Lec 2.4 Logarithmic Differentiation and Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions (Handout)

Logarithmic Differentiation and Derivatives of Other
Classes of Functions
Mathematics 21
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Logarithmic Differentiation,Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions Mathematics 21 1 / 29
For today
1 Logarithmic Differentiation
2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0
3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions
4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
For today
Logarithmic Differentiation
- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients
Recall: Properties of absolute value

(a) | xy| = | x ||y|

x |x|
(b) =
y |y|
(c) | xr | = | x |r
Recall: Properties of logarithms

(a) logb xy = logb x + logb y
x
(b) logb = logb x − logb y
y
(c) logb xr = r logb x
Logarithmic Differentiation
- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients
- given an equation in x and y, say

√
3
x+1
y= √
csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2
Step 1: Take the absolute value of both sides of the equation and apply
properties of the absolute value.
√3

x+1
|y| = √

csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2
1
| x + 1| 3
|y| = 1
| csc x |5 |1 − x2 | 2
Step 2: Take the natural logarithm of both sides and apply properties of
logarithms to obtain a sum.
1
!
| x + 1| 3
ln |y| = ln 1
| csc x |5 |1 − x2 | 2
1 1
ln |y| = ln | x + 1| 3 − ln | csc x |5 − ln |1 − x2 | 2
1 1
ln |y| = ln | x + 1| − 5 ln | csc x | − ln |1 − x2 |
3 2
Step 3: Take the derivative of both sides implicitly with respect to x and solve for
dy
.
dx
1 1
Dx (ln |y|) = Dx ln | x + 1| − 5 ln | csc x | − ln |1 − x2 |
3 2
1 dy 1 1 5 1 1
· = · − · (− csc x cot x ) − · · (−2x )
y dx 3 x + 1 csc x 2 1 − x2

dy 1 x
=y + 5 cot x +
dx 3( x + 1) 1 − x2
√3
!
dy x+1 1 x
= √ + 5 cot x +
dx csc5 ( x ) 1 − x2 3( x + 1) 1 − x2
√3 2
dy x tan4 x
Find if y = .
dx (2x2 + 1)3 log x
2
| x | 3 | tan x |4
|y| =
|2x2 + 1|3 | log x |
2
ln |y| = ln | x | + 4 ln | tan x | − 3 ln |2x2 + 1| − ln | log x |
3
1 dy 2 1 1 1 1 1
· = · +4· · sec2 x − 3 · 2 · 4x − ·
y dx 3 x tan x 2x + 1 log x x ln 10
√ 3 2
dy x tan x 4
2 2
4 sec x 12x 1

= + − 2 −
dx (2x2 + 1)3 log x 3x tan x 2x + 1 (log x )( x ln 10)
For today
dy
Example. Find if y = x x , x > 0
dx
Option 1: Use logarithmic differentiation.
ln y = ln ( x x ) (no need to take absolute values since x > 0)
ln y = x ln x
1 dy 1
· = 1 · ln x + x ·
y dx x
dy
= y(ln x + 1)
dx
dy
= x x (ln x + 1)
dx
dy
Example. Find if y = x x , x > 0.
dx
Alternate solution: Write f ( x ) g( x) first as e g( x) ln[ f ( x)] .
y = e x ln x

dy x ln x 1
=e 1 · ln x + x ·
dx x
dy
= x x (ln x + 1)
dx
dy
Find if y = (sin x )cos x , sin x > 0.
dx
ln y = cos x ln(sin x )

1 dy 1
· = (− sin x ) · ln(sin x ) + cos x · · cos x
y dx sin x
cos2 x

dy cos x
= (sin x ) − sin x ln(sin x ) +
dx sin x
For today
Theorem
1
(a) Dx sin−1 x = √
1 − x2
1
cos−1 x = − √

(b) Dx
1 − x2
1
tan−1 x =

(c) Dx
1 + x2
1
cot−1 x = −

(d) Dx
1 + x2
1
sec−1 x = √

(e) Dx
x x2 − 1
1
csc−1 x = − √

(f) Dx
x x2 − 1
Proof.
We only show the proof of statement 1. The rest may be proved similarly.
y = sin−1 x
x = sin y
Dx ( x ) = Dx (sin y)
dy
1 = cos y ·
dx
dy 1
=
dx cos y
√q h π πi
Note that cos y = ± 1 − sin2 y = ± 1 − x2 . Since y ∈ − , , cos y ≥ 0.
2 2
dy 1
Therefore, = √ .
dx 1 − x2
Theorem
1 1
(a) Dx sin−1 x = √ (d) Dx cot−1 x = −

1− x2 1 + x2
1 1
sec−1 x = √

cos−1 (e) Dx

(b) Dx x = −√
1 − x2 x x2 − 1
1 1
csc−1 x = − √

tan−1 x = (f) Dx

(c) Dx
1 + x2 x x2 − 1
dy
Examples. Find .
dx
1. y = sin−1 (3x )
dy 1 3
= p · (3) = √
dx 1 − (3x )2 1 − 9x2
Theorem
1 1
(a) Dx sin−1 x = √ (d) Dx cot−1 x = −

1− x2 1 + x2
1 1
sec−1 x = √

cos−1 (e) Dx

(b) Dx x = −√
1 − x2 x x2 − 1
1 1
csc−1 x = − √

tan−1 x = (f) Dx

(c) Dx
1 + x2 x x2 − 1
2. y = cot−1 (ln x )

dy 1 1
= − ·
dx 1 + (ln x )2 x
Theorem
1 1
(a) Dx sin−1 x = √ (d) Dx cot−1 x = −

1− x2 1 + x2
1 1
sec−1 x = √

cos−1 (e) Dx

(b) Dx x = −√
1 − x2 x x2 − 1
1 1
csc−1 x = − √

tan−1 x = (f) Dx

(c) Dx
1 + x2 x x2 − 1
y 2
1
= log2 ( x − y) − csc−1 (3x2 )

3. 5
y dy
1 1 1 dy
5 ln 5 dx = · 1 −
( x − y) ln 2 dx

1
− 2 csc−1 3x2 · −

√ · 6x
3x2 9x4 − 1

1 − 1 2
6x
− 2 csc 3x · − √
dy ( x − y) ln 2 3x2 9x4 − 1
= y
dx 1 1
5 ln 15 +
( x − y) ln 2
For today
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
Theorem
(a) Dx (sinh x ) = cosh x
(b) Dx (cosh x ) = sinh x
(c) Dx (tanh x ) = sech2 x
(d) Dx (coth x ) = − csch2 x
(e) Dx (sech x ) = − sech x tanh x
(f) Dx (csch x ) = − csch x coth x
Dx (sinh x ) = cosh x
Proof.
e x − e− x
If y = sinh x = , then
2
dy x − x
e − (e ) · (−1) e x + e− x
= = = cosh x.
dx 2 2
Theorem
(a) Dx (sinh x ) = cosh x (d) Dx (coth x ) = − csch2 x
(b) Dx (cosh x ) = sinh x (e) Dx (sech x ) = − sech x tanh x
2
(c) Dx (tanh x ) = sech x (f) Dx (csch x ) = − csch x coth x
dy
Examples. Find .
dx
1. y = csch x5 − 2

dy
= − csch x5 − 2 coth x5 − 2 · (5x4 )

dx
Theorem
2
√
2. y = tanh3

x+3
dy √ √ 1
= 3 tanh2 x + 3 · sech2

x+3 · √
dx 2 x+3
Theorem
2
3. y = (cosh x )sinh x , cosh x > 0

y = esinh x ln(cosh x)

dy sinh x ln(cosh x ) 1
=e cosh x · ln(cosh x ) + sinh x · · sinh x
dx cosh x
For today
Theorem
1 1
(a) Dx (sinh−1 x ) = √ (d) Dx (coth−1 x ) = , |x| > 1
x2 + 1 1 − x2
1 1
(b) Dx (cosh−1 x ) = √ (e) Dx (sech−1 x ) = − √
x2 − 1 x 1 − x2
1 1
(c) Dx (tanh−1 x ) = , |x| < 1 (f) Dx (csch−1 x ) = − √
1 − x2 | x | x2 + 1
dy
Examples. Find .
dx
1. y = sinh−1 (1 − x )
dy 1 −1
= p · (−1) = p
dx 2
(1 − x ) + 1 (1 − x )2 + 1
Theorem
1 1
x2+1 1 − x2
1 1
x2 − 1 x 1 − x2
1 1
1 − x2 | x | x2 + 1
h x i
2. y = coth−1 ( x4 ) − sech−1 1
4
dy 1 1 x
1
3 + ln 14

= · 4x · 4
1 − x8
r
dx x
1
2x
4 1 − 14
Theorem
1 1
x2 + 1 1 − x2
1 1
2
x −1 x 1 − x2
1 1
1 − x2 | x | x2 + 1

3. y = log10 cosh−1 (2x )
dy 1 1
= − 1
·√ ·2
dx cosh (2x ) ln 10 4x2 − 1
Exercises
dy
(1) Find .
dx
sin2 (3x )
(a) y = √ (Use logarithmic differentiation.)
(5x + 1) 4 2x2 − 5
3
(b) y = (log x )cos( x −3x) , log x > 0
(c) y = sin−1 (2x + 1)
(d) y = cos−1 (e2x )
(e) y = sech3 (sinh(3 − x2 ))
(f) coth y = ln(2x − 3y) + cosh(5x )
(g) y = tanh−1 (5x2 ) csch−1 (ln x )
√
(h) y = sech−1 1 − x2 , x > 0
(2) Find the equations of the tangent line and normal line to the graph of
g( x ) = sinh(2x ) where x = 2 ln 2.

Lec 2.4 Logarithmic Differentiation and Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions (Handout)

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Lec 2.4 Logarithmic Differentiation and Derivatives of Other Classes of Functions (Handout)

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Logarithmic Differentiation and Derivatives of Other

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients

Recall: Properties of absolute value

Recall: Properties of logarithms

- a technique used in differentiating complicated products and quotients

- given an equation in x and y, say

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

3. y = (cosh x )sinh x , cosh x > 0

2 Derivative of f ( x ) g( x) , where f ( x ) > 0

3 Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

4 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

5 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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