB belt (2) because of
the high location of coldsore value was increased to 170 kgf/cm2. Belt 4 gear with a layer of fabric over
the cord had a bending stiffness of 1.5 times higher than the belt 3 without this layer. The belt 5 with
them teeth the smallest Flexural rigidity.

The difference in module of elasticity for kontkevych and cord shnurovym belts when pure bending is
not so great. This is about-

8. Modulus of elasticity young-straps in pure bending

it is clear that in this case the lower part of the cord tissue falls into the compression zone and can not
affect the Flexural stiffness.

As can be seen from the table. 8, with the increase of the bend radius module

the Flexural modulus decreases slightly. The modulus of elasticity of the timing belt by referring to the
moment of inertia of the cross-sections between the teeth are of the same order as cordorouy
continuous belt, and when estimating the moment of inertia of the full cross section in the 3 to 3.5
times less. At the same time less and their Flexural rigidity. The ratio of Flexural gesture - bones of
toothed and continuous belts of the same height h will be

The value is related to the moment of inertia of the total sections. According to work 16
Here the ratio is based on 171

Where the modulus of elasticity of the tooth in tension; the moment of Inertia of the tooth section
relative to the neutral belt line;

teeth; (p = 0.5).

- the width of the base and the step Poisson's ratio

For most toothed belts

C. = 2,5 of 5, and the second factor in equation (35) is changed in the range of
1.16 to 1.27. Given the small difference in the belt width of the live and full
section, the dependence (35) can be presented as

For fig. 20 shows the dependence

ratio from relative tooth height _/h. At h

(0,25 0,5) h coefficient 0,5 0,2, t. e. the Flexural stiffness of the toothed belt is 2 to 5 times lower than
that of the entire belt of the same section. The toothed belts on the table. 8 = (0,27 0,33) h, and from
Fig. 20 0.45 0.35, which corresponds to-

the experimental data given in this table are available.

For rice. 21 shows the dependence of the modulus of elasticity of the experiments obtained at one-

the tensile stress on temporary bending and stretching. The solid curves correspond to the values
calculated from the bending moment without taking into account the tensile stresses o, according to the
formula

bar-the values given by the dependence


where is the tension in the belt element; a static moment of the area of the element relative to the
neutral line of the belt.

The modulus of elasticity more accurately characterizes the Flexural the stiffness of the belt, but the
definition of it is very time consuming.

As shown in Fig. 21, with increasing tensile stress bending stiffness increases significantly, and at about
12 20 kgf/cm2 Ei reaches the highest value exceeding 1.7 2.5 times the value at pure bending. This is
due to the fact that as the tensile force increases, the layer with zero stress moves down and most of
the cord works on stretching, increasing Flexural stiffness. The displacement of the zero layer outside of
the cord value stabiliziruemost.

The above information on the bending modulus of elasticity is obtained for new belts. Experiments have
shown that in the first hours the values are reduced by about 1.5 1.6 times. This is due to structural
changes in the material of the elements, drawing of a wrapper of a layer of stretching and partial
weakening of connection of a wrapper with rubber.

As tensile, modulus of elasticity in bending Unit in the transfer operation, i.e., the dynamics is
significantly higher than in the static condition. So, for belt UB he was in 1.25 times, and for massacre 4
section 28 13.5 (tab. 8) having a rigid fabric cushion in the stretching layer, 1.65 times, reaching 200
kgf/cm2 against 115 kgf/cm2 in static.

The rigidity of the belts under transverse compression in a significant degree depends on the belt design
and the ratio of the cross - section dimensions or on the shape factor f, which represents the ratio of the
area of the supporting surfaces of the part to its free surface. For V-belt

Than the relatively wider the strap, the smaller f, the less poperek - tion of its stiffness under
compression. For narrow V-belts f = 1,2 and modulus of elasticity in compression E == 180 kgf/cm2 both
in tissue and cord; for V-belts of normal cross-section f = 0,8 and E = 125 130 kgf/cm2 [58]. Varya -
atornic belts f = 0,33 0,5. Therefore, if they have the same design as normal V-belts, the transverse
stiffness becomes even less, which leads to significant losses of power and reduces the stiffness of the
kinematic characteristics. Therefore, variator belts require the use of rubber of greater hardness and the
introduction of a cushion of fabric flooring. For variator continuous belt 28 13.5 mm fabric in a tensile
layer similar to the belt 4 (table. Eight),

F == 0.55

when the elastic modulus at compression = 270 300 kgf/cm2, and for the same belt with cut teeth = 205
235 kgf/cm2 [6]. With the increase in the relative width of the belts, the elastic modulus in compression
must be increased. The elastic moduli E in dynamics and in statics were

close.

Belt extraction at work depends on the material of the cord, the design of the belt and significantly on
the quality of manufacture. As shown by numerous tests, the residual elongation of the first 0.5 2 hours
of work increases rapidly and reaches approximately 1% Then the hood grows slowly, and before the
destruction - again quickly. In serial testing, a quality variable speed belts elongation for the entire
period of operation is 2.5 to 3.5%.
Chapter 5
DESIGN CALCULATION V-BELT VARIABLE SPEED
5.1. variators with V-belts of normal sections
Stepless V-belt transmissions with standard transmissions in accordance with
GOST 1284.1-80 are simple in design and reliable in operation. They are used
mainly built-in working machines; almost do not require a special place and can
be easily combined with other units of machines.
Performed with the number of belts up to six. However, a large number of belts
required to have a high precision in the execution of the pulleys to provide the
same gear ratio all streams. They are used at low power, but can also be used at
power up to 60 kW.
Due to the small width of the standard belts, the adjustment range is small. For
the purpose of some of its expansion, the groove angles of the pulleys are
assigned a little less than for unregulated transmissions. Permissible on adjustable
pulleys for belts sections O---B In taking φ= 30° and for sections G and D φ= 32°.
In table. 13 the values of the possible changes in the diameter of the pulley
pipeline Δd, as well as the limit ranges of regulation D for one and two adjustable
pulleys with the specified groove angles and pulley diameters of the minimum
permissible according to GOST 20898-75. Ranges D transmission with two
adjustable pulleys are given with symmetrical control. It should be borne in mind
that the use of both pulleys with diameters equal to the minimum allowable,
reduces the service life of the belts. In gear with offset adjustment range in the
direction of reduction of the second pulley increases the durability of the belt is
increased, but D is reduced.
For some expansion of the range of regulation, the smallest diameters of the
pulleys with cord belts can be reduced to values allowed by GOST 10286-75,
namely for sections A, B and C, respectively, to 80, 100 and 140 mm.
For gears with asymmetric regulation, as well as when using pulleys with
diameters different from those shown in table. 13, the regulation range is
determined by the formula (24), and it will be less than the values specified in
Table. 13; Δd value is taken from this table.
Speed control in the considered variators can be made either only at rest, or
when the transmission is in operation. In the first case, the simplest adjustable
pulleys are used, the three designs of which are shown in Fig. 53. The movable
discs in them sit on the hub of the fixed discs on the thread. Fixation is made by
locking screws through copper crackers.

Fig. 53. The simplest adjustable pulleys for standard belts with one-way
movement of the disks:
a-- on one belt; b - for two awards; c - with extended control range
(adjustable discs are shown in two positions)
The cross section of the belt
Characteristic
o a c b g

dmin ,mm 63 90 125 200 315

Δd,mm 22 28.5 37 45.5 65

with one adjustable pulley 1.35 1.32 1.29 1.23 1.21

with two adjustable pulleys 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.51 1.46

Moment M6, kgf-m <2.5 1---5 3.5---15 10---50 40---150

The highest values of Δd and D for belts according to GOST 1284.1-80


The choice of parameters and calculation of stepless V-belt transmission with
belts according to GOST 1284.1-80 is made in the same way as similar
unregulated transmission. Some features are the determination of the calculated
diameters of the branch tension and axial forces.
The choice of the belt section is advisable to produce the torque M, on the
high-speed shaft according to table. 13. Small pulley diameters have to be used to
achieve a sufficient control range. With control ranges equal to those specified in
table. 13, the smallest diameter of the drive pulley d1=dmin.
For smaller ranges for gears with one adjustable drive pulley and two
adjustable pulleys and symmetrical adjustment, it is according to the formula
The largest diameter of the drive pulley D1 = d1+Δd; Δd value is taken
from the table. 13. The diameters d2 and D2 of the driven pulley are determined
from formula (1) by the gear ratios imin and imax.
To compensate for the adverse effect on the durability of the belt, the use of
small diameters and gear ratios close to one, the center distance is set to be
longer than in unregulated gears. We can recommend a = (0.75…1.25) (D1 - D2),
where D1 and D2 are the largest diameters of that and the other pulley.
The calculation of the transmission is carried out according to the method
described in [68] for transmissions with i = const, at the position when the
circumferential force F is maximum (see p. 15 16).
After determining the number of belts by this method, the following additional
calculation is carried out. Set the maximum permissible sliding angles on both
pulleys AC= (0,5...0.7) α; the formulas (44) and (45) determine the reduced
coefficients of friction and the smaller of the two products of αc1f'1 and αc2f'2
determine the value of . For the pulley, in which this product is greater,
from the equality of α1f'1 = α2f'2 find a new angle αc. Then determine the angle
of rest (clutch) on the pulleys α2=α – αc and formulas (70A) and (71A) axial forces
Fx1 and Fx2. From the dependences (53) find the tension of the branches F1 and
F2 and the formula (57) pre-tension Fo. The axial force on the spring-loaded
pulley and spring deformation (see p. 83) determine the parameters of the latter.
If the transmission of both pulleys with forced movement of the discs, the finding
of axial forces is only necessary for the selection of bearings, and they can be
approximately determined by the formula (72).

The profile of the grooves of the pulleys running unregulated PS GOST 20898-75,
with the exception of step t of the grooves. Dimensions of adjustable pulleys (Fig.
Fifty seven)
fig. 57. Sizes of adjustable pulleys
The size can be taken according to GOST 20898-75 the same as for
unregulated pulleys, the groove angle is assigned as indicated in p. 119. The size
of the shifted disks is taken structurally; it is advisable to take δ=0,5 b1. Groove
pitch for all cabinets.

Control the estimated diameters of grooves and their identity for all streams
should be carried by the roller to the measurement of size m [68].

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