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A=14πD2−14π(1002)
By symmetry:
Pbr=Pst=12(7848)
Pbr=3924 N
Solution 106
ΣMC=0
5T+10[(3/√34)T]=5(6000)
For bronze cable: T=2957.13lb
Thus, Pbr=σbrAbr
400000=120[14π(D2−10000)]
3924=90Abr
400000=30πD2−300000π
Abr=43.6mm2 answer
2
D2=400000+300000π30πD
2
TAB=0.6527W
P=Pc=93600lb
σABAAB=0.6527W
For safe load P,
30(0.4)=0.6527W
P=90478lb answer
W=18.4kips
4
By symmetry answer
BD=DF=33(1/3)k(Compression) σDF=[33(1/3)]/1.8=18.52ksi (Compression)
answer
ΣFV=0 Problem 112
DE=3/5BD+3/5DF Determine the cross-sectional areas of
members AG, BC, and CE for the truss
ΣMA=0
DE=3/5[33(1/3)]+3/5[33(1/3)] shown in Fig. P-112. The stresses are not to
24RF=16(30) exceed 20 ksi in tension and 14 ksi in
DE=40k(Tension)
compression. A reduced stress in
RF=20k
compression is specified to reduce the
At joint F: danger of buckling.
At joint E:
ΣFV=0
ΣFV=0
3/5DF=20
3/5CE+30=40
DF=33(1/3)k(Compression)
CE=16(2/3)k(Tension)
At joint D:
5
RAV=40+25=65k 6(2/√13)BC=12(20)
18RD=8(25)+4(40)
BC=σcompressionABC
RD=20k ΣFV=0
72.11=14ABC
ΣFH=0 (3/√13)AB=65
ABC=5.15in2 answer
RAH=RD=20k AB=78.12 k
AG=23.33kTension
AG=σtensionAAG
23.33=20AAG
AAG=1.17in2 answer
ΣFH=0
For member BC (At section through MN)
Check: (2/√13)CD=20
ΣMD=0 CD=36.06k
12RAV=18(RAH)+4(25)+8(40)
12(65)=18(20)+4(25)+8(40) ΣFV=0
CF=σCFA
275.77(1000)=σCF(1600)
σCF=172.357MPa
(Compression) answer
For member BD: (See FBD 01)
ΣFV=0 ΣMC=0 For member BC: (See FBD 02)
(3/√13)EF=30 3(4/5BD)=3(60)
EF=36.06k BD=75kN Tension
ΣFH=0
CE=(2/√13)EF=(2/√13)(36.06)=20k
Compression
CF=σcompressionACE ΣMD=0
20=14ACE 4BC=7(60)
ACE=1.43in2 answer BD=σBDA BC=105kN Compression
Problem 113 75(1000)=σBD(1600)
Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF BC=σBCA
for the truss shown in Fig. P-113. Indicate σBD=46.875MPa (Tension) answer
the tension or compression. The cross 105(1000)=σBC(1600)
sectional area of each member is 1600 For member CF: (See FBD 01) σBC=65.625MPa
mm2. ΣMD=0 (Compression) answer
4(1/√2CF)=4(90)+7(60)
7
TAB=0.3927W
ΣFH=0 TC=W−2.2267(0.3927W)
TABcos30∘=RDsin50∘ TC=0.1256W
RD=1.1305TAB
Based on cable AB:
TAB=σABAAB
0.3927W=100(250)
W=63661.83N
8
SIMPLE STRESS SHEAR limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum Based on compression of puncher:
thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches P=σA
Problem 115
in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate
What force is required to punch a 20-mm- P=50(1/4πd2)
is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter
diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm
of the smallest hole that can be punched. P=12.5πd2 → Equivalent shear force for
thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
plate
Solution 115
Based on shearing of plate:
The resisting area is the shaded area along
V=τA → V=P
the perimeter and the shear force VV is
equal to the punching force PP. 12.5πd2=40[πd(0.25)]
Solution 116
d=0.8in answer
(a) Maximum thickness of plate:
RBH=40cos35∘
59.076(1000)=τB{2[1/4π(202)]}
2.2=0.03F
10
RBV=153.67lb
RAH=RBH=412.33lb
Solution 120
Length, LBC=√(32+62)=6.71ft ΣFV=0
For member AB:
Weight, WBC=6.71(200)=WBC=1342lb RAV+RBV=WAB
ΣMC=0 RAV+153.67=1132
6RBH=1.5WBC+3RBV RAV=978.33lb
6RBH−3RBV=1.5(1342)
RA=√R2AH+R2AV
2RBH−RBV=671 → Equation (2)
RA=√(412.332+978.332)
Add equations (1) and (2) RA=1061.67lb → shear force of pin at A
Length, LAB=√(42+42)−−−−−−=5.66ft
BV=Tsin10∘+P P=11.23lb
Safe load P,
Again from Equation (1),
Solution 121 Tsin10∘=3P P=11.23 lb answer
ΣMB=0
Normal area:
Problem 123 AN=50(100sec20∘)
A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100
AN=5320.89mm2
mm in cross section, is used as a
compression block shown in Fig. P-123.
Determine the axial force P that can be
N=σAN
safely applied to the block if the
compressive stress in wood is limited to 20 Pcos20∘=20(5320.89)
Solution 122 MN/m2 and the shearing stress parallel to
P=113247N
the grain is limited to 5MN/m2. The grain
Shear area, makes an angle of 20° with the horizontal, P=133.25kN
Ashear=t(wcscθ) as shown. (Hint: Use the results in Problem
122.)
Ashear=twcscθ
Based on maximum shearing stress:
Ashear=Acscθ
Shear force:
V=Psin20∘
Shear force,
V=Pcosθ Shear area:
AV=AN
AV=5320.89mm2
13
V=τAV
Psin20∘=5(5320.89)
P=77786N
P=77.79kN
P=77.79 kN answer
14
P=6000πN
6000π=120(20t)
Solution 126
15
10.82(1000)=800{1/4π[d2−(9/8)2]}
d=4.3inch answer
Given:
Diameter of bolt = 7/8 inch
Diameter at the root of the thread (bolt) =
0.731 inch
17
80000=70[1/4π(192)n]
BC=96kN (Tension) n=4.8 say 5 rivets Use 5 rivets for member BE. answer
pDL=2(σttL)
19
σt=pD/2t=4.5(400)/2(20) The bursting force will cause a stress in the Total internal pressure:
longitudinal section that is twice to that of P=p(1/4πD2)
σt=45MPa answer
the transverse section. Thus, fracture is
expected as shown.
Resisting wall:
Longitudinal Stress (transverse section):
F=P
σA=p(1/4πD2)
σ(πDt)=p(1/4πD2)
σ=pD/4t
8000=[p(4×12)]/4(516)
p=208.33psi answer
Problem 134
F=P The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter
spherical tank is 5/16 inch. Calculate the Problem 135
1/4πD2p=σl(πDt)
allowable internal pressure if the stress is Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a
σl=pD/4t=4.5(400)/4(20) limited to 8000 psi. cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a
pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the
σl=22.5MPa answer
Solution 134 vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12
Part (b) ksi.
thus, σt=2σl, this shows that tangential The critical stress is the tangential stress
stress is the critical. σt=pD/2t
σt=pD2t
12000=1400(2×12)/2t
120=p(400)/2(20)
t=1.4 in answer
p=12MPa answer
20
Solution 136
F=P σt=6000psi=6000lb/in2(12in/ft)2
p(1/4πD2)=σl(πD) σt=864000lb/ft2
σl=pD4t
Assuming pressure distribution to be
140=p(450)/4(20)
uniform:
p=24.89MPa p=γh=62.4h
p(DL)=2(σtLt)
F=1372.8h2
F=2T
1372.8h2=2(36000h)
Total hydrostatic force, F:
h=52.45ft answer FF = volume of pressure diagram
COMMENT F=1/2(γh2)D=1/2(62.4h2)(22)
Given a free surface of water, the actual
pressure distribution on the vessel is not F=686.4h2
uniform. It varies linearly from zero at the
free surface to γh at the bottom (see figure ΣMA=0
below). Using this actual pressure Solution 138
distribution, the total hydrostatic pressure
For longitudinal joint (tangential stress):
is reduced by 50%. This reduction of force
will take our design into critical situation;
giving us a maximum height of 200% more
than the h above.
2T(1/2h)−F(1/3h)=0
Based on actual pressure distribution: T=1/3F
σt(ht)=1/3(686.4h2)
h=3σtt/686.4=3(864000)(12×112)/686.4
h=157.34ft
22
pD=2σtt 2T=CF
Problem 139
σt=pD/2t Find the limiting peripheral velocity of a 2γA=2γAv2/g
rotating steel ring if the allowable stress is
33000/t=21600D/2t σ=γv2/g
20 ksi and steel weighs 490 lb/ft3. At what
D=3.06ft=36.67in. revolutions per minute (rpm) will the stress
reach 30 ksi if the mean radius is 10 in.? From the given data:
σ=20ksi=(20000lb/in2)(12in/ft)a2
For girth joint (longitudinal stress):
Solution 139 σ=2880000lb/ft2
γ=490lb/ft3
2880000=490v2/32.2
v=435.04ft/sec answer
When
σ=30ksi,and R=10in
Centrifugal Force, CF:
σ=γv2/g
F=P CF=Mω2x¯
30000(122)=490v2/32.2
p(1/4πD2)=σl(πDt) where:
M=(W/g) (γV/g)=γπRA/q v=532.81ft/sec
σl=pD/4t
ω=v/R
16000/t=21600D/4t
ω=v/R=532.81/(10/12)
x¯=2R/π
D=2.96ft=35.56in.
ω=639.37rad/sec
Thus,
CF=(γπRA/q)(v/R)2(2R/π) ω=(639.37rad/sec)( 1rev/2πrad)
Use the smaller diameter,
(60sec/1min)
23
2T=CF
Problem 140
At what angular velocity will the stress of 2σA=2ρAR2ω2
the rotating steel ring equal 150 MPa if its
σ=ρR2ω2
mean radius is 220 mm? The density of
steel 7.85 Mg/m3.
From the given (Note: 1 N = 1 kg·m/sec2):
σ=150MPa Solution 141
Solution 140
σ=150000000kg⋅m/sec2⋅m2 Longitudinal Stress:
σ=150000000kg/m⋅sec2 F=pA=125[1.5(2)+1/4π(1.5)2](122)
ρ=7.85Mg/m3=7850kg/m3 F=85808.62lbs
R=220mm=0.22m
Therefore,
CF=Mω x¯ 2 150000000=7850(0.22)2ω2
ω=628.33rad/sec answer
Problem 141
Where: The tank shown in Fig. P-141 is fabricated
M=ρV=ρAπR from 1/8-in steel plate. Calculate the
P=F
maximum longitudinal and circumferential
x=2R/π stress caused by an internal pressure of 125 σl[2(2×12)(1/8)+π(1.5×12)(1/8)]=85808.62
psi.
σl=6566.02psi
Thus, σl=6.57ksi answer
CF=ρAπRω2(2R/π)
24
Solution 203
Elongation Load Elongation
Load (N) Area, A = 0.25π(142) = 49π mm2
(mm) (N) (mm)
Length, L = 50 mm
Strain = Elongation/Length
0 0 46 200 1.25
Stress = Load/Area
σt=21ksi answer 31 300 0.050 67 800 15.5 12 600 0.020 0.0004 81.85
40 100 0.163 0.0033 260.49 initial diameter of the test specimen was
0.505 in. and the gage length was 2.0 in.
41 600 0.433 0.0087 270.24
Load Elongatio Load Elongatio
46 200 1.250 0.025 300.12 (lb) n (in.) (lb) n (in.)
Problem 204
The following data were obtained during a
tension test of an aluminum alloy. The
26
12 60 0.007 62 906.8
0.015
Solution 204 0 5 5
Area, A = 0.25π(0.5052) = 0.0638π in2
Length, L = 2 in 14 00 69 896.4
0.02 0.01
Strain = Elongation/Length 0 9
Stress = Load/Area
14 40 0.012 71 893.5
0.025
0 5 4 From stress-strain diagram:
Load Elongatio Strain Stress
(lb) n (in.) (in/in) (psi) 1. Proportional Limit = 57,914.24 psi
14 50 72 392.8
0.06 0.03
0 0 2. Modulus of Elasticity:
0 0 0 0 E = 57914.24/0.0055 =
14 60 72 892.0 10,529,861.82 psi
0.08 0.04
0.001 11 532.9 0 6 E = 10,529.86 ksi
2 310 0.0022
1 2
3. Yield Point = 69,896.49 psi
14 80 73 890.5
0.1 0.05
0.002 23 165.7 0 8 4. Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset:
4 640 0.0044
2 0 Strain of Elastic Limit = ε at PL +
14 60 72 892.0 0.002
0.12 0.06 Strain of Elastic Limit = 0.0055 +
0.003 34 698.6 0 6
6 950 0.0066 0.002
3 2
Strain of Elastic Limit = 0.0075
13 60 67 899.4
Fracture in/in
0 5
27
The offset line will pass through Q (See σ1 = 1804.84 psi δ=ρg/E∫0Lydy=ρg/E[y2/2]0L
figure below):
δ=ρg/2E[L2−02]
Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset
δ=ρgL2/2E (okay!)
= EL + σ1
= 62906.85 + 1804.84
= 64 711.69 psi
Solution 208
30
Solution 211
δ=PL/AE
δ=−δ1−δ2−δ3
δ=[−4000(3×12)/0.5(10×106)]−[11000(5×12
δ=PL/AE
)/0.5(10×106)]−[6000(4×12)/0.5(10×106)]
Based on allowable stresses:
δ=0.2184 in (shortening) answer
δ=δ1−δ2+δ3 Steel:
δ=[6000(3×12)/0.5(10×106)]−[1000(5×12)/ Pst=σstAst
0.5(10×106)]+[4000(4×12)/0.5(10×106)] Problem 211
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel P=140(480)=67200N
δ=0.0696 in. (lengthening) answer
bar and an aluminum bar as shown in Fig. p- P=67.2kN
211. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Find the largest value of P that
Problem 210 will not exceed an overall deformation of
Solve Prob. 209 if the points of application Bronze:
3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa
of the 6000-lb and the 4000-lb forces are Pbr=σbrAbr
in the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80
interchanged. MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the
2P=120(650)=78000N
assembly is suitably braced to prevent
Solution 210 buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, P=39000N=39kN
31
6Pst=3.5(50)
Pst=29.17kN
δ=PL/AE
δst=29.17(4)10002/300(200000)
δst=1.94mm
Solution 213
Solution 41
y/3.5=1.94−1.78/6
Member AB:
y=0.09mm
δB=vertical movement of P
For aluminum:
ΣMB=0 δB=1.78+y=1.78+0.09
6Pal=2.5(50) δB=1.78+y=1.7
Pal=2Pst δD=(11/42000)Pst
ΣMC=0
δB/6=δal/3 Pst=1/2P
δB=2δal=2[PL/AE]al
By ratio and proportion:
δB=2[Pal(2000)/500(70000)]
δP/3=δD/6
δB=1/8750Pal=1/8750(2Pst) Solution 215
δP=1/2δD=1/2(11/42000Pst)
δB=1/4375Pst → movement of B
δP=11/84000Pst
5=11/84000(1/2P)
Member CD:
P=76363.64N=76.4kN answer
ΣMal=0
Pal=2/3W
Movement of D:
δD=δst+δB=[PL/AE]st+(1/4375)Pst
δst=δal
δD=Pst(2000)/300(200000)+1/4375Pst
[PL/AE]st=[PL/AE]al
34
Aal/Ast=[2/3W(4×12)(29×106)]/[1/3W(6×12)
(10×106)]
Aa/lAst=3.867 answer
PABcos30∘=PBCcos30∘
δB=0.072cos(120∘−β)
δB=δB
(cos120∘cosβ+sin120∘sinβ)/cosβ=0.6
−0.5+sin120∘tanβ=0.6
35
β=51.79∘ δAB=[5379.45(10×12)]/[0.6(29×106)]=0.037
1 inch (lengthening)
ϕ=90−(30∘+β)=90∘−(30∘+51.79∘) δBC=[4392.30(6×12)]/[0.6(10×106)]=0.0527
inch (shortening)
ϕ=8.21∘
δB=0.12/cos51.79∘
From "Movement of B" diagram
δB=0.194inch DB = δAB = 0.0371 inch
BE = δBE = 0.0527 inch
δB = BB' = displacement of B
Triangle BFB': B' = final position of B after deformation
δh=B′F=δBsinϕ=0.194sin8.21∘
δv=B’F=δBcosϕ=0.194cos8.21∘
tanβ=1.4205+0.2588/0.9659 dP = ρAω2 x dx
SHEARING DEFORMATION
Solution 218
Problem 222
ϕ=(45∘+β)−90∘ δ=PL/AE A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an
axial load P. Show that its change in
ϕ=(45∘+60.1∘)−90∘
diameter is 4Pν / πEd.
ϕ=15.1∘
Solution 222
Triangle BFB':
δh=FB′=δBsinϕ=0.0744sin15.1∘
δh=0.0194inch
δh=0.00162 ft → horizontal
displacement of B answer from the frigure:
dδ=dPx/AE
δv=BF=δBcosϕ=0.0744cos15.1∘
δv=0.07183inch ν=−(εy/εx)
Where:
δv=0.00598ft → vertical displacement of εy=−νεx
dP = centrifugal force of differential mass
B answer dP = dM ω2 x = (ρA dx)ω2 x εy=−ν(σx/E)
37
εz=2.07×10−5
Problem 225
A welded steel cylindrical drum made of a
εz is positive, thus positive stress is needed 10-mm plate has an internal diameter of
in the x-direction to eliminate deformation 1.20 m. Compute the change in diameter εx=σx/E−ν(σy/E)
in z-direction. that would be caused by an internal εx=90/200000−0.3(45/200000)
pressure of 1.5 MPa. Assume that Poisson's
ratio is 0.30 and E = 200 GPa. εx=3.825×10−4
The application of loads is still
simultaneous:
(No deformation means zero strain) Solution 225 εx=ΔD/D
εz=1/E[σz−ν(σx+σy)]=0
σy = longitudinal stress ΔD=εxD=(3.825×10−4)(1200)
σz=ν(σx+σy) σy=pD/4t=1.5(1200)/4(10) ΔD=0.459 mm answer
σy=45MPa
Where
σy = 5.0 ksi (compression) σx = tangential stress Problem 226
σσz = 9.0 ksi (tension) σy=pD/2t=1.5(1200)/2(10) A 2-in.-diameter steel tube with a wall
thickness of 0.05 inch just fits in a rigid hole.
Find the tangential stress if an axial
9000=0.30(σx−5000) compressive load of 3140 lb is applied.
Assume ν = 0.30 and neglect the possibility
σx=35000psi of buckling.
ends, is 80 mm in diameter and has a wall just fits between two rigid end walls.
thickness of 3 mm. It fits without clearance Calculate the longitudinal and tangential
in an 80-mm hole in a rigid block. The tube stresses for an internal pressure of 6000 psi.
is then subjected to an internal pressure of Assume ν = 1/3 and E = 12 × 106 psi.
4.00 MPa. Assuming ν = 1/3 and E = 83 GPa,
determine the tangential stress in the tube.
Solution 228
ε=σx/E−ν(σy/E)=0
Where σy=80/3MPa
σl=νσy=1/3(90000)
σx = tangential stress
σy = longitudinal stress σl=30000 psi answer
The strain in the x-direction is:
σy = Py / A = 3140 / (π × 2 × 0.05)
εx=σx/E−ν(σy/E)=0
σy = 31,400/π psi
σx=νσy → tangential stress
Thus, σx=1/3(80/3)
σx=0.30(31400/π)
σx=8.89 MPa answer
σx=9430/π psi
δco=δst=δ
Problem 233 (PL/AE)co=(PL/AE)st
A steel bar 50 mm in
diameter and 2 m (σL/E)co=(σL/E)st
long is surrounded σcoL/14000=σstL/200000
by a shell of a cast
iron 5 mm thick. 100σco=7σst
Compute the load
that will compress
the combined bar a
total of 0.8 mm in Psteel=50000πN
the length of 2 m.
For steel, E = 200 ΣFV=0
GPa, and for cast P=Pcastiron+Psteel
iron, E = 100 GPa.
P=11000π+50000π
T=95.46∘F answer
Use σco = 6 MPa and σst = 85.71 MPa.
130=(11.7×10−6)(200000)(40)+5000/A
Required stress:
A=5000/36.4=137.36 mm2
δ=δT
σL/E=αL(ΔT)
1/4πd2=137.36
σ=αE(Tf−Ti)
d=13.22 mm answer
σ=(11.7×10−6)(200000)(40.64−15) δ=δT+δst
Problem 263
Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a σ=60 MPa answer σL/E=αL(ΔT)+PL/AE
clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of σ=αE(ΔT)+P/A
Problem 264
15°C. At what temperature will the rails just
A steel rod 3 feet long with a cross-sectional 10000=(6.5×10−6)(29×106)(ΔT)+1200/0.25
touch? What stress would be induced in the
area of 0.25 in.2 is stretched between two
rails at that temperature if there were no
fixed points. The tensile force is 1200 lb at ΔT=27.59∘F
initial clearance? Assume α =
40°F. Using E = 29 × 106 psi and α = 6.5 × 10-
11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa. 6
in./(in.·°F), calculate (a) the temperature
Required temperature: (temperature must
at which the stress in the bar will be 10 ksi;
drop from 40°F)
Solution 263 and (b) the temperature at which the stress
will be zero. T=40−27.59=12.41∘F answer
Solution 264
(b) Temperature at which the stress will be
(a) Without temperature change: zero:
Solution 265
δT=δ+Δ
δ=δT
PL/AE=αL(ΔT)
P=αAE(Tf−Ti) αL(ΔT)=σL/E+2.5
δT(al)=0.0128in
δst+δal=δT(st)+δT(al)
(PL/AE)st+(PL/AE)al=0.00975+0.0128
44
P=26691.84lb
σ=P/A
PL/AE=αLΔT
P=αΔTAE
45
1.472−2F(750−0.18)/400(70000)−0.18=1.0
ΣMB=0 71+F(750)/500(120000)
0.6Pst=1.2Pal 0.221=(6.606×10−5)F
Pst=2Pal → Equation (2) F=3345.44N
Pco=F=3345.44N
Equations (1) and (2) Solution 269
28080−2Pal=0.4762Pal Pal=2F=6690.89N
Assuming complete freedom:
Pal=11340N δT=αLΔT σ=P/A
−6
δT(co)=(16.8×10 )(750)(95−10) σco=3345.44/500=6.69 MPa answer
σal=Pal/Aal=11340/1200
δT(co)=1.071mm σal=6690.89/400=16.73 MPa answer
σal=9.45 MPa answer
−6
δT(al)=(23.1×10 )(750−0.18)(95−10)
Problem 269
As shown in Fig. P-269, there is a gap δT(al)=1.472mm
between the aluminum bar and the rigid
46
Problem 271
A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported
as shown in Fig. P-271. If W = 80 kN,
compute the temperature change that will
cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55
MPa. Assume the coefficients of linear
expansion are 11.7 µm/(m·°C) for steel and By ratio and proportion:
18.9 µm/(m·°C) for bronze. δT(st)+δst/1=δT(br)+δbr/4
δT(st)+δst=0.25[δT(br)+δbr]
(αLΔT)st+(σL/E)st=0.25[(αLΔT)br+(σL/E)br]
(11.7×10−6)(1500)ΔT+55(1500)/2000=0.25[ Solution 272
(18.9×10−6)(3000)ΔT+35.08(3000)/83000]
ΣMA=0
0.01755ΔT+0.4125=0.014175ΔT+0.317
4Pbr+Pst=2.5(80000)
ΔT=−28.3∘C
4σbr(1300)+σst(320)=2.5(80000)
A temperature drop of 28.3°C is needed to
stress the steel to 55 MPa. answer 16.25σbr+σst=625
4σbr(1300)+55(320)=2.5(80000)
σbr=35.08MPa
δT(st)+δst/1=δT(br)+δbr/4
47
(αLΔT)st+(σL/E)st=0.25[(αLΔT)br+(σL/E)br] δT(al)−δal=δst−δT(st)
0.01152−(PL/AE)al=(PL/AE)st−0.0039
−6
(11.7×10 )(1500)(30)+σst(1500)/200000=0
0.01152−R(15)/2(10×106)=(R+50000)(10)/3
.25[(18.9×10−6)(3000)(30)+σbr(3000)/8300
(29×106)−0.0039
0]
100224−6.525R=R+50000−33930
0.5265+0.0075σst=0.42525+0.00904σbr
84154=7.525R
0.0075σst−0.00904σbr=−0.10125
R=11183.25lbs
0.0075(625−16.25σbr)−0.00904σbr=−0.1012
5
Solution 273 Pal=R=11183.25lbs
4.6875−0.121875σbr−0.00904σbr=−0.10125
δT(al)=(αLΔT)al Pst=R+50000=61183.25lbs
4.78875=0.130915σbr
Problem 274
Problem 273
At what temperature will the aluminum and
The composite bar shown in Fig. P-273 is
steel segments in Prob. 273 have
firmly attached to unyielding supports. An
numerically equal stress?
axial force P = 50 kips is applied at 60°F.
Compute the stress in each material at
120°F. Assume α = 6.5 × 10-6 in/(in·°F) for Solution 274
δT(st)=(αLΔT)st
steel and 12.8 × 10-6 in/(in·°F) for
σal=σst
δT(st)=(6.5×10−6)(10)(120−60)
48
Problem 275
A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is
connected to two rods as shown in Fig. P-
275. If the system is initially stress-free.
Calculate the temperature change that will
cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the brass
rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to
the change in temperature.
δ=PL/AE δ=σL/E
δal=20000(15)/2(10×106)=0.015inch δbr=90(2000)100000=1.8mm
δst=(50000−20000)(10)/3(29×106)=0.0034 δco=120(3000)120000=3mm
5inch
By ratio and proportion
δT(co)−δco/3=δbr−δT(br)/5
δal−δT(al)=δst+δT(st)
5δT(co)−5δco=3δbr−3δT(br)
−6
0.015−(12.8×10 )(15)ΔT=0.00345+(6.5×10
−6
5(16.8×10−6)(3000)ΔT−5(3)=3(1.8)−3(18.7×
)(10)ΔT
10−6)(2000)ΔT
0.01155=0.000257ΔT
0.3642ΔT=20.4
ΔT=44.94∘F Solution 275
ΔT=56.01∘C drop in
ΣMhingesupport=0 temperature answer
5Pbr−3Pco=0
49
h=h
L1sin45∘=L2sin60∘ 2(P1sin45∘)+2(P2sin60∘)=147.15(1000)
L1=1.2247L2 P1sin45∘+P2sin60∘=72,575
δ1=δsin45∘ P1sin45∘+(1.5P1+35,100)sin60∘=72,575
δ2=δsin60∘ 0.7071P1+1.299P1+30,397.49=72,575
2.0061P1=42,177.51
Solution 276
δ1/δ2=δsin45∘/δsin60∘ P1=21,024.63N
h=L1sin45∘
δ1=0.8165δ2
h=L2sin60∘ P2=1.5(21,024.63)+35,100
αL1ΔT+P1L1/AE=0.8165[αL2ΔT+P2L2/AE] P2=66,636.94N
(70,200+P1)L1=0.8165(70,200+P2)L2
TORSION
50
d=289.71mm
τmax=16T/πd3
Solution 313
20(1000)=16T/π(0.20)3
Based on maximum allowable shearing
Rotation of D relative to A: T=10πlb⋅in stress:
θD/A=1/JG(ΣTL) τmax=16TD/π(D4−d4)
θD/A=1/[1/32π(504)(28000)][800(2)−300(3) 60=16T(100)/π(1004−804)
+600(2)](10002) L=T/(0.50lb⋅in/in)
T=6955486.14N⋅mm
θD/A=0.1106rad L=10πlb⋅in/(0.50lb⋅in/in)
T=6955.5N⋅m
θD/A=6.34∘ answer L=20πin=62.83in
Problem 314
The steel shaft shown in Fig. P-314 rotates Solution 315
τmax=16T/πd3
at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off at A, 20 kW
T=P/2πf
removed at B, and 55 kW applied at C. Using τAB=16(1392.6)(1000)/π(553)=42.63MPa
G = 83 GPa, find the maximum shearing TA=TC=−20(1000)/2π(2)=−1591.55N⋅m
τBC=16(2188.4)(1000)/π(653)=40.58MPa
stress and the angle of rotation of gear A
TB=70(1000)/2π(2)=5570.42N⋅m
relative to gear C. ∴ τmax=τAB=42.63 MPa answer
TD=−30(1000)/2π(2)=−2387.32N⋅m
θ=TL/JG
θA/C=(1/G)Σ(TL/J)
θA/C=1/83000{[1392.6(4)/[1/32π(554)]+[21
88.4(2)/(1/32)π(654)]}(10002)
Solution 314
θA/C =0.104796585rad
T=P/2πf
θA/C =6.004∘ answer
TA=−35(1000)/2π(4)=−1392.6N⋅m
TB=−20(1000)/2π(4)=−795.8N⋅m
Problem 315
TC=55(1000)/2π(4)=2188.4N⋅m
A 5-m steel shaft rotating at 2 Hz has 70 kW Part (a)
applied at a gear that is 2 m from the left τmax=16T/πd3
end where 20 kW are removed. At the right
Relative to C: end, 30 kW are removed and another 20
kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the right
end. (a) Find the uniform shaft diameter so
54
For CD
60=16(2387.32)(1000)/πd3
θ=(TL/JG)st+(TL/JG)al
106 psi, and for steel, G = 12 × 106 psi. What Equation (1) with Tbr in terms of Tst and
torque can be applied to the composite Equation (2)
shaft without exceeding a shearing stress of T=(Tst+390×106/192×106)Tbr
8000 psi in the bronze or 12 ksi in the steel?
Tst=0.3299T
Solution 317
Based on hollow bronze (Tbr = 0.6701T)
θst=θbr τmax=[16TD/π(D4−d4)]br Solution 318
TstL/[1/32π(24)(12×106)]=TbrL/[1/32π(34−24 T=50789.32lb⋅in
)(6×106)]
T=4232.44lb⋅ft
Tst/192×106=Tbr/390×106 → Equation (1)
12000=16(0.3299T)/π(23)
T=57137.18lb⋅in
T=4761.43lb⋅ft
Applied Torque = Resisting Torque Use T = 4232.44 lb·ft. answer For the 2-ft segment:
θ=0.0825rad Tbr(2)(1000)/[1/32π(754)(35000)]=Tst(1.5)(
Based on τbr ≤ 80 MPa
1000)/[1/32π(504)(83000)]
θ=4.73∘ answer
80=16Tst/π(503)
Tbr=1.6011Tst → Equation (2a)
Tst=1963495.41N⋅mm
Tst=0.6246Tbr → Equation (2b)
Problem 319
Tst=1.963 kN⋅m → Maximum allowable
The compound shaft shown in Fig. P-319 is
torque for steel
attached to rigid supports. For the bronze
segment AB, the diameter is 75 mm, τ ≤ 60
MPa, and G = 35 GPa. For the steel segment From Equation (2a)
BC, the diameter is 50 mm, τ ≤ 80 MPa, and Tbr=1.6011(1.963)
G = 83 GPa. If a = 2 m and b = 1.5 m,
Tbr=3.142 kN⋅m
compute the maximum torque T that can
be applied.
τmax=16T/πD3
From Equation (1), use
Based on τbr ≤ 60 MPa Tbr = 3.142 kN·m and Tst = 1.963 kN·m
T=3.142+1.963
60=16Tbr/π(753)
T=5.105kN⋅m answer
Tbr=4970097.75N⋅mm
Problem 320
In Prob. 319, determine the ratio of lengths
b/a so that each material will be stressed to
57
T=(T2b+T2a)/a
Solution 320
T=(b+a)T2/a
From the solution of Problem 319:
T=LT2/a
Maximum Tbr = 4.970 kN·m
Maximum Tst = 1.963 kN·m Solution 321 T2=Ta/L (okay!)
ΣM=0
θbr=θst If the shaft were hollow, Equation (1) would
T=T1+T2 → Equation (1) be the same and the equality θ1 = θ2, by
(TL/JG)br=(TL/JG)st
direct investigation, would yield the same
4.973a(10002)/[1/32π(754)(35000)]=1.963b θ1=θ2 result in Equations (2a) and (2b). Therefore,
(10002)/[1/32π(504)(83000)] the values of T1 and T2 are the same (no
(TL/JG)1=(TL/JG)2 change) if the shaft were hollow.
b/a=1.187
T1a/JG=T2b/JG Problem 322
T1=b/aT2 → Equation (2a) A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown in Fig.
T=Tbrmax+Tstmax
P-322. Using G = 83 GPa, determine the
T=4.970+1.963 T2=a/bT1 → Equation (2b) required diameter of the shaft if the
shearing stress is limited to 60 MPa and the
T=6.933kN⋅m answer angle of rotation at the free end is not to
Equations (1) and (2b):
Problem 321 exceed 4 deg.
T=T1+a/bT1
A torque T is applied, as shown in Fig. P-
321, to a solid shaft with built-in ends. T=(T1b+T1a)/b
Prove that the resisting torques at the walls T=[(b+a)T1]/b
are T1 = Tb/L and T2 = Ta/L. How would
these values be changed if the shaft were T=LT1/b
hollow?
T1=Tb/L (okay!)
58
Problem 323
A shaft composed of segments AC, CD, and
DB is fastened to rigid supports and loaded
as shown in Fig. P-323. For bronze, G = 35
GPa; aluminum, G = 28 GPa, and for steel, G
= 83 GPa. Determine the maximum
shearing stress developed in each segment. The rotation of B relative to A is zero.
θA/B=0
Σ(TL/JG)A/B=0
TA(2)(10002)/[1/32π(254)(35000)]+
(TA−300)(2)(10002)/[1/32π(504)(28000)]+
For the 1st segment:
60=16(450)(1000)πD3 (TA−1000)(2.5)(10002)/[1/32π(254)(83000)]=0
D=33.68 mm
2TA/(254)(35)+2(TA−300)/(504)(28)+2.5(TA−
Solution 323 1000)/(254)(83)=0
For the 2nd segment:
60=16(1200)(1000)/πD3 Stress developed in each segment with 16TA/35+(TA−300)/28+[20(TA−1000)]/83=
respect to TA: 0
D=46.70 mm
(16/25)TA+(1/28)TA−75/7+(20/83)TA−200
Based on maximum angle of twist: 00/83=0
θ=TL/JG (8527/11620)TA=251.678
θ=(1/JG)ΣTL TA=342.97N⋅m
4∘(π/180∘)=1/[1/32πD4(83000)][450(2.5)+
1200(2.5)](10002) ΣM=0
59
TB=657.03N⋅m Tbr+Tst=12(1000)(12)
Tbr+Tst=144000lb⋅in
Tbr=342.97N⋅m
500πDbr3+750πDst3=144000
Tal=342.97−300=42.97N⋅m
Dbr3=288/π+1.5Dst3 → Equation (1)
Tst=342.97−1000=−657.03N⋅m=−TB (oka
y!)
θbr=θst
Solution 324
(TLJG)br=(TLJG)st
τmax=16T/πD3 τmax=16T/πD3
Tbr(6)/[1/32πDbr4(6×106)]=Tst(4)/[1/32πDst4
τbr=16(342.97)(1000)/π(253)=111.79 MPa For bronze:
(12×106)]
answer
8000=16Tbr/πDbr3
3 Tbr/Dbr4=Tst/3Dst4
τal=16(42.97)(1000)/π(50 )=1.75 MPa
answer Tbr=500πDbr3lb⋅in
500πDbr3/Dbr4=750πDst3/3Dst4
τst=16(657.03)(1000)/π(253)=214.16 MPa Dst=0.5Dbr
answer For steel:
Problem 324 12000=16Tst/πDst3 From Equation (1)
The compound shaft shown in Fig. P-324 is Dbr =288/π−1.5(0.5Dbr)3
3
Solution 327
Solution 325 T=PRn=AτRn=1/4πd2τRn
Θof 6.5' shaft+θof 3.25' shaft=6∘ T=1/4π(1/2)2(6000)(7)(10)
2
T=PRn=AτRn=1/4πd τRn
(TL/JG)of 6.5' shaft+(TL/JG)of 3.25' shaft=6∘(π180∘) T=26250πlb⋅in
[T(6.5)(122)]/(1/32π(24)(12×106)+T(3.25)(1 T=2187.5πlb⋅ft=6872.23 lb⋅ft answer
22)/[1/32π(1.54)(12×106)]=π30
Problem 328
T=817.32lb⋅ft A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-
61
Solution 330
Solution 328 Solution 329
T=P1R1n1+P2R2n2
For one bolt in the outer circle: P1/R1=P2/R2
14(10002)=1500π(200)n1+1125π(150)(6)
2
P1=Aτ=[π(10 )/4](60) Aτ1/6=Aτ2/4.5
n1=11.48 say 12 bolts answer
P1=1500πN τ2=0.75τ1
Problem 331
T= P1R1n1 + P2R2n2
For one bolt in the inner circle: A flanged bolt coupling consists of six ½-in.
700(12)=1/4π(1/2)2τ1(6)(8)+1/4π(1/2)2τ2(4. steel bolts evenly spaced around a bolt
P1/R1=P2/R2
5)(6) circle 12 in. in diameter, and four ¾-in.
1500π/200=P2/150 aluminum bolts on a concentric bolt circle 8
8400=3πτ1+1.6875π(0.75τ1)
in. in diameter. What torque can be applied
P2=1125πN without exceeding 9000 psi in the steel or
8400=13.4τ1
6000 psi in the aluminum? Assume Gst = 12
τ1=626.87psi → bolts in the outer × 106 psi and Gal = 4 × 106 psi.
T=P1R1n1+P2R2n2 circle answer
T=1/4π(1/2)2τst(6)(6)+1/4π(3/4)2τal(4)(4)
62
Where:
Equations (1) and (2a) T=PRn
T=2.25π(9/2τal+τal)=12.375πτal Solution 333
ρ=R
T=12.375π(6000)=74250πlb⋅in τ=Tρ/J
2 2
J=ΣAρ =AR n
T=233.26kip⋅in
Where:
T=14(1000)(240)=3360000N⋅mm
τ=PRn(R)/AR2n J=ΣAρ2=1/4π(20)2[2(402)+2(1202)]
Equations (1) and (2b)
T=2.25π(τst+2/9τst)=2.75πτst τ=P/A (okay!) J=3200000πmm4
T=2.25π(9000)=24750πlb⋅in
This shows that τ = Tρ/J can be used to find
T=77.75kip⋅in the shearing stress at the center of any
Use T = 77.75 kip·in answer rivet.
Problem 333
A plate is fastened to a fixed member by
Problem 332 four 20-mm-diameter rivets arranged as
In a rivet group subjected to a twisting shown in Fig. P-333. Compute the
couple T, show that the torsion formula τ = maximum and minimum shearing stress
Tρ/J can be used to find the shearing
63
τ=Tρ/J
80.05=6P−140
64
x1=x3=1/3(120)=40mm T=120P+100P=220P
x2=2/3(120)=80mm
The critical rivets are at distance r1 from
centroid:
14400XG=4800(40)+4800(80)+4800(40)
τ=Tρ/J
XG=160/3mm
τmax=Tr1J
70=220P(96.148)/2624973.55
Solution 335
P=8686.8N answer
r1=√[(1603)2+802]=96.148mm