Size of Cu Cu Factor of Cable Selection:

cu Cable Armoured Unarmou

Cable red cable 1. Ampere
Ampere Ampere 2. Temperature
Rating Rating 3. Length
1.5 18 20 4. Grouping
2.5 24 26
4 31 36
Circuit Breaker Selection:
6 41 45 Correct Size of Circuit Breaker:
10 56 61 ICB = Full Load Current * Safety Factor
16 73 81
25 97 106 /Ambient Temperature Factor at 50 0 c
35 119 130
50 147 160
Cable Selection:
70 180 200 Cable should be selected as per CB rating not
95 219 240 as per maximum current with consideration
120 257 280 of temperature and grouping.
150 295 320
180 333 365 Voltage drop Calculation:
240 393 430
300 451 500 Most accurate method:
400 523 610
Voltage drop (Three phase) =1.732IL (R cosϴ + X
500 710
sinϴ) Where L is length of Cable in km. for
630 820
assumed power factor. I is continuous load in
ampere.

2nd method of voltage drop calculation:

CSA Copper Conductor
mm2 Voltage Drop (mv/ Amp. / Meter)
PVC Insulation PVC PVC Insulation PVC
Sheathed Sheathed
Flat Trefoil Flat Trefoil
4 7.83 7.770 8.337 8.277

6 5.287 5.226 5.628 5.568

10 3.184 3.124 3.401 3.341
16 2.068 2.008 2.203 2.142
25 1.357 1.297 1.440 1.380
35 1.034 0.971 1.085 1.024
50 0.793 0.732 0.836 0.776
70 0.595 0.534 0.624 0.564
95 0.469 0.408 0.490 0.430
120 0.410 0.349 0.417 0.357
150 0.354 0.294 0.366 0.305
185 0.312 0.252 0.322 0.262
240 0.272 0.211 0.278 0.218
300 0.247 0.187 0.253 0.192
400 0.224 0.164 0.220 0.159
500 0.208 0.148 0.211 0.150
630 0.194 0.134 0.191 0.131

Temperature 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Temperature Factor 1 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.71 0.61 0.5 0.35

No. of Cable 1 2 3 4 5 7 10
Grouping Factor 1 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.7 0.61 0.5
1

Naming of Cable:
Multi Core Cable:
(3*185+1*95) - 4 core cable of which 3 cores is 185 mm2 and 1 core of 95 mm
4 x (1*10) – 4 single core cables with cross sectional are 10 mm2.
Note:
In case of industrial application that used power electronics it’s preferred to
make the neutral C.S.A equal to phase C.S.A
Also, full neutral is used in case of fluorescent lamps used because the 3rd
harmonic value is very high.

Load Calculation:
Demand Factor:
The demand factor is concerned by the loads of the same type at the same panel for
example: Load of lighting at the same panel, Loads of socket at the same panel

Demand Factor = The maximum demand of a certain load type / The total
connected load of the same load type
The diversity Factor: It is the probability of operating different types load in the
same time.
Example: Room Loads: Sockets + Lighting + Air-conditioning load

Demand Factor and wattage per square ft. applied in Kove:

Kove Demand Wattage Diversity Transformer Power
Type of Load Factor PER SQ Loading Factor
FT.
Lighting 0.70 0.8 0.85 0.9
Lift 0.80
 Basement 0.15 2.5
Ventilation
External 0.60 Lumpsum
Development
Basement Lighting 0.60 0.5
Common area 0.70 1.0
Lighting

Illumination Calculation:
Room Index (K) = L x W /HNet (L+W)

= (Length x width) / (Net Height) (Length + Width)

Actual no. of light unit for this area =

(Required Illumination x Area) / Lux of 1 light x UF X MF
Number of Luminaire along length = (N * LRoom / WRoom)1/2
Number of Luminaire along Width = (N * WRoom / LRoom)1/2

a. KVAR = P (tan ϴ1 – tan ϴ2)

b. where p is kw Real power
2. C (Farad) = KVAR / 2 πfv2
3. Transformer primary and secondary conductors
a. Primary conductors and feeder breaker size = 250 percent of rated transformer
primary current or next size of 150 percent of transformer full load ampere.
b. The Secondary conductor and secondary breaker size = 125 percent of calculated
secondary full load current.
Voltage Drop:
4. Voltage drop (Single phase) =2(IR cosϴ + IX sinϴ)
6. Voltage drop (single phase) = 2 KIL/cmil Where k is resistivity k= 12.8 for cu and
21.2 for Aluminium.
7. Voltage drop (Three phase) = 1.732 KIL/cmil

Contactor Selection for starter:

Contactor Rating ≥ FLA of motor

Fault Current:
 1. Fault current is used to set the relay over current and earth fault setting as per
lowest fault current at tail end so that relay can respond even at the lowest fault
current.
2. Fault current is also used to select the breaker and other equipment as per
highest at that point.
3. Short circuit current = Driving voltage / Total Impedance

Lighting:
1. Lumen or Zonal cavity method
2. Point by point method
Φ= Eav A/ µ.d
Eav = Average illumination Level
µ = Utilization Factor
d = maintenance Factor
To insert fig 3 from cell phone for number fluorescent lamp
Fenestration Percentage = (Window area/ Floor Area) x 100
Here nomogram to insert
4.4.3.3 Method of use
The following steps shall be followed for the use of nomogram:
a) Step 1. Decide the desired illumination level depending upon the task illumination
requirement in the proposed room and read
the value of watt per m2 on the curve corresponding to the required illumination
level.
b) Step 2. Fix the vertical line corresponding to the given separation to height ratio of
opposite buildings on the abscissa. From the point of intersection of this vertical line
and the above curve move along horizontal and read the value of fenestration percent
on the left-hand ordinate.
c) Step 3. If the floor area is greater than 50 m2 or if it is less than 30 m2, the value of
watt per m2 as well as fenestration percent may be easily determined for adequate
daylighting and supplemental artificial lighting for design

Light Fixture Selection:

.
Following recommendations may be followed in the choice of light sources for different
locations:
a) For supplementary artificial lighting of work area in office building care should be
taken to use fluorescent lamps, which match with colour temperature of the daylight.
b) For residential buildings fluorescent lamps and/or CFLs of proper CRI and CCT are
recommended to match with the colours and interior design of the room.
c) For commercial interiors, depending on the mounting heights and interior design,
fluorescent lamps, CFLs and low wattage metal halide lamps are recommended. For
highlighting the displays in show windows, hotels, etc, low wattage tubular or dichroic
reflector type halogen lamps can be used.
d) For industrial lighting, depending on the mounting height and colour consideration
fluorescent lamps, high pressure mercury vapour lamps or high-pressure sodium vapour
lamps are recommended.
4.4.6.2 For the same lumen output, it is possible to save 50 to 70 percent energy if CFL
lamps are replaced with induction lighting, and 40 to 60 percent if replaced
with LED lamps. Similar energy effective solutions are to be chosen for every
application area. Similarly, with white fluorescent tubes recommended for corridors
and staircases, the electrical consumption reduces to 1/4.5 of the energy consumption
with incandescent lamps.

Table 8 Luminous Efficacy, Life, Lumen Maintenance and colour

Rendition of Light Sources
S. Light Source Watta Efficacy Average Lumen Colour
No. ge lm/wt. Life hr. Maintenance Rendition
Range
1. Incandescent 15 to 12 to 500 to Fair to good Very Good
Lamps 200 20 1000
2. Tungsten Halogen 300 to 20 to 200 to Good to very Very good
500 27 2000 good
3. Fluorescent Lamp 20 to 55 to 5000 Fair to good Good
80 65
4. Compact 5 to 40 60 to 7500 Good Good to
Fluorescent Lamp 70 very good
5. Slim Line 18 to 57 to 5000 Fair to good Good
Fluorescent Lamp 58 67
6. High Pressure 60 to 50 to 5000 Very Low to Federate
mercury Vapour 1000 65 fair
Lamps
7. Blended-Light 160 to 20 to 5000 Low to Fair Federate
Lamps 250 30
8. High Pressure 50 to 90 to 10000 to Fair to good Low to
Sodium Vapour 1000 125 15000 good
Lamp
9. Metal halide 35 to 80 to95 4000 to Very Low Very Good
Lamps 2000 10000
10. Low Pressure 10 to 100 to 10000 to Good to very Poor
Sodium 180 2000 20000 good
11. LED 0.5 TO 60 to 10000 Very good Good for
2 100 white LED

4.2.2.2 Capacity and size of substation:

The capacity of a substation depends upon the area of the building and its type. The
capacity of substation may be determined based on the load requirements (see
also 3.3). Ratings of electrical equipment as given in 6.1, may be assumed, unless the
values are known or specified, and diversity requirements as given below may be used
for load assessment:

Diversity Applies to different type of Building: 162

S. Purpose of Final Circuit Type of Building
No. Fed from Conductors or
Switchgear to which Individual Small Shops, Small Hotels,
Diversity Applies Dwelling of a Stores, offices, Boarding
Block and Business Houses etc.
Premises
1. Lighting 66 percent of 90 percent of 75 percent of
total current total current total current
demand demand demand
2. Heating and power 100 percent of 100 percent of 100 percent of
Total current full load of full load of
demand up to largest largest
10 A + 50 appliances+ 75 appliances+ 80
percent of any percent of percent of 2nd
current remaining largest
demand in appliances appliances+ 60
excess of 10 A percent of
remaining
appliances
3. Cooking Appliances
4. Motors (Other than lift
motors which are subject
to special consideration)
5. Water heater
(Instantaneous type)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

NOTE: Diversity may be considered, if multiple units of water heater are there in an
individual house -hold installation, including individual dwelling of a block
1) For the purpose of the table, an instantaneous water heater is deemed to be a water
heater of any loading which heats water only while the tap is turned on a therefore
uses electricity intermittently.
2) It is important to ensure that the distribution boards are of enough rating to take
the total load connected to them without the application of any diversity.
After calculating the electrical load on the above basis, an overall load factor of 70 to 90
percent is to be applied to arrive at the minimum capacity of substation. A future
load may also be considered for substation sizing (see 3.3). The area required for
substation and transformer room for different capacities is given in Annex C for general
guidance. For reliability, it is recommended to split the load into more than one
transformer and also provide for standby transformer as well as multiple sources, bus-
section, etc.
The selection of the maximum size (capacity) of the transformer is guided by the short-
circuit making and breaking capacity of the switchgear used in the medium voltage
distribution system. Maximum size limitation is important from the aspect of feed to a
downstream fault.

In case of two transformers (dry type or transformers with oil quantity less than
2000 litre) located next to each other without intermittent wall, the distance between
the two shall be minimum 1500 mm for 11 kV, minimum 2000 mm for 22 kV and
minimum 2500 mm for 33 kV. Beyond 33 kV, two transformers shall be separated by
baffle wall of 4 h fire rating.

As a general rule, the kVAr rating of the capacitor should not exceed the no-load
magnetizing kVA of the motor.

In many cases there may be no choice available to the consumer, as most of the
licensees have formulated their policy of correlating the supply voltage with the
connected load or the contract demand. Generally, the supply is at 240 V single phase up
to 5 kVA,415/240 V 3-phase from 5 kVA to 100 kVA, 11 kV (or 22 kV) for loads up to 5
MVA and 33 kV or 66 kV for consumers of connected load or contract demand more
than 5 MVA.

240 V - Up to 5 KVA
415 V - 5 KVA to 100 KVA
11 KV (or 22 KV) - Up to 5 MVA
33 KV or 66 KV - more than 5 MVA
System fault level at a point in distribution systems is predominantly dependent on the
transformer size and its reactance. Parallel operation of transformers increases the
fault level.
Harmonics may lead to almost as much current in the neutral as in the phases. This
current is almost third, fifth, seventh and ninth harmonic.
To limit the harmonics, phase rectification devices may be considered at the planning
stage itself for the limits of harmonic voltage distortion. With the wide spread use of
thyristor and rectifier-based loads, there is a necessity of providing a full size neutral;
but this requirement is generally limited to the 3-phase 4-wire distribution generally in
the 415/240 V.

In final circuits where cable size of 16 mm2 and below are used, these shall be 4 core
cables only to avoid the possibility of neutral overload, (except for equipment such as
motors, heaters which offer balanced 3 phase load and do not require a neutral
connection. As a result, it is not desirable to use half-size neutral conductor as
possibility of neutral conductor overload due to harmonics is likely. Larger feeders (size
greater than 16 mm2) may revert to use 3½ core cables.
The colour of cores of non-flexible cables shall be in accordance with the following:

S. No. Function of Wire Colour or wire

1. Positive of 3-wire or 2-wire system (positive Red
of 3-wire d.c.
circuit)
2. Middle wire of 3-wire d.c. circuit Black
3. Negative of 3-wire d.c. circuit Blue
4. Negative of 2-wire d.c. circuit Black
5. Phase R, Y, B respectively of three phase ac Red, Yellow, Blue
circuit

Note:
1. As alternative to the use of red, yellow or blue colour may be used, if desired in
large installations, up to the final distribution board.

The colour of cores of flexible cables and flexible cords shall be in accordance with the
following:

S. No. No. of Function of Core Colour of Core

Cores
1. 1 Phase Brown
Neutral Blue
Earthing Green or yellow
2. 2 Phase Brown
Neutral Blue
3. 3 Phase Brown
Neutral Blue
Earthing Green or yellow
4. 4 or 5 Phase Brown
Neutral Blue
Earthing Green or yellow

Conventional Type Busduct:

These are used for large power handling between transformer and switchgear or
between switchgear and large power loads such as compressor drive motor, etc.
This type is generally used in plant rooms, riser shafts, substations, etc. These are
generally air insulated with intermediate ceramic support insulators enclosed in a
metallic enclosure, which should be earthed. They have the least amount of combustible
material. However, when these are crossing different fire compartments, they shall have
fire barriers of same rating as that of the compartment (see also Part 4. Fire and Life
Safety. of the Code).

Compact Type Busduct:

Compact type bus ducts are used within areas of the building which have space
restrictions, etc, for aesthetic and functional reasons. These are either air insulated
or sandwich type. They may be used in false ceiling spaces or even in corridors and
shafts for distribution without any false ceiling as they provide an aesthetically
acceptable finish to merge with other building elements such as beams, ducts or pipes in
functional buildings. The insulation material in such ducts are generally glass fibre tape
or epoxy encapsulation in combination with ceramic supports/spacers. These bus ducts
should be duly enclosed by a metallic enclosure, which should be earthed.
Support of Busduct:
5.3.8.3 Seismic supports shall be provided for busbar trunking having continuous
straight lengths of more than 24 m at a single stretch.

5.3.8.4 Where the number of individual units/flats/ shops/offices on a floor in a

building are more than 24, multiple rising mains are recommended for power
distribution.
Distribution Board:
only the particular circuit gets disconnected. In order to provide protection against
electric shock due to leakage current for human being, a 30 mA RCCB/ RCD shall be
installed at distribution board incomer of buildings, such as residential, schools and
hospitals. For all other buildings, a 100 mA RCCB/RCD will suffice for protection against
leakage current.
5.4.4.3 It is preferable to have additional circuit for kitchen and bathrooms. Such sub-
circuit shall not have more than a total of ten points of light, fans and 6 A socket outlets.
The load of such circuit shall be restricted to 800 W and the wiring with 1.5 mm2 copper
conductor cable is recommended. If a dedicated circuit is planned for light fixtures, the
load of such circuit shall be restricted to 400 W and the wiring with 1.5 mm2 copper
conductor cable is recommended. If a dedicated circuit is planned for 6A sockets the
load of such a circuit shall be restricted to 800 W or a maximum of
8 numbers, whichever is lesser, controlling MCB should be sized accordingly. The wiring
shall be with 1.5 mm2 copper conductor cable. If a separate fan circuit is provided, the
number of fans in the circuit shall not exceed ten. Power sub-circuit shall be designed
according to the load but in no case shall there be more than two 16 A outlets on each
sub-circuit which can be wired with 4 mm2 for miscellaneous socket loads and
shall be with 4 mm2 copper conductor cable for equipment consuming more than 1 kW.
Power sockets complying with the accepted standards [8-2(25)] with current rated
according to their starting load, wiring, MCB, etc, shall be designed for special
equipment space heaters, air conditioners, heat pumps, VRF, etc. For feeding final
single- phase domestic type of loads or general office loads it is advisable to introduce
additional cables if required to allow lowering of short circuit rating of the switchgear
required at user end. Use of hand-held equipment fed through flexible cords
is safe.
5.4.4.4 The circuits for lighting of common area shall be separate. For large halls 3-
wire- control with individual control and master control installed near the
entrance shall be provided for effective conservation of energy. Occupancy sensors,
movement sensors, lux level sensors, etc, may also be considered as switching
options for lights, fans, TV, etc, for different closed spaces (see also Part 11. Approach to
Sustainability of the Code).
5.4.4.7 The load on any low voltage sub-circuit shall not exceed 3000 W. In case of a new
installation, all circuits and sub-circuits shall be designed with an initial load of about 2
500 W, so as to allow a provision of20 percent increase in load due to any future
modification. Power sub-circuits shall be designed according to the load, where the
circuit is meant for a specific equipment. Good practice is to limit a circuit to a maximum
of three sockets, where it is expected that there will be diversity due to use of very few
sockets in large spaces (example sockets for use of vacuum cleaner). General practice is
to limit it to two sockets in a circuit, in both residential and non-residential
buildings and to provide a single socket on a circuit for a known heavy load appliance
such as air conditioner, cooking range, etc.

Conduit Type Colour Scheme

Power conduit Black
Security conduit Blue
Fire alarm conduit Red
Low voltage conduit Brown
UPS conduit Green

5.7.2 The current ratings of switches for domestic and similar purposes are 6 A, 16 A, 20
A and 25 A.

5.7.3 The current ratings of isolators and normal duty switches and composite units of
switches and fuses shall be selected from one of the following values:
16, 25, 32, 63, 100, 160, 200, 320, 400, 500, 630, 800, 1 000 and 1 250 A.

5.7.5 The current ratings of miniature circuit-breakers shall be chosen from the values
given below:
6, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100 and 125 A.

5.7.6 The current ratings of moulded case circuit breakers shall be chosen from the
values given below:
100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 630, 800, 1 000, 1 250 and 1 600A.

5.7.7 The current ratings of air circuit-breakers shall be chosen from the values given
below:
630, 800, 1 000, 1 250, 1 600, 2000, 2500, 3200, 4000A and 6300 A.

5.7.8 The current ratings of the distribution fuse board shall be selected from one of the
following values:
6, 16, 25, 32, 63 and 100 A.

S. No. Type of Circuit Minimum Number of Circuit

Copper
Wire
1. Lighting 1.5 mm2 2 or more
2. Socket Outlet 2.5 mm2 Any number
Areas such as kitchen and
laundries 3xdouble socket-
outlets per circuit. Other
 areas up to 12 double
sockets-outlet.
3. Signalling and control circuit 0.5 mm2 --
4. Socket-outlets, 16 A 2.5 mm2 1
5. Water heater < 3 kw 2.5 mm2 1
6. Heaters or electric equipment 4.0 mm2 1
more than or equal to 3 kW
7. Free standing electric range 4.0 mm2 1
Separate oven and/or cook top
6. Air conditioners > 1.5 TR 4.0 mm2 1
7. Permanently connected 4.0 mm2 1 above 10 A. Up to 10 A can
appliances including be wired as part
dishwashers, heaters, etc of a socket-outlet circuit
8. Appliances rated > 3 kw < 6 KW 6.0 mm2
9. Submains to garage or out- 2.5 mm
building

Lighting Demand:
Lighting demand for buildings should be considered as per type of building. Where
nothing is specified, for lighting demand of any type of building a maximum of
13 W/m2 of all built-up areas including balconies. Covered parking areas may be
considered at 3.23 W/m2 including balconies, service areas, corridors, etc, may be
considered with very basic diversity of 80 percent to 100 percent. Power
requirements shall be considered at least 55 W/m2 with an overall diversity not
exceeding 50 percent. These shall be excluding defined loads such as lifts, plumbing
system, fire-fighting systems, ventilation requirement, etc.

While incandescent lamps (GLS or halogen) does not require any control gear, other
light sources such as tubular fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps,
mercury vapour lamps, sodium vapour lamps, metal halide lamps and light emitting
diode (LED) lamps have non-linear characteristics and require specifically made
control gear for each type of lamp for their proper operation. space for such control
gear. There will be heat emission, introduction of harmonics etc, and they also consume
some energy.

Provision for maximum Load:

S. No. Element Rating (Watt)
1. Incandescent lamp 60
2. Ceiling Fan 60
3. Table Fan 60
4. 6 A Socket Outlet 100, unless the actual values of the
loads are specified
5. 16 A Socket 1000, unless the actual values of the
loads are specified
6. Fluorescent Light Length
 a 600 mm 25
b. 1200 mm 50
c. 1500 mm 90
7. CFL 20
8. LED 10
9. Exhaust Fan 50
10. Geyser (Storage Type) 2000
11. Geyser (Instant) 3000
12. Computer point 150
13. Computer (Laptop) 50
14. Printer, laser 1500
15. Printer, inkjet 70
16. Kitchen outlet 1500
17. Air conditioner
1 TR 1250
1.5 TR 1875
2 TR 2500
2.5 TR 3200

Selection of Size of Conductors:

The size of conductors of circuits shall be so selected that the drop in voltage from
consumer’s terminals in a public supply (or from the bus-bars of the main
switchboard controlling the various circuits in a private generation plant) to any
point on the installation does not exceed three percent of the voltage at the
consumer’s
terminals (or at two bus-bars as these may be) when the conductors are carrying the
maximum current under the normal conditions of service. The overall voltage drops
from the transformer end to consumer’s final distribution board shall not exceed
six percent.
S. Type of Load Type of Insulation
No.
1. For the mains cable Tough plastic sheathed (TPS) cable
2. For installation wiring Tough plastic sheathed (TPS) cable
3. For main earth or main Polyvinyl chloride insulated (PVC)
equipotential wire conduit wire
4. Underground installation and PVC insulated, PVC sheathed
installation in cable trench, feeders armoured cables, or XLPE insulated,
between buildings, etc. PVC sheathed armoured cables.
5. Installation in plant rooms, switch PVC insulated, PVC sheathed or XLPE
rooms, on cable tray, or ladder or insulated PVC sheathed unarmoured
protected trench, where risk of cables.
mechanical damage to cable does
not exist.

Circuit Wire Size

 S. No. Circuits Minimum Wire Size
1. 1-way lighting 1.5 mm2 (3 core)
2. 2-way lighting 1.5 mm2 (3 core)
3. Water heater up to 3 KW 2.5 mm2 (3 core)
4. Water heater between 3 KW and 6 kw 4 mm2 (3 core)
5. Socket outlets and permanent connection 2.5 mm2 (3 core)
units
6. Submains to garages or out buildings 2.5 mm2 (3 core)
7. Cooking hobs 1.5 mm2 (3 core)
8. Separate ovens 1.5 mm2 (3 core)
9. Electric Range 6 mm2 (3 core)
10. Mains 16 mm2 (2 core)
11. Main equipotential bonding wire 4 mm2 (Conduit wire)
12. Main earth wire 6 mm2 (Conduit wire)

Lighting Demand in Building

Lighting demand for buildings should be considered as per type of building. Where
nothing is specified, for lighting demand of any type of building a maximum of 13 W/m2
of all built-up areas including balconies. Covered parking areas may be considered at
3.23 W/m2 including balconies, service areas, corridors, etc, may be considered with
very basic diversity of 80 percent to 100 percent. Power requirements shall be
considered at least 55 W/m2 with an overall diversity not exceeding 50 percent. These
shall be excluding defined loads such as lifts, plumbing system, fire-fighting systems,
ventilation requirement, etc.

Maximum permissible number of single core cable in a steel

conduit:

Page
193

Maximum permissible number of single core cable in a Non-

metallic conduit:
 Page
195

Minimum size of inspection box – 75 mm x 75 mm

Maximum distance between saddles of conduit – 800 mm.
Recommended distance between saddles of conduit – 600 mm

Maximum permissible number of single core cable in a Non-

metallic conduit:

Page
196
table
2

NOTE: A recommended schedule of socket-outlets in a residential building is given

below:
S. No. Location Number of 6 A Number of 16 A
Sockets outlet Sockets outlet
1. Bed Room 2 to 6 2
2. Living Room 2 to 4 2
3. Kitchen 2 to 8 2
Dining 2 to 4 2
Garage 1 1
 For Refrigerator
For Air conditioner 1 for each
Veranda 1 per 10 m2 1
Bathroom 1 1

Earthing

Substation

Testing of installation
Switchboard Testing:
1. Dielectric Testing, earthing continuity, Operation of protective device, Operation
of breaker, indicating lamp test, interlock test, closing and opening timing in case
of ATS., contact resistance of main and isolator contacts, specific gravity and
voltage of control battery.
Transformer Testing:
1. For any class of insulation, Polarization index should be greater than 1.5
2. Insulation Resistance and other as per good practice.
Cables Testing:
1. Insulation resistance before and after the tests.
2. The insulation resistance between each conductor and against earth shall be
measured. The insulation resistance varies with the type of insulation used and
with the length of cable. The following empirical rule gives reasonable guidance:
Insulation Resistance = (10 x Voltage, in KV) / Length, in km
3. Continuity Test
Motor and other equipment test:
the frame and between the windings shall be measured. Megger of 500 V or 1 000 V
rating shall be used. Star points should be disconnected. Minimum acceptable value of
the insulation resistance varies with the rated power and the rated voltage of the motor.
The following relation may serve as a reasonable guide:

R1 = 20 X En / 1000 + 2p
where
RI = insulation resistance in mega-ohms at 25°C.
En = rated phase to phase voltage.
P = rated power, in kW.
Aviation obstacle Light

Lightening Protection Systems (LPS):

LPL, I provide the maximum protection and is expensive, whereas, LPL IV provides the
least protection and is less expensive.
Three Types of Air termination system:
1. Vertical rods
2. Catenary wires
3. Meshed / Grid conductors
The individual air-terminations rods should be connected at roof level to ensure current
division.
Table 6 page 227
S. Class Mesh Rolling Protection Angle with respect to height
No. of Size Sphere
LPS m Radius
m
10 m 20 m 30 m 45 m 60 m
1.. 1 5x5 20 45 23 Cannot be used
2. 2 10 x 10 30 54 38 23 Cannot be used
3. 3 15 x 15 45 62 48 36 3 Cannot
be used
4. 4 20 x 20 60 65 54 45 34 23

Every down-conductor should be connected to a Type B ring/foundation earthing.

Connection of down-conductor to a Type A earthing is allowed only in case of space
constraints or existing buildings, where installation is difficult.

11.5.2.6 Separation distance is the distance required between air-terminals/lightning

down-conductor and any conductive/metallic/electrical/ electronic part of a
building to avoid uncontrolled flashover. Separation distance (S), in m should be
calculated as per the following formula:

S = Ki X Kc X L / Km

To insert picture from mobile

Insulation Resistance:

S. No. Equipment Voltage Applied DC Voltage Minimum Insulation Resistance

1. Up to 650 V 500 V 1 Mega ohm
2. 650 V to 33 KV 2.5 KV 5 Mega ohms

Overhead lines height:

Up to 11 KV – 4.0 meters
More than 11 KV and up to 33 KV - 5.2 meters
More than 33 KV - 5.2 meters + 0.3 meter for every 33 KV (Minimum
6.1 meters)
Area required for Transformer:( page 289 NBC part 2)
1 x 400 KVA - 16.5 sqm - 93 sqm (including panel)
2 x 630 KVA - 36 sqm - 132 sqm (including panel)
2 x 800 KVA - 39 sqm - 135 sqm (including panel)
2 x 1000 KVA - 39 sqm - 140 sqm (including panel)
S. No. Capacity of DG Required Area m2 Clear height below the soffit of the
in KVA beam
1. 25 56 3.6
2. 48 56 3.6
3. 100 65 3.6
4. 150 72 3.6
5. 248 100 4.2
6. 350 100 4.2
7. 480 100 4.2
8. 600 110 4.6
9. 800 120 4.6
10. 1010 120 6.5
11 1250 120 6.5
12. 1600 150 6.5
13. 2000 150 6.5

Short Circuit Calculation:

Step no. 1➔Determine the transformer full load current from transformer nameplate or
formula.
For three phase transformer use the below formula.
IFLA = KVA X 1000 / EL-L X 1.732
For single phase transformer use the below formula.

IFLA = KVA X 1000 / EL-L

Step no. 2➔Determine the transformer multiplier
Multiplier = 100 / Transformer % Z
Where Z is the transformer percentage impedance.
Step no. 3➔Determine the transformer short circuit current.
ISCA = Transformer FLA X Multiplier
Step no. 4➔Calculate the f factor.
For Three phase Faults:
F = 1.732 x L X IL-L-L / C X n x EL-L
For Line to Line Faults:
F = 2 x L X IL-L-L / C X n x EL-L
For Line to neutral Faults:
F = 2 x L X IL-L-L / C X n x EL-N
Where ➔L ➔ length (feet) of conduit to the fault.
C ➔ conductor constant. See Tables below
n➔ number of conductors per phase
(Adjusts C value for parallel runs)

Step no. 5➔Calculate the M multiplier factor.

M = 1/ 1+ f
Step no. 6➔Calculate the short circuit current multiplier factor
Isc (at the fault) = Isc (at the beginning of the circuit) * Multiplier factor
Given: - as shown in the figure above
Required:
Calculate the short circuit currents at fault1 and at fault2.And at the secondary of the
transformer.
Answer: -
Step 1➔ calculate transformer full load current = ∗ ∗. = 1126A
Step 2➔ calculate transformer Multiplier = = 22.22
Step 3➔ ISC at the secondary of transformer = 22.22 * 1126 = 25.023 KA
. ∗ . ∗ ∗ = 0.84
Step 4➔ calculating f factor ➔
∗∗
Step 5➔calculate m multiplier = + = 0.54
Step 6➔the short circuit current fault1 = 0.54 *25.023A = 13512 A.
Step 7➔calculating f factor. ∗ . ∗ ∗ = 0.244 ∗ ∗
Step 8 ➔calculate m multiplier = + = 0.8
Step 9 ➔the short circuit current fault2 =0.8 * 13512 = 10908 A.