Dynamic English for Beginners

English alphabet (Alfabeto) Personal pronouns (subject, object and

reflexive ) (Pronombres Personales)
A →ei N → en
B → bi O → ou
C → si P→ pi I→ Me → Myself Ejemplos de
D → di Q → kiú You → You → Yourself
pronombres
E→ i R→ ar Him → Himself
He → reflexivos en
F → ef S → es
She → Her → Herself página: 35
G → yi T → ti
H → eich U → iu It → It → Itself
I → ai V → vi We → Us → Ourselves
J → yei W→daboliú You → You → Yourselves
K →kei X → exs They → Them → Themselves
L →el Y→ uái
M → em Z→ zi

Español Inglés Español Inglés Español

Inglés
Some
Días de la Days of the week Months of the
Meses del año year (monzs of the adjectives
semana (deis of dæ wik) yíarh)
alto Tall (tol)
Lunes Monday (mándai) Enero January (jhánuari)
bajo / corto Short (short)
Febrero February (fébhruari)
Martes Tuesday (thúsdei) largo Long (long)
Marzo March (march)
grande Big (big)
Abril April (éipril)
Miércoles Wednesday (wuénsdei) pequeño Small (Smol)
Mayo May (mei)
viejo Old (old)
Jueves Thursday (zérsdei) Junio June (jhun)
joven Young (yaung)
Viernes Friday (fráidei) Julio July (jhulái)
nuevo New (niú)
Sábado Saturday (sáthurdei) Agosto August (óguest)

Domingo Sunday (sándei) September duro / difícil Hard (jard)

Septiembre
(septémber)
suave Soft (soft)
Octubre October (octouber)
fácil Easy (ísi)
Noviembre November
(nouvember)
rápido fast / rapid
(fasst / rápid)
Diciembre December
(dicémber) lento Slow (slóu)

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  1 = One (uan)  18 = Eighteen (éitíin)

 2 = Two (thú)  19 = Nineteen (naintíin)

 3 = Three (zríi)  20 = Twenty (thuenti)

 4 = Four (fohr)  21 = Twenty one (thuenti uán)

 5 = Five (fáif)  22 = Twenty two (thuenti thú)

 6 = Six (six)  23 = Twenty three (thuenti zríi)

 7 = Seven (seven)  24 = Twenty four (thuenti fohr)

 8 = Eight (eit)  25 = Twenty five (thuenti fáif)

 9 = Nine (náin)  30 = Thirty (zherthi)

 10 = Ten (then)  40 = Forty (fórthi)

 11 = Eleven (iléven)  50 = Fifty (fífti)

 12 = Twelve (thuelf)  60 = Sixty (síxti)

 13 = Thirteen (zhertíin)  70 = Seventy (séventi)

 14 = Fourteen (fohrtíin)  80 = Eighty (éiti)

 15 = Fifteen (fiftíin)  90 = Ninety (náinti)

 16 = Sixteen (sixtíin)  100 = One hundred (uan jándred)

 17 = Seventeen (seventíin)  1000 = One thousand (uan zausand)

Sentences with definite article:

The (artículo determinado)

The man; the men; the woman; the women, the car, the cars, the house, the houses, the dog,
the dogs, the cat, the cats, the tree, the trees, the street, the streets, the plant, the plants.

Indefinite article in singular (Artículo indefinido singular: un, una)

Sentences with the indefinite article:

"A", before singular words beginning with a consonant: A man, a woman, a car, a house, a
book, a wall, a PC, a show, a shoe, a pen, a street, a bike, a tree, a road, a person, etc. ("A",
antes de las palabras singulares, masculinas y femeninas, que comienza con una consonante: Un

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 hombre, una mujer, un coche, una casa, un libro, una pared, un PC, un espectáculo, un zapato, un
bolígrafo, una calle, una bicicleta, un árbol, un camino, una persona, etc.)

Exemptions: words that begin with a "yoo" sound (sonido iu en español): a European, a
useful method, a university.

"An", before singular words beginning with a vowel: An apple, an example, an old show, an
old bike, an egg, an article, an explosion, an accident, an ant, an animal, an interesting book,
an ambassador, an American, an Indian, an important case, and so on.

("An", antes de palabras en singular, en femenino o masculino, que comienzan con una vocal)

Indefinite article in plural (Artículo determinado plural: unos, unas)

Some, before plural words: Some cars, some houses, some books, some walls, some PC's,
some shows, some shoes, some pens, some streets, some bikes, some trees, some roads,
some people, some apples, some examples, some old shows, some old bikes, some eggs,
some articles, some explosions, some accidents, some ants, some animals, some interesting
books, some ambassadors, some Americans, some Indians; some important cases, etc.

Sentences with the demonstrative pronouns: (Pronombres

demostrativos):

This (dzis) (Este, esta, esto)

That (dzat)), (Eso, ese, esa)

These (dzíis) (Estos. estas)

Those (dzous) (Esos, esas)

This car, this table, this man, this woman, this cat, this bottle, this monkey, this road, this garden,
this bread, this PC, this wall, this lamp, this meat, this fish, this sheep.

These cars, these tables, these men, these women, these cats, these bottles, these monkeys,
these roads, these breads, these PCs, these walls, these lamps, these meats, these fish, these
sheep.

That car, that table, that man, that woman, that cat, that bottle, that monkey, that road, that
garden, that bread, that PC, that wall, that lamp, that meat, that fish, that sheep.

Those cars, those tables, those men, those women, those cats, those bottles, those monkeys,
those roads, those breads, those PCs, those walls, those lamps, those meats, those fish, those
sheep.

The verb to be (was, been)

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Present tense of "to be" (ser o estar):

To be present tense (ser o estar) Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I am / I'm (soy/estoy) I am not (I'm not / I ain't) Am I? Am I not?

you are / you're (eres/estás)
he is / h'es (es/está)
we are (we're (somos/estamos)
you are / you're (sois/estais)
they are / they're (son/están)
You are not (aren't)
He is not (isn't)
We are not (aren't)
You both are not (aren't)
They are not (aren't)
Are you? Are you not? (arent' you?)
Is he/she/it? Is he not (isn't he?)
Are we? Are we not? (aren't we?)
Are you (both) Are you not ((aren't you?)
Are they? Are they not (aren't they?)

To be in present continuous It is someone who:

I am / I'm being (estoy siendo)
You're being (estás siendo)
He's being (está siendo)
We're being (estamos siendo)
You're being (estais siendo)
They're being (están siendo)
It's him who is at the door: Es él quien está en la puerta.
It's us who have to apologize: Somos nosotros los que (quienes)
han de disculparse.
It's them who are afraid of flying: Son ellos los que (quienes)
tienen miedo a volar (de volar)

Examples to be learned and memorized (Ejemplos a/para aprender y memorizar)

Affirmative:

I am / I'm in the room. The room is painted in white.

You're inside the house, not outside it.
He is interested in that car because the price is good.
She's in another world; she's in love.
It's white in color/colour but the paint is bad.
We are a group of students who are on a journey to Europe, not customers.
You both are on the list of missing people.
They are in the supermarket/grocery now with some friends from England.

Negative:

I am not / I'm not here, because I'm there.

You are not / you're not / you aren't French; you're British.
He's not from Germany, he's from Sweden.
She's not angry, she's very busy only.
We aren't students, we are waiting for a bus.
You both aren't on Facebook.
They aren't nearby, they left 2 hours ago.

Interrogative:

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Am I under suspicion? No, you are not / No, you're not / No, you aren't.
Are you Mr. Wilson? No, I am not
Is he the same inspector? No, he's another person.
Is she a French tourist? No, she's only a visitor.
Is it a flammable substance? No, it isn't; it's only some water with a coloring agent.
Are we in danger? No, you are not, for the moment (for the time being).
Are you the couple who is happily married? No, we are divorced but are still friends.
Are they as happy as it seems? So it seems.

Negative interrogative:

Am I not generous enough with my tips? Yes, you are, but you leave foreign coins as a tip.
Aren't you on duty tonight? Not tonight, but tomorrow night.
Isn't he the man who wore a blue uniform? No, this man isn't a cop
Isn't she working in the factory? No, she's now at the station.
Aren't we clever enough to do it?.
Aren't you the group that got lost? Yes, but now we're here.
Aren't they interested in buying a new set of wheels? Maybe/perhaps next week

a cop: un poli, policía

angry: enfadada/o
another person: otra persona
as happy as it seems: tan felices como parece (happy: feliz, felices)
at the station: en/por la estación
because the price is good: porque el precio es bueno
but are still friends: pero somos todavía / aún amigos
but now: pero ahora
but tomorrow night: pero sí mañana noche / sino mañana noche
clever enough to do it?: bastante / suficientemente listos / espabilados para hacerlo?
divorced: divorciado/s/as
flammable substance: sustancia inflamable
for the moment (for the time being): por el momento, de momento
generous enough: bastante / suficientemente generoso
group of students: grupo de estudiantes
happily married: felizmente casada
here: aquí
in another world: en otro mundo
in buying: en comprar (in setting, in knowing, in making, etc.: en establecer, en saber, en hacer, etc.)
in danger: en peligro
in love: enamorada/o (to be in love: estar enamorado/a)
in white: de/en (color) blanco
inside the house: dentro de la casa
interested: interesado
is painted: está pintado/a
it's only some water with a coloring agent: es sólo algo de agua con un agente colorante
It's white in color: es de color blanco (Color/colour)
leave foreign coins as a tip: deja monedas extranjeras como / de propina
maybe / perhaps: quizá(s), tal vez, a lo mejor
nearby: por aquí, cerca
new set of wheels: juego nuevo de ruedas
not customers: no clientes (de bar, tienda) (clients: clientes, de abogados, de empresas de servicios)
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 not outside it: no fuera de ella
not tonight: no esta noche
on a journey to Europe: de viaje a Europa (en un viaje a Europa)
on Facebook: en Facebook (on the TV, on the radio, on a list, on a program, on the earth, on a journey, etc)
on the list of missing people: en la lista de desaparecidos, de personas desaparecidas
only: sólo, solamente
so it seems: así lo parece
some water: algo de agua
that get lost: que se perdió (to get lost: perderse - V. Intr.)
the couple: la pareja
the same inspector: el mismo inspector
there: allí / allá
they left 2 hours ago: se marcharon / se fueron hace 2 horas (2/15 hours/days/years ago: hace horas/días/años.)
to be on a list: estar en una lista
under suspicion: bajo sospecha
very busy only: muy ocupada/o solamente
visitor: visitante
we are waiting for a bus: estamos esperando un autobús (to wait for: esperar algo, a alguien)
who is happily married?: que está felizmente casada (who: pronombre relativo para personas)
who wore a blue uniform: que llevaba puesto/usaba un uniforme azul (to wear: llevar puesto)
who: que (quienes)
with my tips: con mis propinas (tambié, sugerencia, consejo)
with some friends from England: con algunos amigos de Inglaterra (from: indica procedencia, origen)
you both: vosotros dos

Who: Interrogative pronoun (Pronombre interrogativo, sin género ni número)

Who: Relative pronoun (Pronombre relativo, sin género ni número)

Examples:

Who is that guy over there? He's Mr. Smith. → ¿Quién es ese tío de allí? Es el Sr. Smith
Who are these men sitting here? → ¿Quiénes son estos hombres sentados aquí?
Who is that girl? She's the one who was fired. → ¿Quién es esa chica? Es la que fue despedida.

He's the worker who reported the robbery. → Es el trabajador que denunció el robo.
They are the customers who arrived yesterday. → Son los clientes que llegaron ayer .
She's the partner who bought all the shares. → Es la socia que compró todas las acciones.

Who are you talking to / with? <> With / to whom are you.......? → ¿A / con quién estas hablando?
Who are you helping to? <> To whom are you.........? → ¿A quién estás ayudando?
Who is she working with? <> With whom is she .......? → ¿Con quién está ella trabajando?

To Be in past - Affirmative

Subject To Be Examples

I was I was tired this morning. (Estaba cansado/a esta mañana)

You were You were very good. (Tú fuíste muy bueno)

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 He was He was the best in his class. (Él fue el mejor en su clase)

She was She was late for work. (Ella hacía tarde al trabajo)

It was It was a sunny day. (Fue un día soleado)

We were We were at home. (Estuvimos en casa)

You were You were on holiday. (Vosotros estuvisteis de vacaciones)

They were They were happy with the results. (Estaban contentos/felices con los resultados)

To be Subject Examples

Was I Was I tired this morning?

were you were you very good?

Was he was he the best in his class?

Was she was she late for work?

Was it was it a sunny day?

Were we were we at home?

Were you were you on holiday?

Were they were they happy with the results?

To Be - Negative Sentences & Contractions

The negative of To Be can be made by adding not after the verb (was or were). El negativo de To Be
puede hacerse mediante la adición de not después del verbo (fue o fueron).

I was not tired this morning. OR I wasn't tired this morning.

You were not crazy. OR You weren't crazy.
He was not married. OR He wasn't married.
She was not famous. OR She wasn't famous.
It was not hot yesterday. OR It wasn't hot yesterday.
We were not invited. OR We weren't invited.
You were not at the party. OR You weren't at the party.
They were not friends. OR They weren't friends.

Affirmative Question
I was late Was I late?
You were sick. Were you sick?
He was surprised. Was he surprised?
She was from Italy. Was she from Italy?
It was a big house Was it a big house?
We were ready. Were we ready?
You were early. Were you early?
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 They were busy. Were they busy?

First present tense verbs (los primeros verbos en presente indicativo):

The verb "to be" (El verbo "ser o estar")

The man is in the street now. Is the man in the street now? Yes, he is (he's). No, he isn't /
No he's not.
The woman is in the shop. Is the woman in the shop? Yes, she is (she's). No she isn't / No,
she's not.
The women dressed in white are at the station. Are the women dressed in white at the
station? Yes, they are (they're). No, they aren't / No, they're not.
Am I on the list of members? Yes, you are. No, you are not / No, you aren't
We aren't very happy with the decision taken by the judge.
The racing car is broken down. Is the racing car broken? Yes, it is. No, it isn't / No, it's not.
The house is situated near the harbor (port). Is the house situated near the harbor? Yes,
it is. No, it isn't / No, it's not
The dogs are down in the basement. Are the dogs down in the basement? Yes. they are.
No, they aren't / No, they're not.
The trees of the park are home to many birds. Are the trees of the park home to many
birds? Yes, they are. No, they aren't / No, they're not.
The air is filled with a smell of ripe fruit. Is the air filled with a smell of ripe fruit. Yes. it is.
No, it isn't / No, it's not.
The number of people with diabetes is increasing (or on the rise). Is the number of people
with diabetes increasing (or on the rise)? Yes, it is. No, it isn't / No, it's not.
The members of the club are very satisfied with the changes. Are the members of the club
very satisfied with the changes. Yes, they are. No, they are not / No, they aren't / No, they're
not.
We aren't interested in that house because it's too old. So you aren't involved in the real
estate business.
Your proposal is not endorsed by the committee. All the doctors of this hospital are
underpaid.

To be (present tense)

are very satisfied with the changes: están muy satisfechos con los cambios
at the station: en / por la estación (o inmediaciones más próximas)
because: porque
broken down: averiado
down in the basement: abajo en el sótano
dressed in white: vestidas (ellas) de blanco
endorsed by the committee: respaldada (apoyada) por el comité
filled with: lleno de, cargado de

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 harbor (port): puerto
home to many birds: hogar/refugio para muchas aves (this place is home to many people)
in the shop: en la tienda
in the stree now: en la calle ahora
increasing: aumentando, en aumento (to be increasing)
interested: interesados
involved: metido, relacionado con; involucrado, implicado (también plural)
is increasing: está aumentando / en aumento
list of members: lista de miembros
middle of the race: en (la) mitad de la carrera)
near the harbor: cerca del puerto (near the sea/road/wall/door: cerca de: mar/carretera/pared,etc.)
number of people: número de personas
on the rise: en aumento, aumentando
proposal: propuesta
racing car: coche de carreras
real estate business: nogocio inmobiliario
situated (fixed, located): situada
situated: situada/o
smell of ripe fruit: olor a (de) fruta madura)
taken by the judge: tomada por el juez
too old: demasiado vieja/o
underpaid: mal pagados (infra pagados)
very satisfied: muy satisfecho/a/s

Past tense of "be", "was & were" (Pasado del verbo ser o estar):
John and Eloise were married for at least 40 years.
My father was a resourceful man.
The army was defeated by a small group of guerrillas.
We were at the station at 10 AM.
Michael was accused of murder by the jury
I was invited to a party in which people were dressed in blue.
She was in London last week.
We were alone when all happened.
Were you at the station when she arrived? No, I was watching TV.
These were the cops who arrested your brother.
Were your sisters happy with their gifts? At first I thought they were (happy), but I was
wrong.
Were you ready for the exam? I thought I was, but the exam was very difficult.
Were the brothers very busy when the fire started? No, they were having beers.
Was I under suspicion? No, your name wasn't on any list.

accused of murder: acusado de asesinato

alone: solos (solo, sola, solos)
at first: al principio, primero
at the station: en la estación, por la estación
but I was wrong: pero estaba equivocado
but the exam was very difficul: pero el examen fue/era muy dificil
by the jury: por el jurado
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defeated: derrotado (to defeat. derrotar / to be defeated: ser derrotado)
guerrillas: guerrilleros
having beers: tomando cervezas
I thought I was: creí que lo estaba, creí que sí, pensé que sí
I thought: creí, pensé, me pareció
in which: en la cual
invited to a party: invitado/a a una fiesta
last week: la semana pasada
married for at least: casados durante al menos (for a long/short time: durante un largo corto tiempo)
on any list: en ninguna lista (it isn't on any list; on any list?: no está en ninguna lista; ¿en alguna lista?
people: la gente
ready for the exam: preparado/a para el examen
resourceful man (or a man of resources): hombre de recursos
under suspicion: bajo sospecha
very busy: muy ocupados (muy ocupado/a)
very difficult: muy dificil
was accused of murder: acusado de asesinato
was defeated: fue vencido/derrotado
watching TV: mirando la tele
were dressed in blue: estaban vestidos/as de azul (in blue)
when all happened: cuando todo ocurrió/pasó
when she arrived: cuando ella llegó
when the fire started: cuando empezó el fuego/incendio
who arrested your brother: que/quienes arrestaron (your brother/father/girl/friend/neighbor)
with their gifts: con sus regalos
your name: tu nombre

The verb "to do" is also used as an auxiliary verb to ask a question, in both
present or past, and give a negative answer in both present or past for almost
all verbs (El verbo "to do" -hacer- se usa también para hacer una pregunta, en presente o
pasado, y dar una negativa en presente o pasado para casi todos los verbos)

Exceptions: be, can, may, might, could, must, ought

To do (hacer) Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I do I do not (don't) Do I? Do I not? (don't I?)

You do You do not (don't) Do you? Do you not? (don't you?)
He does He does not (doesn't) Does he? Does he not? (doesn't he?)
We do We do not (don't) Do we? Do we not? (don't we?)
You do You do not (don't) Do you? Do you not? (don't you?)
They do They do not (don't) Do they? Do they not? (don't they?)

To do past Past Negative Interrogative Interrogative negative

I did I did not (didn't) Did I? Did I not? (didn't I?)

You did You did not (didn't) Did you? Did you not? (didn't you?)
He did He did not (didn't) Did he? Did he not? (didn't he?)
We did We did not (didn't) Did we? Did we not? (didn't we?)
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You did You did not (didn't) Did you? Did you not? (didn't you?)
They did They did not (didn't) Did they? Did they not? (didn't they?)

Present continuous and past continuous examples. (using the verbs be + do in gerund)

What are you doing with this knife? I'm cutting some potatoes.
What are they doing now? They're watching TV.
What is she doing in her room: She's studying for an exam.
What was she cooking in the kitchen? A cake.
What were they doing in the basement? They were painting the walls.

Present tense of "to do" (Presente del verbo "to do", subrayado, como verbo ordinario y auxiliar):
I do my exercises every morning.
You do things that are not normal.
He (usually) does his homework after supper
We always do what they say.
They do the best milkshakes in town.
She does things that very few people can do.
He doesn't want to pay that high price.
We don't know how much money was lost.
They don't know how she got lost.
Do they really pay so little? Yes, they do and take too long to pay.
Does your wife know that you don't have / you haven't got much money? Yes, she does. But she
doesn't care
Do you really think this is a new PC? I don't think it is a new PC,I think is a second-hand one
Doesn't he behave honestly? Yes, he does; but not very often.
Why don't the owners listen to their customers? Because they're bad businessmen.
Don't they understand that we're not the enemy? It seems they don't.
Do you think they will favor/favour this law? I don't think they will.
Are you sure they'll do it again? I hope they won't.
Does Carol know the solution? Yes, of course she does.
Do we look too old with these clothes? You look rather younger
Do I need to take another exam? Maybe in a few months.
Do Jenny and Bruce speak any German? Only when they're a bit drunk.
Do they understand English? They do if the speaker speaks slowly.
I don't want this to happen again.
She doesn't cook as her mother but much better than many chefs.
Elaine and Joe don't know who was chosen for the job

a bit drunk: un poco borracho/a

a second-hand one (PC): uno de segunda mano
after supper: después de la cena
bad businessmen: malos empresarios/hombres de negocios

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behave: comportarse, portarse (V. Intr.)
but much better than: pero mucho mejor que (better than: mejor que. superlativo)
can do: puede hacer
customers: clientes (de bar, tienda, etc- clients: clientes de abogado, empresas de servicios)
but not very often: pero no muy amenudo
do what they say: hacemos lo que (ellos) dicen
Do you really think: crees realmente
Does your wife know that: sabe tu mujer que
doesn't care: no le preocupa/importa (I don't care: no me importa) (V. Intr.)
doesn't want to pay: no quiere pagar
every morning: cada mañana (every day: cada día;
everyday: cotidiano, corriente, diario
exercises: ejercicios
happen again: (que) ocurra otra vez
high price: precio alto (los adjetivos van delante de los siustantivos)
homework: deberes (del cole)
how much money: cuánto dinero (how much/many: cuánto/cuántos)
how she got lost: cómo se perdió (to get lost: perderse, alguien)
I hope they won't: espero que no (they won't: they will not)
In town: del pueblo, de/en todo el pueblo
It seems they don't: parece que no (entienden)
job: trabajo, empleo, tarea (task)
listen to: escuchar a (to listen to: escuchar a <> to hear sth: oír algo)
of course she does: desde luego que sí (que la sabe)
only: sólo, solamente, únicamente
She does things: hace cosas
slowly: lentamente, con lentitud
so little: tan poco (so big/small/expensive/cheap/long: tan grande/pequeño/caro/barato/largo)
take too long to pay: (ellos) tardan mucho (tiempo) en pagar
that are normal: que son normales
that: que (en este caso, pronombre relativo)
the best milkshakes in town: los mejores batidos en el pueblo
They do if: Sí, si (el que habla....) (sí: afirmación; si: conjunción)
they do the best: hacen los mejores
they will favor this law: estarán a favor de esta ley, serán partdarios de esta ley
to pay: pagar
rather younger: más bien más jovenes (young + er: más jóvenes)
usually: normalmernte, por lo general
was lost: se perdió (to lose money: perder dinero)
what they say: lo que dicen (what: qué -Pronombre interrogativo-; lo que)
who was chosen: quién fue escogido (a quién se eligió/escogió)

Past tense of "to do", in negative (Pasado del verbo "to do", subrayado):
At first I didn't want to go to that restaurant, then I changed my mind.
Did you really expect such results? No, to tell you the truth.
The firm did not reach the goals.
Why didn't they reason with the neighbors to reach an agreement?

12
Didn't we follow the rules that they had set?
Didn't the Browns finally sell the house? They sold it for a good price.
The firm didn't accept neither the agreement nor the interest rate.
Elisabeth didn't know what had happened to the prior owners.
Did these things happen in the past? Yes, They did, but not so often.

at first: al principio
but not so often: pero no tan amenudo
expect such results: esperar tales resultados (to expect: esperar, imaginar suponer)
follow the rules: seguir las reglas
interest rate: tasa de interés
in the past: en el pasado
neighbors (neighbours): vecinos/as
neither the agreement nor: ni el acuerdo ni (neither......nor: ni una cosa ni la otra)
prior owners: anteriores propietarios
reach an agreement: llegar a un acuerdo, alcanzar un acuerdo
reach the goals: alcanzar los objetivos
reason with: razonar con
sell the house: vender la casa
then I changed my mind: luego cambié de idea
they had set: ellos habían sentado/impuesto
to tell you the truth: a decir verdad, si te digo la verdad
what had happened: lo que había pasado

"The verb "to make"

The verb "to make" -- I made, I have made (hacer, construir, crear, engendrar, etc)

Simple present Simple past Negative Interrogative & Negative Interrogative

I make I made I did not make (I didn't make) Did I, you/ he/ we /you/they make?
You make You made You did not make (didn't make)
He makes He made He did not make (didn't make) Did I / you/he/we/you/they not make? or
We make We made We did not make (didn't make)
You make You made You did not make (didn't make) Didn't I/you/he/we/you/they make?
They make They made They did not make (didn't make)

The gerund form of "to make"

I am / I'm making
You are / you're making
He is / he's making
We are / we're making
You are / you're making
They are / they're making

Examples with the verb "To make"

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My teacher made me apologize for what I had said. → Mi profesor me hizo (exigió) pedir
disculpas por lo que había dicho.
Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat? → Te ha hecho (obligado) alguien usar/llevar
puesto ese sombrero feo?
She made the children responsible for the damages. → Hizo a los niños responsables de
(for) los daños. (Be made responsible for sth.)
We made the cake with maize flour and eggs. → Hicimos el pastel con harina de maíz y
huevos.
We are making progress thanks to the generous donations. → Estamos haciendo progresos
gracias a las generosas donaciones.
Thes gates are made of iron and wood. → Estas puertas están hechas de hierro y madera.
What is this made of? It's made of concrete. → ¿De qué esta hecho? Está hecho de
hormigón. (also: Of what is it made? It is made of.....)
This project will make it possible. → Este proyecto lo hará posible.
They didn't make many mistakes. → No hicieron/cometieron muchos errores.
It can make all sort of sounds. → Puede hacer todo tipo de sonidos.
They can't make this project feasible. (make feasible this project)→ Pueden hacer factible
este proyecto.
Make a mountain out of a molehill. → Hacer una montaña de un grano de arena (topera)
You better make it better. → Más vale que (mejor que) lo hagas mejor.

Made from (Hecho a partir de)

We often use made from when we talk about how something is manufactured: Plastic is
made from oil. The earliest canoes were made from tree trunks.

Made of (Hecho de, manufacturado en)

We use made of when we talk about the basic material or qualities of something. It has a
meaning similar to ‘composed of’: She wore a beautiful necklace made of silver.

A: What is this table made of? It's made of American oak.

Made out of (Hecho usando, hecho de)

We usually use made out of when we talk about something that has been changed or
transformed from one thing into another: In the 1970s, it was popular to have candle-holders
made out of wine bottles.

They were living in tents made out of old plastic sheets.

Made with

We use made with most often to talk about the ingredients of food and drink:
This dish is made with beef, red peppers and herbs.
Is sushi always made with raw fish or do the Japanese use cooked fish too?
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 Interrogative:

Shall I be rewarded for my efforts? → Seré recompensado por mis esfuerzos?

Will you sell all your shares to the broker? → Venderás todas tus acciones al corredor de bolsa?
Will Jane have to carry out this task? → Tendrá Jane que llevar a cabo esta tarea?
Shall we feel better with these pills? → Nos sentiremos mejor con estas píldoras?
Will you both go now or wait? → Iréis ahora u os esperareis? (Aquí "will" actúa sobre ambos verbos)
Will they finally accept the offer? → Acceptarán finalmente la oferta?

The verbs "to do " & "to make" (los verbos "to do" y "to make")

Ambos tienen como significado 'hacer'. Hay expresiones que se forman con uno u otro y son
invariables. Por ejemplo, 'do me a favor', 'make some tea'.
Los verbos to do y to make significan "hacer" pero se utilizan en forma diferente. Aquí hay algunos
ejemplos:

Mrs. Jones is a housewife who doesn't work in any office, so... - La señora Jones
es una ama de casa que no trabaja en ninguna oficina, así que...

She has to do the housework. Tiene que hacer el trabajo de la casa.

She has to do the cooking. Tiene que cocinar.
She has to do the washing up. Tiene que fregar los platos.
She has to do the washing / the laundry. Tiene que lavar la ropa sucia.
She has to do the shopping. Tiene que hacer las compras.
She has to do the ironing. Tiene que planchar la ropa.
She has to do the dusting. Tiene que quitar el polvo.

She has to make the beds. Tiene que hacer las camas.
She has to make breakfast. Tiene que hacer el desayuno.
She has to make lunch. Tiene que hacer el almuerzo.
She has to make dinner. Tiene que hacer la cena.
She has to make coffee / tea. Tiene que hacer café / té.
She has to make a cake. Tiene que hacer un pastel.
She has to make sure that the house is in order. Tiene que asegurarse que la casa esté en orden.

Mr. Jones is a businessman, so... - El señor Jones es un empresario, así que...

He is doing business with important companies. Está haciendo negocios con firmas importantes.
He has to do something with the lack of time. Él tiene que hacer algo con la falta de tiempo.

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He is doing well in his job. Va bien en su trabajo. (How are you doing? →¿Qué tal te va?: I'm doing
well → Me va bien)
He does his best to improve his company. Hace lo mejor que puede para mejorar su empresa.
He is making a lot of money. Está haciendo un montón de dinero.
He is making a fortune. Está haciendo una fortuna.
He doesn't like to make mistakes. No le gusta cometer errores (to make mistakes: hacer errores)
Sometimes he makes a fuss when something goes wrong. Algunas veces (él) arma un lío
cuando algo sale mal.
He rarely makes jokes. Casi nunca hace chistes.
He doesn't have much time to make friends. No tiene mucho tiempo para hacer amigos.
He is making an effort to increase sales. Está haciendo un esfuerzo para aumentar las ventas.
He would like to make a trip/journey. Le gustaría hacer un viaje.
His employees make fun of him. Sus empleados se burlan de él.
He has to make a speech for a meeting. Tiene que hacer un discurso para una reunión.
He has to make decisions every day. Tiene que tomar decisiones todos los días.
His secretary makes appointments for him. Su secretaria arregla / organiza citas para él.
She also makes telephone calls and reservations. También hace llamadas telefónicas y reservas.
He says that his employees make trouble. Él dice que sus empleados causan problemas.
He often makes a fool of himself. A menudo se pone en ridículo.
He makes use of his authority to threaten people. Utiliza su autoridad para amenazar a la gente.
Some of his decisions don't make sense. Algunas de sus decisiones no tienen sentido.

Otros ejemplos:

John doesn't like to do his homework. A John no le gusta hacer sus deberes.
He is doing badly at school. (He is not doing well) No le va bien en la escuela. (No le está yendo
bien)
The hurricane did a lot of damage in the area. El huracán causó / hizo mucho daño en la zona.
The policeman was doing his duty when he arrested the thief. El policía estaba cumpliendo con
su deber cuando arrestó al ladrón.
Mary did her hair and her face and left for the party. Mary se peinó, se maquilló y salió para la
fiesta.
"Can you do me a favor?" - ¿Me puedes hacer un favor?
"What are you doing here? " - ¿Qué estás haciendo aquí?
They were making love in the back seat of their car. Ellos estaban haciendo el amor en el asiento
trasero de su auto.
Johnny made a mess in his room. Johnny hizo un desastre en su cuarto.
Bill made his way to the university. Bill se dirigió a la universidad.
Jane made an excuse and left. Jane se disculpó y se marchó.
I want to make a complaint about the service in this hotel. Quiero presentar una queja sobre el
servicio en este hotel.

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The verb "to do" as an auxiliary verb to make questions and negatives. (El verbo
to do" como auxiliar para hacer preguntas y negaciones)

Preguntas en inglés usando "do/does/did". Do you live here? / Does he work in this company? / Did
you see that?

Do / Don't ( I, you, we, they) ... ?

Where do you live?¿Dónde vives?

What do you do?¿Qué haces?
Do you speak French fluently? ¿Hablas francés fluidamente?
Don't we know that already? ¿No sabemos eso ya?
Do Anne and Julie go to the gym together? ¿Anne y Julie van al gimnasio juntas?
How do you spell Jonathan? ¿Cómo deletreas Jonathan?
When do we have to leave the hotel? ¿Cuándo tenemos que dejar el hotel?

Does / Doesn't (he, she, it) ... ?

Does she play the piano? ¿Ella toca el piano?

Does Timothy earn a lot of money? ¿Timothy gana mucho dinero?
Doesn't Claire know what happened? ¿Claire no sabe lo qué pasó?
Does the picture look nice on the shelf? ¿Se ve bien la foto sobre el estante?
Where does Sally study French? ¿Dónde estudia francés Sally?
How does it work? ¿Cómo funciona?

Did/Didn't (I, you, she...) ... ?

How did I get here? ¿Cómo llegué aquí?

Where did you find the book? ¿Dónde encontraste el libro?
Did you write an e-mail to your friend Victor? ¿Le escribiste un e-mail a tu amigo Victor?
Didn't Donald buy the present for his sister? ¿No compro Donald el regalo para su hermana?
Did we pass the exam? ¿Aprobamos / pasamos el examen?
Didn't I pay the bill this morning? ¿No pagué la factura esta mañana?
When did you sing for the first time? ¿Cuándo cantaste por primera vez?

The verb "to go" (El verbo "ir")

Present Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I go I do not (don't) go Do I go? Do I not (don't I) go?

You go You don't go Do you go? Don't you go?
He goes He doesn't go Does he go? Doesn't he go?
We go We don't go Do we go? Don't we go?

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You go You don't go Do you go? Don't you go?
They go They don't go Do they go? Dont' they go?
Past Past Negative Interrogative Interrogatibe negative

I went I did not (didn't) go Did I go? Did I not (didn't I) go?
You went You didn't go Did you go? Didn't you go?
He went He didn't go Did he go? Didn't he go?
We went We didn't go Did we go? Didn't we go?
You went You didn't go Did you go? Didn't you go?
They went They didn't go Did they go? Didn't they go?

Past participle

I have I haven't Have I? Have I not? (haven't I?)

You have You haven't Have you? Have you not? (haven't you?)
He has He hasn't Has he? Has he not? (hasn't he?)
We have We haven't Have we? Have we not? (haven't we?) gone
You have You haven't Have you? Have you not? (haven't you?)
They have They haven't Have they? Have they not? (haven't they?)

Present continuous and past continuous examples. (using the verbs be + go in gerund)

Where are you going with this bag? I'm going to pick up mushrooms.
Where is she going now? She's going to buy an icecream.
How are you going to do it? With patience.
Why are you going tomorrow? Because I'm in a hurry to solve the problem.
Is she going to buy the house? I'm afraid she is.
Was he going to L.A. last week? I'm not sure.
Were they going to the party? Yes, they were.
Were the shareholders going to buy more shares? Sure not.

Examples:

I go to the movies every Sunday. → Voy al cine cada domingo

If you go now you can be accepted. → Si vas ahora puedes ser aceptado.
He goes to the beach every morning. → (Él) va a la playa cada mañana.
We go to the shop everytime we need some food. → Vamos a la tienda cada vez que
necesitamos algo de comida.
You both go to the same college. → Vosotros dos vais a la misma facultad.
They go to the beach in summer to sunbathe. → Van a la playa en verano a tomar el sol.
I don't go to the movies every Sunday. → No voy al cine cada domingo
If you don't go now you can't / cannot be accepted. → Si no vas ahora no puedes ser
aceptado.
He doesn't go to the beach every morning. → (Él) no va a la playa cada mañana. We
don't go to the shop everytime we need some food. → No vamos a la tienda cada vez que
necesitamos algo de comida.
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 You both don't go to the same college. → Vosotros dos no vais a la misma facultad.
They don't go to the beach in summer to sunbathe. → No van a la playa a tomar el sol.

I went to London last year. → Fui a Londres el año pasado.

You went to the market to buy apples. → Fuiste al mercado a/para comprar manzanas.
He went to my appartment to pick up a book. → Fue a mi aprtamento a/para recoger un
libro.
We went to that party to meet new people. → Fuimos a la fiesta a/para conocer a gente
nueva.
You both went to the same high school. → Votros dos fuisteis al mismo instituto.
They went to the station to pick up some friends. → Fueron a la estación a/para recoger a
unos amigos.

I didn't go to London last year. → No fui a Londres el año pasado.

You didn't go to the market to buy apples. → No fuiste al mercado a comprar manzanas.
He didn't go to my appartment to pick up a book. → N fue a mi aprtamento a recoger un libro.
We didn't go to that party to meet new people. → No fuimos a la fiesta a conocer a gente
nueva.
You both didn't go to the same high school. → Votros dos no fuisteis al mismo instituto.
They didn't go to the station to pick up some friends. → No fueron a la estación a/para
recoger a unos amigos.

The verb "can" (Poder / ser capaz de)

The verb "can", (to be able to do sth) can expresses physical or mental ability. (El verbo
"can" -ser capaz de hacer algo- expresa habilidad o capacidad física o mental)

1. to be able to; have the ability, power, or skill to: She can solve the problem easily. → Ser
capaz de/para; tener la capacidad, poder o habilidad: Ella puede solventar los problemas
facilmente.
2. to know how to: I can play chess; I can swim. → Saber cómo: Sé jugar al ajedrez; sé nadar.
3. to have the power or means to: A dictator can impose his will on the people. → Tener el poder
o los medios para: Un dictador puede imponer su voluntad sobre la gente.
4. to have the right or qualifications to: He can change whatever he wishes in the script. →
Tener el derecho o formación para: Puede cambiar lo que quiere del guión.
5. to have the possibility: A coin can land on either side → Tener la posibilidad: Una moneda
puede aterrizar / caer sobre cualquier cara.

Can

Can (poder, de facultad) Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I can I cannot (can't) Can I? Cannot I? (can't I?)

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You can You cannot (can't) Can you? Cannot you? (can't you?)
He can He cannot (can't) Can he? Cannot he? (can't he?)
We can We cannot (can't) Can we? Cannot we? (can't we?)
You can You cannot (can't) Can you? Cannot you? (can't you?)
They can They cannot (can't) Can they? Cannot they? (can't they?)

Past tense of can & Past tense of can in Past tense of can Interrogative negative
conditional negative in Interrogative

I could I could not (couldn't) Could I? Could I not (couldn't I?)

You could You could not (couldn't) Could you? Could you not? (couldn't you?)
He could We could not (couldn't) Could he? Could he not? (couldn't he?)
We could He could not (couldn't) Could we? Could we not? (couldn't we?)
You could You could not (couldn't) Could you? Could you not? couldn't you?)
They could They could not (couldn't) Could they? Could they not (couldn't they?)

To be able to (Se capaz de)

Present Past Interrogative Interrogative

I'm able to I was able to Was I able to? Was I not able to? - wasn't I able to?
You're able to You were able to Were you able to? Were you not able to?- weren't you able to?
He's able to He was able to Was he able to? Was he not able to? - wasn't he able to?
We're able to We were able to Were we able to? Were we not able to? - weren't we able to?
You're able to You were able to Were you able to? Were you not able to? - weren't you able to?
They're able to They were able to Were they able to? Were they not able to? - weren't they able to?

The verb "can" expresess ability

El verbo 'Can' pertenece a los verbos modales y se ubica antes del verbo principal en infinitivo.
Significa 'poder'. Se utiliza para expresar habilidad, permiso.
I can - puedo

Affirmative

I can play the trumpet. Yo puedo / sé tocar la trompeta.

We can take a taxi to the airport. Podemos tomar un taxi hasta el aeropuerto.
Mary can be very stubborn sometimes. Mary puede ser muy terca a veces.
You can sit here if you like. Puedes sentarte aquí si quieres.
It can take longer than we thought. (Esto / ello) Puede tardar más de lo que pensábamos.
Nobody can understand that. Nadie puede entender eso.
Your decision can change our lives. Tu decisión puede cambiarnos la vida (nuestras vidas)

Negative

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I cannot / can't swim. No puedo / sé nadar.
That cannot / can't be true. Eso no puede ser cierto.
You cannot / can't tell me what to do. No puedes decirme qué hacer

Interrogative

Can Peter speak German? ¿Puede / sabe Peter hablar alemán?

Can you help me with my homework? ¿Me puedes ayudar con mi tarea?

Can + have

Paul can have gone to Maria's. Paul puede haber ido a casa de María.
They can't have left without us. Ellos no pueden haberse ido sin nosotros.
Jane can't have said that. Jane no puede haber dicho eso.

More examples in present:

I can swim → Puedo nadar (Sé nadar, me enseñaron)

We can go now → Podemos ir ahora (el camino está despejado)
She can speak many languages → (Ella) habla (puede hablar) muchos idiomas
They can cook many dishes at the same time → (Ellos/as) pueden cocinar muchos platos
al mismo tiempo.
I cannot/can't find my watch. I wonder where it is. → No puedo encontrar mi reloj. Me
pregunto dónde está.
The president cannot make decisions on his own→ El presidente no puede tomar
decisiones por su cuenta. (on his/her/our/their own)

The modal verb "could"

El verbo 'Could' Expresa poca probabilidad o condicionalidad. Significa: podría, pude, podía,
pudiera de acuerdo con el contexto: I could dance if I could practice.
I could - podría / pude / podía / pudiera

Affirmative

You could be wrong. Podrías estar equivocado.

They could manage without us. Ellos pudieron / podrían arreglárselas sin nosotros.
I could help Ann if she only let me. Yo podría ayudar a Ann si tan solo me dejara .
This new plan could be very risky. Este nuevo plan podría ser muy peligrosoo.
The news could kill Mr. Taylor. La noticia podría matar al señor Taylor.
Anybody could be chosen for the job. Cualquiera podría ser elegido para el trabajo.
I could go back and bring Kate with me. Yo podría/pude volver y traer a Kate conmigo.

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I could see he was drunk. Pude ver que estaba borracho.
We could go tomorrow. Podríamos ir mañana.

Negative

I couldn't see very clearly. No pude/podía ver muy claramente.

Mrs. Jones couldn't stand the smell. La señora Jones no pudo/podía soportar el olor.
We couldn't leave you alone. No podíamos dejarte solo.

Interrogative

Could you open the window? ¿Podrías abrir la ventana?

Could they escape if they had the chance? ¿Podrían escapar si tuvieranb la oportunidad?

Could + have

You could have told me you weren't at home! ¡Podrías haberme dicho que no estabas en
casa!
It could have been worse. Pudo/podría haber sido peor.
John couldn't have done that. John no pudo/podría haber hecho eso.

"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and
requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of
"can."
("Could" se utiliza para expresar posibilidad o capacidad en el pasado, así como para hacer
sugerencias y peticiones. "Could" también se utiliza comúnmente en las frases condicionales
como la forma condicional de "can")

Examples:
 Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibility
 Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability
 You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion
 Could I use your computer to email my boss? request
 We could go on a trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional

The verb "may"

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 May (Present tense) El verbo 'may' se utiliza para expresar cierto grado de probabilidad de
I may
una acción o grado de certeza: It may rain today. Significa: podría,
You may quizás, puede que.
He/she/it may I may - podría / quizás / puede que
We may
You may
They may

Affirmative

We may stay here for the night. Podríamos pasar la noche aquí.
Jack may be telling the truth. Puede que Jack esté diciendo la verdad.
You may ask three questions. Puedes hacer tres preguntas.
I may visit Susan on Monday. Quizás / puede que visite a Susan el lunes.
The road may be blocked. El camino podría estar / puede estar bloqueado.
That may be a good idea. (Esa) Quizá sea una buena idea.
Carol may go when she finishes. Carol puede / podrá ir cuando termine.

Negative

Mr. Johnson may not remember anything. Puede que el señor Johnson no recuerde
nada.
You may not leave the classroom without permission. Usted no puede salir del aula
sin permiso.
I may not come next week. Quizá no venga la semana que viene.

Interrogative

May I go to the bathroom? ¿Puedo ir al baño?

May you take this to Mr. Richards? ¿Podrías llevarle esto al señor Richards?

May + have

Vicky may have told me the truth. Puede que Vicky me haya dicho la verdad.
They may not have known that. Puede que ellos no hayan sabido eso.
I may have forgotten to lock the door. Quizá me / puede que haya olvidado de cerrar la
puerta con llave.

More situations for "may"

The verb may is used in five main ways:

(El verbo "may" se usa principalmente en 5 situaciones)

To talk about a possible situation: Those reports may prove to be false. → Para hablar de
una situación posible: Estos informes pueden resultar ser falsos.
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To politely ask for permission to do something: May we come in? → Para pedir
educadamente permiso para hacer algo: ¿Podemos entrar?

To politely give someone permission to do something: That’s all for now, you may go. →
Para dar permiso cortésmente a alguien para hacer algo: Es todo por ahora, puedes irte.

To admit that something is the case before stating a contrasting fact: The chorus may look
silly, but they sound wonderful. → Admitir que algo es el caso antes de comentar un
hecho opuesto: El coro puede parecer soso, pero suenan fenomenal.

To express a wish or hope: May they be very happy in the future. → Para expresar un deseo o
esperanza: Que sean muy felices en el futuro.

El verbo 'might' expresa débil probabilidad o posibilidad. Se utiliza cuando

queremos decir: podría, quizás, puede que (They might come tomorrow).
I might - podría / quizás / puede que

Affirmative

They might be waiting for us at the station. Podrían estar esperándonos en la estación.
This might be our only chance. Esta podría ser nuestra única oportunidad.
I might lose my job. Podría perder mi trabajo.
Harry might write soon. Harry podría escribir pronto.
You might find a solution. Podrías encontrar una solución.
We might be going the wrong way. Quizás estemos yendo en la dirección equivocada.
I might call you tomorrow. Podría llamarte mañana.

Negative

Sylvia might not live there anymore. Quizás Sylvia ya no viva más ahí.
We might not know everything. Puede que no sepamos todo.
It might not rain tonight. Puede que no llueva esta noche.

Interrogative

Might I give you a piece of advice? ¿Podría darte un consejo?

Might we speak to you for a moment? ¿Podríamos hablar contigo un momento?

Might + have

They might have finished earlier. Quizás hayan terminado más temprano.
Bob might have died in the accident. Bob podría haber muerto en el accidente.

24
 Miss Green might not have been present at the time. Puede que la señorita Green no haya
estado presente en ese momento.

Basically, might is the past tense of may. It therefore seems logical for grammatical sticklers to
argue that if you’re talking about a possible situation in the present or the future, you should always
use the present tense, may:

(Básicamente, "might" es el tiempo pasado de "may". Por lo tanto, parece lógico que los rigurosos
de la gramatica argumenten que si estamos hablando de una posible situación en el presente o en
el futuro, se deba utilizar el tiempo presente, "may":)

If you’re feeling queasy, you may eat less and lose weight. → Si se siente mareado, puede comer
menos y perder peso.

And, equally, if you’re referring to something which could have been the case in the past, the past
tense, might, is said (by the grammatically orthodox) to be correct. → E, igualmente, si nos
referimos a algo que podría haber sido el caso en el pasado, el tiempo pasado, "might", es correcto
según los ortodoxos de la gramatica:

For all we know, she might have been undergoing counselling. → Por lo que sabemos, podría
haber estado recibiendo asesoramiento. (To undergo / receive counseling: recibir
asesoramiento)

However, people don’t often make this distinction in today’s English, and it’s generally acceptable to
use either may and might to talk about the present/future or the past. → Sin embargo, la gente no
suele hacer esta distinción en Inglés de hoy, y es generalmente aceptable usar "may" o "might"
para hablar del presente, el futuro o en el pasado:

Present or future event (Suceso presente o futuro)

She thinks she may be going crazy. → Ella cree que puede estra voviéndose loca.
She thinks she might be going crazy. → Ella cree que podría estar volviéndose loca.

Past event (Suceso pasado)

I might have forgotten to mention it at the time. → Podría haber olvidado mencionarlo en ese
momento.
I may have forgotten to mention it at the time. → Puedo haber olvidado mencionarlo en ese
momento.

The verb "to work" (worked, worked)

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Present Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I work I do not (don't) work Do I work? Do I not (don't I) work?

You work You don't work Do you work? Don't you work?
He works He does not (doesn't work) Does he work? Doesn't he work?
We work We don't work Do we work? Don't we work?
You work You don't work Do you work? Don't you work?
They work They don't work Do they work? Don't they work?
Past Past Negative Interrogative Interrogatibe negative

I worked I did not (didn't) work Did I work? Did I not (didn't I) work?
You worked You didn't work Did you work? Didn't you work?
He worked He didn't work Did he work? Didn't he work?
We worked We didn't work Did we work? Didn't we work?
You worked You didn't work Did you work? Didn't you work?
They worked They didn't work Did they work? Didn't they work?

Past participle

I have I haven't Have I? Have I not? (haven't I?)

You have You haven't Have you? Have you not? (haven't you?)
He has He hasn't Has he? Has he not? (hasn't he?)
We have
You have
We haven't
You haven't
Have we? Have we not? (haven't we?) worked
Have you? Have you not? (haven't you?)
They have They haven't Have they? Have they not? (haven't they?)

Examples:

I work as (*) a teacher of English. → Trabajo como profesor de inglés.

You work in this firm thanks to her. → Trabajas en esta firma gracias a ella.
She works very hard to earn a salary. → Trabaja muy duro para ganar un salario / sueldo.
We only work 36 hours weekly. → Sólo trabajamos 36 horas semanalmente.
You both work together because it's better for you. → Vosotros dos trabajais juntos porque
es mejor para vosotros.
They work abroad to pay less taxes. → Trabajan en el extranjero para pagar menos
impuestos.
(*) as <> like: como, porque lo soy <> como si lo fuera.

I don't work as a teacher of English. → No trabajo como profesor de inglés.

You don't work in this firm thanks to her. → Tú no trabajas en esta firma gracias a ella.
She doesn't work very hard to earn a salary. → No trabaja muy duro para ganar un salario /
sueldo.
We don't work 36 hours weekly. → No trabajamos 36 horas semanalmente.
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 You both don't work together because it's better for you both. → Vosotros dos no trabajais juntos
porque es mejor para vosotros.
They don't work abroad to pay less taxes. → No trabajan en el extranjero para pagar menos
impuestos.

I worked in that factory for a long time. → Trabajé en esa factoría durante mucho tiempo.
You worked for the group that owns the firm. → Trabajaste para el grupo que posee la firma.
He worked as a waiter in that bar. → Trabajó como camarero ene ese bar.
We worked too much when we were young. → Trabajamos mucho cuando éramos jóvenes.
You both worked to be paid a few dollars only. → Trabajasteis para cobrar unos pocos dólares.
They worked like slaves / as slaves. → Trabajaron como esclavos (como si o fueran / porque lo
eran) .

I didn't worked in that factory for a long time. → No trabajé en una factoría durante mucho
tiempo.
You didn't worked for the group that owns the firm. → No trabajaste para el grupo que posee la
firma.
He didn't worked as a waiter in that bar. → No trabajó como camarero ene ese bar.
We didn't worked too much when we were young. → No trabajamos mucho cuando éramos
jóvenes.
You both didn't worked to be paid a few dollars only. → Vosotros no trabajasteis para cobrar
unos pocos dólares.
They didn't worked like slaves. → No trabajaron como esclavos.
Didn't John work with them? Yes, he did.. → ¿No trabajó John con ellos? Sí, (trabajó con ellos)

The verb "to live" (live, lived)

Present Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I live I do not (don't) live Do I live? Do I not (don't I) live?

You live You don't live Do you live? Don't you live?
He lives He doesn't live Does he live? Doesn't he live?
We live We don't live Do we live? Don't we live?
You live You don't live Do you live? Don't you live?
They live They don't live Do they live? Don't they live?
Past Past Negative Interrogative Interrogatibe negative

I lived I did not (didn't) live Did I live? Did I not (didn't I) live?
You lived You didn't live Did you live? Didn't you live?
He lived He didn't live Did he live? Didn't he live?
We lived We didn't live Did we live? Didn't we live?
You lived You didn't live Did you live? Didn't you live?
They lived They didn't live Did they live? Didn't they live?

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Past participle

I have I haven't Have I? Have I not? (haven't I?)

You have You haven't Have you? Have you not? (haven't you?)
He has He hasn't Has he? Has he not? (hasn't he?)
We have
You have
We haven't
You haven't
Have we? Have we not? (haven't we?) lived
Have you? Have you not? (haven't you?)
They have They haven't Have they? Have they not? (haven't they?)

I live in London but I work in Petersfield. →Vivo en Londres pero trabajo en Petersfield.
You live close to where my sister lives. → Vives cerca de donde my hermana vive.
He lives with his parents. → Vive con sus padres.
We live in a small house made of wood. → Vivimos en una casa hecha de madera.
You both live in the same building. → Vosotros dos vivís en el mismo edificio.
They live (lead) a happy life. → Viven (llevan) una vida feliz.

I don't live in London but I work in Petersfield. → No vivo en Londres pero trabajo en
Petersfield.
You don't live close to where my sister lives. → No vives cerca de donde my hermana vive.
He doesn't live with his parents. → No vive con sus padres.
We don't live in a small house made of wood. → No vivimos en una casa hecha de madera.
You both don't live in the same building. → Vosotros dos no vivís en el mismo edificio.
They don't live (lead) a happy life. → No viven (llevan) una vida feliz.

I lived in Berlin for several years. → Viví en Londre durante varios años.
He didn't live with her so much time. → No vivió con ella tanto tiempo.
They didn't live or work in Germany. → No vivían o trabajaban en Londres.
Didn't she live in London in those days? Yes, she did. → No vivía en Londres en ese
momento (en esos días). Sí (que vivía)

I have lived in that house for a long time → He vivido en esa casa durante mucho tiempo.
They have lived with little money. → Han vivido con poco dinero.
We have lived with her parents. → Hemos vivido con sus padres (de ella)

The verb "to need", or simply need

El verbo "need" puede ser tanto un auxiliar como un verbo ordinario. Es auxiliar para verbos
(I need to go now , I need not go now→ Necesito ir ahora, no necesito ir ahora), pero
ordinario para objetos (I need money, I need a new car <> I don't need money, I don't need a
new car → Necesito dinero, necesito un coche nuevo <> No necesito dinero, no necesito un
coche)
Aunque a efectos coloqiales de conversación se utiliza / conjuga como otro verbo.
Present Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

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I need I do not (don't) need Do I need? Do I not (don't I) need?
You need You don't need Do you need? Don't you need?
He needs He does not (doesn't need) Does he need? Doesn't he need?
We need We don't need Do we need? Don't we need?
You need You don't need Do you need? Don't you need?
They need They don't need Do they need? Don't they need?
Past Past Negative Interrogative Interrogatibe negative

I needed I did not (didn't) need Did I need? Did I not (didn't I) need?
You needed You didn't need Did you need? Didn't you need?
He needed He didn't need Did he need? Didn't he need?
We needed We didn't need Did we need? Didn't we need?
You needed You didn't need Did you need? Didn't you need?
They needed They didn't need Did they need? Didn't they need?

The verb "to think" (pensar, creer, considerar, meditar, imaginar)

Simple present: think (zink), thinks (zinks)

Past: thought (zot) (for all persons of the verb)

Past Participle: have, has, etc., thought (zot) (for all persons of the verb)

Examples:

What do you think of this book? Do you like it?. ¿Qué piensas de este libro? ¿Te gusta?
I can't make a decision now. Let me think about it. No puedo tomar una decisión ahora. Déjeme
pensar en ello.
She thought for a moment but couldn't solve the problem. Ella pensó por un momento, pero no
pudo solucionar el problema.
We must think about it to give the right answer. Debemos pensar en ello (reflexionar al
respecto) para dar la respuesta correcta.
I don't think that this is a gold watch. No creo que esto sea (es: Subj.) un reloj de oro.
She doesn't think that the information is true. Ella no cree que la información sea (es) cierta.
I have thought of her a lot. He pensado en ella mucho.

The verb "to teach" (enseñar, dar clases)

Simple present: teach (tíich), teaches (tíiches)

Past: taught (tóot) (for all persons of the verb)

Past Participle: have, has, etc., taught (tóot) (for all persons of the verb

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Examples:

Mrs. Collins teaches biology at my school. La Sra. Collins enseña la biología en mi escuela.
His father taught Daniel how to swim. Su padre (de alguien masculino) enseño a Daniel a nadar .
She has taught English for many years. Ella ha enseñado inglés durante muchos años.
They didn't teach her to talk in English. No la enseñaron a hablar en inglés.
We have taught him how to do it. Le hemos enseñado cómo hacerlo.
I haven't taught him bad manners. No le he enseñado malas maneras (modales)

The verb "to put" (poner, colocar, meter, introducir)

Simple present: put (put), pus (puts)

Past: put (put) (for all persons of the verb)

Past Participle: have, has, etc., put (put) (for all personf of the verb

Examples:

I always put the milk in a jar. Siempre pongo la leche en una jarra.
They put the money in the bank. Pusieron el dinero en un banco.
We didin't put alcohol in the drinks. No pusimos alcohol en la bebidas.
Did Marlene put any obtections?. Puso Marlene alguna pega / objección / inconveniente? (Sing.)
She has put some weight on. Ha engordado / ganado peso (put weight on: engordar, Ver. Intr.)

Future of the tenses

Simple Future

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "shall / will" and "be going to." Although the
two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different
meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and
practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific
time in the future.
(El futuro simple tiene dos formas diferentes en Inglés: "shall / will" y "be going to" Aunque
las dos formas a veces se pueden utilizar indistintamente, a menudo expresan dos
significados muy diferentes. Estos diferentes significados pueden parecer demasiado
abstractos al principio, pero con el tiempo y la práctica, aclararán las dudas. Tanto "shall /
will" como "be going to" se refieren a un momento específico en el futuro)

To be, Simple Future Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I shall be - I'll be I shall not be - I shan't be Shall I? Shall I not? - shan't I?

You will be - you'll be You will not be . you won't be Will you? Will you not? - won't you?
He will be -he'll be He will not be - he won't be Will he? Will he not? - won't he?
We shall be - we'll be We shall not be - we shan't be Shall we? Shall we not? - shan't we?
30
You will be - you'll be You will not be - you won't be Will you? Will you not? - won't you?
They will be - they'll be They will not be - they won't be Will they? Will they not - won't they?

Examples using Shall and Will (En subrayado)

Affirmative:

I shall be - I'll be I shall be / I'll be there tomorrow at 2.15pm → Estaré allí mañana a las
You/he will be - you'll 2:15 de la tarde.
be/he'll be/she'll be You will / you'll have to buy another one → Tendrás que comprar otro.
We shall be - we'll be He will / he'll be elected again president of the company → Será elegido
You/they will be - you'll - otra vez presidente de la compañía.
they'll be She will / she'll probably eat pasta → Probablemente comerá pasta.
It will cost a fortune in a few years → (Ello) costará una fortuna en unos / dentro de unos años.
We shall not / shan't accept this agreement → No aceptaremos este acuerdo.
You both will have to make a decision → Vosotros dos tendréis que tomar una decisión.
They'll come back as soon as possible → Volverán lo antes posible (tan pronto como posible)
The boss will have to accept the rules. → El jefe tendrá que aceptar las reglas.
Jane will buy it if the price falls / drops. → Jane lo comprará si el precio baja.
You both will be appointed as representatives. → Sereis nombrados (como) representantes.

Negative:

I shall not be - I'll not be - I I shall not be / I shan't be there tomorrow at 2.15 pm → No estaré allí
shan't be; mañana a las 2:15 de la tarde.
you/he will not be - you'll/he'll You will not / you won't have to buy another one → No tendrás que
not be - you/he won't be;
comprar otro.
He'll not be / won't be elected again president of the company → No
we shall not be - we'll not be
- we shan't be; será elegido otra vez presidente de la compañía.
She won't probably eat pasta → Probablemente no comerá pasta.
you/they will not be - It won't cost a fortune in a few years → (Ello) no costará una fortuna
you'll/they'll not be -you/they en unos / dentro de unos años.
won't be. We shall not / shan't accept this agreement → No aceptaremos este
(it will not be- it'll not be- it acuerdo.
won't be) You both will not / won't have to make a decision → Vosotros dos no
tendreis que tomar una decisión.
They won't come back soon as they said → No volverán pronto como dijeron / afirmaron
The boss will not / won't have to accept the rules. → El jefe no tendrá que aceptar las reglas.
Jane will not / won't buy it if the price falls / drops. → Jane no lo comprará si el precio baja.
You both will not / won't be appointed as representatives. → No sereis nombrados (como)
representantes.

The Present Continuous (Presente continuo) We use the Present

Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening now.

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El presente continuo es un tiempo verbal que indica una acción que está ocurriendo en el
momento en que se habla. Es bastante parecido a, por ejemplo, ‘comiendo’, ‘caminando’,
‘diciendo’, etc. En el inglés coloquial significa también algo que va a ocurrir muy pronto:

I am studying for my exam – Estoy estudiando para mi examen (ahora, en este momento).
I am cleaning the house – Estoy limpiando la casa (ahora, en este momento)
Robert is driving to the supermarket – Robert está conduciendo hasta el supermercado
(ahora, en este momento).
The mechanic is fixing our car – El mecánico está arreglando nuestro coche (ahora, en
este momento).

Examples:

The kids are watching TV . → Los niños están mirando la tele. (to watch TV: mirar la tele)
I am sitting down because I am tired. → Me siento porque estoy cansado/a (to sit down:
sentarse)
I am not studing German because this is an English class → No estoy estudiando alemán
porque esto es una clase de inglés.
Who are you writing to? (or to whom are you writing?) → ¿A quién escribes? <> ¿ a quién estás
escribiendo?
Where are you going now? → ¿Adónde vas ahora? (¿Adónde estás yendo?)

We can also use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening around now,
and not necessarily this very moment. (Podemos también usar el Tiempo Presente Continuo
para hablar acerca de actividades que ocurren más o menos en este momento, pero no
necesariamente en él.)

Examples:

Sally is studying hard for the exam week. →Sally está estudiando mucho/duro para el examen
semanal.
I'm reading a really interesting book. → Estoy leyendo un libro realmente interesante.
Are you practicing your English for the trip? → Estás practicando tu inglés para el viaje?
We aren't working hard these days. → No estamos trabajando duro estos días.

The Present Continuous Tense is also used to talk about activities happening in the near future,
especially for planned future events. (El Tiempo Presente Continuo se usa también en un futuro
próximo, especialmente para futuros acontecimientos ya planeados.)

Examples:

I'm going to the dentist next Wednesday. →Voy al dentista el próximo miércoles.
Molly is coming for dinner tomorrow. → Molly viene a comer mañana - (for dinner: a comer,
al almuerzo)
Are you doing anything tonight? → ¿Haces alguna cosa esta noche?)
We aren't going on holiday next week. → No vamos de vacaciones la próxima semana)
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Difference between Present Continuous and Simple Present

(Diferencias entre ambos tiempos verbales: El Present Continuos describe acciones puntuales u
ocasionales que están ocurriendo ahora y que pueden continuar en un futuro más o menos
próximo, mientras que el Simple Present describe acciones que suelen ocurrir de forma habitual y
acostumbrada.)

I am taking my mother to the hospital now because she's feeling bad → Estoy llevando mi
madre al hospital ahora porque se siente mal.

I take my mother to the hospital every time she feels bad → Llevo mi mamá al hospital cada vez
que se siente mal.

I take my mother to the hsopital twice a year for a check-up. → Llevo a mi madre al hospital dos
veces al año para un reconocimiento general / chequeo.

More examples:

Where are you going (now, at this moment)? I'm going to School. <> I (usually) go to school every
day to study.
Where are you going tomorrow? (planned event) I'm going to London by train <>I always go to
London by train every morning.
I'm going to change the TV channel to watch a soccer (football) match. <> I (usually) change the TV
channel to watch football matches.
I'm not going to buy a sports car. <> I do not/don't (usually) buy sports cars.
What are you doing now? <> I'm doing nothing / I'm not doing anything <>I don't do anything in my
leisure time.
Where are you going now? I'm not going anywhere <> Where do you go on Sundays?
(on Sundays: los domingos) I don't go anywhere on Sundays.

Non continuous verbs:

to believe to like to remember to deny

to dislike to love to suppose to disagree
to doubt to hate to understand to impress
to imagine to prefer to want
to mean
to know to realize to agree
to be to recognize to please
to astonish
to want to contain to promise
to hear
to cost to owe to see to surprise
to seem to exist seem to taste
to need to appear to smell to possess
to belong sound to own
to care

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 (*) "That" se usa también como pronombre relativo: The car that is parked here
→ El coche que está aparcado aquí.
Examples of demonstrative pronouns used with the relative pronoun "that"

This is the car that John bought yesterday → Esta es el coche que John compró ayer
This is the table that was painted in blue → Esta es la mesa que fue pintada / se pintó en azul
This is the money that was robbed from the bank → Este es el dinero que fue robado del banco.
These are the bottles that contained the wine. → Estas son la botellas que contenían vino.
These are the fish that she has caught. →Estos son los peces/pescados que ella ha
pescado/capturado.
This is the road that was built in 6 weeks → Esta es la carretera que fue construída / se construyó
en 6 semanas.
Those are the keys that she found in the parcel → Estas son la llaves que ella encontró en el
paquete.
This was the knife that cut the cake. → Este fue el cuchillo que cortó el pastel.
That was the wall that stopped the truck. → Esta era la pared que paró al camión
These were the screws that fixed the propeller. → Estos eran los tornillos que fijaban la hélice.
Those were the trees that caught fire. → Esos eran los árboles que se incendiarion.

Note of interest: Omission of "that" in some cases

The fish that she caught was very big (Objective case: Se caught a fish....) <> The fish she
caught was very big. → El pescado (objeto) que ella (sujeto) capturó era muy grande.
The fish that was on the ground was very big.(Subjective case) → El pescado (sujeto) que
estaba en el suelo era muy grande.

Possessive pronouns
Pronouns Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns
I My (book) Mine (the book is mine)
You Your (book) Yours (the book is yours
he His (book) His (the book is his)
She Her (book) Hers (the book is hers)
It Its (base is square) Its
We Our (book) Ours (the book is ours)
You Your (book) Yours (the book is yours)
They Their (book) Theirs (the book is theirs)

(I) This is my house; the house is mine

(You) That is your car; the car is yours
(He) These are his books; the books are his.
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(She) Those are her shirts; the shirts are hers.
(We) This is our table; the table is ours
(You) That is your swimming pool; the swimming pool is yours
(They) These are their pets; the pets are theirs

Reflexive pronouns
Los pronombre reflexivos del inglés son: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
themselves. Pertenecen a una clase de pronombre personal y se diferencian según criterios
sintácticos.

myself (maisélf) - me, yo mismo

yourself (yorsélf) - te, se, tú mismo
himself (jimsélf) - se, él mismo
herself (jersélf) - se, ella misma
itself (itsélf) - se, a sí mismo
ourselves (aorsélvs) - nos, nosotros mismos
themselves (dzemsélvs) - se, ellos mismos

myself (maisélf) - me, yo mismo

I cut myself with a knife. Me corté con un cuchillo.

I painted the house myself. Pinté la casa yo mismo.
Bring me a mirror. I want to look at myself. Tráeme un espejo. Quiero mirarme.

yourself (iorsélf) - te, se, tú mismo.

You will hurt yourself with that knife. Te lastimarás con ese cuchillo.
You have not been yourself lately. No has sido tú mismo últimamente.
Johny, you have to believe in yourself. Johny, tienes que creer en ti mismo.

himself (jimsélf) - se, él mismo

He looked at himself in the mirror. Se miró en el espejo.

He himself prepared everything. Él mismo preparó todo.
He will kill himself with that motorbike if he is not careful enough. (Él) se matará con esa
motocicleta si no va con cuidado (si no es suficientemente cuidadoso).

herself (jersélf) - se, ella misma

She burned herself while cooking the pizza. (Ella) se quemó mientras estaba cocinando la pizza.
She fixed the car herself. Ella misma arregló el coche.

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She took a knife and defended herself. Ella tomó un cuchillo y se defendió.

itself (itsélf) - se, a sí mismo

The bird threw itself into the water. El pájaro se arrojó al agua.
The proposal itself surprised everybody in the room. La propuesta misma sorprendió a todos en
el recinto.
They want to create a material that can repair itself. (Ellos) quieren crear un material que se
pueda reparar a sí mismo (pueda autoreparar)

ourselves (aorsélvs) - nos, nosotros mismos

We put ourselves at risk in that situation. Nos pusimos en peligro (riesgo) en esa situación.
We can finish the project ourselves. Podemos terminar el proyecto nosotros mismos.
Let's introduce ourselves. Presentémosnos.

yourselves (yorsélvs) - se, ustedes mismos

You all can consider yourselves lucky to be here. Todos ustedes pueden considerarse
afortunados de estar aquí.
As you yourselves can see, this has been very easy. Como ustedes mismos pueden ver, esto ha
sido muy fácil.
Girls, don't limit yourselves. Chicas, no os pongais límites (no limitaros)

themselves (demsélvs) - se, ellos mismos

They found themselves in serious trouble. (Ellos) se encontraron en serios problemas.

They themselves wrote the article for the newspaper. Ellos mismos escribieron el artículo para el
periódico.
The boys bought themselves a dog. Los chicos se compraron un perro.

Nota: by oneself (uansélf) = alone (alóun) - solo (sin nadie)

I live here by myself. Vivo aquí solo.

She went on vacation by herself. Ella se fue de vacaciones sola.

Tiempos Voz Pasiva

Present - What is done? The car is washed

Present Perfect - What has been done? The car has been washed

Past - What was done? The car was washed

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Past Perfect - What had been done? The car had been washed

Future - What will be done? The car will be washed

Future Perfect - What will have been done? The car will have been washed

Future (going to) - What is going to be done? The car is going to be washed

Future Perfect (going to) - What is going to have been done? The car is going to have been washed

Future in Past - What was going to be done? The car was going to be washed

Future Perfect in Past - What was going to have been done? The car was going to have been
washed

Conditional - What would be done? The car would be washed

Conditional Perfect - What would have been done? The car would have been washed

Modals - What (could, must, should, …) be done? The car (could, must, should, …) be washed

Modals + Have - What (could, must, should, …) have been done? The car (could, must, should, …)
have been washed

Possessive Case (Forma posesiva con " 's ")

the daughter of the politician → the politician's daughter (la hija del político)
the intervention of America → America's intervention (la intervención de América)
the plays of Shakespeare → Shakespeare's plays (las obras de Shakespeare)

This are John and Mary's houses → Esta son las casas de John y de Mary.
Paul's coat was found in Edgar's car → El abrigo de Paul estaba/se encontró en el coche de Edgar.
This briefcase is Paul's, not mine → Este maletín es de Paul, no mío.
All my father's ties are made of silk → Todas la corbatas de mi padre están hechas de seda.
My brothers' new cars were imported from UK. → Los coches nuevos de mis hermanos fueron
importados del Reino Unido.
The army's strategies have to do with spying → Las estrategias del ejército tienen que ver con el
espionaje.
The horse's neck was full of small wounds → El cuello del caballo estaba lleno de pequeñas heridas.

Comparative and Superlative (Comparativos y Superlativos)

Grados de los Adjetivos

Los adjetivos tienen tres grados de comparación.
Grado positivo, grado comparativo, grado superlativo:

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positivo comparativo superlativo

tall taller the tallest

alto más alto el más alto

big bigger the biggest

grande más grande el más grande

intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent

inteligente más inteligente el más inteligente

expensive more expensive the most expensive

caro más caro el más caro

 John is tall, but Bill is taller than John.

John es alto pero Bill es más alto que John.
 Jack is very tall. He is the tallest man in the team.
Jack es muy alto. El es el hombre más alto del equipo.

Monosílabos Comparativo Superlativo

adj + er adj + est

small smaller the smallest

pequeño más pequeño el más pequeño

tall taller the tallest

alto más alto el más alto

young younger the youngest

joven más joven el más joven

old older the oldest

viejo más viejo el más viejo

new newer the newest

nuevo más nuevo el más nuevo

long longer the longest

largo más largo el más largo

short shorter the shortest

38
corto más corto el más corto

big bigger the biggest

grande más grande el más grande

fat fatter the fattest

gordo más gordo el más gordo

Bisílabos Comparativo Superlativo

adj + er adj + est (y → i)

easy easier the easiest

fácil más fácil el más fácil

happy happier the happiest

feliz más feliz el más feliz

crazy crazier the craziest

loco más loco el más loco

clever cleverer the cleverest

inteligente más inteligente el más inteligente

tender tenderer the tenderest

tierno más tierno el más tierno

humble humbler the humblest

humilde más humilde más humilde

gentle gentler the gentlest

suave más suave el más suave

narrow narrower the narrowest

angosto más angosto el más angosto

polite politer the politest

amable más amable el más amable

Adjetivos Largos - Formación del Comparativo y Superlativo

39
Adjetivos Comparativo Superlativo
Largos more + adj the most + adj

expensive more expensive the most expensive

caro más caro el más caro

modern more modern the most modern

moderno más moderno el más moderno

beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful

hermoso más hermoso el más hermoso

elegant more elegant the most elegant

elegante más elegante el más elegante

interesting more interesting the most interesting

interesante más interesante el más interesante

dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous

peligroso más peligroso el más peligroso

Formación irregular de comparativos y superlativos

Adjetivo o Adverbio Comparativo Superlativo

good better the best

bueno mejor el mejor

well better the best

bien mejor de la mejor forma

bad worse the worst

malo peor el peor

badly worse the worst

mal peor de la peor forma

much more the most

mucho más la mayor parte

many more the most

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 muchos más la mayoría

little less the least

poco menos el menos

far farther the farthest

lejos más lejos el más lejano

far further the furthest

lejos más lejos el más lejano

Sentences with the interrogative pronoun:

What (Qué, en preguntas concretas y como exclamativo; lo que)

What is this / What's this? This is a car → ¿Qué es esto? / ¿qué es eso) Esto es un coche
What is that? / What's that? That is a house ¿Qué es eso? Eso es una casa
What food do you like best? (Qué comida ..........?
What are these? These are some keys (Qué son estos.........)
What are those? Those are some shoes. (Qué son esos..........?)
What was that noise? It was a metal box that fell to the ground (Qué fue ese ruido?
What were the consequences of the crash? None. ("Cuáles" / qué -tipo de- consecuencias...)
What were the results of the test? ("Cuáles" / qué -tipo de- resultados......?
Is this what you think of her? Yes, indeed.
What was it that you ate? Raw fish. (¿Qué fue lo que comiste? <> ¿Qué fue ello que comiste?
I wonder what (qué) happened yesterday.

car: coche
crash: choque, accidente
do you like best?: te gusta más? (what things do you like best about...?: Qué te gusta más de....?)
happened yesterday: pasó / ocurrió ayer
house: casa
indeed: de hecho, ciertamente
I wonder: me pregunto (to wonder: preguntarse; maravillarse, asombrase)
none: ninguna/o/os/as
raw fish: pescado crudo
some keys: unas/algunas llaves
some shoes: unos zapatos
that fell to the ground: que cayó al suelo
that noise: ese ruido
what food: qué comida
you think of her: tú piensas de ella

Sentences with the adverb "where":

41
Where (Dónde, como adverbio interrogativo o exclamativo)

Where is / where's my hat? It's on the table.

Where's the table? It's in that room.
Where's Lucy's purse? It's in her room.
Where is the money now? Don't worry, it's in the bank.
Where are the tools? They're in a box in the garage.
Where are the coins? They are in my pocket now.
Where are Jane's and Roy's houses? Outside the city.
Where are John and Mary's children? They're playing together.
Where was the purse?. It was in her bedside table
Where were the nuts? Which ones? The edible ones?. They were in the kitchen.
Where were the almonds? They were in a bag on the table.
Where was Lucie? She was behind a tree in the middle of the garden.

Where (Donde, como adverbio relativo)

This is where I usually sit to watch TV.

He was in a country where people are very kind and sincere.
She was born in a country where human rights are banned.
Here is where all the magic begins.
I found a bar where beers are much cheaper.
Figures that show where benefits may end up.
We want a world where all of us are treated well.
A school where nobody speaks English.
This is a country where the staple food is rice.

all of us are treated well: todos nosotros seamos (somos) tratados bien
almonds: almendras
are banned: están prohibidos
bedside table: mesita de noche
begins: empieza, comienza
behind a tree: detrás de un árbol
coins: monedas
figures that show: cifras que muestran
hat: sombrero
I found: encontré / descubrí
I usually sit to watch TV: me diento habitualmente para vet la tele (to sit: sentarse. V. Intr.)
in a bag: en una bolsa
in a box: en una caja
in my pocket: en mi bolsillo
Jane's and Roy's houses: las casas de Jane y de Roy (individualmente)
John and Mary's children: los hijos (niños) de John y Mary (de ambos)
kind and sincere: amable y sincera
kitchen: cocina
Lucy's purse: el bolso de Lucy
may end up: pueden terminar (acabar mal en este caso)
middle of the garden, in the: (en) medio del jardín
much cheaper: mucho más baratas (cheap + er: más barato/os/a/as)
42
nobody speaks: nadie habla
now: ahora
on the table: en la mesa (sobre la mesa)
outside the city: fuera de la ciudad
people: gente, personas
playing together: jugando juntos
purse: bolso (de mujer, normalmente)
room: habitación
table: mesa
The edible ones: las comestibles
the staple food: el alimento principal
tools: herramientas
walnuts: nueces
was born: nació (To be born: nacer -- I was born in 1956: nací en 1956)
Which ones?: cuáles?

Here & There (Aquí & Allí)

Here is my book / My book is here.

Here are the pencils (that) I found.
All the notes are here, in the drawer.
I have found here some screws that are too small for the door.
I wonder if it is here where they found the corpse.
There is (the place) where I go to have lunch. (nothing to do with: "there is / There are")
I was there at 10:30 (ten, thirty)
They were up there on the mountain. (up there, down here: allá arriba, aquí abajo)

for the door: para la puerta

I have found: he encontrado
I wonder: me pregunto (I/you wonder; he/she wonders; we/you/they wonder: preguntarse a uno mismo)
if it is here: sí (ello, el sitio) es aquí
in the drawer: en el cajón
note (a piece of paper money): billete (dinero)
nothing to do with: nada que ver con
on the mountain: en la montaña (in the house/room; at the station; on the road/beach/mountain/streets)
pencils: lápices
some screws: unos tornillos
that I found: que encontré (to find: encontrar -I found, I have found)
There is: allí es (no confundir con la forma gramatical there is & there are)
they found the corpse: encontraron el cadaver/el cuerpo del fallecido
to have lunch: a/para almorzar
too small: demasiado pequeño/s
up there: alli/allá arriba
where I go: donde (suelo) ir

Sentences with the interrogative pronoun:

Which (Cuál)
43
Generally, "which" is used for selecting/identifying cases (En general, "which"
se utiliza para la selección / identificación de los casos) :

Which of the old cars is yours? That one close to the road sign.
Which of them broke the glass? That guy at the bar.
Which of the cities listed below is the capital of Montana? I don't know.
Which is the best frame, the black one or the white one?
Which of these two women bought the umbrella? None of them
Which one do you prefer? That one over there.

Which of these are yours? → ¿Cuál de estos es tuyo?

Which of them is burning now? → ¿Cuál de ellos se esta quemando ahora?
Which of my cars is the fastest? → ¿Cuál de mis coches es el más rápido?
We don't know which of them was used. → No sabemos cuál de ellos se usó.
Of this three, which is the best? → De estos tres, ¿cuál es el mejor?
Which of the cities listed here is the capital? → ¿Cuál de las ciudades de la lista es la capital?

at the bar: en la barra (del bar)

bought the umbrella: compró el paraguas (To buy: comprar - I bought- I have bought)
broke the glass: rompió el cristal/vaso
close to the road sign: cerca de / al lado de la señal de tráfico
do you prefer: prefieres / preferís
I don't know: no sé (I don't know which is the city: No sé cuál es la ciudad)
I think: (yo) creo / pienso / me parece (que)
it was Ankara: (que ella, la ciudad) fue Ankara
last summer: el pasado verano (last winter/year/month/day: el último/pasado invierno/año/mes/día)
listed here: registradas aquí (en la lista de aquí)
none of them: ninguno/a de ellos/as
of them: de ellos
of these two women: de estas dos mujeres
suffered an earthquake: sufrió un terremoto
That guy: ese tío/individuo
That one over there: ese de allí
the best frame: el mejor marco
the black one or the white one: el negro o el blanco
the fastest: el más rápido (fast + er: más rápido; the fast + est: el más rapido; sólo para monosílabos y
bisílabos)
Which one: cuál

"What" compared with "which"

The word "what" is used in a more general way (there is no selection where to choose
from) ("What" se usa de una manera más general (no hay ningún surtido/selección de donde
escoger) :

What is the difference between atoms and elements? → ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre átomos y
elementos? <> ¿Qué diferencia hay entre......?
What is the creepiest thing that society views as normal? → ¿Cuál es la cosa más espeluznante
que la sociedad ve como normal?
44
What is the most dangerous animal in the world and why? → ¿Cuál es animal más peligroso del
mundo y por qué?
What are the main consequences of global warming? → ¿Cuáles son las principales consecuencias
del calentamiento global?
What are the most common names on earth? → ¿Cuáles son los nombres más comunes en la
tierra?
What are the differences between capitalism and socialism? → ¿Cuáles son las diferencias entre
capitalismo y socialismo?
What was the first make of car you owned? ¿Cuál fue la primera marca de coche que tuviste /
poseíste?
What were the reasons for the massacres and the persecutions? → ¿Cuáles fueron las razones
para (de) las masacres y las persecuciones?
What were the last words said by the teacher? ¿Cuales fueron las últimas palabras dichas por el
profesor?

Sentences with the interrogative pronoun:

Whose (De quién, cuyo/a)

Whose car is that? It is / it's his → De quién es ese coche? Es de él (suyo).

Whose cars are those? They are ours → De quién son esos coches? Son nuestros.
Whose purse is this? It's hers → De quién es este bolso. Es de ella (suyo).
Whose money was that? It was ours → De quién era ese dinero? Era nuestro.
Whose fault was it? Nobody's → De quién / fue era la culpa. De nadie
Whose dog was it that bit you? → De quién era el perro que te mordió

The mother whose child was found dead. → La madre cuyo hijo fue encontrado muerto.
The police is searching for a man whose car was found in Barrington Hills. → La policía busca a un
hombre cuyo coche fue localizado/encontrado en Barrington Hills.
A firm whose name was well known in Britain. → Una firma/empresa cuyo nombre era bien
conocido en el RU.
To help a father whose situation is hopeless. → Ayudar a un padre cuya situación es desesperada.
A country whose history is written in blood. → Un país cuya historia está escrita con (en) sangre.
They are men whose lives will be examples to others. → Son hombres cuyas vidas serán ejemplo
para otros.

The use and absence of the article "the". (Uso y ausencia del
artículo "the")

In general, wine in Spain is very good, but the wine of this region is excellent. → En general, el
vino en España es muy bueno, pero el vino de esta región es excelente.

45
Flour is made from wheat, but the flour in this pot is made from maize. → La harina está hecha
de trigo, pero la harina en este tarro esta hecha de maíz.
Butter is a dairy product, but the butter produced in this farm is the best. → La mantequilla es un
producto lácteo, pero la mantequilla producida en esta granja es la mejor.
Trees are plants, but the trees of this road are ill. → Los árboles son plantas, pero los árboles de
esta carretera están enfermos.
Men are rational animals, but the men of this club are wild beasts. → Los hombres son animales
racionales, pero los hombres de este club son bestias salvajes.
Cats are animals, but the cat on the roof is mine. → Los gatos son animales, pero el gato sobre
el tejado es mío.
People tend to be generous, but the people of this generation are better informed. → La gente
tiende a ser generosa, pero la gente de esta generación está mejor informada.
Rain in this area is seasonal, but the rain that fell yesterday was terrible. → La lluvia en esta
región es estacional, pero la lluvia que cayó ayer fue terrible.

The verb "to have" determines possession or obligation.

To have (tener o haber) Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I have (I've) I have not (haven't) Have I? Have I not? (haven't I?)
You have (you've) You have not (haven't Have you? Have you not? (haven't you?)
He has (he's) He has not ( hasn't Has he? Has he not? (hasn't he?)
We have (we've) We have not ( haven't) Have we? Have we not? (haven't we?)
You have (you've) You have not ( haven't) Have you? Have you not? (haven't you?)
They have (they've) They have not ( haven't Have they? Have they not? (haven't they?)

To have past Past Negative Interrogative Interrogative negative

I had I had not (hadn't) Had I? Had I not? (hadn't I?)

You had You had not (hadn't) Had you? Had you not (hadn't you?)
He had He had not (hadn't) Hah he? Had he not? (hadn't he?)
We had We had not (hadn't) Had we? Had we not? (hadn't we?)
You had You had not (hadn't) Had you? Had you not? (hadn't you?)
They had They had not (hadn't) Had they? Had they not? (hadn't they?)

46
To have in gerund (having)
I am / I'm having
You are / you're having
He is / he's having
We are / we're having
You are / you're having
They are / they're having
To have with DO as an auxiliary (British English form for possession and
obligation; obligation takes a final "TO")
Do I have to? --- I don't have to -- don't I have to?
Do you have to? ---you don't have to -- don't you have to?
Does he have to? ----he doesn't have to -- doesn't he have to?
Do we have to? ----we don't have to -- don't we have to?
Do you have to? ---you don't have to -- don't you have to?
Do they have to? ---they don't have to -- don't they have to?

The verb "Have" is used for form "Past participles" (El verbo haber/tener se usa
para formar el participio pasado: yo he trabajado, tú has pagado, él ha mirado, nosotros
hemos viajado......)

I have
You have
been, had, worked, found, gone, lived,
He has written, listened, talked, looked, put, seen,
She has
It has
We have
→ paid, bought, read, finished, washed,
taken, become, begun, broken.....and so
You have
They have on.
I have been in this situation before → He estado en esta situación antes/anteriormente.
They have had little contact with other people → Han tenido poco contacto con otras personas.
We have worked hard to buy this house → Hemos trabajado duro para comprar esta casa.
She has found the key that she was looking for. → Ha encontrado la llave que estaba buscando.
They have gone to London several times. → Han ido a Londres varias veces.
How long has he lived with you? → ¿Cuánto ha vivido contigo?
Has he already written the letter? → ¿Ha escrito ya la carta?
Have John and Laura listened to the news? → Han oído las noticias John y Laura?
I haven't talked to them yet → No he hablado con ellos todavía / aún. (to talk to/with sb)
They have looked at it several times. → Lo han mirado (a ello) varias veces.
Has the boss put things straight? → ¿Ha dejado / puesto el jefe las cosas en claro / claras? (to put
things straight: aclarar, dejar claro)
Have you seen my coat anywhere? → ¿Has visto my chaqueta por algún sitio?
I haven't paid the fee because it's too costly (expensive, dear). → No he pagado la cuota porque es
demasiado cara.
We haven't bought the new fodder for the cows → No hemos comprado el pienso nuevo para las
vacas.
Jane has read the novel and hasn't made any comments yet → Jane ha leído la novela y no ha
hecho ningún comentario todavía.
I have finished my homework so I can play with my friends. → He terminado mis deberes así que
puedo jugar con mis amigos.
47
They haven't washed the pickup truck as they had promised. → No han lavado la furgoneta como
había prometido.
The group has taken measures to improve the situation. → El grupo ha tomado medidas para
mejorar la situación.
We have become the first firm in this country. → No hemos convertido en la primera firma de este
país.
They have begun a new campaign to fight poverty → Han empezado/iniciado una nueva campaña
para luchar contra la pobreza.
Mary hasn't accepted the offer to become a partner. → Mary no ha aceptado la oferta de
convertirse en socia. (offer + to become: oferta "de" - para- convertirse <> offer + of a new job:
oferta de un nuevo trabajo).
We haven't broken any rules. → No hemos roto ninguna regla (Sing.).

To have something done, fixed, washed, etc:

Take a look at these two sentences. What is the difference in meaning between them? → Echa un
vistazo a estad dos frases. ¿Cuál es la diferencia de significado entre ellas?

"I cut my hair." → Me corto el pelo (corto mi pelo)

"I have my hair cut." → Me cortan el pelo (tengo mi pelo cortado)

"I cut my hair" means that I do it myself. → Me corto el pelo quiere decir que lo hago yo mismo.
"I have my hair cut" means someone cuts my hair for me (in this case it's probably a hairdresser).
→ "Me cortan el pelo" quiere decir que alguien me corta el pelo.

We use "to have something done" to say that another person does a service for us. → Usamos "to
have something done" para decir que otra persona nos hace un servicio.

The grammar for this is pretty simple:

Have + object + past participle

Let's take a look at a few more examples:
'We didn't want to cook so we had a pizza delivered.' → No queríamos cocinar así que nos
trajeron una pizza ( tuvimos una pizza entregada)
"I had my car washed at that new place by the station." → Me lavaron el coche en ese sitio nuevo
cerca de la estación. (Tuve el coche lavado en....)
"I had my watch fixed by an expert in jewels." → Me arregló el reloj un experto en joyas (tuve el
reloj arreglado por...)
We can also use 'get' instead of 'had' and the meaning stays the same. The sentences above
now become:

"We didn't want to cook so we got a pizza delivered."

'I got my car washed at that new place by the station.' → Me lavaron el coche en ese sitio nuevo

48
cerca de la estación.

'I got my watch fixed by an expert in jewels.' → Me arregló el reloj un experto en joyas.

Future

"I had my watch fixed" tells us about the past.

"I am going to have / get my watch fixed" tells us about the future.

"Going to" tells us about a future plan that has already been made. → "Going to" nos habla de un
futuro plan ya elaborado.

We use "will" for something that has just been decided. → Usamos "will" para algo que acaba de
ser decidido:

I've just noticed how dirty my suit is. I will have it / I will get it cleaned soon.

Questions

Imagine that you like your friend's new haircut; you could ask her:

"Where did you have / get your hair cut? / where did you have it / get it cut?" → ¿Dónde te cortaron
el pelo?; ¿Donde te lo cortaron?

You can also ask: 'Where can I have / get my hair cut?' → También puedes preguntar: "¿Dónde
pueden cortarme el pelo?" (Nota: haircut → corte de pelo > to have / get a haircut)

And as to where your friend's car has been fixed, you can ask: 'Where did you have your car fixed?'
→ Y en cuanto en dónde ha sido arreglado el coche de tu amigo, puedes preguntar: "Dónde te han
arreglado el coche?"

Services for a busy world

As we all live in a busy world, we don't have the time (or skills) to do all the things that we need to
have done. That's why we have a service industry that will help us to have things done for us. → Ya
que vivimos en un mundo ajetreado, no tenemos el tiempo (o las habilidades / la habilidad) para
hacer cosas que necesitamos (tener hechas)

Take a look at these examples:

A jeweller's shop is a place where you can have your watch fixed. → Una joyería es un sitio donde
te pueden arreglar el reloj.
A dry cleaner's is a place where you can have your suit cleaned. → Una tintorería es un sitio donde
te pueden limpiar un traje.
A florist's is a place where you can have flowers delivered. → Una floristería es un sitio donde te
pueden enviar/entregar flores (a donde indiques).
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A hairdresser's is a place where you can have your hair cut. → Una peluquería es un sitio donde te
pueden cortar el pelo.
A dentist's is a place where you can have your teeth checked. → Una consulta de dentista es un
sitio donde te pueden revisar la dentadura (los dientes)
An optician's is a place where you can have your eyes checked. → Una óptica es un sitio donde te
pueden revisar la vista (los ojos)
A garage is a place where you can have your car repaired. → Un taller mecánico es un sitio donde
te pueden arreglar el coche.

Using "have something done" for bad things:

In all the examples above we have looked at services we can pay for if we want. We can also use
the same expression when someone does something bad to us. → En todos los ejemplos de arriba
hemos visto servicios por los que podemos pagar. Podemos también utilizar / usar la misma
expresión cuando alguien nos hace algo malo / contra nosotros.

For example:

"Jenny had her car stolen." Here Jenny did not want someone to steal her car, but someone did it.
→ "A Jenny le robaron el coche". Jenny no quería que alguien le robara el coche, pero alguien lo
hizo.

'Have you ever had your nose broken in a fight?' Nobody wants to have their (*) nose broken, but it
could happen! → ¿Te han roto la naríz en una pelea? Nadie quiere que le rompan la nariz, pero
podría ocurrir. (*) their, posesivo plural para nobody

Have + been (Haber sido)

I have been working the whole day. → He estado trabajando todo el día
You have been away for a long time. → Has estado fuera / ausente durante un largo tiempo.
He has been on the black list for years. → Ha estado en la lista negra durante años.
We have been the first to prove the theory. → Hemos sido los primeros en demostrar la teoría.
You both have been in danger. → Vosotros dos habéis estado en peligro.
They have been abroad for ten years. → Han estado en el extranjero durante diez años.

Could + have + been (Poder haber sido, en pasado)

I could have been a civil servant. → Podría haber sido un funcionario público.
You could have been in Italy. → Podrías haber estado en Italia.
She could have been a poet. → Podría haber sido una poetisa.

50
We could have been anything but poor. → Podríamos haber sido cualquier cosa
menos/salvo/excepto pobres.
You both could have been deported. → Vosotros dos podrías haber sido deportados.
They could have been luckier. → Podrían haber sido más afortunados (haber tenido más suerte)
We couldn't have been happier here. → No podríamos haber sido más felices aquí.
She couldn't have been there when Dene was killed. → No podría haber estado allí cuando Dene
fue asesinado.

Examples of "have got (underlined) & have to" (in bold) in present tense
(tener / tener que & deber):

(Have got: tener, poseer <> have to: tener que, deber)

I have got some money in my pocket → Tengo algo de dinero en mi bolsillo.

Do you have any money? I don't have any money with me.
You both have got the solution to the problem. →Vosotros dos tenéis la solución al problema.
He has the all the keys. → Él) tiene todas las llaves
We have the money that we need. → Tenemos el dinero que necesitamos.
You both have a nice house. → Tenéis una casa muy bonita.
They've got the best wine. → Tienen el mejor vino.
We've got all the tools to repair the car. → Tenemos todas la herramientas para reparar el coche.
Lucy and Paul have got the money to buy the house → Lucy y Paul tienen el dinero para comprar
la casa.

I have to go today to the post office. → Tengo que ir hoy a (la oficina de) correos
You have to write the letter → Tienes que / debes / has de escribir la carta.
He has to do his homework → (Él) ha de / tiene que / debe hacer sus deberes (his homework)
We have to sign the deal → Tenemos que / hemos de / debemos firmar el acuerdo.
You have to take care of him → Tenéis que / debeis cuidar de él
They have to look for another barman → Tienen que / han de / deben buscar otro camarero.
I have to go now to see if the leak is repairable → Tengo que / he de / debo ir ahora para ver sí
el escape es reparable / se puede reparar.
They have to understand that we are in trouble → Tienen que / han de / deben entender que
estamos en un lío / tenemos problemas
John has to adopt an attitude of receptivity → John tiene que / ha de / debe adoptar una actitud
receptiva.

The verb "to have" and "to have to" with the auxiliary "do" (El verbo "to have" con
el auxiliar "do")

Do you have any money? I don't have any money with me → ¿Tienes algo de dinero? No tengo
(nada de) dinero encima.
Do you have to go now to that meeting? No, I don't have to (go now) → ¿Tienes que / has de
ir a esa reunión ahora. No, no he de ir (ahora)

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Do they have all the information about it? No, only a few details. → ¿Tienen toda la información
acerca de ello / sobre ello? No, sólo unos pocos detalles.
Does she have to work on Sundays? Yes, she does, but only in summer. → ¿Tiene (ella) que
trabajar en domingos? Sí, pero sólo en verano.
Does he have to take the medicine? No, he doesn't have to. → ¿Tiene / ha de / debe tomar la
medicina? No , no debe tomarla.
Does the firm have any new plans? Not too many, by the way. → ¿Tiene la empresa nuevos
planes? No demasiados, por cierto.
Do we have to follow the rules? Only those concerning the human rights. → Tenemos que /
debemos / hemos de seguir las normas? . Sólo las concernientes a los derechos humanos.

Examples of "have (underlined) & have to" (in bold) in past tense
(Ejemplos en tiempo pasado de tener, subrayado / tener que / deber, en negrita, y tomar, en
resalte gris:

We had properties in the 60s. → Teníamos / tuvimos propiedades en los 60.

Did we have properties in the 60s? Yes, we did / No, we didn't

She had an enormous fortune but had to give it away. → Tenía una enorme fortuna pero
tuvo que darla/regalarla.
Did she have an enormous fortune? Yes, she did / No, she didn't.

You had plenty of opportunities in the past. → Tuvisteis muchas (abundancia de) oportunidades
en el pasado.
Did you have plenty of opportunities in the past? Yes, we did / No, we didn't.

I had some money in a bank. → Tenía algo de dinero en un banco.

Did I have any money in the bank? Yes, I did / No, I didn't.

They had a/any good idea. → Tuvieron una buena idea.

Did they have a good idea? Yes, they did / No, they didn't.

Michael had the cigs in his right pocket. → Michael tenía los pitillos en su bolsillo derecho.
Did Michael have the cigs in his right pocket? Yes, he did / No, he didn't.

We had to buy the car to make the trip. → Tuvimos que comprar el coche para hacer el
viaje.
-Had we to buy the car? / Did we have to buy the car? Yes, we had to / No, we hadn't to.

He had to shave to get decent. → Tuvo que afeitarse para estar presentable.
-Had he to shave / Did he have to shave? Yes, he had to / No, he hadn't to.

She had to travel to Paris to buy the wedding gown. → Tuvo que viajar a Paris para
comprar el traje de novia.
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-Had she to travel to Paris.........? / Did she have to travel to.......? Yes, she had to / No,
she hadn't to.

They had to ask for a loan to pay the debt. → Tuvieron que pedir un préstamo para pagar la
duda.
-Had they to ask for a loan to......? / Did they have to ask for a loan to ....? Yes, they had to / No,
they hadn't to.

I had to solve some problems. → Tuve que solventar unos problemas.

Had I to solve the problems? / Did I have to solve the problems? Yes, I had to / No, I hadn't
to.

We had to dismiss all the offers. Tuvimos que rechazar todas las ofertas.
Had we to dismiss all the offers? / Did we have to dismiss all the offers? Yes, we had to / No,
we hadn't to.

I had a bath because I've got a bathroom. → Tomé un baño porque tengo un cuarto de
baño.
-Did he have a bath? Yes, he did / No, he didn't

They had breakfast at the hotel at 07:30. → Tomaron el desayuno (desayunaron) en el

hotel a las 07:30.
-Did they have beakfast? Yes, they did / No, he didn't

We had some beers before going to bed. → Tomamos unas cervezas antes de ir a la
cama.
-Did we have any beers? Yes, we did / No, we didn't

Her husband had coffee and she had an orange juice. → Su marido tomó café y ella tomó
un zumo de naranja.

-Did her husband have coffe and she an orange juice? Yes, they did / No, they didn't.
_

"To have got" is used colloquially in spoken sentences to determine

possession, and obligation when "to" is added. ("To have got" se usa
coloquialmente en frases habladas para determinar la posesión, pero también la obligación cuando
se le añade "to" al final, algo así como "que" despues de "tener": "tener que")

I've got a new house and a new car <> I've got to pay a lot in installments. → Tengo un coche
nuevo y una casa nueva <> Tengo que pagar mucho en cuotas.
She's got a new pair of shoes. <> She's got to start using the new cell-phone. → Tiene un par
nuevo de zapatos <> Tiene que empezar a usar el nuevo móvil.

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We've got an old boat that is being restored. <> We've got to do things much better. → Tenemos
un barco viejo que esta siendo restaurado <> Tenemos que hacer cosas mucho mejor.
They've got a new a new program <> The've got to abide by the law. → Tienen un programa
nuevo <> Tiene que atenerse a la ley.
If you haven't got the money, ask for a loan <> You haven't got to do it now, do it tomorrow. → Si
no tienes el dinero, pide un préstamo <> No tienes que hacerlo ahora, hazlo mañana.
Sarah hasn't got the charm her mother's got <> She still has got to learn a lot. → Sarah no tiene
el encanto que tiene su madre <> Todavía tiene que aprender mucho.
We've got the power and the glory <> We've got to treat this problem with care. → Tenemos el
poder y la gloria <> Tenemos que tratar este problema con cuidado.
The firm has got an office in London <> The firm has got to be reconstituted. → La firma tiene
una oficina en Londres <> La firma tiene que ser reconstituida.
He's got the best boss in the world <> He's got to invest his money in gold. → Tiene el mejor
jefe del mundo <> Tiene que invertit su dinero en oro.

abide by the law: acatar la ley

all the keys: todas las llaves
ask for a loan: pide un préstamo (to ask for: pedir, solicitar algo)
best boss: mejor jefe
best wine: mejor wino
both: ambos, los dos
cell-phone: teléfono móvil
charm: encanto, simpatía
has to adopt: tiene que/ha de adoptar
has to do his homework: tiene que/ha de hacer sus deberes
have to go: tengo que/he de ir
have to understand: tienen/han de comprender
him: él (he<>him) (le di el dinero: I gave him the money)
his homework: sus (de él) deberes (school tasks)
in gold: en oro
installments: en cuotas, en plazos (de una deuda, etc.)
invest: invertir
learn a lot: aprender mucho (a lot: mucho, una gran cantidad)
nice house: casa bonita/ agradable
post office: oficina postal/ de correos
power: poder
put things in order: ordenar, poner la cosas en su sitio
reconstituted: reconstituida
some money: algo de dinero
start using: empezar a usar (uso del gerundio tras el verbo "start": start working/doing/looking, etc))
that we need: que (nosotros) necesitamos (that: pronombre relativo)
that: que (pronombre relativo)
the deal: trato, acuerdo, pacto, etc
the letter: la carta
to do: hacer
to see if: para ver si (a ver si)
to sign: firmar
treat: tratar
we are in trouble: tenemos problemas (estamos con problemas)
with care: con cuidado

54
 When, as an adverb of time (cuándo?)
When did it happen / take place / occur? At around 10 AM. → ¿Cuándo ocurrió? A eso de
las/alrededor de las 10 de la mañana.
When will you pay a visit to your parents? Probably next week → ¿Cuándo visitarás a tus
padres? Probablemente, la semana próxima.
When did they realize that they couldn't carry out the job? It took them a long time. →
¿Cuándo se dieron cuenta de que no podían llevar a cabo el trabajo? Tardaron bastante
tiempo (Les tomó un largo tiempo)
We never know when these things happen. → Nunca sabemos cuándo estas cosas pasan.

When, as a conjunction (cuando)

When I was young there were no houses here. → Cuando era joven no habían casa aquí.
Nobody spoke when she came into the room. → Nadie habló cuando ella entró en la
habitación.
In the spring, when the snow melts. → En primavera, cuando la nieve se derrite / derrita.
I'll call you when I get there. → Te llamaré cuando llegue allí.
When the wind blows all the doors rattle. → Cuando sopla el viento todas las puertas
traquetean.
When I was young I was sick all the time. → Cuando era joven siempre estaba enfermo.
She stopped short when she ought to have continued. → Ella paró en seco cuando debería
haber continuado.
We'll return here when things settle down. → Volveremos aquí cuando las cosas se calmen.
They found the corpse just when they opened the door. → Encontraron el cadáver en el
momento en que/justo cuando habrieron la puerta.
When I bought that car I knew that I would draw the attention of my neighbors. → Cuando
compré ese coche supe/sabía que llamaría la atención de mis vecinos.
Things happen when they have to happen. → Las cosas pasan cuando (ellas) tienen que /
han de pasar.
I still remember those days when things were easier. → Todavía/aún recuerdo esos días
cuando las cosas eran más fáciles.

The verb "to get" (got, got, gotten)

El verbo 'to get' tiene muchos significados que podremos conocer por el contexto: volverse,
recibir, empezar, obtener, llegar, traer. Con adjetivos expresa estados: get tired, get angry.
to get/got/gotten (US) to get/got/gotten (UK)

El verbo "to get" tiene muchos significados.

55
to get - conseguir, obtener, comprar, lograr, ganar, sacar
to get - recibir (una carta, dinero, una recompensa, una reprimenda)
to get - ir a buscar, traer

to get - coger, agarrar, contagiarse, tener (una enfermedad)

to get - contestar o atender (el teléfono, la puerta)
to get - llegar

to get + adjective - hacerse, volverse, ponerse

to get + past participle - hacerse, volverse, ponerse

to get - conseguir, obtener, comprar, lograr, ganar, sacar

Where did you get that necklace? ¿Dónde conseguiste ese collar?

Jason got a job in the south last month. Jason consiguió trabajo en el sur el mes pasado.

Marion could not / couldn't get authorization to leave early yesterday. Marion no pudo obtener
autorización para salir más temprano ayer.

What can I get Sally for her birthday? ¿Qué le puedo comprar a Sally para su cumpleaños?

We get our bread from the local bakery. Compramos el pan en la panadería local.

You can get much cheaper seafood in the port. Puedes comprar marisco / pescado mucho más
baratos en el puerto.

My sister got an A in P.E. (Physical Education). Mi hermana sacó un sobresaliente en educación

física.

Mr. Edwards finally got the divorce. Al señor Edwards finalmente le dieron (consiguió) el divorcio.

An English company got the bid. Una compañía inglesa consiguió la licitación.

Eugene O’Neill got the Pulitzer Prize three times. Eugene O’Neill ganó el Premio Pulitzer tres
veces.

to get - recibir (una carta, dinero, una recompensa, una reprimenda)

That thief got five years in prison for armed robbery. A ese ladrón le dieron cinco años de
cárcel por robo a mano armada.

I’ve just got an e-mail message from my boss. Acabo de recibir un mensaje de correo
electrónico de mi jefe.

When will we get a letter from dad? ¿Cuándo recibiremos una carta de papá?

Mom, if I pass all the exams, then I get a bike? Mamá, si apruebo todos los exámenes,
¿entonces me regalas / consigo una bici?

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How much did you get in your last job? ¿Cuánto ganabas en tu trabajo anterior?

How much do you think I can get for this painting? ¿Cuánto crees que me pueden dar
(conseguir) por esta pintura?

to get - ir a buscar, traer

This is an emergency. Go and get the doctor. Esto es una emergencia. Ve a buscar al doctor.

We are leaving. Get your jacket, Tommy. Nos marchamos. Ve a buscar tu chaqueta, Tommy.

to get - agarrar, contagiarse, tener (una enfermedad)

Max has gotten the flu, so he has to stay in bed. Max ha cogido gripe por lo que tiene que
quedarse en cama.

Susie got measles from her brother. Susie se contagió sarampión de su hermano.

to get - contestar o atender (el teléfono, la puerta)

The phone is ringing. Will you get it please? Está sonando el teléfono. ¿Puedes contestarlo por
favor?

Someone has rung the door bell. Can you get the door? Alguien tocó el timbre. ¿Puedes abrir
la puerta?

to get - llegar

"How soon can you get to the hospital?" "I can get there in an hour." "¿En cuánto tiempo
puedes llegar al hospital?" "Puedo llegar allá en una hora."

Can you get there by train? ¿Puedes llegar allí en tren?

to get + adjective - hacerse, volverse, ponerse

to get angry (enfadarse); to get fat (engordar); to get old (envejecer); to get happy (ponerse
contento); get sleepy (coger sueño); to get thirsty (tener sed); to get hungry (tener hambre;
get dark (oscurecer); to get better (mejorar; to get worse (empeorar); to get full (llenarse); to
get hot (ponerse caluroso); get late (hacerse tarde); to get mad with sb (enfadarse); to get
nervous (ponerse nervioso); to get well (mejorar; ponerse bien); to get rich (enriquecerse); to
get cold (coger frío, enfriarse); to get wet (mojarse); to get bald (quedarse calvo); to get upset
(disgustarse); to get sick (enfermar).

57
 If you keep on eating chocolate, you will certainly get fat. Si sigues comiendo chocolate
seguramente vas a engordar.

It is getting dark. I think we should leave soon. Está oscureciendo. Pienso que deberíamos
marcharnos pronto.

What time are we going to have dinner? I am getting hungry. ¿A qué hora vamos a cenar? Me
está entrando hambre.

Mary got mad at me when I told her the news. Mary se enfadó conmigo cuando le di la noticia.

When I was sick, Susan sent me a card. It said, "Get well soon." Cuando estaba enfermo,
Susan me envió una tarjeta que decía: "Mejórate pronto".

Jim did not have an umbrella, so he got wet while waiting for the bus yesterday. Jim no tenía
un paraguas entonces se mojó / empapó mientras esperaba el autobús ayer.

Dinner is ready, Sam. Your soup is getting cold. Sam, la cena está lista. Se está enfriando la
sopa.

Mr. Andrews is wearing a wig because he got bald. El Señor Andrews usa peluca porque se
quedó calvo.

This is not important. Take it easy. Don’t get so upset. Esto no es importante. Tómalo con
calma. No te disgustes tanto.

to get + past participle - hacerse, volverse, ponerse

to get confused (confundirse), to get married (casarse), to get engaged (comprometerse), to

get excited (emocionarse / entusiasmarse), to get depressed (deprimirse), to get scared
(asustarse), to get dressed (vestirse), to get finished (terminar), to get lost (perderse), to get
hurt (lastimarse), to get bored (aburrirse), to get worried (preocuparse), to get ready
(prepararse), to get wrinkled (arrugarse), to get drunk (emborracharse), to get crowded
(llenarse de gente), to get tired (cansarse).

First they got engaged and then they got married. Primero se comprometieron y después se
casaron.

All the kids got excited when they saw Santa Claus. Todos los niños se emocionaron cuando
vieron a Papá Noel.

Lawrence got depressed when he failed the exam, so I tried to cheer him up. Lawrence se
deprimió cuando no pasó el examen, entonces traté de alegrarlo.

There was a terrible accident, but nobody got hurt. Hubo un accidente terrible, pero nadie se
lastimó / salió herido.

58
They got so bored that they did not stay for the end of the movie. Se aburrieron tanto que no
se quedaron hasta el final de la película.

Stop drinking beer; otherwise you will get drunk. Deja de tomar cerveza, de lo contrario te
emborracharás.

The party got so crowded that we couldn't dance any more. La fiesta se llenó de tanta gente
que no pudimos bailar más.

The verb "must"(Deber, tener la obligación)

El verbo 'must' expresa una
Present tense
prohibición u obligación fuerte así como
cierta certeza: I must go (Debo ir). She
I must-- You must -- He must -- She must -- It must --
We must -- You must -- They must
must be crazy (Debe estar loca). En
español significa debo, debo de, he de.

Affirmative

I must go to the library. Debo ir a la biblioteca.

You must stay here until I come back. Debes quedarte aquí hasta que yo vuelva.
We must be at the airport at three o'clock. Debemos estar en el aeropuerto a las tres.
Everybody must wear a uniform. Todos deben usar uniforme.
You must be joking! ¡Deben de estar de broma / bromeando!
Julia must be in Paris by now. Julia ya debe de estar en París.
It must be noon already. Ya debe de ser mediodía.

Negative

You must not / mustn't talk to strangers. No debes hablar con extraños.
We must not / mustn't make noise. No debemos hacer ruido.
Mr. Williams must not / mustn't smoke. El señor Williams no debe fumar.

Interrogative

Must we do everything today? ¿Debemos hacer todo hoy?

Must you go so soon? ¿Debes irte tan pronto?

Must + have

I must have fallen asleep. Debo de haberme quedado dormido.

59
Sally must have forgotten about the meeting. Sally debe de haberse olvidado de la
reunión.
They must have sent it already. Ya deben de haberlo enviado / Deben haberlo enviado ya

More examples about "must" (Más ejemplos de "must")

1. To express obligation or duty (Para expresar obligación o deber)

This also refers to laws and regulations. ( Esto también hace referencia a leyes y
regulaciones.)

I must memorize all of these rules about verbs. → Debo memorizar todas estas reglas sobre
verbos.
People must remain seated until the show is over. → La gente debe permanecer sentada
hasta que termine el espectáculo. (to be over: terminar algo)
You must wear a seatbelt at all times. → Deber llevar (puesto) el (un) cinturón de seguridad
siempre (at all times)

2. To emphasize the necessity of something (Para recalcar, enfatizar la necesidad de algo)

Humans must have water at least every two days. → Los humanos deben tomar agua, al
menos, cada dos días.
You must give up smoking, it's bad for you. → Debes dejar de fumar, es malo para tí.
We must have a special permit to camp in the national park. → Debemos tener un permiso
especial para acampar en el parque nacional.
You must study the last two chapters before the test. → Debes estudiar los dos últimos
capítulos antes del examen/test.
Plants must have light and water to grow. → Las plantas deben tener luz y agua para crecer.
You must drive carefully. → Debes conducir con cuidado.

3. Deduction - Sure that something is true (Certainty) (Deducción- Seguro que algo es
cierto- Certeza)

We use this when we don't know but we are certain that it is true (based on evidence).
(Usamos este verbo cuando desconocemos el dato pero estamos seguros que es
verdadero)
Look at all that snow. It must be really cold outside. → Mira toda esa nieve. Debe hacer frío
fuera.
The ground was wet this morning. It must have rained last night. → El suelo estaba mojado
esta mañana. Debe haber llovido la pasada noche.
Dinosaurs were very big, they must have eaten a lot. → Los dinosaurios eran muy grandes,
deben haber comido mucho.
It's five in the morning and you still haven't gone to bed? You must be tired! → Son las cinco
de la mañana y todavía no has ido a la cama. Debes estar cansado.

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Jack must be home. I heard a noise coming from his room. → Jack debe estar en casa. He
oído un ruido que venía (viniendo) de su habitación.

4. Expresses positive logical assumptions (Must + have + past participle) (Expresa

supuestos lógicos y positivos)

That must have been my mother calling me last night, nobody else has my number. → (Esa)
debe haber sido mi madre quien me llamó (llamándome) ayer noche, nadie más sabe mi
número.
He must have won the lottery because he has bought a new house and a car. → Debe
haber ganado la lotería porque ha comprado una casa nueva y un coche.
She must have been at home, her car was there. → Debe haber estado en casa, su coche
estaba allí.

5. A strong recommendation (Recomendación firme, tajante)

Something that is highly recommended (stronger than using should) (Algo que es muy
recomendable)

We really must get together for dinner sometime. → Debemos/deberíamos reunirnos para
cenar alguna vez.
You must see the new movie directed by Peter Jackson, it's fantastic. → Debes / deberías /
tendrías que ver la nueva película dirigida por Peter Jackson, es fantástica.
The ice cream here is delicious. You must try some. → El helado de aquí es delicioso.
Debes / tienes que probarlo.

The verb "must": to be obliged or required by morality, law, or custom. (El verbo
"deber": Tener la obligación moral, legal o de costumbre de hacer algo)

The verb must only exists in the simple present and present perfect forms.
While the present form can express obligation, necessity, certainty or strong probability,
the present perfect forms only express a strongly felt opinion or supposition.

If other tenses are required, the speaker or writer must use forms of the synonymous
modal verb "have to" . This modal auxiliary has all normal tenses, including progressive
or continuous forms; these are not common, but need to be used in some cases.

_ _

The grammatical form "let's" (let us)

It is used to form the first-person plural imperative of verbs.

Let’s eat lunch later. → Comamos el almuerzo más tarde.

Let’s dance. → Bailemos.
Let's get out of here. → Salgamos de aquí.
Let's buy it now. → Comprémoslo ahora.
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Let's do it! → ¡Hagámoslo!
Let's go. Vámonos .
_

Future of “must”

As you know, we use “must” to express necessity or obligation in the present. “Must” is a modal
verb, therefore it does not have an infinitive form. Because of this, the auxiliary verb “will” cannot
precede “must”. We express necessity or obligation in the future with the verb “to have to”.
For example:

I will have to pay the fine → Tendré que pagar la multa.

The boss will have to readmit the workers → El jefe tendrá que readmitirr a los trabajadores.
They will have to leave the country → Tendrán que abandonar el país.
Ron will have to apologize → Ron tendrá que disculparse / pedir disculpas / perdón.
You'll have to take a break → Tendréis que hacer un alto / descanso.
We'll have to pay the bill in advance → Tendremos que pagar la factura por adelantado.
They will not have to wait any longer → No tendrán que esperar más tiempo (any longer)
I won't have to cross the river → No tendré que cruzar el río.

Past of "must"
"Must have" is used differently: it is used to express certainty. You can form the past
of must with have plus the past participle of a main verb. You can use must have to
express certainty about something in the past, based on logic or normal expectations

(El pasado de "must" puede formarse con "have" más el participio pasado del verbo principal.
Puede utilizarse "must have" para expresar certeza sobre algo en el pasado, basado en la lógica
o las expectativas normales) :

I must have been drunk last night; I remember nothing. → Debo haber estado borracho
ayer noche, no recuerdo nada.
We know from his pupils that he must have been a good teacher. → Sabemos por sus
alumnos que debe haber sido un buen profesor.

"Must" in the sense of necessity or obligation uses 'had to' in the past:

I had to get up early when I was young. → Tenía que levantarme temprano cuando era joven.
She had to study German to work abroad. → Tuvo que estudiar alemán para trabajar fuera.
We had to follow the rules to be accepted. → Tuvimos que seguir las reglas para ser aceptados.
They had to hire more workers to finish the job. → Tuvieron que contratar más trabajadores para
terminar el trabajo.
You had to confess your sins. → Tuviste que confesar tus pecados.
It had to be done for security reasons. → Tuvo que hacerse por razones de seguridad.
The president had to sign the contract. → El presidente tuvo que firmar el contrato.
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Introduction to other verbs:

Should
Usamos 'should' para expresar grado de posibilidad o probabilidad, así como también
para obligación débil. Significa: debería, tendría que. I should study.
I should - debería / tendría que

Affirmative

You should tell Miss Baker the truth. Deberías decirle la verdad a la señorita Baker.
We should go to sleep. Deberíamos ir a dormir.
I should call my mother. Debería llamar a mi madre.
They should leave as soon as possible. Ellos deberían marcharse/partir/irse lo antes posible.
She should be doing her homework. Ella debería estar haciendo su tarea.
Ben should exercise more. Ben debería hacer más ejercicio.
It should be here. (Ello/esto) Debería estar aquí.

Negative

You should not say that. No deberías decir eso.

Nick shouldn't be working. Nick no debería estar trabajando.
It shouldn't take long. (Esto) No debería tardar mucho.

Interrogative

Should I write Maggie a letter? ¿Debería yo escribirle una carta a Maggie?

Should I write him a letter. ¿Debería escribirle una carta?
Should we worry about it? ¿Deberíamos preocuparnos acerca de / por eso / ello?

Should + have

Charlie should have consulted me. Charlie debería haberme consultado.

I shouldn't have eaten so much. Yo no debería haber comido tanto.
Danny and Paul should have waited for you. Danny y Paul deberían haberte esperado

Would
'Would' es el pasado de will en algunos casos y verbo auxiliar en otros. Convierte en
potencial al verbo que le sigue y va seguido del verbo en forma base.

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I would go - iría
I would eat - comería
I would be - sería / estaría
I would have - tendría / habría

Affirmative

I would go to the party, but ...... Yo iría a la fiesta, pero.......

You would feel better. Te sentirías mejor.
That would be great. Eso sería genial.
We would help you. Nosotros te ayudaríamos.
Joan would start to cry if..... Joan comenzaría a llorar si.......
John would buy it if he had the money. John lo compraría si tuviera el dinero.
Glenn would come right away. Glenn vendría enseguida.
They would get very angry. Ellos se enfadarían mucho.

Negative

They wouldn't dare if I were the boss. No se traverían si yo fuera el jefe

She would not be happy. Ella no sería feliz.
We wouldn't spend all the money. No gastaríamos todo el dinero.
I wouldn't do that. Yo no haría eso.

Interrogative

Would you do it again?. ¿Lo harías otra vez?

Would he give Patty a diamond ring? ¿Le daría él a Patty un anillo de diamantes?
Would you mind? ¿Te importaría?

Would + have

I would have picked you up. Yo te habría pasado a buscar / recoger.

We wouldn't have had enough time. No habríamos tenido tiempo suficiente.
Matt would have said he was sorry. Matt habría dicho que lo lamentaba.

Use of "if" in the Past Subjunctive with "would"

If someone / something "past participle sth" / sb / sth "would" do

Este condicional refiere a una situación que es siempre verdadera (verdades universales):
If you freeze water, it turns into ice.

If clause Main clause

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If + Present tense: Present tense:

If you freeze water, it turns into ice.

If you freeze water, it turns into ice. Si congelas el agua, se convierte en hielo.
If I work too much, I get tired. Si trabajo demasiado, me canso.
If I have time, I usually go to the movies. Si tengo tiempo, generalmente voy al cine.
If she eats hamburgers, she gets an allergy. Si ella come hamburguesas, le da alergia.
If they come here, they always bring a present. Si ellos vienen aquí, siempre traen un regalo.
If she doesn't know the answer, she keeps silent. Si ella no sabe la respuesta, se queda callada
(mantiene en silencio)
If we don't go out on Saturdays, we rent a video and stay home. Si no salimos los sábados,
alquilamos un video y nos quedamos en casa.

Primer condicional

Se forma con if + simple present + simple future. Se emplea cuando una situación es real o
posible: If it rains today, I'll stay at home. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.

If clause Main clause

If + present tense: will / can / may / must + verb:

If it rains today, I'll stay at home

If it rains today, I'll stay at home. Si llueve hoy, me quedaré en casa.

If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow. Si está ocupado ahora, volveré mañana.
If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach. Si hace calor mañana, iremos a la playa.
If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes. Si está frío, debes usar ropa de abrigo.
If she doesn't call you, you can call her. Si ella no te llama, tú puedes llamarla.
If you work hard, you may become a millonaire someday. Si trabajas duro, puede que te
conviertas en un millonario algún día.
If you spend more than you earn, you'll become a poor man. Si gastas más de lo que ganas, te
convertirás en un hombre pobre.
If they don't invite you, you must not go. Si ellos no te invitan, no debes ir.
If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus. Si no nos damos prisa, perderemos nuestro autobús.
If you pay now, you'll get a discount. Si pagas ahora, obtendrás un descuento.
If they don't want to go out, they can stay home. Si no quieren salir, se pueden quedar en casa.
If you drink too much, you'll get drunk. Si bebes demasiado, te emborracharás.
If you feel sick, you must stay in bed. Si te sientes enfermo, debes quedarte en cama.

Segundo Condicional

If clause Main clause

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If + past simple: Would / could / might / verb:

If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world

If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro. Si yo estuviese en Brasil, iría a Río de Janeiro.
If I were you, I would buy that car. Si yo fuese tú, compraría ese auto.
If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this. Si él estuviese en mi lugar, no haría esto.
If I had more money, I would buy a nice apartment. Si yo tuviese más dinero, me compraría un
bonito apartamento.
If she had more time, she would travel more often. Si ella tuviera más tiempo, viajaría más a
menudo.
If it were not raining, we could go out. Si no estuviese lloviendo, podríamos salir.
If we didn't have to work today, we could have a picnic. Si no tuviésemos que trabajar hoy,
podríamos tener un picnic.
If they won the lottery, they wouldn't work any more. Si ellos ganaran la lotería, no trabajarían
más.
If I saw her, I would ask her out. Si la viera, la invitaría a salir.
If you went to Brazil, you wouldn't want to come back. Si fueras a Brazil, no querrías regresar.
If he didn't live by the river, he couldn't go fishing. Si el no viviera cerca del río, no podría ir a
pescar.
If I didn't want to go, I would tell you. Si no quisiera ir, te lo diría.
If they worked for that company, they might have better salaries. Si ellos trabajaran para esa
compañía, podrían tener mejores sueldos.
If she wrote a book, it would be a best-seller. Si ella escribiese un libro, sería un best-seller.

Tercer condicional

If clause Main clause

If + past perfect tense: Would / could might + have + past participle:

If I had won the lottery, I would have traveled around the world

If I had won the lottery, I would have traveled around the world. Si yo hubiera ganado la lotería,
habría viajado por todo el mundo.
If I had seen him, I would have told him about you. Si lo hubiese visto, le habría contado acerca
de ti.
If I had known the answer, I would have raised my hand. Si hubiese sabido la respuesta, habría
levantado mi mano.
If she had come on a Saturday, I would have seen her. Si ella hubiese venido en un sábado, la
habría visto.
If they had left earlier, they would have arrived on time. Si ellos hubiesen salido más temprano,
habrían llegado a tiempo.

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If we had studied harder, we might have passed the test. Si hubiésemos estudiado más duro,
podríamos haber aprobado la prueba.
If you had gone to Brazil, you would have had lots of fun. Si tú hubieses ido a Brasil, habrías
tenido mucha diversión.
If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped you. Si no hubiese estado tan ocupado, te podría
haber ayudado.
If you had phoned me, I would have known you were here. Si tú me hubieses telefoneado,
habría sabido que estabas aquí.
If they had invited us, we would have accepted at once. Si ellos nos hubiesen invitado,
habríamos aceptado de inmediato.
If she had explained me the problem, I would have understood it. Si ella me hubiese explicado
el problema, lo habría entendido. (Also, to explain sth to sb)
If I hadn't forgotten his number, I would have phoned him. Si no hubiese olvidado su número, le
habría llamado.
If it hadn't rained, we would have gone fishing. Si no hubiese llovido, habríamos ido a pescar.
If my sister had been here, she would have enjoyed this. Si mi hermana hubiese estado aquí,
habría disfrutado esto.
If they hadn't drunk so much last night, they wouldn't have felt sick today. Si no hubiesen
tomado tanto anoche, no se habrían sentido enfermos hoy.
If he had worked more, he could have saved more money. Si él hubiese trabajado más, podría
haver ahorrado más dinero.

Conditionals
We use if to introduce the condition in conditional sentences:
If you invest in the Stock Exchange you risk losing all your money.

Indirect questions
We can usually use both if and whether in indirect questions:
Do you know if/whether the post office is open on Saturday?

After prepositions
We can only use whether after prepositions:
We had a big row about whether we should spend Christmas at home or with the rest of the family.

Before to-infinitives
We can only use whether before to-infinitives:
I can't decide whether to invest in shares in bonds.

With or not
We can use both whether and if with or not, but if we are using if, the or not goes at the end of the sentence:
I don't know whether I should go or not.
I don't know whether or not I should go.
I don't know if I should go or not. (spoken - very informal)
I don't know if or not I should go.
Whether is generally preferred when 'or' appears later in the sentence, but you can also use if:
It is not clear whether/if the spokesperson was deliberately lying or simply ignorant of the facts.

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With subject, complement and adverbial clauses
If a question-word clause is a subject or complement, we prefer to use whether:
Whether we will make any money on the shares is another matter. (subject)
The decision we have to make is whether we should agree to the asking price. (complement)

If is used in many expressions, for example: even if, as if, if you like, if you want, if you ask me, etc.

Utilizamos el condicional formado con wish y pasado simple para expresar un

deseo sobre una situación irreal: I wish I were rich (though I am not). Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos
traducidos.

Wish + Past simple

Se usa para expresar un deseo sobre una situación irreal

I wish I were rich (but I am not) Yo deseo/ojalá que fuera rico (pero no lo soy)
I wish I could fly. Ojalá pudiera volar.
I wish I spoke English more fluently. Ojalá hablara inglés más fluídamente.
I wish I lived in a house near the beach. Ojalá viviera en una casa cerca de la playa.
I wish I knew how to dance Tango. Ojalá supiera bailar tango.
I wish it were not so cold today. Ojalá no estuviera tan frío hoy.
I wish I had more money. Ojalá tuviera más dinero.
I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow. Ojalá no tuviera que trabajar mañana.
I wish I had a better job. Ojalá tuviera un trabajo mejor.

El condicional formado con wish y el pasado perfecto expresa deseos sobre el pasado: "I wish I had
learned English when I was younger". Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.

Wish + Past Perfect

Se usa para expresar un deseo frustrado sobre el pasado

I wish I had learned English when I was younger. Ojalá hubiera aprendido inglés cuando era
más joven.
I wish I had stayed at the party. Ojalá me hubiera quedado en la fiesta.
I wish I hadn't seen Mark and Lucy together! ¡Desearía no haber visto a Mark y a Lucy juntos!
I wish I had listened to you. Ojalá te hubiera escuchado.
I wish I had brought my camera! ¡Ojalá hubiera traído mi cámara!
I wish I hadn't drunk so much beer last night. Desearía no haber tomado tanta cerveza
anoche.
I wish I had studied more for this test! ¡Ojalá hubiera estudiado más para esta prueba!
I wish I had asked Penny to stay..... Ojalá le hubiera pedido a Penny que se quedara....

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Expresamos desagrado o irritación formando el condicional con wish seguido de would: I wish you
would stop making that noise. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.

Wish + Would

Se usa para expresar desagrado o irritación sobre algo que pasa y que probablemente no se pueda
remediar.

I wish you would stop making that noise. Ojalá dejaras de hacer ese ruido.
I wish they would stop fighting. Ojalá dejaran de pelear.
I wish you would just shut up! ¡Ojalá te callaras!
I wish Tom wouldn't snore so much... Ojalá Tom no roncara tanto...
I wish that dog would stop barking! ¡Ojalá ese perro dejara de ladrar!
I wish this computer would stop crashing. Ojalá este ordenador dejara de colgarse.
I wish my neighbor would turn that awful music down. Ojalá mi vecino bajara esa música
horrible.
I wish this phone would stop ringing! ¡Ojalá este teléfono dejara de sonar!

Modo subjuntivo en inglés

El inglés carece de un tiempo verbal específicamente para expresar el subjuntivo, por lo que se
emplean tiempos verbales ya existentes como presente simple:

Examples:
I'm sorry (that) this has happened. → Siento que esto haya pasado.

Before she comes back. → Antes (de) que ella vuelva.

Whatever happens. → Pase lo que pase.

Se emplea el tiempo verbal "past simple"para representar el subjuntivo pasado español, sin
embargo, no hablamos aquí del pasado:

We were surprised it didn't work. → Nos sorprendió que no funcionara.

I'm glad you liked it. → Me alegro que te gustara.

Algunas formas de subjuntivo requieren el uso de infinitivos. Por ejemplo, después de "want" +
complemento indirecto, usamos el infinitivo con "to" y así evitamos la estructura that +
complemento indirecto + subjuntivo:

I want you to be well (pero no, I want that you are well). → Quiero que estés bien.

I want her to give me a hand (pero no, I want that she...) → Quiero que ella me eche una mano.

Do you want me to go?* (pero no, Do you want that I...) → ¿Quieres que me vaya?
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Do you want me to stay? * (pero no, Do you want that I...) → ¿Quieres que me quede?

(*) Esto es como si se dijera en español: ¿Tú quieres yo me quede?

La misma regla del uso del infinitivo para evitar el subjuntivo se aplica en muchos casos:

She ordered them to come back. → Les ordenó que volvieran (o, les ordenó volver ).

She asked me to watch her bags for her. → Me pidió que le vigilara sus maletas.

I advise you to do it soon. → Te aconsejo que lo hagas pronto.

I cannot allow you to take that away with you. → No puedo permitir que te lleves eso.

My father "won't let me" see you again.(*) → Mi padre "me ha prohibido" que te vea más.

We must stop this rabbit from escaping. → Hay que impedir que se escape este conejo.

I cannot allow it to be so. → No puedo permitir que sea así.

(*) Los verbos: "let", "make" y "help" no suelen tomar el infinitivo con "to".

Situaciones hipotéticas en el futuro.

Se utiliza el subjuntivo en español para hablar de situaciones hipotéticas en el futuro. En inglés,
evitamos el subjuntivo si empleamos un verbo modal como "will":

I doubt that she'll come.* → Dudo que venga. Es como decir en español: dudo que vendrá
We're worried that she'll hurt herself. → Nos preocupa que se haga daño.
It's possible that it'll rain tomorrow. → Es posible que llueva mañana.

Situaciones hipotéticas con el verbo de la oración subordinada en pasado.

En una frase donde el verbo de la oración principal está en pasado, se evita el subjuntivo
empleando would delante del verbo de la oración subordinada:

I doubted that she'd come. → Dudaba que viniera. (Es como decir en español: dudaba que
vendría)
We were worried that she'd hurt herself. → Nos preocupaba que se hiciera daño.
It was possible that it would rain tomorrow. → Era posible que lloviera mañana .

Situaciones hipotéticas y ciertas expresiones en el presente y pasado.

En muchos casos, cuando la situación hipotética o ciertas expresiones se refieren al presente o
pasado, se emplea (como hemos visto más arriba) el presente o pasado del verbo para representar
el subjuntivo:

They don't think they saw it. → No piensan que lo vieran.

We don't believe it's true. → No creemos que sea verdad.
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It's possible there is a leak. → Es posible que haya una fuga.
It's a shame/pity she got lost. → Es una lástima que se perdiera.
It isn't true she's failed. → No es verdad que haya suspendido.

Construcción "por + adjetivo" en español.

Frases en subjuntivo en español que utilizan por + el adjetivo se traducen por "however" + adjetivo
o "no matter" + adjetivo:

However expensive it is, we'll buy it. → Por caro que sea, lo compraremos.
No matter how slow he is, he's coming with us. → Por lento que sea, viene con nosotros.
No matter how much he worked he never made much money. → Por mucho que trabajase,
nunca ganó/ganaba mucho dinero.

Parecidas son las construcciones en inglés con "whatever", "whoever", "wherever" etc:

Whatever happens... → Pase lo que pase...

Whatever he says... → Diga lo que diga...
Wherever she goes... → Vaya donde vaya...
Whatever it may be... → Sea lo que sea...
Wherever he may be... → Esté donde esté...

"Ojalá que", siempre requiere el subjuntivo en español, en inglés a veces requiere un verbo modal
+ infinitivo:

If only I could fly. → Ojalá pudiera volar.

If only I he would leave me alone. → Ojalá me dejara en paz.

Casos donde se ven indicios de un subjuntivo inglés.

Anomalías en el tiempo verbal inglés se ven en algunas situaciones influenciadas por la presencia
del subjuntivo inglés. Por ejemplo, las frases condicionales "I wish" y "If only" pueden utilizar
"were" en todas las personas en vez de "was":

I wish she was/were here. → Ojalá estuviera aquí.

If only I was/were slimmer. → Ojalá estuviera más delgado.
If I was/were you, I'd get a loan. → Si yo fuera tú, pediré un préstamo.

Ver más ejemplos de frases condicionales y el uso del subjuntivo...

Subjuntivo "may" + infinitivo.

Existe un subjuntivo en español que en inglés toma la forma de "may" + infinitivo. El uso es algo
formal, protocolario o incluso anticuado:

May he rest in peace! → ¡Que descanse en paz! (Pueda él descansar en paz)

May you find happiness once more! →¡Que encuentres/encontréis de nuevo la felicidad!

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May all your problems be little ones! → Que todos tus problemas sean pequeños (felicitación
para los recién casados en Inglaterra).
May you see the light! → ¡Que veas la luz!
Long live the Queen! (Forma de elipsis de "may the Queen live long".) → ¡Viva la reina!

Oraciones con "when".

No se ve el subjuntivo reflejado en el verbo en oraciones hipotéticas del futuro con "when" en

inglés. La ambigüedad se evita por el contexto del resto de la frase:

When you come, always bring flowers. → Cuando vengas, siempre trae flores.
When you come, you always bring flowers. → Cuando vienes, siempre traes flores.

With & without (con & sin)

I'm having coffee with sugar
This is a car with four doors, it's a four-door car.
She is with me, not with him.
We eat Indian food with our hands.
A house with a splendid sight on the sea.
The ship is loaded with wood.
I am without money.
Without questioning the orders
He signed the deal without knowing what he was signing.

four-door car: coche de cuatro puertas

he signed the deal: (él) firmó el acuerdo, trato, etc
I'm having: estoy tomando (presente contínuo)
is loaded with wood: está cargado de (con) madera
sight on the sea: vista al (sobre el) mar
we eat: (nosotros) comemos
what he was signing: lo que estaba firmando
with a splendid: con una espléndida/o
with me: conmigo
with our hands: con (nuestras) las manos
without knowing it: sin saberlo (saber ello)
without money: sin dinero
without questioning the orders: sin cuestionar las órdenes

To go, in present (ir) Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

I go I don't go Do I go? Do I not go? (don't I go?)

You go You don't go Do you go? Do you not go? (don't you go?)
he goes He doesn't go Does he go? Does he not go? (doesn't he go?)
We go We don't go Do we go? Do we not go? (don't we go?)
you go You don't go Do you go? Do you not go? (don't you go?)
they go They don't go Do they go? Do they not go? (don't they go?)
Past simple Negative form Interrogative Interrogative negative

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 I went I did not go (didn't go) Did I go? Did I not go? (didn't I go?)
You went You did not go (didn't go) Did you go? Did you not go? (didn't you go?)
He went He didn't go (didn't go) Did he go? Did he not go? (didn't he go?)
We went We did not go (didn't go) Did we go? Did we not go? (didn't we go?)
You went You did not go (didn't go) Did you go? Did you not go? (didn't you go?
They went They did not go (didn't go) Did they go? Did they not go? (didn't they go?)

The form "there be" (there exist) There is / there are, there's, there is not, there
isn't, is there?, are there?.

Affirmative Interrogative Affirmative answer Negative interrogative

There is some sugar
There is a man here
There's snow in the streets
There's a lot of money
There's something in his bag
There are some birds
There are two truck parked
There are sixteen members
Is there any sugar?
Is there any man here?
Is there any snow in....?
Is there so much money?
Is there anything in his bag?
Are there any birds?
Are there two trucks parked?
Are there sixteen members?
Yes, there is some sugar
Yes, there is a man here
Yes, there's snow in the streets
Yes, there's a lot of money
Yes, there's something in his....
Yes, there are some birds
Yes, there are two trucks parked..
Yes, there are sixteen members..
Isn't there any sugar?
Isn't there any man here?
Isn't there any snow in the .....?
Isn't there much money?
Isn't there anything in his.....?
Aren't there any birds?
Aren't there two trucks parked?
Aren't there sixteen members?

Negative Affirmative Interrogative Negative

No, there isn't any?
No, there's no man here
No, there isn't any
No, there isn't any money
No, there isn't anything in.....
No, there aren't any birds
No, there aren't any trucks....
No, there aren't sixteen....
some sugar; sugar money;
some oil; some dirt
some water; some food;
some love; some rain
some clouds; some bottles;
some coins; some people,
some kids; some sounds.
Any sugar?; any money?; There isn't any sugar → there's
any oil?; any dirt? no sugar.
any water?; any food?;
any love?; any rain?; There aren't any clouds → there
are no clouds.
any clouds?; any bottles?;
any coins?; any people?;
any kids? any sounds?.

"There is - there is not, there isn't - there is no, there's no " for singular and uncountable
nouns

There is a car in the street that has a broken window → Hay un coche en la calle que tiene
una ventana rota.
There is a lot of sand on the floor, but there isn't a broom to sweep it. → Hay mucha arena
en (sobre) el suelo, pero no hay una escoba para barrerla.
There isn't any toilet paper in the bathroom. → No hay papel higiénico en el baño.
There's no hope for sinners. → No hay esperanza para los pecadores
There are many reasons to use this system → Hay muchas razanes para usar este sistema.

Sentences with Why & Because (Por qué & porque)

Why are you here? Because you called me.
Why is Mary so happy? Because she learned that she's pregnant with twins.
Why is this room so dirty? Because nobody cleans it.
Why are lions so dangerous? Because they're wild animals that live in the jungle.
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I don't know why there isn't enough money in the bank account? Because I paid bills.
Do you know why this fabric is so expensive? Because it's silk.
How is it that you don't know why she's gone? Because nobody tells me the truth.
Why people tend to be so conformist? Because the situation leads to it.
We'll never know why they had to react like that. Probably because they were forced to it.

cleans it: la limpia (to clean something)

fabric: tejido, tela (no fábrica)
had to react like that: tuvieron que reaccionar así (like that; de esa manera)
here (in or at this place): aquí
how is it that: cómo es que
I paid bills: pagué facturas
in the bank account: en la cuenta bancaria (cuenta del banco)
leads to it: lleva a ello, conduce a ello
nobody cleans it: nadie la limpia
nobody: nadie
pregnant with twins: embarazada de gemelos
she learned that: se enteró que
she's gone: se ha ido
silk: seda
so expensive: tan caro/a
tells me the truth: me dice la verdad
tend to be: tiende a ser
that live in the jungle: que viven en la jungla
there isn't enough money: no hay suficiente dinero
wild animals: animales salvajes
you called me: (tú) me llamaste

Sentences with How much - How many (Cuánto/a -

Cuántos/as)

How much dish-soap contains this bottle? → ¿Cuánto lavavajillas contiene esta botella?
How much money is in the cash register? → ¿Cuánto dinero hay (está) en la registradora?
How much coffee have you bought? → ¿Cuánto café has comprado?
How much water can this container hold? → ¿Cuánta agua puede contener este recipiente?
How much money did you earn last year? → ¿Cuánto dinero ganaste el año pasado?
How much sugar do ice creams contain? → ¿Cuánto azúcar contienen los helados?
How much weight can this truck carry? → ¿Cuánto peso puede transportar este camión?
How much pressure can this tissue resist? → ¿Cuánta presión puede resistir este tejido?

How many coins were in the purse? → ¿Cuántas monedas hay (son) en el bolso?
How many years have elapsed? → ¿Cuántos años han pasado?
How many of them are ready? → ¿Cuántos de ellos están listos?
How many cents are in a dollar? → ¿Cuántos centavos hay en un dolar?
How many properties were expropriated? → ¿Cuántas propiedades fuero expropiadas?
How many hairs do you lose every morning? → ¿Cuántos pelos pierdes cada mañana?
How many dollars will it cost? → ¿Cuántos dólares costará (ello/eso)?
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 How many soldiers died in Vietnam? → ¿Cuántos soldados murieron en Vietnam?

Sentences with How Long, How Often

How long: Qué longitud, cuánto tiempo, es decir, se usa para preguntar la longitud de algo
físico y del tiempo.
How Often: Con qué frecuencia

How long is the rope? Some 20 meters/metres.→ ¿Cuán larga es la cuerda? Unos 20
metros.
How long was the road to that town? There wasn't any road / there was no road. → ¿Cuán
larga era la carretera a ese pueblo? No había ninguna carretera.
How long have you both been here? I've been here for 2 hours. → ¿Cuánto tiempo habéis
estado aquí los dos? Hemos estado aquí durante dos horas.
How long does it take to change a wheel? More than 5 minutes. → ¿Cuánto se tarda
para/en cambiar una rueda? Más de 5 minutos.
How long did he live with his previous wife? More than with the current one. → ¿Cuánto
(tiempo) vivió con su anterior esposa? Más que con la actual.
How long will it take you to finish this work? Only a few days. → ¿Cuanto te llevará /
tardarás en/para terminar este trabajo. Sólo unos pocos días.

How often do they eat pizza? → ¿Con qué frecuencia comen pizza?
How often should you wash your hands? → ¿Con qué frecuencia deberias lavarte las manos?
How often do I have to pay the fee? → ¿Con qué frecuencia tengo que pagar la cuota?
How oftwn did he visit her? → ¿Con qué frecuencia la visitaba?
How often did they say that there was no risk? → ¿Con qué frecuencia dijeron que no había
riesgo?
How often shall we have to come here? → ¿Con qué frecuencia tendremos que venir aquí?

Grammatical construction of sentences in general

Verbs usually go immediately after subjects. There are mainly two kinds of verbs: auxiliary verbs and
main verbs.

Affirmative
He works in a factory (since the age of 35) (simple present)
He's working in a factory (now) (present continuous)
He worked in a factory (simple past)

75
He has worked in a factory (past participle)
He has been working in a factory (present perfect continuous)
He'll work in a factory (future)
He'll be working in a factory (future continuous)

Interrogative
Does he work in a factory? Yes, he does / No, he doesn't (simple present)
Is he working in a factory? Yes, he is / No, he isn't (present continuous)
Was he working in a factory? Yes, he was / No, he wasn't (past continuous)
Did he work in a factory? Yes, he did / No, he didn't (simple past)
Has he worked in a factory? Yes, he has / No, he hasn't (past participle)
Has he been working in a factory? Yes, he has / No he hasn't (present perfect continuous)
Will he work in a factory? (future) Yes, he will / No, he won't
Will he be working in a factory) (future continuous) Yes, he will (be) / No, he won't (be)

Negative
He doesn't work in a factory (he's a student) (simple present)
He's not working in a factory (he's now at home watching TV) (present continuous)
Wasn't he working in a factory? Yes, he was / No, he wasn't (negative past continuous)
He didn't work in a factory (he worked in an office) (simple past)
He hasn't worked in a factory (past participle)
He hasn't been working in a factory. (present perfect continuous)
He won't work in a factory (future)
He won't be working in a factory (future continuous)

Interrogative negative
Doesn't he work in a factory? Yes, he does / No, he doesn't (simple present)
Isn't he working in a factory (now) Yes, he is / No, he isn't (present continuous)
Didn't he work in a factory? Yes, he did / No, he didn't (simple past)
Hasn't he worked ina factory? Yes, he has / No, he hasn't (past participle)
Hasn't he been working in a factory? Yes, he has / No, he hasn't (present perfect continuous)
Won't he work in a factory? Yes, he will / No, he won't (negative future)
Won't he be working in a factory? Yes, he will be / No, he won't be (negative future continuous)

The verbs "to be, to have, can, may, might, ought" are used without the auxiliary
verb " do" to ask questions or make negative sentences, both in the present or in the
past.
Affirmative: I am / I have* / I can / I may / I might / I ought

Interrogative: Am I? have I? / can I? / might I? / ought I?

Negative: I am not / I have not / I cannot / I might not / I ought not

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Negative interrogative: Am I not? / have I not? / can I not? / ought I not?

(*) Anyway, the verb "to have" can also use the auxiliary verb "do" to ask questions or make
negative sentences.

THE 100 MOST USED VERBS IN ENGLISH (Regular and Irregular)

Accept Close (closed,

(accepted, aceptar, admitir, reconocer closed) / shut cerrar; concluir, terminar
accepted) (shut, shut)
Allow Organize
(allowed, permitir, dejar (organized, organizar
allowed) organized)
Ask (asked,
preguntar, pedir un favor u opinión Pay (paid, paid) pagar
asked)
Believe
Play (played,
(believed, creer jugar
played)
believed)
Borrow
(borrowed, pedir prestado Put (put, put) poner, colocar, instalar
borrowed)
Break (broke, Rain (rained,
romper, destrozar, arruinar, acabar con llover
broken) rained)
Bring
Read (read,
(brought, traer leer
read)
brought)
Buy (bought, Reply (replied,
comprar responder
bought) replied)
Can/be able to
(was able,
poder, ser capaz de Run (ran, run) correr
have been
able to)
Cancel
(canceled), cancelar, suspender Say (said, said) decir
canceled)
Change
See (saw,
(changed, cambiar ver
seen)
changed)
Clean
(cleaned, limpiar Sell (sold, sold) vender
cleaned)
Comb
Send (sent,
(combed, peinar(se) enviar
sent)
combed)
Complain
Sign (signed,
(complained, quejarse firmar
signed)
complained)
Cough toser Sing (sang, cantar

77
(coughed sung)
, coghed)
count contar, tener importancia Sit (sat, sat) sentar(se); colocar
Sleep (slept,
Cut (cut, cut) cortar dormir
slep)
Dance Smoke
(danced bailar (smoked fumar
, ,
danced) smoked)
dibujar, trazar; correr/descorrer/bajar las
Draw Speak
cortinas y persianas; hablar
(drew, (spoke,
sacar dinero del
drawn) spoken)
banco
Drink Spell
beber deletrear
(drank, (spelled,
drunk spelled)
Drive Spend
conducir; llevar gastar; pasar el tiempo
(drove, (spent, spent)
driven)
Eat Stand poner(se) de pie; estar de
comer
(ate, (stood, pie; resistir, aguantar
eaten) stood)
Start
Explain
(started,
(explained explicar comenzar, empezar
started)
,
/begin
explained)
(began,
begun)
Fall (fell, Study (studied,
caer(se) estudiar; examinar, investigar
fallen) studied)
Succeed
Fill
llenar (succeeded tener éxito, triunfar, lograr
(filled,
, suceeded)
filled)
Find Swim
encontrar, hallar, descubrir nadar
(found, (swam,
found) swum)
Finish
Take tomar, coger,
(finished terminar, acabar
(took, agarrar; llevar, robar
,
taken)
finished)
Talk
Fit (fir, fit) caber, encajar hablar
(talked,
talked)
Fix Teach
reparar, arreglar; fijar, sujetar enseñar
(fixed, (taught,
fixed) taught)
Fly
volar Tell (told, told) decir, informar, contar
(flew,
flown)
Forget
Think
(forgot, olvidar(se) pensar, creer
(thought,
forgotten
thought)
)
Translate
Give
dar, regalar, donar (translated traducir
(gave,
,
78
given) translated)

Travel
Go
ir(se), salir (traveled viajar
(went,
,
gone)
traveled)
have (had,
tener, poseer, haber Try (tried, Intentar, probar
had)
tried)
Turn off
Hear
oír (turned apagar, cerrar
(heard,
off, turned
heard)
off)
Turn on
Hurt
herir, dañar, lastimar, ofender (turned encender, abrir
(hurt,
on, turned
hurt)
on)

79
 Know Type
saber, conocer escribir a máquina, teclear
(knew, (typed,
known) typed)
Learn Understand
(learned aprender, enterarse (understood entender, comprender
, ,
learned) understood)
Leave (left, Use (used,
salir, marcharse, irse; dejar, abandonar usar, utilizar, emplear
left) used)
Listen
Wait
(listened escuchar, prestar atención esperar
(waited,
,
waited)
listened)
Live wake up
vivir, residir despertar(se)
(lived, (woke,
lived) woken)
Look Want
mirar, aparentar querer, desear
(looked, (wanted,
looked) wanted)
Watch
Lose observar, vigilar;
perder watched,
(lost, lost) tener cuidado con
watched
)
Make (made,
Work
made) / do hacer, preparar, fabricar, confeccionar trabajar
(worked,
(did,
worked)
done)
Need Worry
necesitar, tener que preocupar(se), inquietar
(needed, (worried,
needed) worried)
Open
write
(opened abrir; iniciar, inaugurar escribir
(wrote,
,
written)
opened)

Lista de preposiciones de lugar del inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso. On,
upon, in, at, inside, outside, above, below .

on (on) - sobre, en, encima de

upon (apón) - sobre, en, encima de( formal)
in (in) - en, dentro de
at (at) - en
inside (insáid) - dentro de, en
outside (áutsáid) - afuera, fuera, fuera de
above (abáv) - encima de, sobre, arriba
below (bilóu) - debajo de

on (on) - sobre, en, encima de

The children left their books on the table. Los niños dejaron sus libros sobre la mesa. He
was standing on the corner waiting for her. Estaba de pie en la esquina esperándola.
There was a spider on the wall. Había una araña en la pared.
80
upon (apón) - sobre, en, encima de (igual que "on", pero más formal)
The corpse was lying upon the bed. El cadáver yacía sobre la cama.
The bird had perched upon the branch. El pájaro se había posado sobre la rama.
Bill was eating with his elbows upon the table. Bill estaba comiendo con sus codos sobre la mesa.

81
in (in) - en, dentro de
What do you have in your mouth? ¿Qué tienes dentro de la boca?
We spent a few days in Paris last year. Pasamos unos días en Paris el año pasado.
There were two girls swimming in the river. Había dos chicas nadando en el río.
The jewels are in this box. La joyas están en esta caja.

at (at) - en
My parents are at work. Mis padres están en el trabajo.
Bill is waiting for his girlfriend at the bus stop. Bill está esperando a su novia en la parada de autobús.
The museum is at the end of this street. El museo está al final de esta calle.
Her brother is at the station now. Su hermano está en la estación.

inside (insáid) - dentro de, en

The children were playing inside the house. Los chicos estaban jugando dentro de la casa.
I think there is a surprise for you inside the box. Creo que hay una sorpresa para tí dentro de la caja.
The water is cold because it was inside the fridge. El agua está fría porque estaba en la nevera.
The scalpel remained inside the patient. El bisturí quedo en el interior del paciente.

outside (áutsáid) - afuera, fuera, fuera de

The dog sleeps outside the house. El perro duerme fuera de la casa.
My family lives just outside Rome. Mi familia vive en las afueras de Roma.
Jack hopes to be outside the prison soon. Jack espera estar fuera de la cárcel pronto.
The wheelchair was outside the house, not inside. La silla de ruedas estaba fuera de la casa, no dentro.

above (abáv) - encima de, sobre, arriba

We were flying above the clouds. Estábamos volando por encima de la nubes.
The city is 300 meters above sea level. La ciudad está a 300 metros por encima del nivel del mar.
The patient's temperature was above normal. La temperatura del paciente estaba por encima de lo normal.
Nobody is above the law. Nadie está por encima de la ley.

below (bilóu) - debajo de

She has an apartment below mine. Ella tiene un departamento debajo del mío.
It is freezing! The temperature is below zero. ¡Está helando! La temperatura está bajo cero.
Jane had a pimple just below her right eye. Jane tenía un grano justo debajo de su ojo derecho.
Sales are below my expectations. Las sentas están por debajo de mis expectativas.

Lista de preposiciones de lugar del inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso. Over,
under, beneath, underneath, by, near, close to, across .

over (óuver) - encima de, sobre

under (ánder) - debajo de, bajo
beneath (biníiz) - bajo, debajo de
underneath (anderníiz) - bajo, debajo de
by (bái) - al lado de, junto a
near (níar) - cerca de
close to (clóus thu) - cerca de
across (acrós) - a lo ancho de, a través de, al otro lado de

82
over (óuver) - encima de, sobre
The maid put a cloth over the table. La criada puso un mantel sobre la mesa.
They have built a bridge over the river. Han construído un puente sobre el río.
The helicopter was flying over the area. El helicóptero estaba volando sobre el área.
It's a drone flying over the house. Es un drone que vuela (volando) sobre la casa.

under (ánder) - debajo de, bajo

Somebody left a frog under her bed. Alguien dejó una rana debajo de su cama.
I always wear a shirt under my sweater. Siempre llevo una camisa debajo de mi suéter.
Everything was under control at that moment. Todo estaba bajo control en ese momento.
To publish a book under your responsibility. Publicar un libro bajo tu responsabilidad.

beneath (biníiz) - bajo, debajo de

There is a basement beneath the house. Hay un sótano debajo de la casa.
Jimmy hid all his toys beneath his bed. Jimmy escondió todos sus juguetes debajo de su cama.
I was sitting beneath my beach umbrella. Estaba sentado debajo de mi sombrilla de playa
Most of the internet wires are beneath the sea. Gran parte del cableado de internet está bajo el mar.

underneath (anderníiz) - bajo, debajo de

There is rust underneath the paint. Hay óxido debajo de la pintura.
The letter was found underneath the carpet. La carta fue encontrada debajo de la alfombra.
Miners work underneath the ground. Los mineros trabajan debajo del suelo.

by (bái) - al lado de, junto a

She came into the room and sat by my side. Ella entró al cuarto y se sentó a mi lado.
I have a beautiful house by the river. Tengo una hermosa casa junto al río.
The dog was lying asleep by the fire. El perro yacía dormido al lado del fuego.

near (níar) - cerca de

There is a pay phone near that monument. Hay un teléfono público cerca de ese monumento.
It is terrible to live near an airport. Es horrible vivir cerca de un aeropuerto.
The hospital was built near the university. El hospital fue contruído cerca de la universidad.

close to (clóus thu) - cerca de

Our house in close to the airport. Nuestra casa está cerca del aeropuerto.
There was a gas station close to the supermarket. Había una gasolinera cerca del supermercado.
The dog remained close to its master. El perro permaneció cerca de su amo.

across (acrós) - a lo ancho de, a través de, al otro lado de

There was a fallen tree across the road. Había un árbol caído a lo ancho del camino.
They placed a fishing net across the river. Ellos colocaron una red de pesca a través del río.
My sister lives across the park. Mi hermana vive al otro lado del parque.

Lista de preposiciones de lugar del inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso. along,
a/round, against, on top of, at the bottom of, in front of, ...

along (alóng) - a lo largo de

83
around (aráund) -alrededor de, cerca de, por
round (ráund) - alrededor de, en torno a, por
against (aguénst) - contra, en contra de
on top of (on tóp of) - encima de, sobre, arriba de
at the bottom of (at de bótom ov) - en la base de, debajo de, en el fondo de
in front of (in frónt of) - enfrente de
opposite (óposit) - enfrente de, frente a
behind (bijáind) - detrás, detrás de

along (alóng) - a lo largo de

Cars were parked all along the road. Los coches estaban aparcados a lo largo de todo el camino.
There were palm trees along the avenue. Había palmeras a lo largo de la avenida.
You can see beautiful mansions all along this street. Puedes ver hermosas mansiones a lo largo de esta
calle.

around (aráund) -alrededor de, cerca de, por

He is wearing a chain around his neck. El está usando una cadena alrededor de su cuello.
Is there any book store around here? ¿Hay alguna librería por aquí?
There is a bus stop around the corner. Hay una parada de autobús a la vuelta de la esquina.

round (ráund) - alrededor de, en torno a, por

There was a fence round the house. Había una cerca alrededor de la casa.
The shop is just round the corner. La tienda está justo a la vuelta de la esquina.
There were many reporters round the actress. Había muchos reporteros en torno a la actriz.

against (aguénst) - contra, en contra de

Why is that table against the wall? ¿Porqué está esa mesa contra la pared?
I leaned my bicycle against the tree. Apoyé mi bicicleta contra el árbol.
The journalist wrote an article against the government. El periodista escribió un artículo en contra del
gobierno.

on top of (on tóp of) - encima de, sobre, arriba de

There was a black cat lying on top of the roof. Había un gato negro acostado encima del techo.
He was standing on top of the tower watching the horizon. El estaba parado arriba de la torre mirando el
horizonte.
The missing book was on top of the fridge. El libro perdido estaba encima de la nevera.

at the bottom of (at de bótom of) - en la base de, debajo de, al pie de, en el fondo de
There was a small cabin at the bottom of the mountain. Había una pequeña cabaña al pie de la montaña.
The copyright notice goes at the bottom of the page. El aviso de copyright va en la parte inferior de la
página.
They found a treasure at the bottom of the sea. Ellos encontraron un tesoro en el fondo del mar.

in front of (in fránt of) - enfrente de

Just stand in front of the TV and don't move. Sólo ponte de pie enfrente de la TV y no te muevas.
There is a bus stop in front of my house. Hay una parada de autobús enfrente de mi casa.
She hit her brother right in front of her mother. Ella golpeó a su hermano justo enfrente de su madre.

opposite (óposit) - enfrente de, frente a

84
They sat opposite each other and started arguing. Se sentaron uno frente al otro y comenzaron a discutir.
My house is opposite the church. Mi casa está en frente de la iglesia. (cruzando la calle)
I don't want her to be sitting opposite me. No quiero que ella esté sentada en frente de mí.

behind (bijáind) - detrás, detrás de

There is a garden behind the house. Hay un jardín detrás de la casa.
Who is the woman behind John? ¿Quién es la mujer que está detrás de John?
I wonder what is behind his friendly attitude. Me pregunto que hay detrás de su actitud amistosa.

Lista de preposiciones de lugar del inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso. Beside,
next to, within, beyond, between, among, amid, before, ...

beside (bisáid) - al lado de, junto a

next to (néxt thu) - al lado de, junto a
within (uizín) - dentro de, a menos de
beyond (bi-iónd) - más allá de
between (bituín) - entre
among (amóng) - entre, en medio de
amid (amíd) - entre, en medio de
before (bifóor) - delante de, ante
after (áfter) - después de, tras
throughout (zruáut) - por todo, a través de todo

beside (bisáid) - al lado de, junto a

The dog stayed beside its master all night. El perro se quedó al lado de su amo toda la noche.
There is a woman standing beside your car. Hay una mujer de pie junto a tu coche.
Mary sat beside me. María se sentó junto a mí.

next to (néxt thu) - al lado de, junto a

The bank is next to a police station. El banco está al lado de una comisaría.
Who is sitting next to Bill? ¿Quién está sentado junto a Bill?
Can I sit next to the window? ¿Me puedo sentar junto a la ventana?

within (uizín) - dentro de, a menos de (dentro de un radio de)

Many prisoners died within the walls of that prison. Muchos prisioneros murieron dentro de los muros de
esa prisión.
The station is within two miles from here. La estación está a menos de dos millas de aquí.
That is not within our reach. Eso no está dentro de nuestro alcance.

beyond (bi-iónd) - más allá de, fuera de

There is a river beyond those mountains. Hay un río más allá de esas montañas.
The situation is beyond our control. La situación está fuera de nuestro control.
Are there planets beyond our solar system? ¿Hay planetas fuera de de nuestro sistema solar?

between (bituín) - entre (dos personas, cosas, situaciones, etc.)

There is a big distance between the two cities. Hay una gran distancia entre las dos ciudades.
There are no secrets between them. No hay secretos entre ellos.
There was a fierce competition between those companies. Había una feroz competencia entre esas
empresas.

85
among (amóng) - entre, en medio de (más de dos cosas, personas, situaciones, etc.)
I parked my car among the others. Estacioné mi coche en medio de los otros.
Jesus divided the bread among his disciples. Jesús dividió el pan entre sus discípulos.
She saw her little son among the crowd. Ella vió a su hijito en medio de la multitud.

amid (amíd) - entre, en medio de (in the middle of)

He was standing amid the crowd. Estaba de pie en medio de la multitud.
I felt uncomfortable amid so many people. Me sentía incómodo entre tantas personas.
The prisoner managed to escape amid the confusion. El prisionero logró escapar en medio de la
confusión.

before (bifór) - delante de, ante

The orator stood before the audience. El orador se puso de pie delante del auditorio.
Your name is before mine on the list. Tu nombre está antes del mío en la lista.
The letter Q comes before R in the alphabet. La letra Q viene antes de la R en el alfabeto.

after (áfter) - después de, tras

The teacher made pauses after each sentence. El profesor hacía pausas después de cada oración.
Leave a blank line after each question. Deja un renglón en blanco después de cada pregunta.
The letter X comes after W in the alphabet. La letra X viene después de la W en el alfabeto.

throughout (zruáut) - por todo, a través de todo, en todas partes (de)

It was raining throughout the country. Estaba lloviendo por todo el país.
Maradona is famous throughout the world. Maradona es famoso a través de todo el mundo.
The noise could be heard throughout the building. El ruido se podía oír a través de todo el edificio.

Listado de preposiciones de dirección del inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso.
Up, down, into, out of, on, onto, off, over, under, to, from
up (áp) - por, hacia arriba
down (dáun) - por, hacia abajo
into (ínthu) - dentro de, al, hacia adentro
out of (áut of) - de, afuera de, fuera de
on / onto (ón / ónthu) - sobre, al
off (off) - de, fuera de
over (óuver) - sobre, por encima de
under (ánder) - debajo de, bajo
to (thú) - a, hacia
from (fróm) - de, desde

up (áp) - por, hacia arriba

I saw a spider crawling up the wall. Ví una araña subir (subiendo) por la pared.
Go up this road until you see a big house. Sube por este camino hasta que veas un gran casa.
The skiers walked up the mountain to the cabin. Los esquiadores subieron (a pie) la montaña hasta la
cabaña.

down (dáun) - por, hacia abajo

The little girl was walking down the street. La niñita iba caminando por la calle (calle abajo)
86
The skier fell and rolled down the mountain. El esquiador se cayó y rodó hacia abajo por la montaña.
Don't push down the lever! ¡No empujes hacia abajo la palanca!

into (ínthu) - dentro de, al, hacia adentro

The cook went into the kitchen. El cocinero entró/se metió en la cocina.
He threw some vegetables into a pot. Arrojó / echó algunas verduras dentro de una olla.
Bill jumped off the bridge into the river. Bill saltó desde el puente al río.

out of (áut of) - de, afuera de, fuera de

He came out of the kitchen. Él salió de la cocina.
He took the vegetables out of the pot. Sacó las verduras de la olla.
A fish jumped out of the water into the canoe. Un pez saltó (fuera) del agua dentro de la canoa.

on / onto (ón / ónthu) - sobre, al

The cook put the meal on the table. El cocinero puso la comida sobre la mesa.
The actor stepped onto the stage. El actor subió al escenario.
The cat jumped onto the table. El gato saltó a la mesa.

off (off) - de, fuera de

The parachutist jumped off the plane El paracaidista saltó del avión.
I took a book off the shelf. Saqué un libro del estante.
The actor fell off the stage. El actor se cayó del escenario.

over (óuver) - sobre (sin tocar), por encima de

The dog jumped over the fence and ran away. El perro saltó (por encima de) la cerca y huyó.
There were two helicopters flying over the city. Había dos helicópteros volando sobre la ciudad.
Pour water over the victim's body. Vierte agua sobre el cuerpo de la víctima. (all over the body: por todo el
cuerpo)

under (ánder) - debajo de, bajo

The mouse went / got under the bed. El ratón se metió debajo de la cama.
The little girl threw her doll under the table. La niña arrojó / tiró su muñeca debajo de la mesa.
The tunnel goes under the river. El tunel pasa por debajo del río.

to (thú) - a, hacia
They went straight to the university. Fueron directo a la universidad.
The spaceship will fly to the moon. La nave espacial volará a la luna.
I am going to London next month. Voy (me estoy yendo) a Londres el mes que viene.

from (fróm) - de, desde

I took a bus from Miami to Chicago. Tomé un autobús desde Miami a Chicago.
These products are imported from Italy. Estos productos son importados de Italia.
They came from abroad in 1886. Ellos vinieron desde el extranjero en 1886.

Listado de preposiciones de dirección del inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso.
towards, away from, along, across, through, around, by, past, after.

toward/s (tóuard/s) - hacia

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away from (auéi from) - fuera de, alejándose de
along (alóng) - a lo largo de, por
across (acrós) - a través de, cruzando
through (zrú) - a través de
around (arráund) - alrededor de, por
by (bái) - por, cerca de, junto a
past (pást) - más allá de, por delante de
after (áfter) - después de, detrás de, tras

toward/s (tóuard/s) - hacia

Billy ran toward his mother when he saw her. Billy corrió hacia su madre cuando la vió.
The tornado was moving rapidly toward the city. El tornado estaba moviéndose rápidamente hacia la
ciudad.
Winds carry the pollution towards the sea. Los vientos llevan la contaminación hacia el mar.

away from (auéi from) - fuera de, alejándose de

The dog ran away from its master. El perro se alejó corriendo de su amo.
The plane flew away from the city. El avión se alejó volando de la ciudad.
We saw the thief running away from the police. Vimos al ladrón huir (alejarse corriendo) de la policía.

along (alóng) - a lo largo de, por

There was an elephant walking along the avenue. Había un elefante caminando por la avenida.
I walk along this street every day. Camino por esta calle todos los días.
We saw a girl swimming along the river. Vimos una chica nadando por el río.

across (acrós) - a través de, cruzando

We swam across the river with difficulty. Nadamos a través del río con dificultad.
They drew a line across the street. Trazaron una línea a lo ancho de la calle.
We ran across the park to get home sooner. Corrimos a través del parque para llegar a casa más pronto.

through (zrú) - a través de

I was able to see a house through the fog. Pude ver una casa a través de la neblina.
They chased the rabbit through the forest. Persiguieron al conejo a través del bosque.
The tunnel runs through the mountain. El túnel pasa a través de la montaña.

around (arráund) - alrededor de, por

The painter was walking around the art gallery. El pintor estaba caminando por la galería de arte.
The earth moves around the sun. La tierra se mueve alrededor del sol.
There were several sharks swimming around the boat. Había varios tiburones nadando alrededor del bote.

by (bái) - por, cerca de, junto a

We took the road that runs by the seashore. Tomamos el camino que corre cerca de la costa.
The lieutenant passed by the general without saluting. El teniente pasó cerca del general sin saludar.
Many people pass by the beggar without looking. Muchas personas pasan cerca del mendigo sin mirar.

past (pást) - más allá de, por delante de

A blue car drove past the gate. Un auto azul pasó por delante del portón.
The soldiers marched past the monument. Los soldados marcharon por delante del monumento.
They walked past us without speaking. Ellos pasaron por delante de nosotros sin hablar.
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after (áfter) - después de, detrás de, tras
The cat was running after the mouse. El gato estaba corriendo tras el ratón.
The police went after the thieves. La policía fue tras los ladrones.
Jack came running after us. Jack vino corriendo tras nosotros.

Lista de preposiciones de tiempo en inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso. About,
around, before, after, during, over, for, throughout, ...

about (abáut) - aproximadamente, alrededor de

around (aráund) - aproximadamente, alrededor de
before (bifór) - antes de
after (áfter) - después de
during (diúring) - durante
over (óuver) - durante
for (for) - durante, por
throughout (zruáut) - durante todo

about (abáut) - / around (aráund) - aproximadamente a, alrededor de

The doctor will be here about three o'clock. El doctor estará aquí aproximadamente a las tres.
They promised to be here about Friday. Prometieron estar aquí alrededor del viernes.
Mary should arrive around four o'clock. Mary debería llegar alrededor / a eso de las cuatro.

before (bifór) - antes de

Mary left before dinner. Mary se marchó antes de la cena.
They will be here before the weekend. Ellos estarán aquí antes del fin de semana.
The engineers will complete the project before March. Los ingenieros completarán proyecto antes de
marzo.

after (áfter) - después de

Susan went straight to bed after dinner. Susan se fue directo a la cama después de la cena.
It is five minutes after three o'clock. Son cinco minutos después de las tres.
The explorer was tired after such a long journey. El explorador estaba cansado después de semejante
largo viaje.

during (diúring) - durante (We use "during" when we refer to a specific event or action that happens inside a
definite periot of time)
Trees blossom during the spring. Los árboles florecen durante la primavera.
Jimmy will be working during the morning. Jimmy estará trabajando durante la mañana.
The people yawned during the politician's speech. La gente bostezaba durante el discurso del político.

over (óuver) - durante (during)

This vaccine has been tested over the past ten years. Esta vacuna ha sido probada durante los últimos
diez años.
We saw him several times over the weekend. Lo vimos varias veces durante el fin de semana.
Thousands of tourists will be coming over the holidays. Miles de turistas estarán viniendo durante las
vacaciones.

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for (for) - durante, por (We use "for" to describe the duration of an action: I was watching telly for 3 hours)
They intend to stay there for two weeks. Ellos planean quedarse allí por dos semanas.
Jews celebrate Passover for seven or eight days. Los judíos celebran la Pascua durante siete u ocho días.
Sales have increased for the past two months. Las ventas han aumentado durante los dos últimos meses.

throughout (zruáut) - durante todo

Bill slept throughout the conference. Bill durmió durante toda la conferencia.
It was rainy throughout the summer. Estuvo lluvioso durante todo el verano.
Sales will increase throughout the next quarter. Las ventas aumentarán durante todo el próximo trimestre.

Lista de preposiciones de tiempo en inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso. Since,
until, to, past, between...and... , within, from...to/till/until, as from/of, ...

since (síns) - desde

until (antíl) - hasta
to (thú) - para, hacia
past (past) - pasado
between...and... (bituín...and...) - entre...y...
within (uidzín) - entre, en no más de
from...to / till / until... (from...thú/til/antíl...) - desde...hasta...
as from / as of (as from / as of) - a partir de

since (síns) - desde

Jack has lived in London since 1994. Jack ha vivido en Londres desde 1994.
It has been raining since yesterday. Ha estado lloviendo desde ayer.
The population has increased a lot since the last census. La población ha aumentado un montón desde el
último censo.

until (antíl) - hasta

The letter will not be sent until Friday. La carta no será enviada hasta el viernes.
Why don't you stay until tomorrow? ¿Por qué no te quedas hasta mañana?
Can you work today till nine? ¿Puedes trabajar hoy hasta las nueve?

to (thú) - para, hacia

It's a quarter to three. Falta un cuarto para las tres.
It's only five minutes to six. Faltan sólo cinco minutos para las seis.
How long is it to dinner? ¿Cuánto falta para la cena?

past (past) - pasado

It was past midnight when they arrived. Era pasada la medianoche cuando ellos llegaron.
It's five past nine now. Son las nueve y cinco ahora.
We didn't eat till past midnight. No comimos hasta pasada la medianoche.

between...and... (bituín...and...) - entre...y...

This bank is open between one and five in the afternoon. Este banco está abierto entre la una y las cinco
de la tarde.
He sleeps between five and six hours per day. El duerme entre cinco y seis horas al (por) día.
The letter should arrive between Tuesday and Friday. La carta debería llegar entre el martes y el viernes.
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within (uizín) - entre, en no más de
The show will start within an hour. El show comenzará dentro de una hora.
They have to build the house within a month. Ellos tienen que construir la casa en menos de un mes.
I'll be back within three weeks. Estaré de regreso dentro de tres semanas.

from...to / till / until... (from...tchú/til/antíl...) - desde...hasta...

She works from nine to five every day. Ella trabaja de nueve a cinco todos los días.
We lived in Colombia from 1987 till 1998. Vivimos en Colombia desde 1978 hasta 1998.
She stayed from Monday until Friday. Ella se quedó desde el lunes hasta el viernes.

as from / as of (as from / as of) - a partir de (it's the formal use of from)
They will be living here as from Saturday. Ellos estarán viviendo aquí a partir del sábado.
As of Monday, I will follow a new diet. A partir del lunes, seguiré una nueva dieta.
As from July, the store will be open till ten. A partir de julio, la tienda estará abierta hasta las diez.

Lista de preposiciones de tiempo en inglés con sus traducciones, pronunciación y ejemplos de uso. By,
beyond, on, at, in.

by (bái) - para, antes de

beyond (bi-iónd) - más allá de
on (on) - en (para los días - On Monday, On Tuesday,...etc.)
at (at) - a (se usa para la horas)
in (in) - en (para meses, estacions, años y partes del día)

by (bái) - para, antes de

They will be here by five o'clock PM. Ellos estarán aquí para las cinco de la tarde.
The letter will be delivered by Friday. La carta será entregada antes del / para el viernes.
Try to be there by Thursday. Trata de estar allí para el jueves.

beyond (bi-iónd) - más allá de

The workers should not work beyond five o'clock. Los trabajadores no deberían trabajar más allá de las
cinco.
I don't think they will stay beyond Friday. No creo que ellos se queden más allá del viernes.
Applications will not be accepted beyond the deadline. Las solicitudes no serán aceptadas más allá /
después de la fecha límite.

on (on) - en (para los días - On Monday, On Tuesday,...etc.)

Everybody here goes to church on Sundays. Todo el mundo aquí va a la iglesia los domingos.
The trial will be held on Tuesday morning. El juicio se llevará a cabo el martes por la mañana.
Bill celebrates his birthday on the 7th of July. Bill celebra su cumpleaños el 7 de julio.

at (at) - a (se usa para la horas)

Bill gets up at 7 o'clock every morning. Bill se levanta a las 7 todas las mañanas.
Everybody in the company has lunch at noon. Todo el mundo en la empresa almuerza al mediodía.
I left work at ten o'clock last night. Me fui del trabajo a las 10 anoche.

in (in) - en (para meses, estacions, años y partes del día)

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That monument was built in May / in 1893. Ese monumento fue construído en mayo / en 1993.
I study in the morning / afternoon / evening. Yo estudio por la mañana / tarde / noche.
I will see you in two weeks. Te veré en / dentro de dos semanas.

about (abáut) - acerca de, respecto a, sobre, alrededor de

Sara had written an article about divorce. Sara había escrito un artículo sobre el divorcio.
The doctor will come in about an hour. El doctor vendrá en alrededor de una hora.

above (abáv) - encima de, por encima de, arriba de

That city is 1000 meters above sea level. Esa ciudad está a 1000 metros por encima del nivel del mar.
The patient's temperature was above normal. La temperatura del paciente estaba arriba de lo normal.
There is a title above each image. Hay un título encima de cada imágen.

according to (acórding thu) - según, de acuerdo a, de acuerdo con

Everything was done according to the rules. Todo se hizo conforme a las reglas.
According to statistics, sales increased this year. Según las estadísicas, las ventas se incrementaron este
año.
The workers wil be paid according to their achievements.Se les pagará a los trabajadores de acuerdo a
sus logros.

Enlaces de interés:

Vocabulario para principiantes: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6ZDItufHxlCREN5WTZBNUJYdjQ/view?usp=sharing

Phrasel Verbs: http://elblogdeidiomas.es/150-phrasalverbs-traduccion-ejemplo/

Vídeos para oír inglés y leer los subtítulos: https://youtu.be/IhQt_fxGOcw ---- https://youtu.be/IBiLbhhEkIE

Vocabulario de preguntas: https://aprendemasingles.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vocabulario-y-expresiones-

esenciales-free.pdf

Frases sencillas: http://www.lavirtu.com/eniusimg/enius4/2004/10/adjuntos_fichero_29359.pdf

Sherton English, buscar en listado de temas para estudiar: http://www.shertonenglish.com/

Expresiones en inglés y su traducción al español: http://elblogdeidiomas.es/203-expresiones-ingles-coloquiales/

Diccionario unilingüe inglés para buscar significado en inglés: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

Frases en inglés para oír pronunciación, copiar, buscar en diccionario reverso y aprender (2 enlaces):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylosXTRhhH8&nohtml5=False

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ9eDnoWhHY&nohtml5=False
https://youtu.be/t2lNhx61_vw

Diccionario en línea español-inglés: http://dictionary.reverso.net/spanish-english/

Diccionario en línea inglés-español: http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-spanish/

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