Omer Kemal Kinaci1

Assistant Professor
YTU Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering Department,
Yildiz Technical University,
Barbaros Bulvari,
Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turkey;
Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory,
University of Michigan,
Computational and Experimental
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
e-mail: kinaci@yildiz.edu.tr Assessment of Turbulence
Sami Lakka
Lakka Technologies, Stimulation on Flow Induced
Vatsoilantie 3,
Lemp€a€al€a 37500, Finland;
Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Motion of a Circular Cylinder
University of Michigan,
Vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) are highly nonlinear and it is hard to approach the
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
problem analytically or computationally. Experimental investigation is therefore essen-
e-mail: sami.lakka@gmail.com
tial to address the problem and reveal some physical aspects of VIV. Although computa-
tional fluid dynamics (CFDs) offers powerful methods to generate solutions, it cannot
Hai Sun replace experiments as yet. When used as a supplement to experiments, however, CFD
Assistant Professor
can be an invaluable tool to explore some underlying issues associated with such compli-
College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering,
cated flows that could otherwise be impossible or very expensive to visualize or measure
Harbin Engineering University,
experimentally. In this paper, VIVs and galloping of a cylinder with selectively distrib-
Harbin 150009, China;
uted surface roughness—termed passive turbulence control (PTC)—are investigated
Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory, experimentally and computationally. The computational approach is first validated with
University of Michigan, benchmark experiments on smooth cylinders available in the literature. Then, experi-
Ann Arbor MI 48109 ments conducted in the Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory (MRELab) of the Univer-
e-mail: hais@umich.edu sity of Michigan are replicated computationally to visualize the flow and understand the
effects of thickness and width of roughness strips placed selectively on the cylinder. The
Ethan Fassezke major outcomes of this work are: (a) Thicker PTC initiates earlier galloping but wider
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, PTC does not have a major impact on the response of the cylinder and (b) The amplitude
University of Michigan, response is restricted in VIV due to the dead fluid zone attached to the cylinder, which is
Ann Arbor, MI 48554 not observed in galloping. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4033637]
e-mail: ethandf@umich.edu
Keywords: vortex-induced vibrations, passive turbulence control, galloping
Michael M. Bernitsas
Professor
CVortex Hydro Energy,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory,
University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
e-mail: michaelb@umich.edu

1 Introduction cylinder motion based on the location of PTC [6]. In 2013, the
robustness of the map was tested and dominant zones were identi-
In the MRELab of the University of Michigan, flow-induced
fied [7]. Even though the PTC-to-FIM Map has become a power-
motion (FIM) is studied as a means to convert marine hydroki-
ful tool in inducing specific motions of circular cylinders, several
netic (MHK) energy to electricity using the vortex-induced vibra-
parameters remain unexplored. Experiments, albeit being the ulti-
tions for aquatic clean energy (VIVACE) energy harvester [1–5].
mate verification tool, are time consuming and hard to provide all
Turbulence stimulation by selectively distributed surface rough-
needed information. A computational tool that could predict the
ness, in the form of sand-strips, referred to as PTC, was added to
FIM of a cylinder correctly would be invaluable to study the full
oscillating cylinders in 2008 [5]. PTC enabled VIVACE to har-
parametric design space. A major side benefit of PTC was the fact
ness hydrokinetic energy from currents/tides over the entire range
that PTC enabled CFD simulations to generate results in good
of FIM including VIV and galloping. In 2011, the MRELab pro-
agreement with experiments by forcing the location of the separa-
duced experimentally the PTC-to-FIM Map defining the induced
tion point [8]. This valuable tool, along with experiments, is used
in this paper to investigate PTC design parameters such as width
1
Corresponding author. and thickness and their impact on flow features with the intent of
Contributed by the Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering Division of ASME
for publication in the JOURNAL OF OFFSHORE MECHANICS AND ARCTIC ENGINEERING.
maximizing FIM and thus, hydrokinetic energy conversion.
Manuscript received September 9, 2015; final manuscript received May 2, 2016; Passive turbulence control is a means to altering flow kinemat-
published online June 2, 2016. Assoc. Editor: Ye Li. ics around a cylinder by covering parts of the cylinder with strips

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C 2016 by ASME
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 that may be smooth or have surface roughness. Roughness was
added to the whole cylinder surface before Bernitsas and Ragha-
van used selectively distributed surface roughness to enhance or
minimize VIVs, depending on the location of the strips [5]. The
strips change the boundary layer separation point and the flow
separation characteristics may be controlled passively [9,10].
Chang et al. [11] and Park et al. [6] built the PTC-to-FIM Map,
which defines zones of placement of PTC strips for enhancing or
minimizing FIM. General information on VIV is available in
review papers [12–14] and on galloping in Ref. [15]. VIVACE
converts MHK energy to mechanical in the oscillations of the cyl-
inder in FIM and subsequently converts it to electricity [3]. It uses
VIV and galloping with a single cylinder. Those motions are fur-
ther enhanced by properly implementing gap flow with multiple
cylinders [16]. The higher and faster the FIM oscillations, the
more power the cylinder will convert from hydrokinetic to me-
chanical. Therefore, from the point of view of MHK energy har-
nessing, vibration amplitude and frequency should be enhanced.
When PTC is applied to the upstream part of the cylinder as estab-
lished in the PTC-to-FIM Map, PTC will induce galloping. PTC
induces galloping instability, which has been reported to result in
oscillation amplitude up to 3 to 4 times the diameter of the cylin-
der [6,7].
This paper studies the effect of PTC particulars on the flow-
induced motions of a circular cylinder, computationally and
experimentally. The physical model is described in Sec. 2. The
computational approach is explained in Sec. 3 and validated in
Secs. 4 and 5. The PTC thickness is studied in Sec. 6, and the
PTC width in Sec. 7. CFD complements experimental results due
to the limited possibilities of visualizing the flow at these high
Reynolds numbers (varying between 30,000 < Re < 120,000).
Flow visualization is achieved by CFD as presented in Sec. 8.
This facilitates discussion of the physics of the flow in VIV and
galloping. Conclusions are provided in Sec. 9.
2 Properties of the Cylinder
The cylinder properties used in this study both in the computa-
tional and experimental studies are provided in Table 1. Mass
ratio, m*, is the oscillating mass over mass displaced mass.
The forward (upstream) stagnation point is referred to as the 0
point. Positioning of the PTC on the cylinder is measured from
the forward stagnation point. An example of PTC positioning on
the cylinder at 3046 deg is shown in Fig. 1.
The roughness strips are placed on the cylinder symmetrically
with respect to the flow as shown in Fig. 1. The system has one
degree-of-freedom. The in-flow movement is constrained and
thus, the cylinder is allowed to move only in the direction perpen-
dicular to the flow.
The PTC used in experiments and CFD in the MRELab have
proven to result in agreement between CFD and experiments for
the following reason [8,9]. Alike, two-dimenisional (2D)-
Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS), three-
dimensional (3D)-URANS, large eddy simulation, detached eddy
simulation codes fail to simulate cylinder flows at Reynolds num-
bers greater than 10,000 [17]. The source of the error is the poor
prediction of the motion of the flow separation point [8]. PTC in
the form of straight sandpaper forces separation at the leading
edge of the sandpaper strip. Actually, for Re > 10,000, the
Table 1 Properties of the cylinder used in this study
Cylinder diameter D 0.0889 m
Cylinder length L 0.9144 m
Total oscillating mass mosc 9.784 kg
Mass ratio m* 1.725
Natural frequency in water with inviscid added mass fn,w 1.1183 s1
Damping ratio f 0.0158
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Fig. 1 Cylinder with PTC located at 30246 deg
separation point in CFD simulations is stuck at 90 deg instead of
oscillating around 81 deg for subcritical flow. This failure in 2D
and 3D codes alike makes simulations useless even as comple-
ments to experimental results. PTC is the only way to achieve
good agreement between experiments and CFD simulations. In
the experiments, in addition to the PTC, models reach within 2 cm
of the sidewalls of the recirculating channel, thus, limiting tip-
flow effects and keeping the cylinder outside the boundary layer
of the flow [18]. So, the 3D nature of flow kinematics in VIV is
limited in the experiments. The effect of tip flow and its interfer-
ence with the 3D nature of flow in VIV are investigated in detail
in Ref. [19].
3 Computational Approach
Flow analysis with CFD is performed using the 2D-URANS
approach implementing the k  x shear stress transport (SST)
turbulence model. k  xSST is a powerful model which can be
used for flows around bluff bodies. k  xSST also takes advant-
age of the strengths of the k  e turbulence model in the outer
flow region [20].
To avoid extended computational periods, the problem is simpli-
fied by using a 2D approach. Two-dimensional flow assumption to
solve for VIV is a common practical approach implemented by
many researchers in the field. A broad literature review on compu-
tational approach is provided by Sarpkaya [13]. In two dimensions,
the oscillating mass is nondimensionalized by the total length of the
cylinder. Due to the 2D structure of the computational approach,
some flow characteristics like cross-flows, tip vortices, and cellular
shedding are neglected. The grid structure used in this study is
shown in Fig. 2. A close-up view of the grid structure in the vicinity
of the cylinder is given in Fig. 3, where the roughness strips can
also be seen located symmetrically with respect to the flow. Quadri-
lateral elements are used near the cylinder and its wake, while tetra-
hedral elements are used in the outer region. The inner domain,
which has quadrilateral elements, moves together with the cylinder
and is not deforming. The tetrahedral elements in the outer domain
are deformed and remeshed in response to cylinder movement. The
boundaries of the whole domain are constructed far away so that
they do not have any effect on the cylinder’s VIV and galloping
response. The error limit is set to be on the order of 105 and nu-
merical results converge well.
The time step size is chosen to follow the Courant–
Friedrichs–Lewy condition, which is given as
Xn
uxi
Dt  Cmax
i¼1
Dx i
where Cmax is selected to be equal to one. Here, uxi , Dxi , and Dt
denote the velocity, height of the grid elements on the cylinder,
and time-step size, respectively. i denotes the degree-of-freedom
of the system, and n is the number of degrees-of-freedom, which
for the current case is n ¼ 1.
Transactions of the ASME
 Fig. 2 Portion of the grid structure
Fig. 3 Close-up view of the grid in the cylinder vicinity
The roughness strips used in experiments in this study are com-
posed of backing paper with grits of different size on it. In CFD,
however, thickness is modeled as a step on the cylinder surface
with total thickness equal to the sum of the backing paper (h) and
the average grit height (k) to make the complexity of grid genera-
tion manageable.
About 12,000 elements are used in the whole fluid domain at
the start of the simulation. The number of elements, however, is
subject to change as new elements may be formed during auto-
matic remeshing. Depending on the response amplitude of the
oscillating cylinder, the number of elements may reach up to
16,000. The computational method reaches steady-state at around
10 s of real-time simulation. So unlike experiments, the maximum
point that the cylinder reaches at each oscillation does not change.
Once URANS reaches a steady-state and finds its stable ampli-
tude, the cylinder oscillates at that maximum amplitude for the
duration of the simulation.
A real-time simulation of 10 s takes around 1.5 h of computa-
tion time with an Intel Xeon central processing unit E5-2630 at
2.30 GHz. The workstation that is used for these simulations has a
64-bit operating system with 64 GB of installed memory (RAM).
The code uses 12 cores with two processors in each core.
4 CFD Validation With a Benchmark Case
The computational approach is first validated with the bench-
mark experiments of Khalak and Williamson for a smooth
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Fig. 4 Validation of the computational approach with experi-
ments [21]
cylinder at low Reynolds numbers [21]. These measurements
were taken at Re ¼ 3800 and are valid till Re of about 10,000.
These numbers are in the TrSL2 flow regime. The computational
and experimental amplitude responses of the cylinder in the
TrSL2 regime are given in Fig. 4. It may be said that the computa-
tional approach is successful to accurately predict pre-VIV range
and initial branch while it can only partially capture the upper
branch, lower branch, and desynchronization.
Computationally, capturing the upper branch is a challenging
issue as many researchers in the field have tried different methods
or approaches to accurately calculate the range of synchronization
and the maximum amplitude achieved. One could find many com-
putational results implementing Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes
Equations (RANSE) methods, large eddy simulation, or even direct
numerical simulation, but none of these methods are completely
accurate or computationally economical. Other computational
results implementing RANSE methods are summarized in Refs.
[8], [22], and [23]. A comparison of results implementing 2D-
URANS is given in Ref. [24].
5 Computationally and Experimentally
Observed FIM
The effect of the PTC thickness is investigated for a fixed loca-
tion of the two strips on the cylinder selected to cover the surface
between 30 deg and 46 deg on both sides of the cylinder with
respect to the forward point of symmetry. The properties of
AUGUST 2016, Vol. 138 / 041802-3
 Table 2 Properties of roughness strips
Thickness of the backing paper (h)
3
P60 6.50  10  D
P180 5.94  103  D
the roughness strips (commercial sandpaper) used are listed in
Table 2.
Figure 5 shows the amplitude response for a smooth cylinder
and for two single cylinders with PTC. One PTC-cylinder is
appended with P60 commercial-grade sandpaper and the other
with P180. Thickness and roughness are important parameters and
are shown in Table 2 [6,7]. Figure 5 shows CFD simulations per-
formed in this study for the two PTC-cylinders in comparison to
experimental measurements. PTC forces the flow separation at
leading edge of the sandpaper strip and, thus, alters the flow-
induced motion of the cylinder. Figure 6 shows the corresponding
data for the frequency response of the smooth and rough
cylinders.
The form of the FIM response of the cylinders follows the typi-
cal response observed and measured consistently in the MRELab
for 30; 000 < Re < 120; 000, which falls in the high-lift TrSL3
flow regime [2,4,11]. VIV response in TrSL3 differs dramatically
from TrSL2 VIV response even though each branch is clearly
identifiable in both flow regimes [14]. The major difference is
that in TrSL3, the upper branch overtakes the lower branch and
amplitude increases linearly rather than remaining constant [2,4].
On the basis of Figs. 5 and 6, we can make the following
observations.
Pre-VIV range: For U < 4; a smooth cylinder does not
exhibit FIM. For PTC-cylinders, the pre-VIV range starts at
U  ¼ 4. Pre-VIV range occurs slightly earlier in CFD generated
results and it starts at around U  ¼ 3 both with smooth and rough
cylinders.
Initial branch: It is short characterized by a large jump in ampli-
tude and frequency response. For a smooth cylinder, it is in
the range 4 < U < 5. For the PTC-cylinder, it is in the range
4 < U  < 4:5 experimentally and 3 < U  < 4 computationally.
Fig. 5 Amplitude response of smooth cylinder versus PTC-
cylinders with variable PTC thickness
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Average grit height (k) Total height in CFD (h þ k)
3
3.03  10  D 9.53  103  D
1.41  103  D 7.35  103  D
Upper branch: In the TrSL3 flow regime, the upper branch is
wide with range 5 < U < 8 for a smooth cylinder and character-
ized by a nearly steady increase in amplitude and frequency
response leading to the lower branch. The upper branch is wider
with experimental setups that can better approximate 2D flows.
The gap between the tip of the cylinder and the channel wall is
smaller in such setups. Thus, the flow induces lift more efficiently
and cannot escape through the tips.
CFD and experiments show the same dependence on Reynolds
number. For a PTC-cylinder, the upper branch starts at
U  ¼ 4:5  5 and extends through the range of transition from
VIV to galloping around U ¼ 11. Both computationally and
experimentally, galloping occurs prior to the lower branch and
desynchronization of VIV; thus, those two VIV branches are not
observed. For cases of higher damping, the amplitude of the VIV
branches reduces. Further, galloping initiates later, thus separating
VIV from galloping [11]. PTC may initiate galloping but also
results in reduced VIV response.
There is an obvious bias of computational and experimental
results at this branch both with smooth and rough cylinders. Com-
putationally, the amplitude response increases linearly in the
upper branch for a PTC-cylinder while it is nearly constant experi-
mentally. The oscillation frequency, on the other hand, is higher
as compared to computational results. CFD cannot capture the
flow physics of the late upper branch and therefore it may be said
that computational results are not in good accordance with experi-
ments at this flow range of VIV for the PTC-cylinder. For the
smooth cylinder case, the large amplitudes occurring in this phase
of flow were not captured computationally. This is a typical error
encountered in many computational approaches. A discussion was
held relevant to this in Ref. [24] and in the same article, a compar-
ison of computational results for the benchmark experiments
Fig. 6 Frequency response of smooth cylinder versus PTC-
cylinders with variable PTC thickness
Transactions of the ASME
 conducted in Ref. [21] for flows in the TrSL2 regime are given. 7 Effect of the PTC Width
For flows at higher Reynolds numbers like in the TrSL3 re-
The effect of the PTC width is experimentally and computa-
gime, similar problems were observed in this study and also in
tionally investigated in this section by comparing the results of
Ref. [24].
the 16 deg PTC P60 in Sec. 6 with 8 deg PTC P60 strips. The start-
Lower branch: For smooth cylinders at this flow regime
ing points of the roughness strips are set at 30 deg. The narrower
(TrSL3), the lower branch is not present. This significant VIV
strip (8 deg) ends at 38 deg while the broader one (16 deg) ends
response as compared to TrSL2 flow regime is first discussed in
at 46 deg. The amplitude and frequency responses for 8 deg of
Ref. [4]. For PTC-cylinders, the lower branch is not present. The
coverage and their comparison with 16 deg of coverage are given
beginning of the lower branch is overtaken by the upper branch
in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. The following observations can be
while the end of it is overtaken by the onset of galloping. Although
made:
the form of the curve generated by CFD does not capture the ampli-
VIV region: As shown in Fig. 7, the PTC width does not have a
tude and frequency responses of the cylinder quite well, it may be
major impact on the oscillation amplitude and frequency on VIV.
said that the lower branch is not present in CFD calculations as
well.
VIV to galloping transition: Smooth cylinders do not go into
galloping unless there is an asymmetry introduced by geometry or
upstream nonuniform flow. PTC-cylinders go into galloping as
represented by the high amplitudes after U  ¼ 12. In the range
11 < U  < 12, both mechanisms of VIV and galloping work
together to induce sudden amplitude increase and frequency
change. After certain amplitude is reached, the VIV mechanism
desynchronizes and galloping takes over. Transition from VIV to
galloping is more gradual computationally than experimentally.
Nevertheless, the characteristic amplitude increase in transition
from VIV to galloping is shown by CFD as well. Using CFD flow
visualization in Sec. 5, the underlying hydrodynamic mechanism
is also demonstrated. At this point, however, it should still be
highlighted that computationally, the transition to galloping is not
as sharp as it is in the experiments. Onset of galloping cannot be
pinpointed from computational results.
Fully developed galloping: For 12:5 < U  , galloping is fully
developed and the amplitude of oscillation reaches values that
result in more complex vortex structures that do not synchronize
with the galloping motion. The galloping amplitude continues to
increase albeit slower than shown experimentally. The underlying
hydrodynamic mechanism is captured by CFD as discussed in
Sec. 5 and is consistent with experimental measurements by
Park et al. [6].

6 Effect of the PTC Thickness Fig. 7 Effect of PTC coverage in amplitude response
Based on the computational and experimental results in Sec. 5,
we can make the following observations regarding the effect of
PTC thickness on FIM.
VIV amplitude: As shown in Fig. 5, the amplitude response of
the cylinder remains almost steady and PTC thickness has only a
slight effect in the upper branch in VIV.
VIV frequency: As shown in Fig. 6, frequency response
increases with PTC thickness throughout the entire VIV range
considered in this work.
Galloping onset: PTC thickness affects the onset of galloping.
Thicker PTC induces galloping slightly earlier than the thinner
one. The thickness affects the point of flow separation and possi-
ble reattachment. It has been reported by Chang et al. that the
thicker PTC promotes earlier galloping [11]. The same applies
here where the thicker PTC (P60) induces galloping earlier than
the thinner one (P180).The PTC thickness has negligible effect in
the galloping region, where A has the same form for different
values of the PTC thickness. Galloping is triggered by geometric
asymmetry, resulting in negative damping and thus instability.
The instability is slightly stronger for thicker PTC, which is con-
sistent with the conclusions by Blevins [15].
Galloping amplitude: The PTC thickness does not affect the
amplitude response significantly in the galloping region.
Galloping frequency: The thicker PTC (P60) causes f* ¼ fosc/
fn,water to have smaller values throughout the whole VIV range.
The shape of the f  versus U* curve does not change because gal-
loping is an instability. The PTC thickness affects the magnitude
of f*. When compared to the smooth cylinder, PTC increases the
frequency of the cylinder. Fig. 8 Effect of PTC coverage in frequency response

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 PTC helps alter the point of flow separation from its smooth cylin-
der location. Its width (coverage) plays a secondary role in VIV as
long as the entire sand strip remains inside the same zone of the
PTC-to-FIM Map [6,7].
Galloping region: Narrower PTC generates lower amplitudes in
the galloping range but has negligible effect in the VIV range.
Similarly, Chang et al. [11] observed that the bigger PTC cover-
age leads to increased amplitudes in the galloping range. They
also observed that the bigger PTC coverage leads to decreased
amplitudes in the VIV range, which is consistent with the PTC-to-
FIM Map, as their PTC was closer to the dominant suppression
zone [6]. Their PTC coverage started at 40 deg. When the robust-
ness of the PTC-to-FIM map was studied [6], it was concluded
that the strong suppression zone is the dominant zone when PTC
covers multiple zones. That is, the conclusion in this paper is con-
sistent with Ref. [11].
Similar results were observed regarding the effect of PTC thick-
ness using a computational approach. For some part of the gallop-
ing range, CFD returns higher amplitudes for the narrower PTC
although the difference is really small and hard to distinguish in
Fig. 7. However, it is hard to generalize this result as this is only
valid for two data points in the range covered in this study. More
data points are needed in the galloping phase to establish a solid
conclusion.
Frequency response: It is shown in Fig. 8. It is observed that the
PTC thickness has a negligible effect on the frequency response
Fig. 9 Four quadrants of the cylinder (left). Pressure coefficient distribution along the
cylinder with PTC P60 and P180 at U  5 14 (right).
Fig. 10 Velocity vectors at U  5 7 for PTC P60 2 16 deg coverage (left). Zoomed in version
(right).
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of the cylinder. This is also captured computationally, although it
is found out that the narrower PTC induces slightly higher
frequency in the VIV range.
Additional CFD results with relevant flow visualization are pro-
vided in Sec. 8.
8 Computational Visualization
Upon verification and experimental validation of the CFD code
applied to a specific problem, the code can become a very useful
tool in investigating the FIM under study. To gain a greater insight
in the flow details, the flow has to be visualized. It is difficult to
visualize the flow experimentally at high Reynolds numbers using
particle image velocimetry. Therefore, to visualize the flow char-
acteristics in VIV and galloping, CFD can provide a unique tool.
In this section, pressure distributions as in Fig. 9 and shear
stress around the cylinder are used to integrate pressure and
calculate force. Velocity vector fields in the body vicinity in
Figs. 10–13 are used to visualize separation of the flow. The fol-
lowing observations can be made based on Figs. 9–13.
Amplitude response: The difference in amplitudes can be con-
firmed by the pressure differences between the upper and lower
parts of the cylinder as well. The pressure coefficients at the low-
est position of the cylinder for reduced velocity U  ¼ 14 for the
cylinders with PTC P60 and P180 are given in Fig. 9. The thicker
PTC generates higher amplitudes experimentally and
Transactions of the ASME
 Fig. 11 Velocity vectors at U  5 14 for PTC P60 2 16 deg coverage (left). Zoomed in version
(right).

Fig. 12 Velocity vectors at U  5 7 for PTC P60 2 8 deg coverage (left). Zoomed in version
(right).

Fig. 13 Velocity vectors at U  5 14 for PTC P60 2 8 deg coverage (left). Zoomed in version
(right).

computationally (see Fig. 5) in the transition from VIV to gallop-
ing region. It also generates higher amplitudes in the galloping
region but with smaller differences as the vortex shedding mecha-
nism acts out of synchronization with the galloping instability
driving mechanism.
Vortex shedding: The cylinder flow is studied in four quadrants
as shown in Fig. 9. It may be noticed directly that there is a higher
pressure gradient at the rear part of the cylinder (between quad-
rants II and III), which is where vortex shedding occurs. Higher
pressure gradients lead to stronger vortex shedding which, in turn,
results in higher amplitudes. The protrusions in the pressure coef-
ficient graph are the places of the roughness strips.
Separation: Figures 10–13 present the velocity vectors
around the cylinder for 16 deg and 8 deg coverage at U  ¼ 7
and U  ¼ 14. These figures capture the flow speed and vector
field at the lowest position of the cylinder oscillation. The
boundary layer separation on the lower side of the cylinder
occurs earlier at U  ¼ 7 when compared to the separation at
U  ¼ 14. There is a reattachment of the flow at the upper part
of the cylinder, which is not observed at the lower part inde-
pendent of the flow speed. The formation of the flow charac-
teristics shown in Figs. 10–13 is periodic and at the upper end
of the oscillation, they are approximately reversed. The bound-
ary layer separation and flow reattachment at the upper part of

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 the cylinder occur later in galloping compared to the VIV
range.
Trapped fluid: The trapped dead fluid in the VIV region
(U  ¼ 7) is greater when compared to the galloping region
(U  ¼ 14). The higher flow momentum in galloping, compared to
VIV, pushes the trapped dead fluid zone to a downstream part of
the cylinder. In addition, recall that in galloping, vortex shedding
is not the driving mechanism. On the contrary, vortex shedding is
desynchronized and may act against the driving force in galloping.
In the VIV region, the trapped dead fluid restricts the amplitude of
the cylinder when compared to the cylinder in the galloping
region. In the galloping region, the dead fluid zone is not carried
with the cylinder in oscillation. At U  ¼ 7, which is in the VIV
region, the vortex that will be shed once the cylinder reaches its
highest position is built at the upper part of the cylinder and wait-
ing to be shed. At U  ¼ 14, which is in the galloping region, the
vortex formed at the upper part of the cylinder is about to be shed.
In the galloping region, the number of shed vortices per half cycle
is higher when compared to the VIV region. The trapped dead
fluid in Figs. 10 and 12 increases the added mass at U ¼ 7. This
CFD result is consistent with the added mass curve in Ref. [25],
showing that the added mass decreases with respect to increasing
fluid velocity [25].
9 Conclusions
Selectively distributed local roughness was applied to the sur-
face of an otherwise smooth circular cylinder in the form of sand
strips to control passively the flow kinematics around the cylinder
in FIMs in a steady uniform flow. This method of altering the flow
is called PTC. Application of PTC has been shown in previous
work to result in good agreement between CFD and experiments
even in the TrSL3 flow regime. On the contrary, CFD results for
smooth cylinders agree with experiments for lower Reynolds
numbers only. Nevertheless, CFD results in the TrSL3 flow
regime can be used for comparative study of cases. Some of the
effects of PTC are studied as function of PTC parameters compu-
tationally and are compared to experiments. Computational results
were validated quantitatively in comparison to experimental
results. Then, CFD visualization of the flow was used to study
flow properties that would be difficult to study experimentally.
The major conclusions of this paper are as follows:
 CFD visualization enables studying flow kinematic features
at the boundary layer scale, such as flow separation and reat-
tachment, which would be difficult to visualize experimen-
tally in the TrSL3 flow regime.
 With PTC, the amplitude response of the cylinder remains
steady in the VIV range.
 Galloping is initiated earlier with a thicker PTC.
 The onset of galloping using CFD with the k  x SST turbu-
lence model is at the same location as shown in experiments,
albeit not as steep.
 CFD results reveal that the width of the PTC does not have a
major impact on the amplitude and the frequency response of
the cylinder. This is in agreement with the experimental con-
clusion in Ref. [6] as long as the roughness strip remains in
one zone of the PTC-to-FIM Map [6,7].
 CFD results reveal the difference between near-cylinder flow
characteristics in the VIV and galloping phases. The dead
fluid zone attached to the cylinder in the VIV region restricts
the maximum amplitude achieved. The dead fluid zone is at
a later part of the cylinder in the galloping phase and it
breaks loose quicker when compared to the VIV phase. The
dead fluid zone is not carried with the cylinder during oscilla-
tion, which increases the maximum amplitude in the gallop-
ing phase.
Future studies using CFD will cover broader ranges of PTC
width and location to compare to experimental results that
defined the PTC-to-FIM map [6,7]. The numerical methodology
041802-8 / Vol. 138, AUGUST 2016
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adopted in this paper was insufficient at some specific phases of
fluid induced motions like the VIV phase of the cylinder. In
future studies, denser grids in the near vicinity of the cylinder
and particularly the PTC location will be implemented. The
complementary information that CFD visualization contributes
is most valuable in interpreting numerical and experimental
information based on the location of separation and reattach-
ment of the flow, which is difficult to visualize in the high
Reynolds number range of this study.
Acknowledgment
The financial support of TUBITAK for the first author is grate-
fully acknowledged. This paper was prepared under Cooperative
Agreement No. DE-EE0006780 between Vortex Hydro Energy,
Inc., and the U.S. Department of Energy. The Marine Renewable
Energy Laboratory is a subcontractor through the University of
Michigan.
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