Electrical MCQs

1.
Out of the following which one is not an unconventional (B) preheated coal
source of energy?
(C) storage of coal enough to meet 24-hour demand of the
(A) Tidal power plant
(B) Geothermal energy (D) coal in transit.
(C) Nuclear energy 9. Pressure of steam in condenser is
(D) Wind power. (A) atmospheric pressure
2. Pulverized coal is (B) more than pressure
(A) coal free from ash (C) slightly less than pressure
(B) non-smoking coal (D) much less than pressure.
(C) coal which bums for long time 10. Equipment used for pulverizing the coal is known as
(D) coal broken into fine particles. (A) Ball mill
3. Heating value of coal is approximately (B) Hopper
(A) 1000-2000 kcal / kg (C) Burner
(B) 2000-4000 kcal / kg (D) Stoker.
(C) 5000-6500 kcal / kg 11. Power plants using coal work closely on known which of
the following cycle?
(D) 9000-10,500 kcal / kg
(A) Otto cycle
4. Water gas is a mixture of
(B) Binary vapor cycle
(A) CO2 and O2
(C) Brayton cycle
(B) O2and H2
(D) Rankine cycle.
(C) H2, N2 and O2
12. Critical pressure of water is
(D) CO, N2 and H2.
(A) 1 kg / cm2
5. Coal used in power plant is also known as
(B) 100 kg / cm2
(A) steam coal
(C) 155 kg / cm2
(B) charcoal
(D) 213.8 kg / cm2.
(C) coke
13. The efficiency of a thermal power plant improves with
(D) soft coal.
(A) increased quantity of coal burnt
6. Which of the following is considered as superior quality
of coal? (B) larger quantity of water used
(A) Bituminous coal (C) lower load in the plant
(B) Peat (D) use of high steam pressures.
(C) Lignite 14. Which of the following contributes to the improvement
of efficiency of Rankine cycle in a thermal power plant?
(D) Coke.
(A) Reheating of steam at intermediate stage
7. In a power plant, coal is carried from storage place to
boilers generally by means of (B) Regeneration use of steam for heating boiler feed water
(A) bucket (C) Use of high pressures
(B) V-belts (D) All of the above.
(C) trolleys 15. Steam pressures usually used in thermal power plants
are
(D) manually.
(A) 5 kg/cm2 to 10 kg / cm2
8. Live storage of coal in a power plant means
(B) 50 kg/cm2 to 100 kg / cm2
(A) coal ready for combustion
(C) 110 kg/cm2 to 170 kg / cm2 (D) Re-heaters.
(D) 200 kg/cm2 to 215 kg / cm2 23. Permissible pH value of water for boilers is
16. When pulverized fuel is not used, the equipment used (A) 1
for supplying coal to the boiler is
(B) 7
(A) Heater
(C) slightly more than 7
(B) Stoker
(D) 10.
(C) Burner
24. A condenser in a thermal power plant condenses steam
(D) Skip hoist. combing out of
17. Burning of low-grade fuel can be improved by (A) Boiler
(A) Blending with better quality (B) Super-heater
(B) Oil assisted ignition (C) Economizer
(C) Pulverizing (D) Turbine.
(D) Any of the above. 25. Which of the following, is not a high-pressure boiler?
18. As steam expands in turbine (A) Loeffler boiler
(A) its pressure increases (B) Lancashire boiler
(B) its specific volume increases (C) Velox boiler
(C) its boiling point increases (D) Lamont boiler.
(D) its temperature increases. 26. What is the maximum size of steam turbine usually
being installed, for thermal power plants?
19. Water is supplied to a boiler
(A) 120 MW
(A) at atmospheric pressure
(B) 250 MW
(B) at slightly more than atmospheric pressure
(C) 500 MW
(C) at 100 cm/kg2
(D) 1000 MW.
(D) at more than the steam pressure on the boiler.
27. Overall thermal efficiency of a steam power station is in
20. Which of the following enters the super heater of a the range
boiler?
(A) 18-24%
(A) Cold water
(B) 30-40%
(B) Hot water
(C) 44-62%
(C) Wet steam
(D) 68-79%.
(D) Super-heated steam.
28. Which of the following is not the voltage at which
21. Super-heated steam is always power is usually transmitted
(A) at a temperature higher than the saturation (A)132 kV
temperature corresponding to a steam pressure
(B) 66 kV
(B) at a pressure more than the boiler steam pressure
(C) 33 kV
(C) separated from water particles before being supplied to
turbine (D) 20 kV.
(D) at a pressure less than the maximum cycle pressure. 29. Most of the generators in thermal power plants run at
22. The equipment installed in power plants to reduce air (A) 3000 rpm
pollution due to smoke is
(B)1500 rpm
(A) Induced draft fans
(C) 1000 rpm
(B) De-super heaters
(D) 750 rpm.
(C) Electrostatic precipitators
30. In regenerative cycle, bled steam is 37. The boilers using lignite as fuel do not use
(A) discharged to atmosphere (A) under feed stoker
(B) condensed in steam condenser (B) traveling grate stoker
(C) used to beat feed water for boiler (C) spreader stoker
(D) is mixed with steam supplied to turbine. (D) all the above.
31. Standard frequency usually for electric supply is 38. In a steam turbine cycle, the lowest pressure occurs in
(A) 50 Hz (A) turbine inlet
(B) 60 Hz (B) boiler
(C) 50 to 60 Hz (C) condenser
(D) 50 to 55 Hz. (D) super heater.
32. In power station practice "spinning reserve" is 39. Steam pressure in modem thermal plants of 100 MW
and above capacity may be exacted to be
(A) reserve generating capacity that is in operation but not
in service (A) 10 kg/cm2
(B) reserve generating capacity that is connected to bus and (B) 50 kg/cm2
ready to take the load
(A) up to 100kg/cm2
(C) reserve generating capacity that is available for service
but not in operation (D) more than 100 kg/cm2.
(D) capacity of the part of the plant that remains under 40. The overall efficiency of a boiler in a thermal power
maintenance. plant is of the order of
33. Bagasse is (A)10%
(A) low quality coal (B) 25 to 30%
(B) a fuel consisting of wood (C) 40 to 50%
(C) fibrous portion of sugarcane left after extracting the (D) 70 to 80%.
juice 41. Chemical composition of coal is given by
(D) a kind of rice straw. (A) Proximate analysis
34. Low grade fuels have (B) Ultimate analysis
(A) low moisture content (C) Orast analysis
(B) low ash content (D) All of the above.
(C) low calorific value 42. Which coal will have highest ash content?
(D) low carbon content. (A) Bituminous coal
35. Which variety of coal has lowest calorific value? (B) Grade I steam coal
(A) Steam-coal (C) Coking coal
(B) Bituminous coal (D) Lignite.
(C) Lignite 43. Ash content of most of the Indian coals is around
(D) Anthracite. (A) 1%
36. In a steam locomotive the engine is (B) 5%
(A) Single cylinder (C) 10%
(B) Vertical (D) 20%.
(C) Condensing 44. Ash content of coal can be reduced by
(D) Non-condensing. (A) slow burning
(B) washing
(C) pulverizing 51. A graphical representation between discharge and time
is known as
(D) mixing with high grade coal.
(A) Monograph
45. A 100 MW thermal power-plant will consume nearly
how many tons of coal in one hour? (B) Hectograph
(A) 50 tons (C) Topo graph
(B) 150 tons (D) Hydrograph.
(C) 1500 tons 52. Cost of operation of which plant is least?
(D) 15,000 tons. (A) Gas turbine plant
46. The steam consumption per kWh of electricity (B) Thermal power plant
generated in a modem power plant is of the order of
(C) Nuclear power plant
(A) 1-2 kgs
(D) Hydroelectric plant.
(B) 2-4 kgs
53. In a hydro-electric plant a conduct system for taking
(C) 5-7 kgs water from the intake works to the turbine is known as
(D) 10-12 kgs. (A) Dam
47. For low head and high discharge, the hydraulic turbine (B) Reservoir
used is
(C) Penstock
(A) Kaplan turbine
(D) Surge tank.
(B) Francis turbine
54. A Pelton wheel is
(C) Pelton wheel
(A) inward flow impulse turbine
(D) Jonual turbine.
(B) Outward flow impulse turbine
48. Soot is virtually nothing but
(C) Inward flow reaction turbine
(A) ash
(D) Axial flow impulse turbine.
(B) cinder
55. Running away speed of a Pelton wheel is
(C) gas
(A) Actual operating speed on no load
(D) carbon
(B) Full load speed
49. In pumped storage
(C) No load speed when governor mechanism fails
(A) Power is produced by means of pumps
(D) 90% greater than the normal speed.
(B) Water is stored by pumping to high pressures
56. Spouting velocity is
(C) Downstream water is pumped up-stream during off load
periods (A) Ideal velocity of jet
(D) Water is re circulated through turbine. (B) 50% of ideal velocity of jet
50. If the air standard efficiency of. a thermodynamic cycle (C) Actual velocity of jet
is given as (D) Velocity of jet under specified conditions.
η= 1 - (k (r-1)) / (rk-1) 57. Outward radial flow turbines
where r = compression ratio, k = Cp/ Cv (A) are impulses turbines
the cycle is (B) are reaction turbines
(A) Lenoir cycle (C) are partly impulse partly reaction turbines
(B) Brayton cycle (D) may be impulse or reaction turbines.
(C) Atkinson cycle 58. A Francis turbine is
(D) None of the above. (A) Inward flow reaction turbine
(B) Inward flow impulse turbine
(C) Outward flow reaction turbine (D) cool feed water of boiler.
(D) Outward flow impulse turbine. 66. Major constituent of methane gas is
59. A Kaplan turbine is (A) CO
(A) a high head mixed flow turbine (B) methane
(B) an impulse turbine, inward flow type (C) oxygen
(C) a reaction turbine, outward flow type (D) hydrogen.
(D) low head axial flow turbine. 67. Caking is
60. In turbulent flow (A) making cakes of coal out of fine powders
(A) the fluid particles move in orderly manner (B) a variety of free burning coals
(B) momentum transfer is on molecular scale only (C) coal produced from burning of wood in inert
atmosphere
(C) shear stresses are generally larger than in laminar flow
(D) in boiler furnace some coals become plastic and form
(D) cohesion is more effective than momentum transfer in lumps or masses of coal.
causing shear stress.
68. 1 atomic mass unit is equal to
61. An impulse turbine
(A) 1.66 x 10 -27 kg
(A) always operates submerged
(B) 1.66 x 10-25 kg
(B) makes use of a draft tube
(C) 1.66 x 10 -17 kg
(C) is most suited for low head installations
(D) 1.66 x 10-10 kg.
(D) operates by initial complete conversion to kinetic
energy. 69. Particles having the same atomic number, but different
mass numbers arc called
62. In an impulse turbine
(A) Positrons
(A) water must be admitted over the whole circumference
of the wheel (B) Beta particles
(B) it is not possible to regulate the flow without loss (C) Isotopes
(C) wheel must run full and be-kept entirely submerged in (D) Decayed panicles.
water below the tail race
70. Which of the following material can be used as a
(D) the pressure in the driving fluid as it moves over the moderator?
vane, is atmospheric.
(A) Graphite
63. In binary vapor cycle
(B) Heavy water
(A) steam at 2 different pressures is used
(C) Beryllium
(B) steam is expanded in 2 turbines
(D) Any of the above.
(C) two fluids are used
71. In closed cooling system
(D) vapor and liquid are used as working substances.
(A) hot water is re circulated after cooling
64. Steam engine used in locomotive is
(B) water does not flow
(A) single acting, condensing type
(C) air and water cooling are simultaneously used
(B) single acting, non-condensing type
(D) constant supply of fresh water for cooling is required.
(C) double acting, non-condensing type
72. A gas turbine works on
(D) double acting, condensing type.
(A) Carnot cycle
65. In a thermal power plant cooling towers are used to
(B) Brayton cycle
(A) condense low pressure steam
(C) Dual cycle
(B) cool condensed steam
(D) Rankine cycle.
(C) cool water used in condenser for condensing steam
73. Maximum efficiency of an open cycle gas turbine is
nearly
(A) 30%
(B) 40%
(C) 50%
(D) 60%.
74. Compressor used in gas turbines is
(A) reciprocating compressor
(B) plunger type compressor (A) 1245
(C) screw compressor (B)1235
(D) multistage axial flow compressor. (C) 12461
75. Which auxiliary of gas turbine consumes most of the (D) 12345.
power? 80. The cycle 1236 represents
(A) Burner (A) Otto cycle
(B) Combustion chamber (B) Dual cycle
(C) Compressor (C) Constant pressure cycle
(D) Fuel pump. (D) Atkinson cycle.
76. Gas turbine is widely used in 81. Diesel cycle is represented by
(A) pumping stations (A) 1236
(B) aircraft (B) 1246
(C) locomotives (C) 1245
(D) automobiles. (D) 1285.
77. In aircraft using gas turbine, the cycle used is 82. Which cycle cannot be represented in the given figure ?
(A) Simple (A) Otto cycle
(B) Regeneration (B) Constant pressure cycle
(C) Reheating (C) Carnot cycle
(D) Reheating with regeneration. (D) Brayton cycle.
78. Overall efficiency of gas turbine is 83. The horse power of a Diesel locomotive is of the order
of
(A) equal to Rankine cycle efficiency
(A) 100 to 200
(B) equal to Carnot cycle efficiency
(B) 500 to 1000
(C) more than Otto or Diesel cycle efficiency
(C) 2000 to 2500
(D) less than Diesel cycle efficiency.
(D) 10.000 to 12,000.
79. In the figure, constant volume cycle is represented by
84. A Diesel engine consumes Diesel oil nearly at the rate of
(A) 180 to 200 gm/BHP hr.
(B) 400 to 450 gm/BHP hr.
(C) 600 to 750 gm/BHP hr.
(D) 1 kg/BHP hr.
85. The compression ratio in case of diesel engines is (C) Weight of air = 0.23 weight of oxygen
(A) 5 to 7 (D) Weight of air =2.33 x weight of oxygen.
(B) 7 to 10 93. How many kg of air are required for the combustion of
one kg of diesel fuel?
(C) 14 to 22
(A) 1 kg
(D) 25 to 36.
(B) 1.3 kg
86. The firing order of a four-cylinder engine is
(C) 4 kg
(A)1-2-4-3
(D) 15 kg.
(B)1-4-2-3
94. Due to burning of 1 kg of pure carbon with a minimum
(C) 1-2-3-4 quantity of air required, the percentage of carbon dioxide
(D)1-3-2-4. in the exhaust gas would be
87. The performance of engines of different HP, RPM and (A) 10%
sizes can be compared based on (B) 19%
(A) specific fuel consumption (C) 29%
(B) compression ratio (D) 39%.
(C) clearance volume 95. Diesel engine fuels are rated by
(D) cylinder volume. (A) Octane number
88. Advantage of hydro-electric power station is (B) H.U.C.R.
(A) low operating cost (C) Cetane number
(B) free from pollution problems (D) CRF number.
(C) no fuel transportation problems 96. The formula for cetane is
(D) all the above. (A) C16 H34
89. Which engine will have highest efficiency, between (B) C12H32
given temperature limits?
(C) C10 H32
(A) Carnot cycle
(D) C8H16.
(B) Otto cycle
97. Cetane number of high-speed diesel available in market
(C) Diesel cycle is
(D) Dual cycle. (A) 100
90. Which if (he following is a non-petroleum fuel? (B) 80 to 90
(A) Benzol (C) 60 to 75
(B) Methyl alcohol (D) 45 to 55.
(C) Ethyl alcohol 98. If an engine has spark plug, it can be safely concluded
(D) All of the above. that the engine is
91. Heating value of diesel oil is the range (A) not a diesel engine
(A) 1000-1200 kcal/kg (B) a two-stroke petrol engine
(B) 2000-5000 kcal/kg (C) a four-stroke petrol engine
(C) 5000-9000 kcal/kg (D) an air-cooled petrol engine.
(D) 9500-11000 kcal/kg. 99. Air standard efficiency of a diesel engine depends on
92. Which of the following relation is correct? (A) compression ratio
(A) Weight of oxygen = 0.32 weight of air (B) speed
(B) Weight of oxygen = 0.32 weight of air (C) fuel

(D) torque. (B) Fire point
100. A diesel engine of a bus is shared by (C) Pour point
(A) Hand cranking (D) Boiling
(B) Self-starter 108. Specific gravity of diesel oil is
(C) Compressed air (A) 0.84
(D) Mini-petrol engine. (B) 1.14
101. In a diesel engine fuel is injected at a pressure of (C) 2.7
(A) 10 kg/cm2 (D) 3.8.
(B) 20-30 kg/cm2 109. Rank of coal is based oil
(C) 60 - 80 kg/cm2 (A) fixed carbon and healing value
(D) 90 - 130 kgcm2 (B) ash content
102. Diesel engines. For power plants are usually (C) size
(A) horizontal (D) ash and moisture content.
(B) slow speed 110. The function of piston rings in an internal combustion
engine is
(C) supercharged
(A) to prevent lubrication oil from entering the combustion
(D) air cooled. space
103. A two stroke engine may be identified by (B) to prevent leakage of combustion chamber products
(A) piston size past piston
(B) absence of valves (C) to transfer heat from piston to cylinder walls
(C) cooling system (D) all the above.
(D) lubrication system. 111. Which engine has the highest air fuel ratio?
104. Piston rings for engines are made of (A) Petrol engine
(A) east iron (B) Gas engine
(B) copper (C) Diesel engine
(C) aluminum (D) Gas turbine.
(D) mild steel. 112. Which of the following will not assist in getting high
power output from a compression ignition engine?
105. In a piston the maximum temperature occurs at
(A) High compression ratio
(A) ring section
(B) Fine atomization of fuel
(B) gudgeon pin
(C) High charge density
(C) top sides
(D) Large quantity of excess air.
(D) top center.
113. The purpose of super-charging an engine is
106. The temperature at which a lubricating oil will give off
enough vapors to form combustible mixture with air, is (A) to increase the power output of the engine
known as (B) to reduce specific fuel consumption
(A) Flash point (C) to reduce the noise of the engine
(B) Fire point (D) to improve the cooling of cylinders.
(C) Pour point 114. Most of the heat generated in internal combustion
(D) Combustion point. engine is lost in
107. Which temperature for a lubricating oil will be lowest? (A) cooling water
(A) Flash point (B) exhaust gases

(C) lubricating oil (C) Diesel cycle
(D) radiation. (D) Dual cycle.
115. In case of diesel engines thermal efficiency is of the 122. For the same temperature limits and heat input, the
order of most efficient cycle is
(A) 10 to 15 percent (A) Carnot cycle
(B) 15 of 25 percent (B) Otto cycle
(C) 25 to 30 percent (C) Diesel cycle
(D) 30 to 40 percent. (D) Brayton cycle.
116. A mixture containing 60% cetane and 40% Iso-octane 123. An air filter is used in
will have
(A) nuclear power plants
(A) cetane number 60
(B) steam power plants
(B) cetane number 40
(C) diesel engine power plants
(C) octane number 40
(D) hydro-power plants.
(D) none of the above.
124. Which of the following is not a part of diesel engine
117. For supercharging of diesel engines, the air is supplied power plant?
through
(A) Cooling tower
(A) reciprocating compressor
(B) Penstock
(B) centrifugal blower
(C) Oil pump
(C) axial flow compressor
(D) Strainer.
(D) injector.
125. Of the total heat supplied to a diesel engine plant,
118. The compression ratio in case of gas turbine is of the which one has the highest proportion?
order of
(A) Useful output
(A) 5 to 7
(B) Heat lost to cooling water
(B)10 to 15
(C) Heat lost in exhaust gases
(C) 15 to 22
(D) Heat loss in friction radiation, etc.
(D) 22 to 30.
126. Supercharging of a diesel engine means
119. A regenerator in a gas turbine
(A) overloading the engine for peak load
(A) reduces heat loss in exhaust
(B) operating the engine with age
(B) permits use of higher compression ratio
(C) operating engine at higher altitudes
(C) improves thermal efficiency
(D) supplying pressurized air during suction.
(D) permits use of fuels of inferior quality.
127. Which power plant cannot have single units of 100
120. Out of the following diesel engines, the minimum air MW capacity?
consumption per BHP will be in
(A) Steam power plant
(A) 4 stroke, mechanical injection
(B) Nuclear power plant
(B) 4 stroke, air injection
(C) Hydroelectric power plant
(C) 2 stroke, air injection
(D) Diesel engine power plant.
(D) 2 stroke, mech. injection, pump scavenging.
128. In a thermal power plant, heat from the flue gases is
121. For the same maximum pressure and heat input the recovered in
most efficiency cycle is
(A) chimney
(A) Brayton cycle
(B) de-super heater
(B) Otto cycle
(C) economizer
(D) condenser. (A) two isothermal and two adiabatic processes
129. Which of the following is not a fire tube boiler? (B) two adiabatic and two constant pressure processes
(A) Cochron boiler (C) two isothermal and two constant volume processes
(B) Lancashire boiler (D) two constant volume and two constant pressure
processes.
(C) Locomotive boiler
137. In ideal diesel cycle the working substance is
(D) Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
(A) air
130. In a super-heater
(B) diesel
(A) pressure rises, temperature drops
(C) mixture of air and diesel
(B) pressure rises, temperature remains constant
(D) any combustible gas.
(C) pressure remains constant and temperature rises
138. The efficiency of an Otto cycle will approach that of
(D) both pressure and temperature remain constant. Carnot cycle when
131. Bagasse is (A) engine is operated at high rpm
(A) a variety of coal (B) engine is run at high load
(B) a fuel consisting of wood etc. (C) constant volume processes are replaced by isothermal
(C) fibrous portion of sugarcane left after extracting the processes
juice (D) adiabatic processes are replaced by isothermal
(D) a kind of rice straw. processes.
132. Which of the following is not an accessory for a boiler? 139. Which power plant normally operates at high speeds?
(A) Feed water pump (A) Diesel engine plant
(B) Condenser (B) Petrol engine plant
(C) Economizer (C) Steam turbine plant
(D) Air pre-heater. (D) Hydro-electric power plant.
133. A compound pressure gauge indicates 140. Which instrument can be used to measure the flow of
a liquid through a pipe?
(A) fluctuating pressures
(A) Pitot tube
(B) pressures above atmospheric pressure
(B) Venturi meter
(C) pressures below atmospheric pressure
(C) Pressure gauge
(D) pressures above and below atmospheric pressure.
(D) Orifice.
134. For the same cylinder size and rpm which engine will
produce more power? 141. A pitot tube is used to measure
(A) Gas engine (A) energy of liquid
(B) Petrol engine (B) pressure of liquid
(C) Diesel engine (C) energy and pressure of liquid
(D) Super-charged engine. (D) energy, pressure and discharge of liquid.
135. The internal combustion engines never work on 142. A rotameter is used to measure
(A) Diesel cycle (A) velocity of fluids
(B) Rankine cycle (B) viscosity of fluids
(C) Otto cycle (C) density of fluids
(D) Dual combustion cycle. (D) discharge of fluids.
136. A Joule cycle consists of 143. Vacuum can be measured by

(A) venturi meter (A) pipes carrying steam from boiler to turbine
(B) pitot tube (B) pipes carrying water from condenser
(C) U tube manometer (C) pipes carrying water from water treatment plant
(D) rotameter. (D) pipes carrying water from boiler feed pump to boiler.
144. A binary vapor cycle 151. Which of the following is generally not a constituent of
coal?
(A) uses a fluid at two pressures in the cycle
(A) Sulphur
(B) uses fluid in liquid and vapor form
(B) Moisture
(C) uses two different vapors as working fluid
(C) Chromium
(D) uses same fluid twice.
(D) Hydrogen.
145. In a steam power plant water is used for cooling
purposes in 152. Coil is generally considered to be of
(A) boiler (A) vegetable origin
(B) economizer (B) animal origin
(C) condenser (C) lava origin
(D) super-heaters. (D) none of the above.
146. Which steam will have least enthalpy 153. When coal analysis gives fixed carbon, volatile
combustible matter, ash and moisture the analysis is
(A) wet steam at 10 kg/cm2 termed as
(B) dry and saturated steam at 10 kg/s cm2 (A) ultimate analysis
2
(C) super-heated steam at 10 kg/cm (B) proximate analysis
147. In which part of the steam power plant the pressure of (C) orsat analysis
steam is less than the atmospheric pressure?
(D) gross analysis.
(A) Condenser
154. API degree are used to measure
(B) Boiler
(A) specific gravity of oils
(C) Turbine
(B) viscosity of oils
(D) Super beater.
(C) flash and fire points of fuels
148. In a thermal power plant a cooling tower cool
(D) Sulphur content of fuels.
(A) steam from boiler
155. Sulphur content of liquid fuels assumes importance
(B) steam from turbine from the point of view of
(C) water from economizer (A) efficiency
(D) water from condenser. (B) heating rate
149. Within the boiler, the temperature of steam is highest (C) corrosion
in
(D) firing rate.
(A) water drum
156. Fire and flash points of oils assume importance from
(B) water tubes the point of view of
(C) water walls (A) viscosity
(D) super heater. (B) tendency to freeze during winter
(C) heating value
(D) ignition and storage hazards.
157. Coking is
150. In a steam power plant which pipe line section is
invariably lagged?
(A) formation of lumps or masses of coke in boiler furnaces (D) multistage expansion.
at high temperatures
164. Even with best possible arrangements, the thermal
(B) heating of coal in absence of air, driving out CO2 and efficiency of a gas turbine cycle is always below
leaving behind the residue and carbon
(A) 10%
(C) burning of coal in furnace
(B) 20%
(D) producing lumps of coal from fine powders with the
help of a binder. (C) 25%
158. The air standard efficiency of a diesel engine depends (D) 40%.
on 165. The scavenging efficiency of a 4-stroke diesel engine is
(A) compression ratio usually in the range
(B) speed (A) 50% to 60%
(C) torque (B) 60% to 75%
(D) all the above. (C) 75% to 90%
159. The efficiency of steam generators is first a function of (D) 95% to 100%.
design. Beyond that, efficiency depends upon the loading 166. Spot the odd one out
and manner of operation. Good operation consists in
(A) Coke-oven as
(A) control and limiting of air
(B) Water gas
(B) minimizing combustibles in refuse and flue gas
(C) Freon gas
(C) maintaining clean heat transfer surfaces
(D) Producer gas.
(D) all the above.
167. The cooking gas used in our homes is a byproduct of
160. Generally the major constituent of exhaust gases from
a thermal power plant is (A) steel plants
(A) oxygen (B) fertilizer plant
(B) carbon monoxide (C) petroleum refineries
(C) nitrogen (D) paper plants.
(D) carbon dioxide. 168. In power plants cooling towers are used to
161. The compression ratio for diesel engines is generally in (A) cool exhaust steam
the range
(B) cool repeated steam
(A) 5 to 10
(C) cool feed water
(B) 14 to 22
(D) cool condenser outlet water.
(C) 10 to 14
169. Electrostatic precipitator is installed between
(D) 22 to 30.
(A) coal bunker and boiler
162. Binary vapor cycles are not finding favor with
(B) boiler furnace and chimney
designers because
(C) economizer and air heater
(A) ideal vapors are not available
(D) condenser and economizer.
(B) initial cost of such plants is high
170. Which of the following equipment is installed to
(C) higher pressures demand thicker sections of piping
minimize pollution of surroundings?
(D) such plants are suitable for high load factors only.
(A) Water treatment plant
163. Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine cycle improves as a
(B) De-super heaters
result of all the following EXCEPT
(C) Cooling towers
(A) heating of air before compression
(D) Electrostatic precipitators.
(B) inter-cooling of air
171. Fly ash: Non-combustible particle: Cinders:
(C) reheating of gas
(A) charred coil (A) heating secondary air
(B) moisture (B) fed water heating
(C) dust (C) reheating
(D) fog. (D) condensation.
172. The path followed by the gases discharged from 179. As compared to steam at entry to the turbine, which
chimney called the 'plume', depends on of the following will be larger at exit?
(A) thermal properties of gases (A) Pressure
(B) dynamic properties of gases (B) Flow rate
(C) wind direction (C) Specific volume
(D) all the above. (D) Specific enthalpy.
173. In diesel engines, the injection pressure is of the order 180. Pelton wheels are installed on
of
(A) run of river plants with pondage
(A) 2 kg/cm2
(B) run of river plants without pondage
(B) 20 kg/cm2
(C) base load plant
(C) 100 kg/cm2
(D) high head plants.
(D) 400 kg/cm2.
181. Suspended solids can be removed from water by
174. In a turbine blades acts as
(A) settling
(A) moving blades in impulse turbine stages
(B) coagulation
(B) moving lades in reaction turbine stages
(C) filtration
(C) reversing blades in velocity stages of impulse turbines
(D) any of the above.
182. Dissolved solids in water can be removed/reduced by
175. Topping turbines are
(A) distillation
(A) high pressure non-condensing units installed in existing
plants to exhaust into existing low-pressure turbines (B) demineralization
(B) those which divert major parts of the throttle steam at (C) softening
intermediate stages of the turbine of process unit (D) any of the above.
(C) introduce and remove steam into the turbine after the 183. Small domestic electric power generators are usually
throttle of capacity around
(D) none of the above. (A) 10 kVA
176. In case of non-condensing turbines the back pressure (B) 5 kVA
is
(C) 1 kVA
(A) atmospheric
(D) 100 VA.
(B) below atmospheric pressure
184. Producer gas is a byproduct from
(C) above atmospheric pressure
(A) fertilizer plants
(D) depends on the size of turbine.
(B) steel plants
177. In all the following turbines the back pressure will be
above the atmospheric pressure EXCEPT (C) paper plants
(A) Topping turbine (D) sugar mills.
(B) First turbine of repeat cycle 185. Sour crude
(C) Condensing turbine (A) is corrosive when heated
(D) Non-condensing turbine. (B) evolves significant amounts of hydrogen-sulphide on

distillation
178. In bleeder turbines, part of the steam is extracted for
(C) produces light fractions which require sweetening (A) vent holes
(D) all the above. (B) pot holes
186. Dam: Hydro plant: (C) fumaroles
(A) Chimney: Gases (D) sun spots.
(B) Coal: Steam plant 194. Geologists believe that below the earth's crust, the
molten mass exists in the form of
(C) Gas turbine: Steam turbine
(A) magma
(D) Reactor: Nuclear plant.
(B) vent
187. Bulb turbines are
(C) hot cell
(A) high speed turbines
(D) liquation.
(B) high pressure turbines
195. In hydrothermal source of geothermal energy
(C) low head turbines
(A) hot water or steam is available
(D) high head turbines.
(B) hot gases are available
188. A frauds turbine is
(C) molten lava is available
(A) Inward flow reaction turbine
(B) Inward flow impulse turbine
196. In axial flow turbines
(C) Outward flow reaction turbine
(A) only part of the available head is converted into velocity
(D) Outward flow impulse turbine. before the water enters the wheel
189. In hydro power plants (B) water is admitted over part of the circumference
(A) Initial cost is high and operating cost is low (C) it is possible that the wheel may run full
(B) Initial cost as well as operating costs are high (D) it is possible to regulate the flow.
(C) Initial cost is low and operating cost is high 197. In hydrothermal systems when steam, water and
(D) Initial cost as well as operating cost is low. dissolved solids are available as source of energy, the
entrained solids are removed by
190. In which of the following power plant the availability
of power is least reliable? (A) filters
(A) Solar power plant (B) centrifugal separators

(B) Wind energy (C) strainers
(C) Tidal power plant (D) none of the above
(D) Geothermal power plant. 198. Presence of sand in geopressured water is likely to
191. Geothermal energy is cause problems of
(A) a renewable energy resources (A) erosion
(B) alternative energy source (B) heat exchange
(C) inexhaustible energy source (C) water circulation
(D) any of the above. (D) all the above.
192. The disadvantage of renewable sources of energy is 199. Presence of non-condensable gases in geopressured
water causes
(A) lack of decidability
(A) corrosion of parts
(B) availability in low energy densities
(B) pollution
(C) intermittency
(C) flow problems
(D) all the above.
(D) all the above.
193. In the Geysers steam is continuously vented through
fissures in the ground. These vents are called 200. When geothermal energy is available in the form of
saline water, power is developed using
(A) flashed-steam system (A) silicon
(B) binary-cycle system (B) germanium
(C) total flow system (C) silver
(D) any of the above. (D) aluminum.
201. Petro thermal systems are composed of hot dry rock 208. The voltage of a single solar cell is
with
(A) 0.5 V
(A) no underground water
(B) 1 V
(B) large underground water
(C) 1.1 V
(C) petrochemicals
(D) 5 W.
(D) dense gases.
209. The output of a solar cell is of the order of
202. In Petro thermal systems of geothermal energy there
is hot dry rock but no underground water. In such systems (A) 0.1 W
energy is obtained by (B) 0.5 W
(A) circulating compressed air (C) 1 W
(B) pumping water (D) 5 W.
(C) creating water wells 210. A module is a
(D) none of the above. (A) newly installed solar cell
203. Reflecting mirrors used for exploiting solar energy are (B) series parallel arrangement of solar cells
called
(C) a series of solar cells when not used for power
(A) diffusers generation
(B) ponds (D) none of the above.
(C) heliostats 211. The major disadvantage, with solar cells for power
(D) mantle. generation is
204. Which of the following area is preferred for solar (A) lack of availability
thermal electric plants? (B) large area requirement
(A) mountain tops (C) variable power
(B) hot arid zones (D) high cost.
(C) coastal areas 212. The maximum theoretical efficiencies of solar sales
(D) high rainfall zones. could be around
205. In solar thermal conversion systems the solar heat is (A) 99%
transferred to (B) 60%
(A) water-steam (C) 48%
(B) liquid metals (D) 1%.
(C) molten salts 213. The source of energy for satellite is
(D) any of the above. (A) battery
206. Photovoltaic solar energy conversion system makes (B) solar cell
use of
(C) cryogenic storage
(A) fuel cell
(B) solar cell
(C) solar pond
214. Winds caused by greater solar heating of the earth's
(D) none of the above. surface near the equator than near the northern or
207. Solar cells are made of southern poles, are known as
(A) local winds (C) 25%
(B) equatorial winds (D) 65%.
(C) planetary winds 222. Batteries used for electrical energy storage are
(D) trade winds. (A) Laclanche cells
215. Local winds are caused by (B) Edison cells
(A) differential heating of land and water (C) Lead acid cells
(B) differential heating of plains and mountains (D) Any of the above.
(C) any of the above 223. Turn around efficiency of battery energy storage
system is around
(A) 75 percent
216. The total power of a wind stream is proportional to
(B) 50 percent
(A) velocity of stream
(C) 25 percent
(B) (velocity of stream )2
(D) 10 percent.
(C) (velocity of stream )3
224. Sodium Sulphur batteries use electrolyte consisting of
(D) 1/ (velocity of stream)
(A) solid aluminum oxide
217. Tidal energy mainly makes use of
(B) dilute sulphuric acid
(A) kinetic energy of water
(C) brine
(B) potential energy of water
(D) KOH.
(C) both kinetic as well as potential energy of water
225. Certain metals become super-conducting when cooled
(D) none of the above. below
218. Which of the following is a reaction turbine (A) melting point
(A) Banki turbine (B) transition temperature
(B) Jonval turbine (C) 00 K
(C) Girard turbine (D) 00 C.
(D) None of the above. 226. Which power plant is free from environmental
219. All the following are electrical mechanical storage pollution problems?
systems EXCEPT (A) Thermal power plant
(A) Pumped hydro-system (B) Nuclear power plant
(B) Torsion bar system (C) Hydro-power plant
(C) Super-conducting coils (D) Geothermal energy power plant
(D) Kinetic flywheels. 227. Chemical representation for heavy water is
220. Thermal storage of energy is possible in the form of (A) H20
(A) sensible heat (B) H2O2
(B) latent heat (C) H30
(C) chemical reaction (D) D3O.
228. The presence of CO2 and H2O in the atmosphere

221. Turn around efficiency of pump hydro-schemes results in absorption of
seldom exceeds (A) short wave ultra-violet radiations
(A) 10% (B) visible wavelengths of spectrum
(B) 15%
(C) long wave infrared radiations (C) Fuel cell
(D) all the above. (D) Rocket.
229. Return to earth of the oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen 236. Beneficiation process is mainly used for
occurs in the form of
(A) coals
(A) acid rain
(B) oils
(B) acid snow
(C) nuclides
(C) acid fog
(D) minerals.
237. Betz law finds application in
230. The average pH of normal rainfall is usually
(A) MHD systems
(A) neutral
(B) Solar cells
(B) slightly acidic
(C) Geothermal power plants
(C) slightly alkaline.
(D) Wind mills.
231. Earth coal
238. Cleat is
(A) lignite
(A) main joint in a coal seam along which it breaks most
(B) coal dust easily
(C) black earth (B) floor of a coal seam
(D) wet coal. (C) carton and Sulphur compound
232. Ebb current is (D) crude oil containing low percentage of Sulphur.
(A) the same as eddy current 239. Coal broken into angular fragments is known as
(B) the movement of the tidal current away from shore or (A) coal briquettes
down a tidal stream
(B) coal breccia
(C) the removal by screen of undesirable fine materials
from broken are (C) coal bank
(D) none of the above. (D) coal auger.
233. Ekman spiral is an idealized mathematical description 240. Coal rank classifies coal according to its
of (A) carbon percentage
(A) ocean temperature gradient (B) ash content
(B) wind distribution in the planetary boundary layer (C) degree of metamorphism
(C) carbon dioxide percentage variation with elevation (D) density.
(D) radioactive decay of materials. 241. Baryon is one of the class of heavy elementary
234. Which of the following converts electrical energy to particles that includes
radiant heat? (A) hyperons
(A) Solar cell (B) neutrons
(B) Storage battery (C) protons
(C) Wankel engine (D) all the above.
(D) Incandescent lamp.
235. Which of the following converts thermal energy to 242. Isotopes of uranium
kinetic energy?
(A) U235
(A) Thermocouple
(B) U234
(B) Storage battery
(C) U238
(D) all the above. (C) 0.16 cubic meter
243. Baume scale measures (D) 0.013 cubic meter.
(A) purity of water 251. Activated carbon is used for
(B) radioactivity (A) absorption, of gases
(C) specific gravity of liquids (B) paints and varnishes as coloring agent
(D) specific gravity of gases. (C) production of carbon steels
244. Beaufort scale is used to measure (D) purification of water.
(A) beta and gamma radiations 252. The phenomenon of physical adhesion of molecules to
the surfaces of solids without chemical reaction is known as
(B) with speed
(A) dredging
(C) isolation
(B) coking
(D) depth of sea.
(C) adsorption
245. Beaufort scale is graded from 0 to
(D) liquation.
(A) 10
253. Solid or liquid panicles of microscopic size which are
(B) 12 suspended in air or another gas form what is known as
(C) 22 (A) aerosol
(D) 100. (B) hyperon
246. API gravity is expressed in terms of (C) geognosy
(A) gm/cc (D) eluvium.
(B) dimensionless numbers 254. Air curtains find applications in
(C) degrees (A) air-conditioned spaces
(D) none of the above. (B) green houses
247. Argillaceous rocks have (C) nuclear power pants
(A) high clay content (D) solar energy systems.
(B) high moisture content 255. The percentage of carbon in anthracites is generally
(C) low moisture content (A) more than 90%
(D) low mineral content. (B) around 75%
248. ASTM coal classification is based on (C) between 50% and 70%
(A) proximate analysis (D) below 50%.
(B) ultimate analysis 256. In a 2-stroke engine there is one power stroke in
(C) orsat analysis (A) 90c of crank rotation
(D) none of the above. (B) 180c of crank rotation
249. Barn (C) 360c of crank rotation
(A) spent fuel from a nuclear reactor (D) 720c of crank rotation.
(B) a unit of area
(C) an electronic instrument for rapid counting of radiation
(D) a coal that does not form coke. 257. A fast breeder reactor
250. One barrel is nearly (A) operates with fast neutrons and produces less
(A) 0.96 cubic meter fissionable material than it consumes
(B) 0.44 cubic meter

(B) operates with fast neutrons and produces more (B)1.0
fissionable material than it consumes
(C) 10
(C) operates with slow neutrons and produces less
fissionable material than it consumes (D) 100.
(D) operates with slow neutrons and produces more 265. Liquids lighter than water (such as petroleum oils)
fissionable material than it consumes. have APT gravities numerically
258. Fluidized bed combustion helps to reduce (A) less than 1.0
(A) boiler size (B) greater than 1.0
(B) pollution (C) greater than 10
(C) both (A) and (B) above. (D) around 100.
259. Fly ash generally results from 266. All the following arc hard coals Except
(A) gas turbines (A) Anthracite
(B) diesel engines (B) Lignite
(C) pulverized coal boilers (C) Bituminous
(D) fluidized bed boilers. (D) Semi bituminous.
260. In a boiler, the carryover of slugs of water into the 267. All the following are heavy metals except
piping due to dirty water is termed as (A) Mercury
(A) beating (B) Sodium
(B) foaming (C) Chromium
(C) seal ping (D) Cadmium.
(D) pitting. 268. Which of the following is heavy oil?
261. If an engine has a spark plug, it is concluded that the (A) Gasoline
engine is a
(B) Kerosene oil
(A) petrol engine
(C) Diesel oil
(B) diesel engine
(D) Bunker oil.
(C) Carnot engine
269. Deuterium oxide is used in nuclear reactors as
(D) joute engine.
(A) fuel
262. In geothermal power plants waste water is
(B) moderator
(A) re circulated after cooling in cooling towers
(C) shield
(B) discharged into sea
(D) regulator.
(C) discharged back to earth
270. Heliochemical process is the process by which
(D) evaporated in ponds.
(A) solar energy is utilized through photosynthesis
263. Grade of the coal is the same as
(B) neutron energy is converted into thermal energy
(A) ultimate analysis
(C) geothermal energy is converted into electrical energy
(B) proximate analysis
(D) wind energy is converted into electrical energy.
(C) orsat analysis
271. Fixed carbon in case of bituminous coals is less than
(D) rank.
(A) 70%
(B) 50%
264. API gravity of water is taken as (C) 35%
(A) zero (D) 15%.

272. Huma cite is the name associated with 279. Naphtha is a volatile colorless product obtained from
(A) lignite (A) methyl alcohol
(B) radioactive minerals (B) vinyl acetate
(C) bitumen (C) sugarcane
(D) refrigerants. (D) petroleum.
273. In case of humic coals, hydrogen percentage varies 280. Natural gas is obtained
from
(A) as by product from blast furnace
(A) 4 to 6 percent
(B) as by product from petroleum refining
(B) 10 to 15 percent
(C) from earth's surface usually along with crude
(C) 16 to 20 percent
(D) from ammonia.
(D) 20 to 30 percent.
281. Osmotic energy conversion involves energy production
274. Hyperon has mass from
(A) greater than that of a proton and less than that of a (A) low boiling point liquids
deutron
(B) low vapor pressure liquids
(B) less than that of a proton and more than that of a
deutron (C) miscible liquids
(C) more than that of a proton as well as deuteron (D) salt water.
(D) less than that of a proton as well as a deuteron. 282. Parr's-classification of coal is based on
275. The charge of a two stroke diesel engine consists of (A) proximate analysis
(A) air + diesel fuel + lubricating oil (B) ultimate analysis
(B) air + diesel fuel (C) orsat analysis
(C) air + lubricating oil (D) none of the above.
(D) air only. 283. Peat coal is
276. Integrated demand is (A) anthracite coal, small
(A) the demand averaged over a specific period (B) same as peat
(B) the joint demand of several consumers (C) low ash content lignite
(C) supplementary demand of various consumers (D) none of the above.
(D) none of the above. 284. Perlite is
277. Which of the following is not needed in magneto (A) a low ash containing coal
hydrodynamic power plants? (B) same as lignite
(A) Chimney (C) an insulation material
(B) Combustor (D) none of the above.
(C) Steam-turbine 285. PF number refers to
(D) Fuel. (A) acidic/alkaline water
278. Marsh gas (B) energy with which water is held in the soil
(A) a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons produced from coal (C) decomposition of molecules caused by the absorption of
or oil light
(B) a byproduct of blast furnace (D) smog produced by the action of sunlight on the
(C) low calorific value gas containing carbon monoxide and pollutants.
steam
(D) same as methane. 286. A photovoltaic cell converts
(A) heat energy into mechanical energy (D) slow neutrons.
(B) chemical energy into electrical energy 294. No moving parts are required in
(C) solar energy into electrical energy (A) MHD generator
(D) electrical energy into chemical energy. (B) Tidal power plant
287. Producer gas mainly contains (C) Thermionic conversion
(A) carbon dioxide and steam (D) OTEC power plant.
(B) carbon monoxide and nitrogen 295. TNT stands for
(C) methane, ethane and butane (A) thermonuclear thorium
(D) hydrocarbons. (B) total neutron transition
288. Pyrheliometer measures (C) thermal neutron treatment
(A) intensity of direct solar radiation (D) trinitrotoluene.
(B) wind speed at an elevation 296. A sodium graphite reactor uses
(C) fission caused by thermal neutrons (A) sodium as moderator and graphite as coolant
(D) total electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. (B) sodium as coolant and graphite as moderator
289. Quad is a measure of (C) a mixture of sodium and graphite as coolant
(A) photosynthesis (D) a mixture of sodium and graphite as moderator.
(B) wind power 297. Solvent refined coal has low percentage of
(C) radioactive decay (A) ash
(D) energy. (B) Sulphur
290. For the same heat input and the same maximum (C) impurities
pressure, the most efficient cycle is
(D) all the above.
(A) Brayton cycle
(B) Otto cycle
(C) Diesel cycle
(D) Dual cycle.
291. Sweet gas is free of
(A) carbon dioxide
(B) carbon monoxide
(C) nitrogen
(D) hydrogen sulphide.
292. Therm is a unit of
(A) radioactivity
(B) heating value
(C) wind speed
(D) tidal wave.
293. Thermal neutrons are
(A) exceptionally fast neutrons
(B) fast neutrons
(C) moderately fast neutrons
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. A
6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A
11. D 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. C
16 B 17 D 18 B 19 D 20 C
21. A 22 C 23 C 24 D 25 B
26 C 27 A 28 D 29 A 30 C
31 A 32 B 33 C 34 C 35 C
36 D 37 A 38 C 39 D 40 D
41 B 42 D 43 D 44 B 45 A
46 C 47 A 48 D 49 C 50 A
51 D 52 D 53 C 54 D 55 C
56 A 57 D 58 A 59 D 60 C
61 D 62 D 63 C 64 C 65 C
66 B 67 D 68 A 69 C 70 D
71 A 72 B 73 A 74 D 75 C
76 B 77 A 78 D 79 B 80 D
81 C 82 D 83 C 84 A 85 C
86 A 87 A 88 D 89 A 90 D
91 D 92 A 93 D 94 C 95 C
96 A 97 D 98 A 99 A 100 B
101 D 102 C 103 B 104 A 105 D
106 A 107 C 108 A 109 A 110 D
111 D 112 D 113 A 114 B 115 D
116 D 117 B 118 A 119 C 120 A
121 A 122 A 123 C 124 B 125 A
126 D 127 D 128 C 129 D 130 C
131 C 132 B 133 D 134 D 135 B
136 B 137 A 138 C 139 C 140 B
141 B 142 D 143 C 144 C 145 C
146 A 147 A 148 D 149 D 150 A
151 C 152 A 153 B 154 A 155 C
156 D 157 B 158 A 159 D 160 C
161 C 162 B 163 A 164 D 165 D
166 C 167 C 168 D 169 B 170 D
171 A 172 D 173 C 174 D 175 A
176 C 177 C 178 B 179 C 180 D
181 D 182 D 183 C 184 B 185 D
186 D 187 C 188 A 189 A 190 B

191 D 192 D 193 C 194 A 195 A
196 C 197 B 198 A 199 D 200 D
201 A 202 B 203 C 202 B 205 D
206 B 207 A 208 A 209 C 210 B
211 D 212 C 213 B 214 C 215 C
216 C 217 B 218 D 219 C 220 D
221 D 222 C 223 A 224 A 225 B
226 C 227 D 228 C 229 D 230 B
231 A 232 B 233 B 234 D 235 D
236 A 237 D 238 A 239 B 240 C
241 D 242 D 243 C 244 B 245 B
246 C 247 A 248 A 249 B 250 C
251 A 252 C 253 A 254 A 255 A
256 C 257 C 258 C 259 C 260 B
261 D 262 C 263 D 264 C 265 C
266 B 267 B 268 D 269 B 270 A
271 A 272 C 273 A 274 A 275 D
276 A 277 C 278 D 279 D 280 C
281 D 282 A 283 A 284 C 285 B
286 C 287 B 288 A 289 D 290 A
291 D 292 B 293 D 294 C 295 D
296 B 297 D 298 299 300

1. Which of the following is not the transmission voltage in 8. When alternating current passes through a conductor
America ?
(A) it remains uniformly distributed throughout the section
(A) 66 kV of conductor
(B) l32kV (B) portion of conductor near the surface carries more
current as compared to the core
(C) 264 kV
(C) portion of conductor near the surface carries less
(D) 400 kV current as compared to the core
2. Which of the following is usually not the generating (D) entire current passes through the core of the conductor.
voltage ?
9. The fact that a conductor carries more current on the
(A) 6.6 kV surface as compared to core, is known as
(B) 9.9 kV (A) skin effect
(C) 11kV (B) corona
(D) 13.2 kV. (C) permeability
3. Boosters are basically (D) unsymmetrical fault.
(A) inductors 10. The effective resistance of a conductor will be the same
(B) capacitors as ohmic resistance when
(C) transformers (A) current is in true sine wave form
(D) synchronous motors. (B) voltage is low
4. Which of the following is not the distribution system (C) power factor is unity
normally used (D) Current is uniformly distributed in the conductor cross-
(A) 3 phase-4 wire section.
(B) 3 phase-3 wire 11. Skin effect results in
(C) Single phase - 3 wire (A) reduced effective resistance but increased effective
internal reactance of the conductor
(D) Single phase -4 wire.
(B) increased effective resistance but reduced effective
5. Conductors for high voltage transmission lines are internal reactance of. the conductor
suspended from towers
(C) reduced effective resistance as well as effective internal
(A) to reduce clearance from ground reactance
(B) to increase clearance from ground (D) increased effective resistance as well as effective
internal reactance.
(C) to reduce wind and snow loads
12. Skin effect depends on
(D) to take care of extension in length during summer.
(A) size of the conductor
6. Transmission efficiency increases as
(B) frequency of the current
(A) voltage and power factor both increase
(C) resistivity of the conductor material
(B) voltage and power factor both decrease
(D) all of the above.
(C) voltage increases but power factor decreases
13. The skin effect of a conductor will reduce as the
(D) voltage decreases but power factor increases.
(A) diameter increases
7. With same maximum voltage to earth, which ac system
(with p.f. 0.8) will require more copper as compared to dc 2 (B) frequency increases
wire system
(C) permeability of conductor material increases
(A) single phase. 2 wire (mid point earthed)
(D) resistivity of conductor material increases.
(B) single phase. 3 wire (neutral=1/2 outer)
14. Skin effect is proportional to
(C) three phase three wire
(A) diameter of conductor
(D) three phase-four wire (neutral = outer).
(B) (diameter of conductor)1/2
(C) (diameter of conductor )2 22. Ten discs usually suggest that the transmission line
voltage is
(D) (diameter of conductor )2.
(A) 11 kV
15. In overhead transmission lines the effect of capacitance
can be neglected when the length of line is less than (B) 33 kV
(A) 200 km (C) 66 kV
(B) 160 km (D) 132 kV.
(C) 100 km 23. The effect of corona is
(D) 80 km (A) increased energy loss
16. For constant voltage transmission the voltage drop is (B) increased reactance
compensated by installing
(C) increased inductance
(A) synchronous motors
(B) capacitors
24. Corona usually occurs when the electrostatic stress in
(C) inductors the air around the conductor succeeds
(D) all of the above. (A) 30 kV (maximum value)/cm
17. The disadvantage of constant voltage transmission is (B) 22 kV (maximum value)/cm
(A) short circuit current of the system is increased (C) 11 kV (rms value)/cm
(B) load power factor in heavy loads (D) 6.6 kv (rms value)/cm.
(C) large conductor area is required for same power 25. Corona effect can be detected by
transmission
(A) hissing sound
(D) air of the above.
(B) faint luminous flow of bluish color
18. The surge impedance for over head line is taken as
(C) presence of ozone detected by odor
(A) 10-20 ohms
(B) 50-60 ohms
26. The current drawn by the line due to corona losses is
(C) 100-200 ohms
(A) sinusoidal
(D) 1000-2000 ohms.
(B) square
19. Pin insulators are normally used up to voltage of about
(C) non-sinusoidal
(A)100kV
27. Presence of ozone as a result of corona is harmful
(B) 66 kV because
(C) 33 kV (A) it gives bad odor
(D) 25 kV. (B) it corrodes the material
20. Strain type insulator arc used where the conductors arc (C) it transfers energy to the ground
(A) dead ended (D) reduces power factor.
(B) at intermediate anchor towers 28. Between two supports, due to sag the conductor takes
the form of
(C) any of the above
(A) catenary
(B) triangle
21. For 66 kV lines the number of insulator discs used are
(C) ellipse
(A) 3
(D) semi-circle.
(B) 5
29. The inductance of a single phase two wire line is given
(C) 8 by (D is the distance between conductors and 2v is the
(D) 12. diameter of conductor)
(A) 0.4 loge (D/r) mH/km 36. Maximum permissible span for wooden poles is
(B) 0.55 loge (D/r) mH/km (A) 10 meter
(C) 0.4 loge (r/D) mH/km (B) 20 meters
(D) 0.55 loge (r/D) mH/km. (C) 60 meters
30. The effect of ice deposition on conductor is (D) 200 meters.
(A) increased skin effect 37. When transformers or switchgears are to be installed in
a transmission line, the poles used are
(B) reduced corona losses
(A) I type
(C) increased weight
(B) J type
(D) reduced sag.
(C) H type
31. The effect of wind pressure is more predominant on
(D) L type.
(A) transmission lines
38. For improving life, steel poles are galvanized.
(B) neutral wires Galvanizing is the process of applying a layer of
(C) insulator (A) paint
(D) supporting towers. (B) varnish
32. Which of the following statement is correct ? (C) tar coal
(A) Wind pressure reduces corona effects (D) zinc.
(B) Ice on conductors improves power factor 39. The disadvantage of transmission lines as compared to
(C) Wind pressure is taken to act in a direction at right cables is
angles to that for ice (A) exposure to lightening
(D) Wind pressure and ice on conductors together improve (B) exposure to atmospheric hazards like smoke, ice, etc.
regulation of power transmitted.
(C) inductive interference between power and
33. Which of the following statements is incorrect ? communication circuits
(A) As the temperature rises the tension in the transmission (D) all of the above.
line decreases
40. ACSR conductor implies
(B) As temperature rises the sag in transmission lines
reduces (A) All conductors surface treated and realigned
(C) Tension and sag in transmission lines are (B) Aluminum conductor steel reinforced
complementary to each other.
(C) Anode current sinusoidally run
34. Wooden poles for supporting transmission lines are
used for voltages up to (D) Anodized Core Smooth Run.
(A) 440 V 41. The surge resistance of transmission lines is about
(B)11 kV (A) 50 ohms
(C) 22 kV (B) 100 ohms
(D) 66 kV (C) 250 ohms

35. If K is the volume of cable conductor material required (D) 500 ohms.
to transmit power, then for the transmission of the same
power, the volume of cable conductor required for single 42. During storm the live conductor of public electric supply
phase 2 wise AC system is breaks down and touches the earth. The consequences will
be
(A) 2k
(A) supply voltage will drop
(B) k cosφ
(B) supply voltage will increase
(C) k/ cos2φ
(C) current will flow to earth
(D) 2k/ cos2p
(D) no current will flow in the conductor.
43. In transmission system a feeder feeds power to 50. Guard ring transmission line
(A) service mains (A) improves power factor
(B) generating stations (B) reduces earth capacitance of the lowest unit
(C) distributors (C) reduces transmission losses
(D) all of the above. (D) improves regulation.
44. For transmission lines the standing wave ratio is the 51. When the power is to be transmitted over a distance of
ratio of 500 km, the transmission voltage should be in the range
(A) maximum voltage to minimum voltage (A) 33 kV - 66 kV
(B) maximum current to minimum voltage (B) 66 kV - 100 kV
(C) peak voltage to rms voltage (C) 110 kV - 150 kV
(D) maximum reactance to minimum reactance. (D) 150kV - 220kV.
45. In a transmission line following arc the distributed 52. A relay used on long transmission lines is
constants
(A) mho's relay
(A) resistance and inductance only
(B) reactance relay
(B) resistance, inductance and capacitance
(C) impedance relay
(C) resistance, inductance, capacitance and short
conductance. (D) no relay is used.
46. The bundling of conductors is done primarily to 53. Total load transmitted through a 3 phase transmission
line is 10,000 kW at 0.8 power factor lagging. The I2R losses
(A) reduce reactance are 900 kW. The efficiency of transmission line is
(B) increase reactance (A) 60%
(C) increase ratio interference (B) 90%
(D) reduce radio interference. (C) 95%
47. Which of the following regulation is considered to be (D) 99%.
the best
54. Litz wires are uSed for intermediate frequencies.to
(A) 2% overcome
(B) 30% (A) corona effect
(C)70% (B) skin effect
(D) 98%. (C) radio interference
48. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line (D) all of the above.
depends upon
55. In order to reduce skin effect at UHF
(A) shape of the conductor
(A) conductors are painted
(B) surface treatment of the conductors
(B) conductors are anodized
(C) conductivity of the material
(C) copper lubes with silver plating are used
(D) geometrical configuration. of the conductors.
(D) copper rods with silver plating are used.
49. For a distortion-less transmission line (G = shunt
conductance between two wires) 56. Shunt capacitance is usually neglected in the analysis of
(A) R/L = G/C (A) Short transmission lines
(B) RL=GC (B) Medium transmission lines
(C) RG=LC (C) Long transmission lines
(D)RLGC=0 (D) Medium as well as long transmission lines.

57. The chances of corona are maximum during 64. For a properly terminated line
(A) summer heat (A) ZR=ZO
(B) winter (B) Z/R > ZO
(C) dry weather (C) ZR < ZO
(D) humid weather. (D) ZR =Z0 = 0.
58. The power transmitted will be maximum when 65. The dielectric strength of air at 250C and 76 cm/Hg is
(A) Sending end voltage is more (A) 1 kV/cm
(B) Receiving end voltage is more (B) 1 kV/mm
(C) Reactance is high (C) 3 kV/cm
(D) Corona losses are least. (D) 30 kV/cm.
59. Neglecting losses in a transmission system, if the 66. The chances of corona are maximum in
voltage is doubled, for the same power transmission, the
weight of conductor material required will be (A) domestic wiring
(A) four times (B) distribution lines
(B) double (C) transmission lines
(C) half (D) all of the above.
(D) one fourth. 67. Transmission lines link
60. When two conductors each of radius r are at a distance (A) service points to consumer premises
D, the capacitance between the two is proportional to (B) distribution transformer to consumer premises
(A) loge (D/r) (C) receiving end station to distribution transformer
(B) loge (r/D) (D) generating station to receiving end station.
(C) 1/loge (D/r) 68. In case of open circuit transmission lines the reflection
(D) 1/loge (r/D). coefficient is
61. In a transmission line having negligible resistance the (A) 1

surge impedance is (B) 0.5
(A) (L+C)1/2 (C) -1
(B) (C/L)1/2 (D) Zero.
(C) (1/LC)1/2 69. Impedance relay is used on
1/2
(D) (L/C) (A) Short transmission lines
62. A relay used on short transmission lines is (B) Medium transmission lines
(A) Reactance relay (C) Long transmission line
(B) Mho's relay (D) All the transmission lines.
(C) Impedance relay 70. Which type of insulators are used on 132 kV
(D) None of the above. transmission lines ?
63. In case the characteristic impedance of the line is equal (A) Pin type
to the load impedance (B) Disc type
(A) all the energy will pass to the earth (C) Shackle type
(B) all the energy will be lost in transmission losses (D) Pin and shackle type.
(C) the system will resonate badly
(D) all the energy sent will be absorbed by the load.
71. String efficiency can be improved by 78. In high voltage transmission lines the top most
conductor is
(A) using Longer cross arm
(A) R-phase conductor
(B) grading the insulator
(B) Y- phase conductor
(C) using a guard ring
(C) B-phase conductor
(D) Earth conductor.
72. Minimum horizontal clearance of a low voltage
transmission line from residential buildings must be 79. For 11 kV line the inductance per km per phase will be
of the order of
(A) 11/2 feet
(A) 1 H
(B) 3 feet
(B) 0.1 H
(C) 4 feet
(C) 1 mH
(D) 8 feet.
(D) 0.1 mH.
73. If a 66 kV lines passes over a residential building, the
minimum vertical clearance from the roof of the building 80. For 11 kV. line the capacitance per km per phase will be
must be of the order of
(A) 8 feet (A) 1 Farad
(B) 12 feet (B) 0.1 Farad
(C) 13 feet (C) 0.01 Farad
(D) 16 feet. (D) 0.01 microF.
74. Alternating current power is transmitted at high voltage 81. If 3000 kW power is to be transmitted over a distance of
30 km, the desirable transmission voltage will be
(A) to safeguard against pilferage
(A) 11 kV
(B) to minimize transmission losses
(B) 33 kV
(C) to reduce cost of generation
(C) 66 kV
(D) to make the system reliable.
(D) 132 kV.
75. Stranded conductors arc used for transmitting, power at
high voltages because of 82. The permissible voltage variation in transmission and
distribution system is
(A) increased tensile strength
(A) ± 0.1%
(B) better wind resistance
(B) ± 1%
(C) ease-in handling
(C)±10%
(D) low cost.
(D)± 25%.
76. For the same resistance of line the ratio, weight of
copper conductor/ weight of aluminium conductor , is 83. The voltage of transmission can be regulated by
(A) 0.50 (A) use of tap changing transformers
(B) 0.75 (B) switching in shunt capacitors at the receiving end during
heavy loads
(C) 1.50
(C) use of series capacitors to neutralize the effect of series
(D) 2.0. reactance
77. The function of steel wire in a ACSR conductor is (D) any of the above methods.
(A) to take care of surges 84. The most economic voltage for transmitting given
(B) to prevent corona power over a known distance by overhead transmission line
is approximately
(C) to reduce inductance and hence improve power factor
(A) 3.6 kV/km
(D) to provide additional mechanical strength.
(B) 1.6 kV/km
(C) 2.6 kV/km 91. A 70/6 ACSR conduction is an aluminium conductor
steel reinforced, having
(D) 3.6 kVkm.
(A) cross sectional area of aluminium as 70 mm2 and the
85. String efficiency is given by cross-sectional area of steel as 6 mm2
(A) (voltage across the string) / ((numbers of discs on the (B) cross-sectional area of steel as 70 mm2 and the cross-
string) x (voltage across disc nearest to the conductor)) sections area of aluminium as 6 mm2
(B) ((voltage across the string) x (numbers of discs on the (C) 70 aluminium conductors and 6 steel conductors
string)) / (voltage across disc nearest to the conductor)
(D) 80 steel conductors and 6 aluminium conductors.
(C) ( (voltage across disc nearest to the conductor) x
(numbers of discs on the string)) / (voltage across the 92. In aluminium conductors steel reinforced, the insulation
string) between aluminium and steel conductors is
(D) (voltage across disc nearest to the conductor))/ (A) any insulator
((numbers of discs on the string) x (voltage across the
string) (B) bitumen
86. For a 66 kV line having span of 200 meters between (C) insulin
towers the approximate sag will be (D) no insulation is required.
(A) 0.02 m 93. Under no load conditions the current in a transmission
(B) 0.2 m line is due to
(C) 2 m (A) corona effects
(D) 20 m. (B) capacitance of the line
87. In the above case if the span is doubled, the sag will be (C) back flow from earth
(A) 2 m (D) spinning reserve.
(B) 4m 94. Which distribution system is more reliable ?
(C) 8m (A) Ring main system
(D) 1 m. (B) Tree system
88. The reflection coefficient for a short circuit line is (C) Radial system
(A) 1 (D) All are equally reliable.
(B) Zero 95. Out of the following systems of distribution, which

system offers the best economy ?
(C) 0.5
(A) Direct current system
(D) - 1.
(B) AC single phase system
89. In case the height of transmission tower is increased
(C) AC 3 phase 3 wire system
(A) the line capacitance and inductance will not change
(D) AC 3 phase 4 wire system.
(B) the line capacitance will decrease but line inductance
will decrease 96. What are the advantages of dc transmission system
over ac transmission system ?
(C) the line capacitance will decrease and line inductance
will increase (A) DC system is economical
(D) the line capacitance will decrease but line inductance (B) There is no skin effect in dc system
will remain unaltered. (C) Corona limits are highest for dc circuits as compared to
90. In a transmission line if booster transformer are to be ac circuits
used, preferred location will be (D) All of the above.
(A) at the receiving end 97. The main advantage of ac. transmission system over
(B) at the sending end d.c. transmission system is
(C) at the intermediate point (A) Easy transformation
(D) any where in the line (B) Less losses in transmission over long distances
(C) ) Less insulation problems (D) Inductance.
(D) Less problem of instability. 101. An isolator is represented by
98. Which curve correctly represents the relation between (A) A
capital cost and dc voltage of transmission ?
(B) B
(C) C
(D) A and D.
102. C represents
(A) circuit breaker
(B) Mho's relay
(C) Earth switch
(D) None of the above.
103. When an alternator is connected to the infinite but bar
and its excitation is gradually increased
(A) the terminal voltage will rise
(A) curve A (B) the terminal voltage will drop
(B) curve B (C) the terminal voltage will remain unaltered
(C) curve C (D) the terminal voltage will vary rapidly.
(D) curve D. 104. Consumers having low power factor equipment are
advised to install
99. Step-up substations are associated with
(A) tap changing transformer
(A) distributors
(B) capacitor bank
(B) consumer location
(C) synchronous condensers
(C) concentrated load
(D) generating stations.
105. A bus bar is rated by
Questions 100 to 102 refer to figure given below :
(A) current only
(B) current and voltage only
(C) current, voltage, frequency
(D) current, voltage, frequency and short time current.
106. Material generally used for bus bar is
(A) copper
(B) aluminium
(C) steel
(D) tungsten.
107. Which of following properties has got higher value for
aluminium as compared to copper?
100. A section of a single bus scheme is shown in the figure. (A) Melting point
In this figure B represents
(B) Specific gravity
(A) Isolator
(C) Electrical resistivity
(B) Circuit breaker
(D) Thermal conductivity.
(C) Current transformer
108. For carrying a 100 A (rms) current the cross-sectional 115. Which is the most expensive bus bar scheme ?
area of aluminium bus bar should be at least
(A) Single bus bar scheme
(A) 1 mm2
(B) Ring bus bar scheme
(B) 10 mm 2
(C) Double bus bar double breaker
(C) 25 mm 2
(D) Main and transfer scheme.
(D) 50 mm2
116. Current rating is not necessary in case of
109. Isolators are used to disconnect a circuit when
(A) Isolators
(A) line is on full load
(B) Circuit breakers
(B) line is energized
(C) Load break switches
(C) circuit breaker is not open
(D) Circuit breakers and load break switches.
(D) there is no current in the line.
117. Which of the following correctly represents the
110. Tap changing transformers are used for sequence of operations of isolator circuit breaker and
earthing switch while opening a circuit
(A) stepping up the voltage
(A) Close earthing switch - open circuit breaker open
(B) stepping down the voltage isolator
(C) both stepping up and stepping down the voltage (B) Open isolator - close circuit breaker - open earthing
(D) supplying low voltage current for instruments. switch
111. Which device automatically interrupts the supply in (C) Open circuit breaker - open isolator - close earthing
the event of surges switch
(A) Earthing switch (D) Close circuit breaker - close isolator - open earthing
switch.
(B) Series reactor
118. Which of the following correctly presents the
(C) Isolator sequence of operations of isolator circuit breaker and
earthing switch while closing a circuit
(D) Circuit breaker.
(A) Ensure circuit breaker is closed - close isolator - open
112. In a substation the equipment used to limit short
earthing switch
circuit current level is
(B) Ensure circuit breaker is open - close isolator - open
(A) Series reactor
earthing switch if any close circuit breaker
(B) Coupling capacitor
(C) Ensure circuit breaker is open - open isolator - open
(C) Lightening switch earthing switch if any - close circuit breaker.
(D) Isolator. (D) None of the above.
113. Which of the following equipment is not installed in a 119. Which of the following type tests are conducted on
substation ? isolators
(A) Shunt reactors (A) Temperature rise test
(B) Exciters (B) Impulse stage with stand test
(C) Voltage transformers (C) Short time current test
(D) Series capacitors. (D) All of the above.
114. Which bus bar scheme offers the lowest cost ? 120. In a balance 3 φ , 4 wire AC system, the phase
sequence is RYB. If the voltage of R phase is. 230 < 0° V,
(A) Single bus bar scheme then for Y phase
(B) Ring bus bar scheme (A) 230 < 0 V
(C) Breaker and a half scheme (B) 230 < 60° V
(D) Main and transfer scheme. (C) 230 < 90°V
(D) 230 < 120° V.
121. The relation between traveling voltage wave and 128. In order to increase the limit of distance of
current wave is transmission line
(A) e = i (L/C) 1/2 (A) series resistances are used
(B) e = i (C/L) 1/2 (B) synchronous condensers are used
(C) e = i (iL/C) 1/2 (C) shunt capacitors and series reactors are used
(D) (L/iC) 1/2 (D) series capacitors and shunt reactors are used.
122. Steepness of the traveling waves is attenuated by 129. A 30 km transmission line carrying power at 33 kV is
known as
(A) resistance of the line
(A) short transmission line
(B) inductance of the line
(B) long transmission line
(C) capacitance of the line
(C) high power line
(D) ultra high voltage line.
123. The protection against direct lightening strokes and
high voltage steep waves is provided by 130. If K is the volume of conductor material required for 2
wire dc system with one conductor earthed, then the
(A) earthing of neutral volume of cable conductor material required for
(B) lightening arresters transmission of same power in single phase 3 wire system is
(A) K/3 cos φ
(C) ground wires
(B) 5K cos2φ
(D) lightening arresters and ground wires.
(C) K/ 5 cos2φ
124. Voltages under Extra High Voltage are
(D) 5K/ 8 cos2φ
(A) 1 kV and above
131. The permissible voltage variable in voltage in
(B) 11 kV and above distribution is
(C) 132 kV and above (A) 0.1%
(D) 330 kV and above. (B) 1%
125. In outdoor substation, the lightening arresters is (C) 10%
placed nearer to
(D) 50%.
(A) the isolator
132. Surge impedance of transmission line is given by
(B) the current transformer
(A) (L/C)1/2
(C) the power transformer
(B) (C/L)1/2
(D) the current breaker.
(C) (CL)1/2
126. Stability of a system is not affected by
(D) 1/(CL)1/2
(A) Reactance of line
133. 750 kV is termed as
(B) Losses
(A) Medium high voltage
(C) Reactance of generator
(B) High voltage
(D) Output torque.
(C) Extra high voltage
127. A 10 MVA generator has power factor 0.866 lagging.
The reactive power produced will be (D) Ultra high voltage.
(A) 10 MVA 134. In case of transmission line conductors with the

increase in atmospheric temperature
(B) 8 MVA
(A) length increase but stress decreases
(C) 5 MVA
(B) length increases and stress also increases
(D) 1.34 MVA.
(C) length decreases but stress increases
(D) both length as well as stress decreases.
135. If the height of transmission towers is increased, which 141. The sag of a transmission line is least affected by
of the following parameters is likely to change ?
(A) self weight of conductors
(A) Resistance
(B) temperature of surrounding air
(B) Inductance
(C) current through conductor
(C) Capacitance
(D) ice deposited on conductor.
142. The sag of the conductors of a transmission line is 1.5
136. For increasing the capacity of a transmission line to m when the span is 100 m. Now if the height of supporting
transmit power which of the following must be decreased ? towers is increased by 20%, the sag will
(A) Voltage (A) increase by 20%
(B) Capacitance (B) increase by 10%
(C) Line inductance (C) reduced by 20%
(D) All of the above. (D) remain unchanged.
137. In terms of constants A, B, C and D for short 143. ACSR conductor having 7 steel stands surrounded by
transmission lines, which of the following relation is valid ? 25 aluminum conductor will be specified as
(A) A = B = 1 (A) 7/25
(B) B = D = 0 (B) 7/32
(C) A = C = 1 (C) 25/7
(D) C=0. (D) 25/32.
138.Which of the following is reduced due to the use of 144. The networks associated with transmission lines are
bundled conductors ?
I. T-network
(A) Capacitance of the circuit
II. π network
(B) lnductance of the circuit
III. Tree net.
(C) Power loss due to corona
A two terminal pair of network of a transmission line can be
(D) All of the above. represented by
139. The ratio of capacitance from line to line capacitance (A) I only
from line to neutral is nearly
(B) II only
(A)1/4
(C) Either of I or II
(B) 1/2
(D) Either of I, II or III.
(C) 1
145. Which of the following relationships is not valid for
(D) 2. short transmission lines ?
140. Following effects are associated with transmission (A) B = Z = C
lines
(B) A = D = 1
I. Corona effect
(C) Is = Ir
II. Proximity effect
III. Skin effect. 146. In order to improve the steady state stability of an
overhead transmission lines, which of the following
The effect resistance of a conductor is increased by methods can be adopted
(A) I only (A) Reducing impedance between the stations
(B) II and III only (B) Adopting quick response excitation systems
(C) I and III only (C) Using series capacitors to make X = (3 R)1/2
(D) I. II and III. (D) Any of the above.
147. Transient disturbances arc due to 154. Steel poles for transmission lines need protection
against
(A) Switching operations
(A) termites
(B) Load variations
(B) borer
(C) Faults
(C) corrosion
(D) Any of the above.
148. Which of the following short circuit is the most
dangerous ? 155. Which type of copper wire will have highest tensile
strength ?
(A) Line to line short circuit
(A) Soft drawn
(B) Dead short circuit
(B) Medium drawn
(C) Line to ground short circuit
(C) Hard drawn.
(D) Line to line and ground short circuit.
156. Guy wire is used to
149. In case line to line fault occurs, the short circuit
current of an alternator will .depend on its (A) Support the pole
(A) Synchronous reactance (B) Provide protection against surges
(B) Transient reactance (C) Provide emergency earth route
(C) Short circuit resistance (D) Protect conductors against short circuiting.
(D) All of the above. 157. Which of the following is a leading power system ?
150. Transient state stability is generally improved by , (A) Underground cables
(A) using high speed governors on machines by (B) Reactors
(B) using low inertia machines (C) Mercury arc rectifiers
(C) dispensing with neutral grounding (D)Transformers.
(D) any of the above. 158. Which of the following is a static exciter ?
151. Aluminium is being favored as bus-bar material mainly (A) dc separately excited generator
because of
(B) amplidyne
(A) case of fabrication
(C) retool
(B) low density
(D) rectifier.
(C) low cost
159. The service mains connect
(D) non availability of copper.
(A) distributor and consumer terminals
152. Which section can lie used for bus bar ?
(B) distributor and transformer
(A) bars
(C) distributor and relay system
(B) rods
(D) transformer and earth.
(C) tubes
160. System grounding is song
(A) so that the floating potential on the lower voltage
153. A string efficiency of 100% implies that winding for a transformer is brought down to an
insignificant value
(A) shunt capacitance is 1 MF
(B) so that arcing faults to earth would not set up
(B) potential across each disc is same dangerously high voltage on healthy phases
(C) potential across each disc is zero (C) so that inductive interference between power and
(D) one of the insulator disc is shorted. communication circuits can be controlled
(D) for all above reasons.
161. Hot template curves are plots of 165. The reflection coefficient for the voltage wave in case
of overhead lines is given by
(A) conductor sage and span lengths
(A) (RL - R0 )/ (RL+ R0)
(B) temperature and ground clearance curves
(B) (RL + R0 )/ (RL- R0)
(C) temperature and humidity
(C) (RL + R0 )/ (RL+ R0)
(D) conductor weight and sag.
(D) (RL R0 )/ (RL- R0)
Questions 162 and 163 refer to data given below:
166. In a diesel engine the governor controls
A 66 kV system has string insulator having five discs and the
earth to disc capacitance ratio of 0.10. (A) fuel pressure
162. The string efficiency will be (B) fuel flow rate
(A) 89% (C) fuel temperature
(B) 75% (D) fuel volume.
(C) 67% 167. For overhead transmission line when the conductors
are supported between two supports, the variation of
(D) 55%. tension T will temperature is represented by
163. The voltage shared by the individual discs will be
(A) 1.25 kV
(B) 2.50 kV
(C) 3.88 kV
(D) 5.28 kV.
164. The shape of heat rate (HR) versus power (P) curve for
a power station will be as shown in
(A) Curve A
(B) Curve B
(C) Curve C
(D) Curve D.
168. If the voltage across the units in a two unit suspension
insulator is 60% and 40% respectively of the line voltage,
the. ratio of capacitance of the insulator to that of its
capacitance to earth will be
(A) figure A
(A) 0.5
(B) figure B
(B) 0.50
(C) figure C
(C) 0.65
(D) figure D
(D) 0.75.
169. In the analysis of short transmission lines which of the
following is neglected ?
(A) I2 R loss
(B) Shunt admittance
(C) Series impedance
(D) All of the above.
170. In medium transmission lines the shunt capacitance is
taken into account in
(A) Tee method
(B) Pie method
(C) Steinmetz method
Questions 171 and 172 refer to data given below:
A transmission line has a capacitance of 0.01 micro F/km
and an inductance of 2 mH/km and is connected to a cable
having an inductance of 0.25 mH/km. When voltage surge
having peak value of 100 kV travels along the cable towards
the line, the resulting peak voltage at the junction of the
cable and the line is 180 kV.
171. The surge impedance of the cable is
(A) 14.1 ohms
(B) 42.5 ohms
(C) 87.75 ohms
(D) 141.2 ohms.
172 . The capacitance of cable per km is
(A) 0.1 microF
(B) 0.7 microF
(C) 1.5 microF
(D) 10 microF.
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. B
6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. D
11. B 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. D
16 A 17 A 18 C 19 D 20 C
21. B 22 D 23 A 24 A 25 D
26 C 27 B 28 A 29 A 30 C
31 D 32 C 33 C 34 C 35 D
36 C 37 C 38 D 39 D 40 B
41 D 42 C 43 C 44 A 45 C
46 A 47 A 48 D 49 A 50 B
51 D 52 A 53 B 54 B 55 C
56 A 57 D 58 A 59 D 60 C
61 D 62 A 63 D 64 D 65 D
66 C 67 D 68 D 69 B 70 B
71 D 72 C 73 C 74 B 75 C
76 D 77 D 78 D 79 C 80 C
81 B 82 C 83 D 84 A 85 A
86 C 87 C 88 D 89 D 90 C
91 C 92 D 93 B 94 A 95 A
96 D 97 B 98 B 99 D 100 C
101 D 102 A 103 C 104 B 105 D
106 B 107 C 108 C 109 D 110 C
111 D 112 A 113 B 114 A 115 C
116 A 117 C 118 B 119 D 120 D
121 A 122 A 123 D 124 D 125 C
126 B 127 C 128 D 129 A 130 C
131 C 132 A 133 D 134 A 135 C
136 C 137 D 138 C 139 A 140 B
141 C 142 D 143 C 144 C 145 A
146 D 147 D 148 B 149 A 150 A
151 C 152 D 153 B 154 C 155 C
156 A 157 A 158 D 159 A 160 D
161 A 162 C 163 D 164 C 165 A
166 B 167 C 168 B 169 B 170 D
171 D 172 A 173 174 175

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION THEORY
Introduction of Electric power Transmission and Distribution:

For economical generation of power large generating stations are used. Capacities of individual generating sets have gone up
recently. Generating sets in the range of 10 MW, 210 MW and 500 MW are being manufactured in many countries. Generating
station are now not necessarily located at load centers. In fact other factors like availability of fuel and water play more
dominating role in the selection of sites for thermal stations. Hydro stations are obviously located only at the sites where water
is available at sufficient head. A vast network of transmission system has been created so that power generated at one station
may be fed to grid system and may be distributed over large areas and number of states. The transmission and distribution
system comprises a network of three-phase circuits with transforming and or switching substations at the various junctions. The
parts of a transmission and distribution network maybe grouped as given below.
Electric power TRANSMISSION:

Several generating stations can be inter connected. The main advantages are :
(i) reduction in the number of spare plants required as one station can assist the other at the time of emergency.
(ii) during light loads one station or some generators can be shut off, thus affecting operational economy.
Primary electric power transmission:

High voltages of the order of 66 kV 132 kV 220 kV and 400 kV are used for transmitting power by 3 phase 3 wire overhead
system. This is supplied to substations usually at the out skirts of major distribution center or city.
Secondary electric power transmission:

The primary voltage is reduced to low values of the order of 3.3 kV, 11 kV or 33 kV for secondary transmission.
Primary electric power distribution:

The transmission lines or inner connectors terminate at large main substations from which the power is distributed to small
secondary substations scattered throughout the load area. The voltage may range from 11 kV to 132 kV.
Secondary electric power distribution:

This consists of the low-voltage network laid along the streets, localities and over the rural areas. From these sources
connections to individual customers are provided. The circuit used for this purpose is 3 phase 4 wire, 440 V/220 V from which
either 3 phase 440 V or single phase 220 V supply to the consumers may be provided.
System layout of electric power transmission and distribution:

From the power stations PS, emanate 3 phase feeder supplying secondary distributions substations located at points throughout
the supply area. The normal voltages are 132 kV, 33 kV and 11 kV.
COMPARISON OF AC AND DC power TRANSMISSION:
(A) Advantages of DC electric power transmission:

1. It requires only two conductors.
2. There is no problem of inductance, capacitance and phase displacement which is common in ac transmission.
3. For the same load and sending end voltage, the voltage drop in dc transmission lines is less than that in ac transmission.
4. As there is no skin effect on conductors, therefore entire cross-section of conductor is usefully utilized thereby affecting
saving in material.
5. For the same value of voltage insulating materials on dc lines experience less stress as compared to those on ac transmission
lines.
6. A dc line has less corona loss and reduced interference with communication circuits.
7. There is no problem of system instability so common in ac transmission.
Disadvantages of DC transmission:
1. Generation of power at high dc voltages is difficult due to commutation problems and cannot be usefully utilized at Consumer
ends.
2. Step up or step-down transformation of dc voltages is not possible in equipment like transformer.
(B) Advantages of AC electric power Transmission:

1. Power can be generated at high voltages as there is no commutation problem.
2. Ac voltages can be conveniently stepped up or stepped down.
3. High voltage transmission of ac power reduces losses.
Disadvantages of AC electric power transmission:

1. Problems of inductances and capacitances exist in transmission lines
2. Due to skin effect, more copper is required.
3. Construction of AC transmission lines is more complicated as well as costly
4. Effective resistance of ac transmission lines is increased due to skin effect.
Long distance power transmission:

Power transmission over long distances using alternating current is complicated by the inductance and capacitance of the line.
For satisfactory operation of such lines it is necessary to balance the lagging inductive volt amperes of the line ( I 2 ωL) against the
leading capacitance volt amperes ( V2 ω C ). Equating the two we get V/I the impedance of the load. √L/C which is also known as
characteristic impedance of the line, Z0. The corresponding load is thus V2/Z0 watts per phase or (kV) 2/Z, M W for three phase
line where kV is the line voltage in kilo volts. This load is termed as "natural load " on the transmission line. Long distance high
power high voltage transmission lines are designed for rated load equal to its natural load.
Natural Loads of transmission lines:
Voltage kV 132 220 400

Z0 (Ω) 350 320 290
Natural load, MW 50 150 500
Current (A) 220 385 752
CONDUCTOR MATERIALS of transmission lines:
A material for conducting electric power should have the following properties :
1. High electrical conductivity.
2. Low cost.
3. Low specific gravity.
4. High tensile strength.
Commonly used materials for conductors are:
1. Copper.
2. Aluminium.
3. Aluminium conductor steel Reinforced (ACSR).
4. Galvanized steel.
5. Cadmium copper.
Economic Size of conductor: Kelvin's Law:

The most economical size of conductor is that for which the variable part of the annual charges is equal to the cost of energy
losses per year.
Limitations of Kelvin's Law

1. The law assumes a linear relation between the cost on account of interest and depreciation on the capital outlay which is not
necessarily always valid. Moreover, it is difficult to calculate these values.
2. Actual energy loss on a transmission line cannot be estimated without actual load curves. Load curves are not available at the
planning stages.
3. The conductor size estimated according to this law may not be the optimum as various aspects of safety etc. have not been
taken into account.
4. The law does not take into account some of the aspects like safe current destiny, mechanical strength, corona loss etc.
TRANSMISSION LINES:
Transmission lines are used to transfer electrical power from one place to another. The requirements of transmission lines are :
1. transmission losses should be least
2. power must be delivered at the specified voltage
3. no radio interference
4. high availability
Classification of overhead transmission Lines:
1. Short Transmission lines:

When the length of an overhead transmission line is up to 50 km and the line voltage less than 20 kV, its is known as short
transmission line. Due to smaller length and lower voltage, the capacitance effects are small and hence are neglected. Thus
resistance and inductance are the major parameters considered for these lines.
2. Medium electric transmission lines:

These lines are 50 km to 150 km and the range of voltage is 20 kV to 100 kV. Due to sufficient length and voltage of the line , the
capacitive effects are not neglected.
3. Long electric transmission lines:
The lines are more than 150 km in length and carry voltage higher than 100 kV.
Parameters of a transmission line:
1. Resistance in transmission lines :

Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced (ACSR) are used for transmission of power over long distance. The acceptable limits of
current density for aluminium is around 95 A in a conductor of 1 cm diameter. In case of copper it is 160 A in a 1 cm diameter
conductor. Thus size of a conductor for a transmission line is given by
Diameter of the conductor = (Current to be carried / 95) ½ cm

As aluminum has got low tensile strength therefore steel cored (ACSR) conductor are used.
2. Inductance in transmission lines:

Inductance of a phase single circuit overhead line is given by
L = u0 / 2 π (1/4 + loge S/r) henry/ meter

u0= permeability of air = 4 π x 10 -7 henry/ meter
S = Deq = 3 √(Dab Dbc Dca)
Deq is equivalent equilateral spacing between 3 conductors a, b and c. D ca, Dbc and Dca are distances between conductors a, b and
c.
r = radius of the conductor.
3. Capacitance in transmission lines:

Capacitance of a three phase line CA is given by
CA = 2π ε0 / S, Farads per meter, phase to loge S/R neutral
ε0 = permittivity of free air (8.55 x 10-12 Farads/ meter)

where, S and r have same meaning as in the estimation of inductance.
Transmission line constants :

The transmission lines up to 50 kilometer length and voltages up to 33 kV are considered as short lines. Lines more than 50
kilometers in length and carrying voltages above 33 kV are called long transmission lines. If V s and Vr be respectively the sending
end and receiving end voltages (corresponding currents being 1 s and lr) then
Vs = AVr + BIr and Is = CVr + DIr

The values of constants A, B, C and D primarily depends on the R, L, C parameters of the line.
For short lines,
Vs = Vr + LZIr
Is = Ir
A = D =1 ,
B=Z
And
C=0,
AD-BC =1,
A=D
For medium lines (T-network) :
A = D = 1 + (YZ)/2
B = Z + YZ2 /4
C= Y,
AD-BC=1,
A=D
( π network ) :
A= 1+ (YZ)/2 B + Z,
C = Y + Y2Z/4 ,
D= 1+ YZ / 2
Long lines :
A = cosh √(YZ) ,
B =√ (Z/Y) sinh √(YZ) ,
C = (Y/Z)1/2 sinh (YZ)1/2 ,
D = cosh (YZ)1/2 ,
AD - BC = 1,
A=D
Transmission Line Voltage Regulation:

Voltage regulation = ( Sending end voltage - Receiving end voltage) / Receiving end voltage
The permissible variation in voltage at the consumer ends ± 10% with reference to nominal voltage. Following methods are used
to control the voltage during transmission over long distances
(i) Use of tap changing transformers
(ii) Use of shunt capacitors at the receiving end during heavy loads or low power factors
(iii) Switching in shunt reactors during low loads to neutralize the effect of shunt capacitance of the long transmission lines.
(iv) Use of booster generators.
Skin effect in transmission lines:

When alternating current flows through a conductor it is always linked with flux. The flux linking the central portion of the con
doctor is always more than that at the surface. This results in higher current density at the surface of the conductor as compared
to that at the core of the conductor. This is known as skin effect. This has following effects.
(i) Skin effect causes increase in dc resistance of the effective dc resistance
(ii) Skin effect is high for conductors of magnetic materials
(iii) Skin effect is more predominant at higher frequencies
(iv) In case of dc, skin effect does not exist.
Proximity effect in transmission lines:

For a conductor carrying alternating current, the current density in the conductor depends on the internal flux distribution.
When two ac current carrying conductors non parallel, the internal current distribution in both the conductors gets rearranged
in such a way so that ac current density on the side nearer to the other conductor is lesser than that at the other end. The effect.
is known as proximity effect. As a result of this effect the effective dc resistance of the conductors increases.
Corona :
Conductors carrying electric power at higher voltage have strong electrostatic field around them. This results in a violet visible
discharge, called corona. It is accompanied by hissing sound, vibrations, power loss and radio interference.
The voltage between the conductors at which the surrounding air is ionized is called the break down voltage or disruptive
voltage. Break down voltage depends on atmospheric conditions and also surface conditions of the conductor.
The electrical stress at the surface of a conductor is given by

E = V / r0 log e (S/ r0)
where,
V = phase to earth voltage,
r0 = radius of conductor
S = equivalent equilateral spacing between 3 phase conductors.
Factors affecting corona
1.Atmosphere:
There is more tendency during stormy weather.

2. Conductor size:
Rough and irregular surfaces give rise to more corona because unevenness of the surface decreases the value of breakdown
voltage stranded conductors having rough surface have more tendency for corona.
3. Spacing between conductors:
Shorter distance between conductors increases tendency for corona.
4. Line voltage:
Higher voltages have increased chances of corona.
5. Insulators:
A insulator should have high mechanical and electrical strength and should be non-porous free from impurities and cracks and
should have high ratio of puncture strength to flash over.
Pin type insulators are used up to 33 kV. Suspension type insulators are used for voltages higher than 33 kV. Strain insulators are
installed at the dead end of the line or whenever mere is comer or sharp curve.
Transmission lines > String Efficiency:

A string of suspension insulators consists of a number of porcelain discs connected in series through metallic links. The figure
shows 3 strings of suspension insulators. The porcelain portion of each disc is in between two metal links. Shunt capacitance
exists between porcelain discs as shown. The string efficiency is defined as the ratio of voltage across the whole string to the
product of number of discs and the voltage across the disc nearest to the conductor. Thus,
String efficiency = Voltage across the string / n x voltage across disc nearest to conductor
where n is the number of discs in the string.
(i) using longer cross-arms

(ii) grading the insulators
(iii) using a guard ring.
POWER GENERATION THEORY
Introduction of Generation of Electric Power:

Energy exists in various forms like mechanical energy, electrical energy, thermal energy and so on. One form of energy can be
converted into another form by suitable arrangements. Out of these forms, electrical energy is preferred due to the following
reasons.
(i) It can be easily transported from one form to another,
(ii) Losses in energy transportation are minimum,
(iii) It can be easily controlled and regulated to suit requirements,
(iv) It can be easily converted into other forms of energy particularly mechanical and thermal,
(v) It can be easily sub-divided.
SOURCES OF ENERGY:
Some of the sources of energy are

1. Fuels:
(a) Solid fuels. wood, charcoal, peat, coke, pulverized coal, pulverized coal.
(b) Liquid fuels petroleum based like petrol, diesel, etc. Non-petroleum fuels like ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, benzene etc.
(c) Gaseous fuels producer gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, water gas.
2. Energy of water as used in hydroelectric plants where potential energy of water is converted into electrical energy
3. Nuclear energy.
4. Solar energy.
5. Wind power.
6. Wave power.
7. Tidal power.
8. Geothermal energy.
9. Fuel cells.
10. Thermo electric power.
11. Thermionic converter.
12. Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) generator.
In all power stations, electric energy is generated from other forms of energy e.g.,
(i) Chemical energy of fuel (thermal energy),
(ii) Energy of falling water (hydraulic energy),
(iii) Atomic energy (nuclear energy).
Accordingly power stations are classified as :
Thermal power stations:
Those power stations which convert chemical energy of fuel (coal, diesel etc.) into electrical energy are called thermal power
stations. The fuel used in thermal power stations may be solid fuel (coal) or liquid fuel (diesel).
The chemical energy of fuel is used to run the prime mover to which is coupled the alternator (A.C. generator). Thus electrical
energy is obtained from the alternator.
According to the prime-mover employed for driving the alternate, thermal power stations may be broadly divided into the
following two important types :
(a) Steam power stations:
Steam power stations employing steam engine or turbine as the prime-mover. Coal is used fuel.
(b) Diesel power stations:
Diesel power stations employing diesel engine as the prime-mover.
Electric Power Generation: Steam Power Station:

Here steam turbine or engine is used as a prime-mover.
Fuels used in Steam Power Station:
Fuels for thermal power plants should have sufficient calorific value, easy availability in large quantities, ease of handling, storing
and transporting. Common fuel for most of the plants is coal. Several varieties of coal are available - charcoal, lignite, peat, coke,
briquetted coal, bituminous coal etc. A coal may have :
Fixed carbon 35 to 45 percent
Volatile matter 25 to 35 percent
Ash 8 to 22 percent
Moisture 10 to 18 percent
Heating value 5000 to 6500 kcal/kg.
There are several considerations in the selection of coal for a power plant. However, ash content is a major problem which
needs careful consideration.
Coal is classified by:
1. Rank degree of metamorphism :
Rank degree of metamorphism or progressive alteration, in the natural series from fignite (inferior quality) to anthracites
(superior quality).
2. Grade quality :
Grade quality determined by designation, calorific value, ash content, ash softening temperature and sulphur.
3. Type of coal :
Coal based on original plant ingredients and subsequent alterations e.g. boghead coal, cannel coal, split coal, common bonded
coal, etc.
The pulverization of coal is done in coal crushers and ball mills. Pulverized coal is transferred to bankers and then to burners
where coal dust along with air is fed to the boiler through burners.
Stokers in steam power station :
Stokers In this coal is fired as received from the mines, without any major preparation. A stoker continuously feeds fuel to the
boiler furnace. In over feed stokers, coal is supplied on the top of the gate. As the coal burns, ash and clinkers are formed which
collect at the bottom. Primary air is supplied under pressure from the bottom of the gate which gets heated up while passing
through the layer of ash. Secondary air is supplied from the sides. However in case of underfeed stokers primary as well as
secondary air is supplied through grate.
(Traveling Grate Stoker)
(Spreader Stoker)
Pulverized coal system in Steam Power Station :

The firing of coal in pulverized form involves primarily the function of breaking coal into line panicles, mixing of coal with air,
delivery of coal air mixture to the burners and combustion.
(Pulverized Coal System)

The coil is crushed in a bowl mill or ball mill (using impact of steel balls). A classifier is used to regulate the fineness of particles.
Water treatment in steam power station:

Water is one of the most important raw materials for steam power plants. However impurities from water must be removed
before feeding to the boiler. The impurities may be in the form of:
(i) Visible impurities : like algae, bacterial slimes, turbidity etc.
(ii) Dissolved gases : like carbon dioxide oxygen, nitrogen, methane, hydrogen, sulphide, etc.
(iii) Minerals and salts : of iron, manganese, sodium, potassium, etc.
Summary of Water Treatment Processes in steam power station:
Impurity Trouble Limit of tolerance in feed water Kind of treatment

30 cc per kilo
chemical de-oxidation
Oxygen Corrosion
Liter thermal deaeration
3 parts per million,
thermal dearation
Corrosion 20 ppm for low pressure boilers ;2 ppm for
Carbon dioxide, Calcium, external softening
Magnesium salts Scale high pressure boilers, as CaCO3
internal softening
SiO2
40 ppm for low pressure and 5 ppm for High
Carry over, scale deionization
pressure boilers
Embrittlement, 5 ppm as CaCO3 for HP boilers. Variable for LP
Na alkalinity acid neutralizer
Foaming boilers
Total dissolved
Priming foaming as specified de-concentration
solids
coagulation sedimentation
Turbidity Sludge sediments 5 ppm or less
filtration
coagulation, filtration surface
Oil Foaming 5 ppm or less
blow off
Condenser in steam power station :

Thermal efficiency of a steam power plant can be improved by reducing the turbine exhaust pressure. Low pressure at the
exhaust can be maintained, by condensing material discharged from the turbine. In a way condenser is a heat exchanger in
which heat from the exhaust steam is transferred to circulating boiler. There are two types of condensers - jet and surface type.
Surface condensers are commonly used in power plants. A condenser needs huge quantity of cooling water. For this purpose
cooling towers are used so that water can be re-circulated through the condenser
Ash Handling in steam power station:

Usually 10 to 20 percent of the coal field in station is released in the form of ash thus a plant burning 50 tonnes of coal per hour
will have 5 to 10 tonnes of ash produced which must be are moved immediately for the continuous operation of the plant.
The problems in ash handling are due to high temperature of ash and its contents which range from fine particles of fly as to
large clinkers.
Most of the plants have arrangements for quenching ash with water and then carrying it through pipe lines to distant places
used as pumps. Motive power may be provided by steam or pumps. For arresting fly ash, electrostatic precipitators are used,
before flue gases are laid to chimney.
Power land cycle of steam power generation :

The idealized cycle for a steam power plant is the Rankin cycle. As the aim is always to achieve higher efficiency, following
feature exist in modem power plants :
1. Re-heating of steam after partial expansion in high pressure turbine.
2. Regeneration - bleeding part of the steam to heat the cold condensate from condenser.
3. Use of steam at high-pressures for improvement of thermal efficiency most of the power plants use high pressures usually
more than l00 kg/cm3, 500 MW units being fabricated at M/s. BHEL will use steam at 170 atm.
Steam power Station > Boilers:

High steaming rates at higher pressures steam call for careful designing of boilers. A power station has to operate continuously
for longer periods of time, hence boiler must be available for longer period-without need for shut downs on account of
breakdowns or repairs.
On one hand a boiler furnace must have high temperature to heat the water, at the same time the gases discharged through
chimney must have low temperature (to minimize losses) and least pollution producing gases. This calls for incorporating rapid
heat transfer devices. The boilers in modern power plants are water tube boilers, with water walls. In addition to this super-
heaters, re-heaters and economizer are installed to utilize maximum possible heat available inside the furnace. Furthermore,
higher steaming rates require high flow velocities of water, steam, flue gases etc., with adequate controls and safety devices.
(Heaters in Boilers)
(Steam Turbine Arrangements )
Steam power Station > Turbines :

In order to obtain full benefit from high steam conditions, it is necessary to use large turbines. On large turbines of 100 MW and
over, the cycle efficiency can be improved,by using external re-heating and expanding steam in turbine in two or three stages
usually designated as high pressure, intermediate pressure and low pressure stages.
Axial flow turbines are commonly used in power plants. Maximum permissible speed for alternator being 3000 rpm, reduction
gear boxes are used wherever turbine rotor speed is higher.
B) Diesel Power Stations :
(Diesel Power Plant)

Here diesel is used as a prime-mover.
Advantages of diesel power Station:

1. Occupies less space.
2. Design and installation simple.
3. Less quantity of water required for cooling purposes.
4. Overall capital cost is less than steam plants.
5. Can be started quickly.
6. More efficient than steam plant.
7. Less supervising staff than steam plant.
8. Can be used in emergency e.g. hospitals, cinema houses.
Disadvantages of diesel power station:

1. Diesel is costly, therefore, high running cost.
2. Smaller capacity. Suitable for generation of small power.
3. High maintenance cost.
Hydroelectric Power Generation:

These convert energy of falling water (hydraulic) into Electrical energy. The entire arrangements can be divided into the
following stages for the sake of simplicity:
1. Water reservoir.
2. Dam.
3. Valve house.
4. Penstock
5. Water turbine.
6. Alternator.
(Hydro Electric Power Station)
Hydro-electric plants may be classified according to the available head as:
(i) Hydroelectric Power Generation > Low head plants:

For such plants a small dam is constructed across the river to provide necessary head. The excess water is allowed to flow over
the dam itself. No surge tank is required for such plants. In figure shows the arrangements of such a plant.
(Low Head Plant)

(ii) Hydroelectric Power Generation > Medium Head Plants:
The forebay provided at the beginning of penstock serves as water reservoir for such plants. In such plants water is generally
carried in open channels from main reservoir to the forebay and then to the power house through the penstock. The forbay
itself work as surge tank in this case. The common types of prime movers used in these plants are Francis, Propeller and Kaplan.
General arrangement of such a plant is shown in the figure.
(Medium Head Plants)
(iii) Hydroelectric Power Generation > High Head Plants :

A typical arrangements for this type of plant is shown in the figure in such plants first of all water is carried from the main
reservoir by a tunnel up to the surge tank and then from the surge tank to the power house in penstocks. For heads above 500
meters pelton wheels are used while for lower heads Francis turbine is used.
(High Head Plants)
Hydroelectric plants may also be classified as :
1. Hydroelectric Power Generation > Peak load plants :

A plant used only when the demand of power exceeds the limits of other power plants in the connected system.
2. Hydroelectric Power Generation > Base load plants :

Such plants have high load factors and continue to run for longer durations. Such plants must have enough availability of water.
Peak load of such system may be shared by a diesel engine plant, gas turbine plant or even steam power plant
3. Hydroelectric Power Generation > Pumped storage plant :

Such plants are used when the quantity of water available for power generation is sufficient During peak period such plants
generate power and the discharged water is collected in tail water pond. During off-peak hours, this water is pumped back to
head water pond. Reversible turbines are used in these units so that the same unit can run as turbine for power generation and
also as pump for pumping water.
Classification of Turbines:
(a) According to the action of water:
(i) Impulse turbines

(ii) Reaction turbines
(b) According to the direction of flow:
(i) Radial outwards

(ii) Radial inwards
(iii) Axial flow
(iv) Mixed flow.
(c) Position of shaft:
(i) Horizontal
(ii) Vertical.
Following are the impulse turbines:
(i) Pelton wheel
(ii) Girard wheel
(iii) Jonal turbine
(iv) Banki turbine
(v) Turgo turbine.
Following are the reaction turbines:
(i) Fourneyron turbine
(ii) Francis turbine
(iii)Thomson turbine
(iv) Kaplan turbine
(v) Propeller turbine.
Performance of hydro turbine Turbines commonly used in hydro-power stations are Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan
turbine. The relative performance of these turbines is shown in the figure.
(Performance of Hydro Turbine)

Some terms associated with hydro-electric power plants are given below:
(a) Spillways , Hydro Spillways of hydroelectric power plant :

A spill way provides discharge of surplus water from storage reservoir into the river down stream side of the dam. It is a sort of
safety valve for the dam.
(b) Run off of hydroelectric power plant :

A run off is that portion of precipitation which makes its way towards stream, lakes or oceans. Run off is possible only when the
rate of precipitation is more than the rate of water infiltration into the sub-oil.
(c) Hydrograph of hydroelectric power plant :

Hydrograph is a graphical representation between discharge and time. It shows the variation of flow with time.
(d) Unit hydrograph of hydroelectric power plant :

Unit hydrograph is a hydrograph with a volume of 1 cm (or meter) of run-off resulting from a rainfall of specified duration and a
real pattern.
(e) Flow duration curve of hydroelectric power plant :

It is a plot of flow available during a period against percentage of time.
(f) Mass curve of hydroelectric power plant :

Mass curve is a plot of cumulative volume of water that can be stored from stream flow versus time in days, weeks or months.
(g) Run of the river plant without pondage :
These plants do not have facilities for storage of water. Flowing water of the stream is used for generating power.
(h) Run of the river plant with pondage :
The utility of a run off the river plant is enhanced by providing storage facilities for water. Such plants can be operated even
during off season when the flow of water in the river declines.
Trash rack of hydroelectric power plant :

Trash rack is provided at the inlet end of penstock on the dam to prevent entry of debris which might damage the wicket gates
and turbine runners. These are made of steel bars.
Forebay of hydroelectric power plant:

This is a regulating reservoir used to store water temporarily when the load on the plant is reduced. The water from forebay can
be used when the load on the turbine increases.
Surge tank of hydroelectric power plant :

Surge tank is provided usually on medium and high head plants. As the load on the turbine decreases the surge tanks acts as a
reservoir for holding water. Also pressure variations due to rapid changes of flow of water are taken care of by the surge tanks.
Penstock of hydroelectric power plant :

Penstock is a conduit for conveying water from storage to the turbines. Generally steel pipes are used for this purpose.
Runway speed of hydroelectric power plant :

It is the maximum speed at which a turbine wheel would run under the worst conditions of operation (with all gates open
allowing maximum flow of water under maximum head).
Governor of hydroelectric power plant:
Governor is a device used on turbines to regulate the flow of water in proportion to the load on the plant so that constant
turbine speed may be maintained
Draft tube of hydroelectric power plant:

Draft tube a pipe work installed at the turbine discharge to permit a negative or suction head to be established at the runner
exit so that turbine can be installed above the tail race. It also converts a large proportion of the velocity energy rejected from
the runner into useful pressure head i.e., it acts as recuperator of pressure energy.
Cavitation of hydroelectric power plant:

Cavitation is the formation of bubbles or cavities when the pressure in any part of the turbine drops below the vapour pressure
cavitation causes pitting of metal surfaces.
Gas turbine power plant :

A gas turbine power plant consists of a rotary multistage compressor, generally of axial flow type, in which air or working
substance is compressed. Compressed air flows to the combustion chamber where fuel is burnt, thereby raising the temperature
of the working substance. The high pressure, high temperature working substance expands in a turbine producing mechanical
power. Turbine in turn drives a generator for producing electrical energy. A gas turbine works on Brayton cycle.
Simple Gas Turbine Cycle:
(Gas Turbine cycle modified for higher efficiency)

Improving efficiency of simple Brayton cycle
The efficiency of simple Brayton cycle can be improved by
(i) Use of heat exchanger between compressor delivery and combustion chamber, utilizing heat of exhaust gases;
(ii) Use of two stage expansion with re-heating;
(iii) Use of multistage compression with inter-cooling.
A gas turbine using atmospheric air as working medium is known as open cycle gas turbine. In closed cycle gas turbine the
working substance is recirculated and it does not come into direct contact with atmospheric air. A fluid with better
thermodynamic properties can be used as working substance in such turbines.
Gas turbines can run on gaseous, liquid as well as solid fuels. As compared to a steam turbine, it does not require condenser and
associated bulky cooling arrangements. Gas turbines operate on lower pressures as compared to steam turbines hence stress on
various parts is less.
For starting a gas turbine enough power is required to drive the compressor which is nearly 30 to 40% of the normal output.
Sometimes gas turbines are used in combination with steam cycle where exhaust heat of the gas turbine is used in boiler for
steam cycle.
Nuclear Power Stations:

These convert nuclear energy into electrical energy.
Nuclear power reactor :
Nuclear power reactor is basically that part of nuclear power plant where energy released as a result of nuclear fission of
radioactive material is utilized to heat the coolant which may in turn generate steam or be used in a gas turbine. The nuclear
reactor may thus be regarded as a substitute for the boiler fire box of steam plant or combustion chamber or a gas turbine
plane. The steam or the gas may be used as working fluid in nuclear power plant. The nuclear power plant may be of steam
driven turbine or gas driven turbine as per the choice of the fluid.
The following functions are associated with the working of nuclear reactor:
(i) Producing a chain reacting or critical system,
(ii) Controlling the level of power release from the system,
(iii) Using spare neutrons to convert fertile into fissile material,
(iv) Protecting personnel from harmful radiations emanating from the core.
(Nuclear Power Station)

The purpose of the moderator in the reactor core is to moderate or reduce the neutron speeds to a value that increased the
probability of Fission occurring. The moderator is a material having low atomic number and small neutron absorption cross-
section which slows down the fast neutron by elastic collision. Three commonly used moderators are:
(i) Graphite
(ii) Heavy water
(iii) Beryllium.
A control rod in a nuclear power reactor is used to initiate the nuclear chain reaction when starting the reactor from cold; and to
maintain the chain reaction at a steady value during the operation of the reactor. Also control rod shuts down the reactor
automatically under emergency conditions. All this is being done without melting of fuel rods disintegration of coolant and
destructive of reactor as the amount of energy released is enormous.
The materials used for control rods must have very high absorption capacity for, neutrons. The commonly used materials for
control rod are:
Cadmium, boron
Three different types of fuel used in nuclear reactors are:
(i) Uranium 92 U 235
(ii) Secondary Uranium 92 U 235
(iii) Plutonium 92 U 235
Classification of nuclear reactors :

Nuclear reactors may be classified on the basis of neutron energies as follows:
1. Fast Nuclear reactors :

Here fusion occurs with high energy neutrons, in the absence of moderator.
2. Intermediate reactors :
With the use of some moderator, the reactors are known as intermediate reactors.
3. Thermal Reactors :
When the energy of neutrons is reduced to low electron voltages i.e. thermal range, the reactors are known as thermal reactors.
On the basis of fuel reproduction characteristics, the nuclear reactors may be classified as
A. Non regenerative type Nuclear Reactors :

These reactors do not create an appreciable amount of replacement fuel as the fuel is burned. Reactors using highly enriched
fuel containing 90% or more of U235 in the fuel are of non-regenerative type.
B. Regenerative type :
In these reactors fuel is slightly enriched. These reactors do not replace the used fuel fully.
C. Heterogeneous reactors :
Here fuel is in the form of rods, plates and is placed in the matrix of moderator.
D. Fast Breeder reactor :

These reactors use highly enriched uranium or plutonium as fuel. A small core of few cubic meters is sufficient to give a heat
output of about 100 MW. The core is surrounded by a blanket or ordinary fertile Uranium 238 or thorium which can be
converted to fissile plutonium or Uranium 233, It is possible to get more new atoms of fissile material in the blanket than are
destroyed by fission in the core. Such a reactor is known as breeders type. The major problem in such reactors is the removal of
from the core. Liquid sodium is used as the coolant. A primary and secondary coolant circuit is used to transfer heat. Foolproof
arrangements are incorporated to guard against the failure of coolant circuit. Even a momentary stoppage of the blow of
coolant will result in disastrous rise in temperature.
(Fast Breeder Reactor)
Terms associated with nuclear reactions are given below :
Reflector in nuclear reactor:

In order to keep the size of the reactor small, and hence the amount of the fashionable material, it is necessary to conserve the
neutrons. For this purpose the reactor core is surrounded by a material which reflects the escaping neutrons back into the core.
This material is known as reflector.
Shielding in nuclear reactor:

The intensity of gamma and neutron radiation coming from the reactor core is far greater than the human body can tolerate.
Hence it is necessary to surround the reactor with a shielding material to reduce the radiation intensity to the levels which are
not harmful to personnel.

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1.

33. Bagasse is (A)10%

(A) low quality coal (B) 25 to 30%

(B) a fuel consisting of wood (C) 40 to 50%

(C) screw compressor (B)1235

(D) multistage axial flow compressor. (C) 12461

(A) Simple (A) Otto cycle

(B) Regeneration (B) Constant pressure cycle

(C) Reheating (C) Carnot cycle

(D) Reheating with regeneration. (D) Brayton cycle.

(A) 1000-1200 kcal/kg (B) a two-stroke petrol engine

(B) 2000-5000 kcal/kg (C) a four-stroke petrol engine

(C) 5000-9000 kcal/kg (D) an air-cooled petrol engine.

92. Which of the following relation is correct? (A) compression ratio

(A) Weight of oxygen = 0.32 weight of air (B) speed

(B) Weight of oxygen = 0.32 weight of air (C) fuel

(C) cooling system (D) all the above.

(A) east iron (B) Gas engine

(B) copper (C) Diesel engine

(C) aluminum (D) Gas turbine.

(A) Flash point (B) exhaust gases

(A) Feed water pump (A) Diesel engine plant

(B) Condenser (B) Petrol engine plant

(C) Economizer (C) Steam turbine plant

(D) Air pre-heater. (D) Hydro-electric power plant.

(A) Gas engine (A) energy of liquid

(B) Petrol engine (B) pressure of liquid

(C) Diesel engine (C) energy and pressure of liquid

(D) Super-charged engine. (D) energy, pressure and discharge of liquid.

(A) Diesel cycle (A) velocity of fluids

(B) Rankine cycle (B) viscosity of fluids

(C) Otto cycle (C) density of fluids

(D) Dual combustion cycle. (D) discharge of fluids.

136. A Joule cycle consists of 143. Vacuum can be measured by

(B) speed (A) 50% to 60%

(C) torque (B) 60% to 75%

(D) all the above. (C) 75% to 90%

(A) oxygen (B) fertilizer plant

(B) carbon monoxide (C) petroleum refineries

(C) nitrogen (D) paper plants.

(A) Topping turbine (D) sugar mills.

(B) First turbine of repeat cycle 185. Sour crude

(C) Condensing turbine (A) is corrosive when heated

(D) Non-condensing turbine. (B) evolves significant amounts of hydrogen-sulphide on

(A) Solar power plant (B) centrifugal separators

(A) a renewable energy resources (A) erosion

(B) alternative energy source (B) heat exchange

(C) inexhaustible energy source (C) water circulation

(D) any of the above. (D) all the above.

228. The presence of CO2 and H2O in the atmosphere

(D) none of the above. (D) coal auger.

(B) 0.44 cubic meter

(A) boiler size (B) greater than 1.0

(B) pollution (C) greater than 10

(C) both (A) and (B) above. (D) around 100.

(A) gas turbines (A) Anthracite

(B) diesel engines (B) Lignite

(C) pulverized coal boilers (C) Bituminous

(D) fluidized bed boilers. (D) Semi bituminous.

264. API gravity of water is taken as (C) 35%

(A) zero (D) 15%.

(A) air + diesel fuel + lubricating oil (B) ultimate analysis

(B) air + diesel fuel (C) orsat analysis

(C) air + lubricating oil (D) none of the above.