CH 1 CELL BIOLOGY

(a) The scanning electron micrograph below shows the

surface of the nuclear envelope with numerous nuclear
pores.

(b) List two examples of how human life depends on

mitosis. [1]
(c) Describe the importance of stem cells in differentiation.
[3]

(d) The graph below shows the normal menstrual cycle.

(i) predict, with a reason, how the graphs will
change if the woman becomes pregnant. [2]
(ii) list two roles of testosterone in males. [1]

(a) Outline the structure of a ribosome. [4]

(b) Distinguish between fibrous and globular

proteins with reference to one example of each
protein type. [6]
(c) Explain the role of auxin in phototropism. [8]
(a) State four functions of proteins, giving a named
example of each. [4]

(b) Outline the structure of ribosomes. [6]

(c) Explain the process of transcription leading to the
formation of mRNA. [8]

(a) Draw labelled diagram of the ultrastructure of

Escherichia coli as an example of a prokaryote. [4]

(b) Describe the events that occur in the four phases

of mitosis in animals. [6]
 (c) Eexplain the process of aerobic cell respiration
after glycolysis has occurred. [8]

(a) The cell cycle can be divided into two parts:

interphase and mitosis.
(i) identify, with a reason, whether the stem cell in
the micrograph is in interphase or mitosis. [1]
(ii) deduce two processes that occur in human
cells during this part of the cell cycle, but not
during the other part. [2]

(b) State two characteristics of stem cells that can be

used to distinguished the from other body cells. [2]
1.
2.

( c) Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells. [3]

(a) Define the term excretion. [1]

(b) Explain the process of ultrafiltration. [2]

(c) The diagram shows part of the human kidney. The arrow
shows the direction of blood flow.
(a) Membrane proteins vary in their positions within
the membrane and in their functions. Outline the
positions and functions of proteins in membranes. [8]

(b) Explain how polar and non-polar amino acids

helps proteins and enzymes carry out their functions.
[5]
(c) Compare competitive and non-competitive
inhibition of enzymes. [5]

(a) Outline the various stages of the cell cycle.

[4]

(b) Describe the differences in the structures of

dicotyledonous plants and monocotyledonous
plants. [5]
(c) Define the term transpiration and explain the
factors that can affect transpiration in a typical
terrestrial plant. [9]

(a) Describe the characteristics of stem cells

that make them potentially useful in medicine.
[5]

(b) Outline a technique of gene transfer

resulting in genetically modified organism. [5]
(c) Explain the use of karyotyping in human
genetics. [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the ultrastructure of a

prokaryote. [4]

(b) Explain the process of DNA replication. [8]

(c) Outline how the structure of the ribosome is related
to its functions in translation. [6]

(a) (i) state the name of organelle A. [1]

(ii) state the process occuring at B. [1]

(b) Describe how the structure of the membrane allows the

formation vesicles. [2]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a prokaryotic cell.
[4]

(b) Outline transcription in prokaryotes. [6]

(c) Some prokaryotes cause infections disease in

humans. Explain the principles of vaccination. [8]
(a) Describe four different types of transport of
substances across a membrane. [4]

(b) Hormones such as FSH (follicle stimulating

hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormones) affect
the development of certain cells by binding to
receptors in the plasma membranes. Outline the
role of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle. [6]

(c) In the placenta, many substances are

transported across membranes. Explain the
structure and role of the placenta. [8]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of Escherichia coli as
an example of a prokaryote. [4]

(b) Explain the process of transcription in

prokaryotes. [8]

(c) Some prokaryotes cause infectious diseases

which stimulate the body’s immune system.
Outline the principles that form the basis of
immunity. [6]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the molecular
structure of a membrane. [4]

(b) Some proteins in membranes act as enzymes,

describe a model that accounts for the ability of
enzymes to catalyze reactions. [6]

(c) Membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic

neurons play an important role in transmission of
nerve-impulses. Explain the principles of synaptic
transmission. [8]
(a) Calculate the:
(i) magnification of the liver cell. [1]
(ii) actual diameter of the nucleus as marked on the
electron micrograph. [1]

(b) The electron micrograph is a higher magnification of a

liver cell.
(i) state the name of the organelle labelled X. [1]
(ii) state its function. [1]
(c) Outline the significance of the relationship between the
surface area and volume of a cell. [2]

(a) Draw the stages of mitosis. [4]

(b) Describe codominance and multiple alleles

using inheritance of ABO blood groups as an
example of them. [6]

(c) Research is being undertaken by scientist in

some countries to develop methods of therapeutic
cloning. Discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic
cloning in humans. [8]
(a) Outline the cell theory. [2]

(b) (i) annotate the electron micrograph of the

Escherichia coli cell with the function of the indicated
structure. [1]
(ii) calculate the magnification of the electron
micrograph. [1]

(c) explain the role of the following enzymes in DNA

replication. [1]
(i) helicase. [1]
(ii) DNA polymerase III [1]
(iii) RNA primase [1]
(iv) DNA ligase [1]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the

structure of the plasma membrane. [5]
(b) The light-dependent reactions in
photosynthesis take place on the thylakoid
membranes. Explain the light -dependent
reactions. [8]

(c) Outline two factors that affect the rate of

photosynthesis. [5]

(a) Explain how minerals move into plants.

[8]
(b) Outline the conditions needed for the
germination of a typical seed. [3]

(c) Following germination of seeds, plants

undergo a rapid increase in the number of
cells. Describe stages in the cell cycle that
result in this increase of cells. [7]

(i) Calculate the magnification of the image. [1]

(ii) Deduce the stage of mitosis shown in the micrograph. [1]
(iii) The onion (Allium cepa) is an angiospermophyte. The
honey bee (Apis mellifera) is an arthropod. State three
structural differences between the cells of an onion. [2]
1.
2’
 3.

(b) State what is indicated by the presence of polysomes in

a cell. [1]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a

sarcomere. [5]

(b) Explain how an impulse passes along the axon of a

neuron. [8]
(c) Describe the process of endocytosis. [5]

(b) Starting from the concept of gene pool, explain

briefly how populations of early vertebrates could
have evolved into different groups. [3]
(c) Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from
prokaryotic cells. Describe two adaptations of the
mitochondria, each related to its function. [2]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram that shows the positions of

proteins within the cell membrane. [3]

(b) Outline the effects of putting plants tissue in a

hypertonic solution. [4]
(c) Explain how the structure of the nephron and its
associated blood vessels enable the kidney to carry out
its functions. [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a eukaryotic plant cell as

seen in an electron micrograph. [4]

(b) Outline how the energy flow through food chains limit
their length. [3]
(c) In hot, dry conditions plants lose water rapidly due to
transpiration. Explain how the structures and processes of
the plant allow this water to be replaced. [8]
Angiospermophyta are vascular flowering plants.

(a) Describe the transport of organic compounds in

vascular plants [4]
(b) The flowers of angiospermophyta are used for
sexual reproduction. Outline three processes
required for successful reproduction of
angiospermophyta. [3]

(c) Growth in living organisms includes replication of

DNA. Explain DNA replication.
(a) Outline the properties of water molecules that
permit them to move upwards in plants.

(b) Define osmolarity b. << measurement of >> solute concentration of a solution

(c) This image shows a normal red blood cell. c. cell 2 because it has plasmolized/lost water/volume has
decreased

(d) State what change there has been in the cell d. decreased
surface area to volume ratio in red blood cell 1.

(a) Cells go through a repeating cycle of events in

growth regions such as plant root tips and animal
embryos. Outline this cell cycle. [4]
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of the formation of a
chiasma by crossing over [3]

(c) Explain the control of gene expression in

eukaryotes [8]
Cell biologist play an important role in research into
disease, fertility, evolution and many other areas of
science.

(a) Describe the origin of eukaryotic cells according

to the endosymbiotic theory [4]

(b) Compare and contrast the processes of

spermatogenesis and oogenesis [8]

(c) Outline the evidence for evolution provided by

selective breeding [3]
Every cells is surrounded by a cell surface
membrane which regulates the movement of
materials into and out of the cell.

(a) Discuss alternative models of membrane

structure including evidence for or against each
model. [8]

(b) Describe the processes involved in absorbing

different nutrients across the cell membrane of villus
epithelium cells lining the small intestine. [4]
(c) Outline the process used to load organic
compounds into phloem sieve tubes [3]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the fluid mosaic

[4]

(b) Outline how neurons generate a resting potential

[4]
(c) Hydrogen bonds can exist both within and
between molecules in living organisms and have an
impact on their structure and function. Explain the
importance of hydrogen bonding for living organisms.

CH 2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

(a) Draw a labelled diagram showing two different

complementary pairs of nucleotides in a molecule of
DNA

(b) Outline the structure of nucleosomes

(c) Explain primary structures and tertiary structures
of an enzyme

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a

chloroplast as seen with an electron microscope [4]

(b) Describe how water is carried by the transpiration

stream
(c) Explain how flowering is controlled in long-day
and short-day plants.

(a) Draw a labelled diagram showing the tissues

present in a dicotyledonous leaf [4]

(b) Outline the light-dependent reactions of

photosynthesis
(c) Explain the effect of light intensity and
temperature on the rate of photosynthesis

(a) Distinguish between RNA and DNA

(b) Explain the process of DNA replication

(c) Outline how enzymes catalyse reactions

(a) Outline the thermal, cohesive and solvent

properties of water

(b) Outline adaptations of xerophytes

(c) Explain the role of the kidney in maintaining water
balance in humans

(a) Glucose and galactose are examples of

monosaccharides. State one other example of a
monosaccharide [1]
(a) Outline the bonding between DNA nucleotides [2]

(b) Explain how chemical bonding between water

molecules makes water a valuable coolant in living
organisms [2]

(c) State a word equation for anaerobic cell

respiration in humans

(a) Blood is a liquid tissue containing glucose, urea,

plasma proteins and other components. List the other
components of blood.

(b) Outline how the human body prevents blood

glucose concentration from rising excessively
(c) Blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine have
different concentrations of solutes, such as glucose,
protein and urea. Explain the processes occuring in
the kidney that cause differences in the
concentrations of these solutes between blood
plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine

(a) The main parts of growing plants are roots, stems

and leaves. Draw a plan diagram to show the
arrangement of tissues in the stem of a
dicotyledonous plant [5]

(b) Outline the adaptations of plant roots for

absorption of mineral ions from the soil [5]
(c) Photosynthesis and transpiration occur in leaves.
Explain how temperature affects these processes. [8]

(a) Outline the structure of a ribosome [4]

(b) Distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins

with reference to one example of each protein type
[6]

(c) Explain the role of auxin in phototropism [8]

(a) Most of the DNA of a human cell is contained in
the nucleus. Distinguish between unique and highly
repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA [5]

(b) Draw a labelled diagram to show four DNA

nucleotides, each with a different base, linked
together in two strands. [5]

(c) Explain the methods and aims of DNA profiling [8]

(a) State four functions of proteins, giving a named
example of each [4]

(b) Outline the structure of ribosomes [6]

(c) Explain the process of transcription leading to the

formation of mRNA [8]
(b) On the diagram above, draw the structures that
are missing from the second nucleotide [1]

(c) The two nucleotides would be permanently

separated during DNA replication. State one process
during which they would be temporarily separated [1]

(d) Outline the method that can be used to amplify

small quantities of DNA to obtain large enough
quantities for DNA profiling [2]

(a) Membrane proteins vary in their positions within

the membrane and in their functions. Outline the
positions and functions of proteins in membranes [8]
(b) Explain how polar and non-polar amino acids help
channel proteins and enzyme carry out their
functions [5]

(c) Compare competitive and non-competitive

inhibitions of enzymes [5]

(a) Outline the effect of temperature and substrate

concentration on the activity of enzymes [4]
(b) Distinguish between competitive and non-
competitive enzyme inhibition of chemical reactions,
giving an example of each [5]

(c) Explain the light-independent reactions of

photosynthesis [9]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the digestive system

[4]
(b) Many people cannot digest lactose and benefit
from a diet containing no lactose. Outline the
production of lactose-free milk. [6]

(c) Explain how the kidney helps to retain useful

substances in the blood and eliminate substances
which the body does not need. [8]

(a) Draw the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll [4]

(b) Explain the process of photophosphorylation in

chloroplasts [8]
(c) Outline how the glucose produced as a result of
photosynthesis is transported and stored in plants [6]

(a) Outline, with examples, the types of carbohydrate

found in living organisms [4]

(b) Describe the importance of hydrolysis in digestion

[6]
(c) Explain the effect of inhibitors on the activity of
enzymes [8]

(a) List the general functions of non-membrane

proteins [4]

(b) Outline the digestion, absorption and assimilation

of proteins in humans [6]
(c) Actin and myosin are two proteins found in
muscles. Explain how skeletal muscle contracts,
including the interaction of these proteins [8]

(a) Describe the relationship between genes,

polypeptides and enzymes [4]

(b) Outline control of metabolic pathways [6]

(c) Discuss the use of lactase in the production of

lactose free milk [8]
(a) Describe how plants carry out gas exchange in
the leaves [5]

(b) Outline the causes and consequences of the

enhanced greenhouse effect [5]

(c) Explain the role of limiting factors in

photosynthesis [8]

(a) Outline how three properties of water enhance its

use by living organisms [6]
(b) Describe the role of ADH in osmoregulation [4]

(c) Explain how water is moved from roots to leaves

in terrestrial plants [8]

(a) State the role of four named minerals needed by

living organisms [4]

(b) Explain the processes by which minerals are

absorbed from the soil into the roots [8]
(c) In anaerobic conditions, plants release energy by
glycolysis. Outline the process of glycolysis [6]

(a) Define the active site of an enzyme [1]

(b) Explain how the active site promotes enzyme-

substrate specificity [2]

(c) Outline possible effects of acids on enzyme

activity [2]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a prokaryotic cell [4]

(b) Outline transcription in prokaryotes [6]

(c) Some prokaryotes cause infectious disease in
humans. Explain the principles of vaccination [8]

(a) Describes four properties of water that are due to

hydrogen bonding and polarity [4]

(b) Describe how water is carried through a flowering

plant [6]
(c) Some of the water carried to the leaves of a plant
is used in photosynthesis. Explain the role of water in
the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. [8]
(a) Water is essential to life on Earth. Outline two
properties of water that are important for living
organisms [4]

(b) Describe how water is transported in

angiospermophytes [6]
(c) Explain the roles of the structures in the kidney
that maintain the water balance of the blood in
humans [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of Escherichia coli as an

example of a prokaryote [4]

(b) Explain the process of transcription in prokaryotes

[8]
(c) Some prokaryotes cause infectious diseases
which stimulate the body’s immune system. Outline
the principles that form the basis of immunity [6]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the molecular

structure of a membrane [4]

(b) Some proteins in membranes act as enzymes.

Describe a model that accounts for the ability of
enzyme to catalyse reactions [6]
(c) Membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic
neurons play an important role in transmission of
nerve impulses. Explain the principles of synaptic
transmission [8]

(a) Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in

the relationship between amino acids and
polypeptides [4]
(b) The protein hemoglobin transport oxygen to cells.
Describe the processes that occur in the
mitochondria of cells when oxygen is present [8]

(c) Sickle-cell anemia affects the ability of red blood

cells to transport oxygen. Explain the consequence
of the mutation causing sickle-cell anemia in relation
to the processes of transcription and translation.
(a) Outline the four levels of protein structure [4]

(b) Describe the lock and key model of enzyme

activity and how the induced fit model extends it [6]
(c) Muscle contraction is a chemical process
involving proteins. Explain how skeletal muscle
contracts [8]

(a) Draw a simple labeled diagram to show the

structure of a double stranded DNA molecule,
comprising four nucleotides [6]

(b) Describe the use of DNA profiling in forensic

investigations [4]
(c) Using a named example, discuss the effects of
genetically modifying an organism [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the molecular

structure of DNA, comprising of four nucleotides [5]
(b) Outline the effects of a base substitutions
mutation in the case of sickle-cell anemia [5]

(c) Giving one specific example, discuss genetic

modification in organism including the potential
benefits and possible harmful effects [8]
(a) Draw a labeled diagram of the carbon cycle [6]

(b) Outline the effect of carbon dioxide on the rate of

photosynthesis and how this can be measured by
oxygen release [4]

(c) Carbon dioxide is released during cell respiration.

Explain anaerobic and aerobic respiration [8]
(a) Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
respiration [5]

(b) Outline the metabolic processes during

germination of a starchy see [5]

(c) Explain the processes involved in the Krebs cycle

[8]
(a) State four functions of proteins, giving a named
example of each [4]

(b) Explain the processes of translation

(c) In a given population some variations of a protein

are expressed more frequently than others. Outline
how evolution through natural selection can lead to
the expression of one version of a protein rather than
another [6]
(a) Distinguish between the absorption of red light,
blue light and green light by plant [4]

(b) Outline how light intensity and concentration of

carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis [6]

(c) Explain how the distribution of tissues in the leaf

of a dicotyledonous plant is adapted to production
and distribution of products of photosynthesis [8]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of
the plasma membrane [5]

(b) The light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis

take place on the thylakoid membranes. Explain the
light-dependent reactions. [8]
(c) Outline two factors that affect the rate of
photosynthesis [5]

(a) Explain chemiosmosis as it occurs in

photophosphorylation [8]

(b) Draw an annotated graph of the effects of light

intensity on the rate of photosynthesis [4]
(c) Using a named example of a genetically modified
crop, discuss the specific ethical issues of its use [6]

(a) The leaves of plants are adapted for

photosynthesis. Draw a labelled plan diagram of a
leaf to show the distribution of tissues in a lead [5]
(b) Explain how abiotic factors affect the rate of
transpiration in terrestrial plants [8]

(c) Describe the importance of water to living

organisms [5]

(a) Outline the action of enzymes [4]

(b) Explain the roles of specific enzymes in
prokaryote DNA replication [7]

(c) Many genetic diseases are due to recessive

alleles of autosomal genes that code for an enzyme.
Using a Punnett grid, explain how parents who do
not show signs of such a disease can produce a child
with the disease. [4]
Oxygen is needed to complete aerobic cell
respiration

(a) Explain how chemical energy for use in the cell is

generated by electron transport and chemiosmosis
[8]
(b) Outline four different functions of membrane
proteins [4]

(c) Distinguish between anabolism, catabolism and

metabolism [3]

(a) Draw molecular diagrams to show the

condensation reaction between two amino acids to
form a dipeptide [4]
(b) Outline the roles of the different binding sites for
tRNA on ribosomes during translation [4]

(c) Explain the production of antibodies [7]

Nitrogen is part of many important substances in
living organisms

(a) Draw labelled diagrams to show a condensation

reaction between two amino acids [3]

(b) Distinguish between transcription and translation

[4]

(c) Explain how insects excrete nitrogenous wastes

[8]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the fluid mosaic
model of the plasma membrane [4]
(b) Outline how neurons generate a resting potential
[4]

(c) Hydrogen bonds can exist both within and

between molecules in living organisms and have an
impact on their structure and function. Explain the
importance of hydrogen bonding for living organisms.
[7]

CH 4 ECOLOGY

(a) Outline how antibiotic resistance in bacteria can

arise in response to environmental change [5]
(b) Outline the principle of immunity [6]

(c) Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination

[7]

(a) Draw a labelled sigmoid population growth curve

[4]
(b) Outline the process of spermatogenesis in
humans [5]

(c) Explain the structure and function of the placenta

during pregnancy [9]

(a) Describe the relationship between the rise in the

concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the
enhanced greenhouse effect [5]

(b) Outline the precautionary principle [5]

(c) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of
evolution in response to environmental change.
Using another example, explain how an
environmental change can lead to evolution

(a) Draw a labelled graph showing a sigmoid (s-

shaped) population growth curve. [4]

(b) Describe what is meant by a food chain and a

food web [6]
(c) Explain the relationship between rises in
concentration of atmosphere gases and the
enhanced greenhouse effect. [8]
(a) All organisms in an ecosystem are involved in the
carbon cycle. Outline the roles of living organisms in
the carbon cycle [8]

(b) Explain how triose phosphate is produced and

used in the chloroplast of a plant [5]

(c) Explain the conditions that are needed to allow a

seed to germinate [5]

The diagram below shows the carbon cycle.

(a) Describe how plants carry out gas exchange in
the leaves [5]

(b) Outline the causes and consequences of the

enhanced greenhouse effect [5]

(c) Explain the role of limiting factors in

photosynthesis [8]
(a) Outline pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal

(b) Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and

oogenesis [8]

(c) Describe the consequences of overpopulation of

a species [6[]
(a) Outline how and where energy is stored in plants
[4]

(b) Ecologists sometimes display data from an

ecosystem using a diagram called a pyramid of
energy. Describe what is shown in pyramids of
energy [6]

(c) Explain the control of body temperature in

humans [8]
(a) State the source, substrate, products and
optimum pH conditions for one named amylase [4]
(b) Outline the energy flow between trophic levels in
a food chain [6]

(c) Explain the control of blood glucose

concentrations in humans [8]

(a) Draw a labeled diagram of the carbon cycle [6]

(b) Outline the effect of carbon dioxide on the rate of

photosynthesis and how this can be measured by
oxygen release [4]
(c) Carbon dioxide is released during cell respiration.
Explain anaerobic and aerobic respiration [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a mature human egg

[5]
(b) Outline a technique used for gene transfer [5]

(c) Explain how evolution may happen in response to

environmental change with evidence from examples
[8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a eukaryotic plant cell

as seen in an electron micrograph [4]

(b) Outline how the energy flow through food chains

limits their length [3]
(c) In hot, dry conditions plants lose water rapidly due
to transpiration. Explain how the structures and
processes of the plant allow this water to be replaced
[8]

In ecosystems, energy is used to convert inorganic

compounds into organic matter. Energy enter
ecosystems through producers.

(a) Explain the processes by which light energy is

converted into chemical energy [8]

(b) Producers extract phosphates and nitrates from

soil. Outline how these ions are used in the synthesis
of organic molecules [3]
(c) Describe how energy flows through and is used
by organisms in ecosystems [4]
Plants have widespread influences, from food chains
to climate change.

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the internal structure

of a seed [3]

(b) Explain the process of water uptake and transport

by plants [8]

(c) Describe the process of peat formation [4]

All living organisms depend on continuous supply of
energy.

(a) Explain the stages of aerobic respiration that

occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotes [8]

(b) Outline how ventilation in humans ensures a

supply of oxygen [4]

(c) Describe the reasons for the shape of a pyramid

of energy [3]
(a) Outline how greenhouse gases interact with
radiation and contribute to global warming [4]

(b) Outline how plants make use of the different

wavelengths of light [4]

(c) Explain how organic compounds are transported

within plants [7]
Although simple in structure, bacteria as a group
show a wide range of diversity

(a) Explain the production and role of antibodies in

defense against bacterial pathogens in humans [8]

(b) Describe the evolution of antibiotic resistance in

bacteria [4]

(c) Outline the roles bacteria play in the carbon cycle

[3]

CH 6 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

(a) Outline a possible cause of Down syndrome [4]

(b) Outline the processes involved in oogenesis
within human ovary [8]

(c) Discuss the ethical issues surrounding IVF [6]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the adult female

reproductive system [4]

(b) Outline the roles of progesterone and estrogen in

the human menstrual cycle [6]
(c) Explain the function and structure of the placenta
[8]

(a) Outline how antibiotic resistance in bacteria can

arise in response to environmental change [5]

(b) Outline the principle of immunity [6]

(c) Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination

[7]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the heart showing the
chambers, associated blood vessels and valves [4]

(b) Describe the processes involved in blood clotting

[6]

(c) Discuss the benefits and risks associated with

vaccination programmes [8]

HIV was discovered in 1981 and is now one of the

most serious causes of disease in the world. It
causes the immune system to fail, leaving the patient
vulnerable to other infections.

(a) Distinguish between active immunity and passive

immunity as a defence against disease [2]

(b) Outline how monoclonal antibodies are produced

[2]

(c) Discuss how the HIV virus is transmitted [2]

(d) Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against

viruses [2]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of
a sarcomere [4]

(b) Outline how skeletal muscle contracts [5]

(c) Explain how nerve impulses are transmitted along

and between neurons [9]
(a) Blood is a liquid containing glucose, urea, plasma
proteins and other components. List the other
components of blood. [5]
(b) Outline how the human body prevents blood
glucose concentration from rising excessively. [5]

(c) Blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine have

different concentrations of solutes, such as glucose,
protein and urea. Explain the processes occurring in
the kidney that cause differences in the
concentrations of these solutes between blood
plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine. [8]

(a) Outline the process of glycolysis [5]

(b) Describe how pancreatic cells directly affect blood

glucose levels [5]

(c) Explain why diabetes could be detected through

the analysis of urine [8]
(a) Describe the relationship between the rise in the
concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the
enhanced greenhouse effect [5]

(b) Outline the precautionary principle [5]

(c) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of

evolution in response to environmental change.
Using another example change can lead to evolution
[8]

(a) Define the term passive immunity [1]

(b) State one use of monoclonal antibodies in

diagnosis [1]

(c) Define the term pathogen [1]

(d) Outline why antibiotics are effective against

bacteria but not against viruses [2]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a mature sperm cell
[4]

(b) Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual

cycle [6]

(c) Discuss the cause, transmission and social

implications of AIDS [8]

(a) During a period of physical exercise, the rate of

urine production falls, but the ventilation rate and the
body temperature rise. Explain the mechanisms that
are used to cool the body when it is overheated [5]
(b) Explain how the collecting ducts can alter the
volume of urine produced by the kidney [5]

(c) Describe the structure of the ventilation system,

including the alveoli [8]

(a) Gametes are produced in humans by

spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Compare
spermatogenesis and oogenesis [5]

(b) Explain the processes that result in genetic

variation in the sperm produced by an adult male [5]
(c) Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) [8]

(a) Outline the role of the skin in temperature

regulation [5]

(b) Outline the role of hormones in the process of

birth in humans [4]

(c) Explain the principles of vaccination [9]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the digestive system
[4]

(b) Many people cannot digest lactose and benefit

from a diet containing no lactose. Outline the
production of lactose-free milk [6]
(c) Explain how the kidney helps to retain useful
substances in the blood and eliminate substances
which the body does not need [8]

(a) Outline the mechanisms involved in the control of

heartbeat [3]

(b) Explain how the direction of blood flow in the

heart is controlled [2]
(a) Outline, with examples, the types of carbohydrate
found in living organisms [4]

(b) Describe the importance of hydrolysis in digestion

[6]

(c) Explain the effect of inhibitors on the activity of

enzymes [8]

(a) List the general functions of non-membrane

proteins [4]
(b) Outline the digestion, absorption and assimilation
of proteins in humans [6]

(c) Actin and myosin are two proteins found in

muscles. Explain how skeletal muscle contracts,
including the interaction of these proteins [8]

(a) Outline what is meant by homeostasis [4]

(b) Describe how body temperature is maintained in

humans [6]

(c) Explain the processes occurring in the kidney that

contribute to osmoregulation [8]
(a) Describe the process of blood clotting [4]

(b) Factor IX is a blood clotting protein which some

hemophiliacs lack. In the future hemophilia could be
treated using clotting factors synthesized by
genetically modified bacteria. Outline the basic
technique used for this gene transfer. [6]

(c) Explain how males inherit hemophilia and how

females can become carriers for the condition. [8]

(a) Outline how and where energy is stored in plants

[4]

(b) Ecologists sometimes display data from an

ecosystem using a diagram called a pyramid of
energy. Describe what is shown in pyramids of
energy [6]
(c) Explain the control of body temperature in
humans [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a mitochondrion as

seen in an electron micrograph [4]

(b) A supply of oxygen is needed for aerobic

respiration in mitochondria. Describe the features of
alveoli in human lungs that adapt them for efficient
absorption of oxygen [6]

(c) Explain the mechanism of ventilation of human

lungs [8]
(a) Describe four different types of transport of
substances across a membrane [4]

(b) Hormones such as FSH (follicle stimulating

hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) affect the
development of certain cells by binding to receptors
in the plasma membranes. Outline the role of FSH
and LH in the menstrual cycle. [6]

(c) In the placenta, many substances are transported

across membranes. Explain the structure and role of
the placenta [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the molecular

structure of a membrane [4]

(b) Some proteins in membrane act as enzyme.

Describe a model that accounts for the ability of
enzymes to catalyse reactions. [6]
(c) Membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic
neurons play an important role in transmission of
nerve impulses. Explain the principles of synaptic
transmission. [8]

(a) Draw a labeled diagram to show structure of a

motor neuron [4]

(b) Explain how nerve impulses pass from one

neuron to another neuron [8]

(c) Outline how the rate at which the heart beats is

controlled [6]

(a) Draw a labeled diagram of the kidney and

associated vessels [5]
(b) Outline type II diabetes [5]

(c) Explain the presence of glucose in the urine of a

diabetic person and its absence in the urine of a
person with type I diabetes that is being successfully
treated. [8]

(a) State the source, substrate, products and

optimum pH conditions for one named amylase [4]

(b) Outline the energy flow between trophic levels in

a food chain [6]
(c) Explain the control of blood glucose
concentrations in humans [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the male reproductive

system [4]
(b) Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) [6]

(c) Explain how the structure and functions of the

placenta maintain pregnancy [8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of

a motor neuron [4]

(b) Explain how skeletal muscle contracts [8]

(c) Active skeletal muscle required a good supply of

oxygen. Outline the mechanism of ventilation in the
lungs. [6]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the human heart
showing the attached blood vessels [6]

(b) Describe the action of the heart in pumping blood

[5]

(c) All parts of the body change the composition of

the blood. Explain how the nephron changes the
composition of blood. [7]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show of a sarcomere

[5]
(b) Explain how an impulse passes along the axon of
a neuron [8]

(c) Describe the process of endocytosis [5]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of

the heart [5]

(b) Outline how the human body responds to high

blood glucose levels [5]

(c) Explain the role of the nephron in maintaining the

water balance of the blood in the human body [8]
The image shows a nomogram.
(a) Outline how the reproductive isolation can occur
in an animal population [3]

(b) Describe the different cell types in the

seminiferous tubules that are involved in the process
of spermatogenesis [4]

(c) Explain the roles of specific hormones in the

menstrual cycle, including positive and negative
feedback mechanisms [8]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the fluid mosaic
model of the plasma membrane [4]

(b) Outline how neurons generate a resting potential

[4]

(c) Hydrogen bonds can exist both within and

between molecules in living organisms and have an
impact on their structure and function. Explain the
importance of hydrogen bonding for living organisms
[7]

All living organisms depend on a continuous supply

of energy.

(a) Explain the stages of aerobic respiration that

occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotes [8]
(b) Outline how ventilation in humans ensures a
supply of oxygen [4]

(c) Describe the reason for the shape of pyramid of

energy [3]

CH 7 NUCLEIC ACIDS

(a) draw a labelled diagram showing two different

complementary pairs of nucleotides in a molecule of
DNA. [4]

(b) outline the structure of nucleosomes. [2]

(c) explain primary structure and tertiary structure of

an enzymes. [3]

(a) distinguish between RNA and DNA. [3]

(b) explain the process of DNA replication. [8]

(c) outline how enzymes catalyse reactions. [7]

(a) draw a labelled diagram showing the ultra-

structure of a liver cell. [4]
(b) distinguish between prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells. [6]

(c) explain prokaryotic DNA replication. [8]

(a) outline the structure of a ribosome. [4]

(b) distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins

with reference to one example of each protein type.
[6]
(c) explain the role of auxin in phototropism. [8]

(a) eukaryotic cells have intracellular and

extracellular, state the functions of one named
extracellular component. [4]

(b) outline, with an example, the process of

exocytosis. [5]]
(c) translations occurs in living cells. Explain how
translation is carried out, from the initiation stage
onwards. [9]

(a) most of the DNA of a human cell is contained in

the nuclear DNA. [5]

(b) draw a labelled diagram to show four DNA

nucleotides, each with different base, linked together
in two strands. [5]
(c) explain the methods and aims of DNA profiling.
[5]

(a) state four functions of proteins, giving a named

example of each. [4]

(b) outline the structure of ribosomes. [6]

(c) explain the process of transcription leading to the
formation of mRNA. [8]

(a) define the terms chromosome, gene,allele and

genome. [4]

(b) compare the genetic material of prokaryotes and

eukaryotes. [6]
(c) explain the process of DNA replication. [8]

(a) DNA replication involves a number of enzymes

including DNA polymerase, identify one other
enzymes involved in DNA replication. [1]

(b) explain the role of okazaki fragments in DNA

replication. [2]

(c) the diagram below shows the process of

transcription.
(a) outline,with examples, the types of carbohydrate
found in living organisms. [4]

(b) Describe the importance of hydrolysis in

digestion. [6]

(c) explain the effect of inhibitors on the activity of

enzymes. [8]

(a) draw a labelled diagram of the ultrastructure of a

prokaryote. [4]
(b) explain the process of DNA replication. [8]

(c) outline how the structure of the ribosome is

related to its function in translation. [6]

(a) state the type of inhibition shown in this diagram.

[1]
(b) explain how this type of regulation could affect the
synthesis of an amino acid. [2]

(c) outline the models that describe how substrates

bind to enzymes. [2]

(a) (i) state the name of the bond labeled X. [1]

(ii) state the name of the molecule labeled Y.
[1]

(b) outline the processes occurring in stage 4 and 5.

[2]
(c) explain the importance of polysomes in protein
synthesis. [2]

(a) outline the four levels of protein structure. [4]

(b) describe the lock and key model of enzymes

activity and how the induced fit model extends it. [6]

(c) muscle contraction is a chemical process

involving proteins explain how skeletal muscle
contracts. [8]
(a) state four functions of proteins, giving a named
example of each. [4]

(b) explain the process of translation.[8]

(a) outline the cell theory. [2]
(c) explain the role of the the following enzymes in
DNA replication.
(i) helicase [1]
(ii) DNA polymerase III [1]
(iii) RNA primase
(iv) DNA ligase [1]

(a) outline the processes that occur during the first

division of meiosis. [6]

(b) prior to cell division, chromosomes replicate.

Explain the process of DNA replication in
prokaryotes. [8]
(c) outline outcomes of the human genome project.
[4]

(a) outline the structure and functions of

nucleosomes. [4]

(b) explain how DNA is used to pass on genetic

information to offspring accurately but also produce
variation in species. [8]
(c) accurate transmission of base sequences to
offspring depends on successful gamete production.
Describe how spermatogenesis occurs in humans.
[6]

(i) calculate the magnification of the image. [1]

(ii) deduce the stage of mitosis shown in the
micrograph. [2]
1.
2.
3.
(iii) the onion (Allium cepa) is an angiospermophyte.
The honey bee (apis mellifera) is an arthropod. State
three structural differences between the cells of an
onion and a honey bee. [2]

(b) state what is indicated by the presence of

polysomes in a cell.
(a) outline the action of enzymes. [4]

(b) explain the roles of specific enzymes in

prokaryote DNA replication. [7]
(c) many genetic diseases are due to recessive
alleles of autosomal genes that code for an enzyme.
Using a punnett grid, explain how parents who do not
show signs of such a disease can produce a child
with the disease. [4]
Angiospermophyta are vascular flowering plants.
(a) describe the transport of organic compounds in
vascular plants. [4]

(b) the flowers of angiospermophyta are used for

sexual reproduction. Outline three processes
required for successful reproduction of
angiospermophyta. [3]

(c) growth in living organism includes replication of

DNA. explain DNA replication. [8]
(b) outline the functions of the two binding sites on
the tRNA. [2]

(C) outline what happens to the proteins produced by

free and bound ribosomes. [2]

Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes

Oxygen is needed to complete aerobic cell

respiration.
(a) explain how chemical energy for use in the cell is
generated by electron transport and chemiosmosis.
[8]
(b) outline four different functions of membrane
proteins. [4]

(c) distinguish between anabolism,catabolism and

metabolism. [3]

(a) Cells go through a repeating cycle of events in

growth regions such as plant root lips and animal
embryos. Outline this cell cycle. [4]
(b) draw a labelled diagram of the formation of a
chiasma by crossing over. [3]

(c) explain the control of gene expression in

eukaryotes. [8]

Nitrogen is part of many important substances in

living organism.
(a) draw a labelled diagrams to show a condensation
reaction between two amino acids. [3]
(b) distinguish between transcription and translation.
[4]

(c) explain how insects excrete nitrogenous wastes.

[8]
CH 9 PLANT BIOLOGY

(a) draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a

chloroplast as seen with an electron microscope. [4]

(b) describe how water is carried by the transpiration

stream. [7]
(c) explain how flowering is controlled in long-day
and short day plants. [7]

(a) draw a labelled diagram showing the tissues

present in a dicotyledonous leaf. [4]

(b) outline the light-dependent reactions of

photosynthesis. [6]
(c) explain the effect of light intensity and
temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. [8]

(a) outline the thermal, cohesive and solvent

properties of water. [5]

(b) outline adaptations of xerophytes. [4]

(c) explain the role of the kidney in maintaining
water balance in humans. [9]

(a) the main parts of growing plants are roots,

stem and leaves. Draw a plan diagram to show
the arrangement of tissues in the stem of a
dicotyledonous plant. [5]

(b) outline the adaptations of plants roots for

absorption of mineral ions from the soil. [5]
(c) photosynthesis and transpiration occur in
leaves. Explain how temperature affects these
processes. [8]
(a) Outside the various stages of the cell cycle. [4]

(b) describe the differences in the structures of

dicotyledonous plants and monocotyledonous
plants. [5]
(c) define the term transpiration and explain the
factors that can affect transpiration in a typical
terrestrial plant. [9]

(a) all organism in an ecosystem are involved in the

carbon cycle. Outline the roles of living organism in
the carbon cycle. [8]

(b) explain how triose phosphate is produced and

used in the chloroplasts of a plant. [5]
(c) explain the conditions that are needed to allow a
seed to germinate. [5]

(a) draw the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. [4]

(b) explain the process of photophosphorylation in
chloroplasts. [8]

(c) outline how the glucose produces as a result of

photosynthesis is transported and stored in plants.
[6]
(a) describe how plants carry out exchange in the
leaves. [5]
(b) outline the causes and consequences of the
enhanced greenhouse effect. [5]

(b) explain the role of limiting factors in

photosynthesis. [8]

(a) outline pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal.

[4]
(b) compare the processes of spermatogenesis and
oogensis. [8]

(c) describe the consequences of overpopulation of a

species. [6]
(a) state the role of four named minerals needed by
living organisms. [4]

(b) explain the processes by which minerals are

absorbed from the soil into the roots. [8]

(c) in anaerobic conditions, plants release energy by

glycolysis. Outline the process of glycolysis. [6]

(a) State the role of four named minerals needed by

living organisms [4]
(b) Explain the processes by which minerals are
absorbed from the soil into the roots [8]

(c) In anaerobic conditions, plants release energy by

glycolysis. Outline the process of glycolysis [6]

(a) Draw a labelled plan diagram to show the

distribution of tissues in the leaf of a dicotyledonous
plant [4]

(b) Outline the metabolic processes that occur in

starchy seeds during germination [6]

(c) Explain the light-independent processes of

photosynthesis in plants [8]

(a) Outline how and where energy is stored in plants [4]

(b) Ecologists sometimes display data from an

ecosystem using a diagram called a pyramid of energy.
Describe what is shown in pyramids of energy [6]
(c) Explain the control of body temperature in humans
[8]

(a) Describe four properties of water that are due to

hydrogen bonding and polarity [4]

(b) Describe how water is carried through a flowering

plant [6]

(c) Some of the water carried to the leaves of plant is

used in photosynthesis. Explain the role of water in the
light-independent reactions of photosynthesis [8]

(a) Water is essential to life on Earth. Outline two

properties of water that are important for living
organisms. [4]
(b) Describe how water is transported in
angiospermophytes [6]

(c) Explain the roles of the structures in the kidney that

maintain the water balance of the blood in humans [8]

(a) Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic

respiration [5]

(b) Outline the metabolic processes during germination

of a starchy seed [5]
(c) Explain the processes involved in the Krebs cycle
[8]

(a) Distinguish between the absorption of red light, blue

light and green light by plants [4]

(b) Outline how light intensity and concentration of

carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis [6]

(c) Explain how the distribution of tissue in the leaf of a

dicotyledonous plant is adapted to production and
distribution of products of photosynthesis [8]
(a) Explain how minerals move into plants [8]

(b) Outline the conditions needed for the germination of

a typical seed [3]

(c) Following germination of seeds, plants undergo a

rapid increase in the number of cells. Describe stages
in the cell cycle that result in this increase of cells [7]

(a) The leaves of plants are adapted for

photosynthesis. Draw a labelled plan diagram of a leaf
to show the distribution of tissues in a leaf [5]
(b) Explain how abiotic factors affect the rate of
transpiration in terrestrial plants. [8]

(c) Describe the importance of water to living

organisms [5]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram that shows the positions of

proteins within the cell membrane [3]

(b) Outline the effects of putting plant tissue in a

hypertonic solution [4]

(c) Explain how the structure of the nephron and its

associated blood vessels enable the kidney to carry out
its functions [8]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a eukaryotic plant cell
as seen in an electron micrograph [4]

(b) Outline how the energy flow through food chains

limits their length [3]

(c) In hot, dry conditions plants lose water rapidly due

to transpiration. Explain how the structures and
processes of the plant allow this water to be replaced
[8]

Angiospermophyta are vascular flowering plants.

(a) Describe the transport of organic compounds in

vascular plants [4]

(b) The flowers of angiospermophyta are used for

sexual reproduction. Outline three processes required
for successful reproduction of angiospermophyta [3]
(c) Growth in living organisms includes replication of
DNA. Explain DNA replication [8]
Plants have widespread influences, from food chains to
climate change.

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the internal structure of

a seed [3]

(b) Explain the process of water uptake and transport

by plants [8]
(c) Describe the process of peat formation [4]

Every cell is surrounded by a surface membrane which

regulates the movement of materials into and out of the
cell.

(a) Discuss alternative models of membrane structure

including evidence for or against each model [8]

(b) Describe the processes involved in absorbing

different nutrients across the cell membrane of villus
epithelium cells lining the small intestine [4]

(c) Outline the process used to load organic

compounds into phloem sieve tubes [3]

(a) Outline how greenhouse gases interact with

radiation and contribute to global warming [4]

(b) Outline how plants make use of the different

wavelengths of light [4]

(c) Explain how organic compounds are transported

within plants [7]