Matter

and
its Properties
 Particulate Nature of Matter

Heraclitus Thales of
Miletus

Empedocles Anaximenes
 Particulate Nature of Matter
Leucippus & Democritus

All matter is made up of Atoms

Atoms are in constant motion around the
(uncuttable). Matter result from the
“void”
clustering or breaking of atoms

Atoms are uniform, with no internal

Atoms are solely solid
structure

Atoms come in different shapes and sizes

 Particulate Nature of Matter
Epirucus of Samos Aristotle

Atomism – matter is made up Matter is made up of the four elements in

different proportions
of atoms
An element can be transformed to
Atoms have different weight another

Aether – 5th element found outside earth

Atoms have same speed
regardless of size Matter can be divided indefinitely w/o
changing the fundamental properties
 Matter
Anything occupying space
and has mass

Has many levels of

organization
(Molecules, ions, atoms)
 States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

• Are almost incompressible • Particles are not arranged in a • Can expand to fill any
• Vibrates in a fixed position rigid manner volume
• Can’t slide past each other • Can slide past each other • compressible
• High Density • Can expand when heated • low densities
• Medium Density
 New States of Matter

Plasma

Made up of negatively
Formed by heating
and positively charged
and ionizing gas ions
 New States of Matter
Bose-Einstein
Condensate

Produced when
cloud of bosons is
Bosons are a type of
cooled to
elementary particle of
temperatures near matter
absolute zero
(T = 0 K)
Phase Change

T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
Classify each of the following changes in
matter as physical [P] or chemical [C].
1. Grinding chalk into powder
2. Dissolving salt in water
3. Dissolving zinc in acid
4. Tearing a piece of paper
5. Stretching copper into wire
6. Burning gasoline
7. Hammering gold into foil
8. Melting ice
9. Digesting food
10. Making Hydrogen from water
 Properties of Matter
Physical
Properties
• Observable property of
matter without changing the
composition of the substance
• Examples: Phase, Color,
Solubility, Density, Melting and
Boiling pt., Volatility, Viscosity,
Conductivity
Chemical
Properties
• Observable property of
matter with the changing of
composition
• Examples: Toxicity,
Flammability, oxidation state
Classify each of the following properties
of matter as physical [P] or chemical [C].
1. Color _______
2. Density _______
3. Burns easily (flammable) _______
4. Not affected by acids _______
5. Boils at 450oC _______
6. Reacts violently with chlorine_______
7. Good conductor of heat _______
8. Dissolves readily in water _______
9. Melts at 145oC _______
10. Malleable _______
 Properties of Matter
Extensive Intensive
Properties Properties
• Also called Intrinsic
• Also called Extrinsic
properties. These are
properties. These are
properties that rely on the type
properties that depend on the
of matter.
amount of matter
• Examples: Density, Color,
• Examples: Mass, Length, Size,
Melting and Boiling pt.,
Volume
Thermal Conductivity
Classify each of the following as an intensive
property [I] or extensive property [E].
1. Mass
2. Density
3. Melting point
4. Color
5. Volume
6. Length
7. Thermal conductivity
8. Amount of matter
9. Freezing points
10. Size
Classifications of Matter
 Pure Substances

Elements

simplest type of matter that is

composed of one kind of atom
 Pure Substances

Compounds

composed of two or more

elements combined chemically
Classifications of Matter
 Mixtures

Homogeneous
• Mixture in a single phase.

• Appearance, properties,
and composition are
uniform
 Mixtures

Heterogeneous
• Components of the
mixture is not in uniform

• Have localized regions

with different properties
Write E in the blank if the material is
heterogeneous or O if it is homogeneous.
1. Wood _______
2. Freshly-brewed black coffee _______
3. Water _______
4. Gummy bears _______
5. Salt _______
6. Dirt _______
7. Three-Cheese Bacon Pizza _______
8. Air _______
9. Milk _______
10. Gold _______
Consumer Products
 Consumer Products
Household Cleaning Materials

Bleach
(NaOCl)
Soap and Detergents
(H2O2) (Surfactant)
 Consumer Products
Personal Care Products

Makeup Lotion Toothpaste

(Talc) (NaF)
(Glycerin)
(SnF2)
Separation Techniques
 Find a difference in
How do we separate their physical
mixtures? properties and utilize
them
 Physical Separation Techniques
Washing
• Insoluble solids like noble metals and
compounds like silica can be washed
with water until all the other impurities
leave them.

• Washing can also be done with organic

solvents when there is a mixture with
soluble impurities and insoluble
compound.
 Physical Separation Techniques
Decanting
• When the densities of two liquids that
are immiscible in one another are to be
separated this method can be used.

• Separating funnel helps to separately

collect the tow liquids. In case of solids
the lighter solids can be separated by
decanting it in water medium when
both of the solids are not soluble.
 Physical Separation Techniques
Distillation
• A process that depends on
differences in the volatility (how
readily substances become gases) of
the components.

• The most volatile component

vaporizes at the lowest temperature,
and the vapor passes through a
cooled tube (a condenser), where it
condenses back into its liquid state.
 Physical Separation Techniques
Filtration
• Filtration is good for separating an
insoluble solid from a liquid. (An
insoluble substance is one that does
not dissolve).

• Sand, for example, can be separated

from a mixture of sand and water using
filtration. That's because sand does not
dissolve in water.
 Physical Separation Techniques
Chromatography
• employ a system with two phases
(states) of matter: a mobile phase and a
stationary phase. The stationary phase is
a solid, and the mobile phase is either a
liquid or a gas.

• It works because some of the colored

substances dissolve in the liquid better
than others, so they travel further up the
paper.