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hg l[rj v{ dvbj wiJe[ m$$
us rg Wjhi a'G bjRpS rjvg l.ea sPi spi[c[ sg hp.sg aJ
ija sg dihjdHLg f+W.Z l'hS dl>z s[ zi hp.sj m dHh l[rj l'hS
dl>z } wHg ljv VlgW hp.sg ihg m xpiqjV h{-
puMn dwn kw kry srIru ] so igrhI gMgw kw nIru ]
b>e 952
dHl ai%J WjWj ug l'hS dl>z a'G l[rj v{Gs[ ih[ ba[ lq[G lq[G
zi[vP dWzV wv[LJ a'G ApBwjij wirjMs[ ih[ m
dHw rji epiP VjVw s[r ug qhjiju dwl[ Ldhi eH[ m Ldhi
s[ Wjhi bjlS vej w[ W{n eH[ m dH,w bda eigW dul } bjfSj
f[B fjvS vHg rg bSo,w dqhVa wiVg f{Gsg lg m q;sPig wqj
w[ fjaLjh s[ bjlS s[ V[C[ sg v.zS v,ej m siLV wiw[ qV
e,s e,s h' Rpdnbj@ qV f+[dibj debj dw qhjaqj sg yiV A'h
qlaw } vjHg ujr[ m V[C[ bj w[ q,oj B[dwbj a[ wpN lqJ bV.s
qjVS a'G Wjbs yvj debj m bev[ dsV dxi q;sPig wiV yvj
debj m w.q ligiw a"i a[ Rpo[ wi[ fi qV epiP yiVJ s[ bojh
14
f+[q ljei dr,y Bp,WgbJ vjMsj dxi[ m q;sPig sj lqJ dWaj w[
qV dr,y ai%J ai%J s[ l.s[h v{ w[ ##dw dwa[ xwgi yv[ Vj eH[
h'S m$$ bjlS Wsv Vj dvbj h'r[ m ## w,v% rjvg ue%J rv api
dfbj m qV tpLgbJ dr,y NP.qS v,ej us epiP ljdhW } Rpo[ hg
dWijuqjV s[dtbj m qisjVj ug wgiaV wi ih[ lV m wgiaV
sj bV.s qjVS vHg Rpo[ hg W{n debj m wgiaV sg lqjfag
Rpfi.a zi bjdHbj m dsV Fi wgag h'Hg q;sPig sj ijLV tigs
dvbjdHbj faVg } F'uV dabji wiV sj bjs[L ds,aj ba[
Vjv hg epiP ljdhW s[ yiVJ dr,y Wga[ s' fv sj dWiaJa drloji
fPirw lpSjdHbj m Rpl } hsjdHa ds,ag dw F'uV dabji wiw[
s'r[G hg xwgi sg F[BJ wigH[ ba[ Vjv hg siLV wiw[ l[rj wqj
vHgH[ m q;sPig z,B h'S wiw[ s' f+Ljs[ hg WS[ m dHh s' f+Ljs[
ladwji ldha epiP ljdhW b,e[ f[L wiw[ W[Vag wgag ##eigW
dVrju m dHh eigW sg F[Bj qV;Pi wi' m$$ fjaLjh V[ Wjvj ug
} hpwq ds,aj ##Wjvj ug dHl s[ f>u BpwC[ wi dsY m$$ hpwq
sg ajqgv h'Hg BpwC[ f>u WSj w[ ljdibJ } A,wS vHg s[ ds,a[ m
us qisjVj ug V[ i'Bg sg eijHg qP>h dr,y fjHg blyiuaj
dr,y W'v RpKdnbj ##LdhVLjh m b,u aJ FjHg vjv' sg i'Bg duhj
bV.s bjdHbj h{ m$$
##qisjdVbJ ) dHh l,yg dwia ba[ Ziq sg i'Bg h{ dHl dr,y
l,a sg Lwag sj bFji h{ bV.s dwM Vj bjr[$$ epiP ljdhW
V[ WyV wgaj m
zi sg eigWg sj bdhljl qV dr,Dy'G fi vj w[ RpKc debj m
bjfSg bjidow hjva Fp,v w[ ldhu lpFj f+[qg sg faVg s[ qP>h
dr,Dy'G dVwv debj dw fjaLjh ljc[ zi Ljq sj f+Ljs Aw' Vjv
bjfS[ fdr,ai yiVJ sg A'h eigW sg wpvg } WtL' m$$
b>aiujqg dsbjvaj s[ zi dr,y WyV wgaj ##q>e' u' yjhp.s[
15
h' dqv ujH[ej m$$ f+[q vgV h' W[Vag wgag qhjiju ljc[ zi yiV
fjRp h'i dwl[ rlaP sg dHAj VhgG m WyV h'dHbj ##aphjc[ zi
hi i'; bjdHbj wiJe[ m zi b>si duh' duhj F'uV dabji h'r[
bjMs[ uJs[ ljZP } Awj dsbj wi' m$$ dHh WyV wiw[ epiP VjVw
s[r ug Rpo'G api fH[@ ila[ dr,y qisjV[ V[ W[Vag wgag ##fjaLjh )
zi dr,y bojh eigWg h'S s[ WjruPs rg dl,t sg w'Hg rg da=LVj
Vj h'r[ m$$
##qisjdVbj dHl[ sj Vjq h{$$ l,yj f+[q ##l,yj dfbji$$ epiP
ljdhW V[ WyV wgaj m
##fi eigW dVrju Rph aJ bda sj eigW h{ Rph bjRpS
ujS rjv[ ljZPbJ sg l[rj vHg ijLV dwl ai%J dvbjr[ej$$
qisjVj h{ijV h' w[ W'dvbj m
##dur[G hg l.eaJ RpV%J s[ zi yiV fjRpSegbJ m Rpl[ ai%J
ljigbJ WiwaJ bjfS[ bjf bj ujSegbJ m lqJ bjRpS a[ apP.
rg f+a,t s[t v{Sj m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj m
wpN lq[G Wjbs l+g epiP VjVw s[r ug q>evj sgf s[ BjfPbJ
a'G rjfl bjH[ m lF a'G fdhvJ dHl Ldhi dr,y Rpl dl,t s[ zi
ndhi[ m s'V'G hg ldaepi s[ siLV wiw[ dVhjv h' eH[ qV hg
qV dr,y qisjVj dl,t sg bjidow hjva sj b>sjuj vj dihj
lg m bev[ dsV epiP ljdhW Rpo'G api fH[ m ila[ dr,y qisjV[
} qptjdaW wiw[ epiP ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ##qisjdVbJ ) dHh Rphg
dl,t sj zi h{ m$$ qisjV[ VgrgG fj vHg wdhS v,ej fjaLjh m
aphjcg i;j b,e[ q{G Fp,vShji hJ m$$
##qisjdVbj m dul Ziag a[ dl,t l.eaJ s[ yiV f{ ujS Rpo[
di,ZgbJ dl,Zgbj b,e[ df,A[ dxisgbJ hV m dwl[ rg ai%J sg
qV'wjqVj a'G idha h' w[ epiP s[ dl,tJ sg l[rj wgag drbio
VhgG uJsg m lr[ dH,Aj@ lr{qjVaj dabje w[ epiP zi sg l[rj
16
liWl+[lB fsrg WtLg sg h{$$ epiP ljdhW xpiqjdHbj m
vt tplgbj fjdaljhgbj u[ ldaepip Vsdi wi[dH mm \b>e 44|
ldal.ea sg l[rj sj qhjaq WjSg ijhgG wWgi ug V[
siljdHbj h{-
kbIr jw Gr swD n syvIAih hir kI syvw nwih ]
qy Gr mrht swrKy BUq bsih iqn mwih ]
lv'w Fea wWgi ug@ b>e 1374
17
rg Fp,v debj s' qhgV[ sj lqJ Wga debj m w.qwju a'G drhvj
h' w[ l'hS dl>z } WjWj ug s[ siLV wiV sj dtbjv bjdHbj m
N,B dB,v[ r,v } h' apdibj m WjWj ug fjl fhp.y w[ q,oj B[dwbj
a[ W{n debj m WjWj ug V[ s' qhgV[ sj lqJ bjfS[ w'v Vj bjRpS
sj wjiV fp,DdAbj m
##qhjiju ) blgG spVgbjsji@ e+dhlag bjsqg zi[vP w.q
dr,y dHaVj tp,F uJs[ hJ dw qhJfpitJ s[ siLV rg VlgW VhgG
hp.s[ m$$ l'hS dl>z Rpai ds,aj m
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##l'hS dl>z bjsqg zi e+dhlag
dr,y qla h'dHbj f+q[Li s[ Vjq } drlji ds>sj h{ m ljcj w.q
h{ dul s[ fPiWv[ wiq h'S Rpl } dHl wp.Fg Viw dr,Dy'G w,T w[
f+FP sj dlqiV wirjRpSj m epiP ljdhW V[ bjsqg a'G dlix slr.Z
hg q>debj h{ f+q[Li sj dlqiV wiV vHg m i'; i'; TjHg z>B[
ljZP sg l.ea wgag ujr[@ Rpl sg wgiaV spbjij Rplaag lpSg
ujr[@ u[ fdCbj Vj h'r[@ aJ rjdhepiP Vjq sg qjvj ufg ujr[ m
u[ fdDCbj h'r[ aJ fjn wgaj ujr[ m f+q[Li Vjv dHh f+S wgaj
h{ dHVljV V[ \qVp,t| dHh wiuj s[Sj h{ f+FP sj m dur[G W{Gw sg
dwla Vj q'Cg ujr[ drbju vej w[ qPv rZ[ej m dHl ai%J f+q[Li
sj RpZji Vj ypwjdHbj aJ f>c dHVg Fjig h' ujr[eg dw aP. Fji
yp,wS a'G blqi,o h' ujH[ej m$$
l'hS dl>z dHh lpS w[ Whpa f+Fjdra h'dHbj ba[ W[Vag
wgag ##qhjiju ) dtqj wi' q{G b,e[ a'G ;iPi bjdHbj wiJej
dVaV[q Vjv m
WjWj ug WyV wgaj ##w.q r[v[ w.q rg wi' fi 24 z>B[ s[
dsV ija dr,Dy'G wpN lqJ@ dliuV hji } rg dsY aJ dw aphjcj
dHl l.lji dr,y bjRpSj lxv h'H[ ba[ siejh b>si RpKuv qptC[
Vjv fir[L h' lw[ m l.lji dr,y dulV[ aphj} F[dubj h{ Rpl a'G
18
W[qp,t Vj h'r[ Rpl } hq[LJ Ijs i,Dt' m f>ur[G fjaLjh sj xpiqjV
h{ m
ijin qUM swij svwir sIgwirAw ]
grB Agin mih ijnih aubwirAw ]
bwr ibvsQw quJih ipAwrY dUD ]
Bir jobn Bojn suK sUD ]
ibriD BieAw aUpir swk sYn ]
muiK AipAwau bYT kau dYn ]
iehu inrgunu gunu kCU n bUJY ]
bKis lyhu qau nwnk sIJY ]1[[
lptqVg ljdhW@ b>e 266-267
f>ur[G fjaLjh V[ dHVljV } dViepVgbJ@ W[epij@ epS VhgG
ujSsj wdhw[ rg Rpl sg dlxjiL wgag h{ f+q[Li ) dHh FpvVhji
h{ dHl } WtL dsRp m WtdLL aJ hg h'r[eg u[ dwl[ f+FP s[ Fea
sg l.ea wi'e[ m zCg s' zCg drL[ drwjiJ s[ y,wiJ dr,Dy'G dVwv
w[ dViqv uv sg aiJ qV dHwjei wiw[ rjdhepiP sj dlqiV
wi'e[ aJ hg siejh dr,y qjV dH,;a fjRpe[ m xpiqjV h{ -
jw kI thl pwvY drgh mwnu ]
iqsih ibswrY mugDu Ajwnu ]
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19
koit ApRwD swDsMig imtY ]
sMq ik®pw qy jm qy CutY ]
b>e 296
i,Wg u'a@ wvup,eg ugrJ sj Rpsji wiV vHg qjVl-s[hg
ZjiV wiV rjv[ qhJfpit WjWj qhJ hiVjq dl>z ug dBv[ s[ Rpfi
dWijuqjV hV m df>c sgbj l.eaJ@ WjhivgbJ l.eaJ duV%J s[
lpr,vC[ Fje hV siLV wiV ba[ l[rj sg FjrVj qV dr,y v{
w[ bjMs[ hV m sPi a'G bjRpS rjvg l.eaJ sj qV dwl[ epfa
iPf uj lpfdVbJ ijhgG siLV wiV vHg f+[is[ hV m f+[iVj Rpl
} hg hp.sg h{ dul sj f+FP Vjv V[Cvj l.W.Z h'r[ dul V[ Rpl
sj dlqiV wgaj h'r[ m q>cg Whjrv fpi s[ idhS rjvj dH,w f+[qg
bjfSg faVg } Vjv v{ w[ WjWj ug s[ siLV wiV vHg zi
dr,y wpN dW+aja h'S s[ WjruPs bjdHbj m vCwg s[ f[w[ zi FjHg
Wta"i lV m w,yg Fp,Dy' RpV%J sg sPi spi[c[ a'G diLa[sjig lg m WgWg
bjfS[ lhpi[ zi idh>dsbJ dH,w dsV lta Wgqji h' eHg ba[
ligi s[ lpbjl rg ?aq h'H[ m zi b>si byjVw h'Hg q"a sj
\lVjBj| l'e duhj Aj debj fi dHh bB,v bSh'Sg } lda
wiw[ q>Vs[ h'H[ l,uS dq,ai WgWg } b>aq l.lwji vHg v{ api[ m
b,Z drywji zCj F.VS s[ lq[G dq+aw ligi } Ziag Rpa[ i,t
w[ zCj F.dVbj m byjVw hg WgWg sj f{i hiwa dr,y bjdHbj
dHh s[t w[ lji[ byiuaj Vjv dq,Bg iPfg s[h r,v bwiLw h'
eH[ wpN lq[G Wjbs sPuj f{i rg hiwa dr,y bjdHbj m h"vg h"vg
WgWg V[ brj; s[ w[ lgCg sgbJ i,lgbJ w,BS vHg dwhj m bjti
bjf y,v w[ zi rjfl bj eHg m zi dr,y l'e tpLg dr,y Wsv
20
debj m zi bjH[ hi f+jSg dr,y WgWg s[ ugrV rjfl bjR[pS
Wji[ fp,AS sg \wjhvg| uJ \aJz| uJ \RpwLjhB| uJ Rplawaj
lg m us'G WgWg } fp,DdAbj debj aJ urjW dr,y Rpl V[ dwhj@ us'G
##uq q[ig iPh } dvuj ih[ lV ila[ dr,y qhJfpit dqv eH[ RpV%J
V[ q[ig iPh sg tvjlg uq%J a'G wirjHg m qhJfpitJ V[ bjfSj c[ij
rg s,Ddlbj dw blgG f,wg Fp,Dy' iP.qg rjv[ s[ Vjq a[ dWijus[ hJ m$$
Wp,a a'G bv,e h'Hg iPh } dqvjS rjv[ qhjaqj f+ag LiZj@
FjrVj V[ qV dr,y bjfSj drv,tS hg ruPs wjdHq wi dvbj m
hi r[v[ qV RpV%J WtLShji qhJfpitJ sg Ijs dr,y drbjwpv
ih[ ba[ siLVJ vHg Rpajrvj h'dHbj ih[ m lFjej dsV rg bj
debj dul lq[G fag faVg sg dabjig WjWj ug s[ blojV s[
siLVJ vHg h' eHg m bSujS[ ila[ a'G lPh v{Gs[ h'H[ WjWj ug
s[ blojV dB,vj ljdhW s[ V[C[ fhp.y eH[ m fdhi[sji fjl W[Vag
wgag ##dw WjWj ug s[ siLV wiV[ hV m w'Hg urjW bjRpS sg
Rpcgw dr,y hg dsV cp,WS s[ V[C[ h' debj m s'VJ V[ w,yg Fp,Dy'
diLa[sjig dr,y yv[ ujS Wji[ dryji wi vHg dw w,v% bj w[
siLV wi vrJe[ m siLV Vj h'S wiw[ qV dr,y o'C%g dVijlaj
duhg v{ w[ w,yg Fp,Dy' r,v api fH[ m t[aJ dr,y hg eH[ a[ ila[
sg lqN Vj fHg m hpS sg ai%J lCwJ bjds VhgG lg@ A'BgbJ-
A'BgbJ fe c.cgbJ df>c a'G df>c } hp.sgbJ lV m V[C[ hg w.q
wi ih[ du>qgsjiJ fjl'G ila[ Wji[ fp,AS v,e[ m dHV%J dr,y WjWj
ug sj l[rw l'hS dl>z lg RplV[ dHV%J } rjfl Fp,Dy' hg q'C
dvbJsj a[ dwhj@ ##dw blgG aphj} lr[i[ siLV wirj s[rJe[ m
ija RpV%J f+[qgbJ V[ WjWj l'hS dl>z s[ zi w,Bg m lr[i[ dHLVjV
fjSg wiw[ WjWj ug s[ siLVJ vHg apiV v,e[ aJ WjWj l'hS
dl>z V[ fp,DdAbj@ ##WgWg aP. WjWj ug } fAjS lwsg h{ m$$ WgWg
V[ hJ dr,y urjW ds,aj m fag@ faVg l'hS dl>z a[ wpN f+[qg dB,vj
21
ljdhW s[ V[C[ fhp.y eH[ m WjWj ug Vei r,v qp,t wiw[ tC[% lV m
v.ei rjvg dHqjia rjv[ fjl[ dB,vj ljdhW s[ Rpfi ujS sj ilaj
lg m WjWj ug s[ siLV wis[ hg WgWg V[ WjWj ug } fAjS dvbj
a[ Vgq W[h'Lg sg hjva rjv[ i'eg sg ai%J F,u apig m fi Rpfwjig
r,v'G wga[ h'H[ fiRpfwji sj Wsvj f+jSg \qVp,t| RpV%J f+ag LiZj
ba[ bojh dfbji dstj w[ yp,wj lwsj h{ m l,yj dfbji hg wn'i
a'G wn'i qV } dVqiaj sg wpnjvg dr,y dfzvj lwsj h{ m dB,v[
s[ V[C[ fhp.yg WjWj ug V[ h,o sj dHLjij s[ ipwS vHg dwhj m WgWg
Rpo[ hg bc'v tCg ihg s'V'G h,o upC[@ dli Npdwbj h'dHbj qhJfpitj
r,v'G wga[ h'H[ fi Rpfwji sj LpwijVj wi ih[ lV m wjxg s[i
LJaqHg qjh"v dihj@ qV b>si xpidVbJ sj T[i W,N debj fi
dHl} w"S ujS{ m
##qV wg dWioj qV hg ujS{
brip dV ujS{ w' fgi fiHgbj mm1mm$$
dWvjrvp q^ 5@ b>e 836
f+[qg l'hS dl>z a[ l.ea V[ bj Vqlwji wgag m WjWj ug
V[ WyV wgaj ##w.dVbj ) Rpn w[ tCg h' uj m$$ idhqa s[ zi
bjH[ a[ WjSg spbjij risjV WtdLbj m
qwp sMqwp sgly gey ibnsy qy rog ]
pwrbRhim qU bKisAw sMqn rs Bog ]
b>e 807
##w>dVbj aP. WtLg eHg m$$ A'Bg Rpqi sg vCwg } bjfS[
qptjidW>s qptWV dr,Dy'G w>dVbj fpwjis[ lV m
LiZjvP V[ b,e[ h' w[ f>siJ ipf{ q,oj B[dwbj m WyV h'dHbj
##blgG wg wiV[ hV v{ ujRp m qjdHbj zi dr,y y.eg hp.sg h{ m$$
s'VJ V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju ) lj} dVijl Vj wi' m o'C%g F[Bj
;iPi lrgwji wi' m$$
22
##y.ej x[i f>u ipfH[ i,t v{Gs[ hJ m Wjwg sl ipfH[ sj zi
uj w[ lZjiS fjn wirj s[Sj$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj m
s'VJ } Vjq ufS vHg f+[iVj wgag m u[ bVfC h' aJ
rjdhepiP@ rjdhepiP hg uf dvbj wi' m Vjq hg dH,w l,yg l,pyg
dwia h{ dHh hg ugr sj bZji wisj h{ m
\dHh WyV u'de>si dl>z dT,v'G Fp,Dy' wvJ a'G f+jfa h'dHbj m|
vt tplgbj fjdaljhgbj
u[ ldaepip Vsdi wi[dH mm
WVlfag s[ Np.c dr,y dtdCbj h'dHbj xp,v bjsqg sg V;i
a'G fisj wi lwsj h{ fi Rpl sj sgrjVj F"ij zSg a'G zSg
w.dcbjvg NjCg dr,Dy'G rg Rplsg tpLWP@ lpe.Zg ba[ il f+jfa wiV
vHg ujsj h{ m i.e iPf wjvj h'S a[ rg qV Rpuvaj } fl.s
wisj h{ m l' l,y[ f+[q wiV rjv[ } aJ Rpl fJZg sg avjL h{
u' Rpl sg c.e'ig xC w[ l,y sg f,ec.cg RpKa[ apidsbj W{wp.n
sg q>d;v r,v v{ ujr[ m lr{dHAj sg fPiag vHg dH,w A'Bg Rpqi
s[ qhjaqj WjWj ug sg li'a lpS w[ dB,vj ljdhW s[ V[C[ fhp.y[ m
RpV%J s[ Vjv dH,w dW+Z brloj s[ ljZP rg lV m sqsqj ljdhW
s[ siLVJ } uJs[ h'H[ w,yg Fp,y' a'G WjWj ug s[ blojV s[ ba[
WjWj ug s[ siLV wiV vHg dHo[ fhp.y[ m
WjWj ug fijdwiaw V;ji[ s[t wjsi sg wpsia dr,y qla
W{n[ hV m y[a sj qhgVj h{ m WP>sj WJsg h' ihg h{ m dw,wiJ@ W[igbJ@
u.c@ wigiJ ba[ rSJ s[ h[n ai%J ai%J sg WVlfag h{ m f,Aq
rjv[ fjl[ w,yj avjW h{ m dW+Aj Rpfi W{n[ q'i ba[ h'i f>Ag W'v
w[ qV a[ blyiu hg f+Fjr fj ih[ hV m h;Pi s[ f+Fjr a[ f+ajf
23
lswj dHM qvPq h' dihj lg dur[G -
cwiqRk mor bolq idnu rwqI suin Ginhr kI Gor ]2]
jo bolq hY imRg mIn pMKyrU su ibnu hir jwpq hY nhI hor ]3[[
b>e 1265
aiwjvJ fHgbJ aJ lPiu dVaV[q sg ai%J dsV Fi f+wjL
s[ F.cji[ WtLsj h'dHbj f,Aq dr,y ija sg e's r,v rZsj uj
dihj lg m idhijl sj lqJ h' debj zdCbjv r,u[@ bjiag Rpajig
eHg ba[ l.t fPdibj debj m fjn LpiP h'dHbj ljig l.ea V[
bV.sqHg il qjdSbj m F'e a'G Rpfi.a ljig l.ea WjWj ug s[
siLV wiV rjig rjig dB,v[ Rpfi eHg m WjWj ug V[ lF sg
wpLvaj fp,Ag a[ ljdibJ } v.ei dr,y f+Ljsj A,wS vHg hpwq
ds,aj m lqP>h l.ea } dur[G hpwq bjlS vjRpS sj lg lji[ hg
ija } bvdrsj wdhS vHg bijq dr,y h' eH[ m Wjvw ljZP
rg WjWj ug s[ f+a,t siLV wiw[ qV s[ dtbjv spCj dihj lg
dw dHh' duh[ qhJfpiLJ s[ siLV wiw[ w'Hg dxwi qV dr,y VhgG
idhSj yjhgsj dHo'G aJ dWVJ q>e[ hg lF wpN dqv uJsj h{ m
dHl ai%J s[ dryjiJ b>si Bp.dWbj h'dHbj qV VgGs sg e's dr,y
uj lqjdHbj m lr[i[ yji ru[ z>Bg r,ug m ljig l.ea } dHh
dleVv lg dw dHLVjV wi' ligi sg L,pZaj wiw[ dVaV[q wiV
dr,y Rpn w[ W{n ujY m lPiu V[ bev[ dsV s[ iPf dr,y bj i"LVg
fjHg m wpN lq[G Wjbs df>c dr,Dy'G f+Ljsj a[ v,lg bj eHg m Li%j
wiV Rpfi.a ljig l.ea } dql[ f+Ljs[ a[ v,lg AwjRpS vHg
hsjdHa wgag dW+Z ljZP ba[ Wjvw V[ F'uV wiV a'G Wbs
bjdebj v{Sg lg m WjWj ug s[ w'v wjxg l.ea W{ng lg u' dw
bjfSgbJ W[VagbJ wi ih[ lV WjWj ug dwl[ } risjV WtLs[
a[ dwl[ } ajCVj wis[ m l.ea s[ yv[ ujS a[ WjWj ug V[ Wjvw
ljZP } fp,DdAbj ##W[B[ ) dwo[ ujSj h{ m$$
24
##fjaLjh m sqsqj ljdhW s[ siLV wiV ujSj h{$$ Wjvw
ljZP V[ dVqiaj ldha Rpai ds,aj m
huPi f+l.Vaj s[ zi dr,y bjH[@ ba[ f>eag sj RpyjiV
wgaj m
##dHAj fPiwp liW lpt sjaj hdi uj w{ rdl h{ wjq Z[Vj mm$$
\b>e 670|
f>eag lpSdsbj Wjvw ljZP } f+aga h'dHbj dw WVlfag
rg WjSg sj RpyjiV wi ihg h{ m tvw s[ l,y[ ldhVLjh s[ qptji
dW>s a'G dqnC[ W'v dVwv[ ##ujRp L,pZ h{ m$$ WyV lpVS Rpfi.a
bjfS[ dW+Z ljZP } Vjv v{ w[ sqsqj ljdhW s[ siLVJ vHg yv[
eH[ m lqJ fj w[ Wjvw ljZP l.a bjaqj dl>z ug s[ iPf dr,y
wvupeg ugrJ sj RpZji wis[ ih[ m dHV%J sj WyfV sj Vjq FjV
dl>z lg m dHh fiq fsrg WjWj ug s[ WyV lswj fjHg m
spVgbjsjig sg laj a'G RpKyj RpKn w[ f+q[Li Vjv vgV h' eH[
a[ l+[LB fsrg fj eH[ m
Z.Vrjsg ldha ##bjaq ldhaj$$ f>Vj 31 a'G 33 a,w v[tw
f>dca hwgwa dl>z ##bidW>s$$ m
lqJ 11 bf+{v 29 y[a l.qa 1954
25
lV m bjf ug sj uVq df>c ##ut[fv$$ u' hdibjS[ dr,y h{ h'dHbj
bjf WyfV dr,y bjfSg FPbj ug w'v df>c vdhi[ tjV[ idhS
v,e[ m c[i[ s[ qhjaqj Vjv bjf ug sj dHaVj dfbji h' debj
dw drdsbj sg f+jfa h' eHg m drdsbj fCVg ba[ dvtSg bjf
ug sg iPh sg tpijw WS eHg m bjf V[ dvtS dr,y dHaVg dVfp>Vaj
hjlv wi vHg dw l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug sgbJ WgCj ba[ f'ogbJ
h,o Vjv dvts[ lV m vdhi[ tjV[ dHV%J s[ h,o dvta liPf hpS rg
q"uPs hV m
l+! epids,a dl>z l[q[ rjvj WjWj ug s[ siLVJ vHg bjdHbj
dquju fpAS Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ hpwq wgaj ##epids,a dl>z@
ljcj epBwj dWiZ h' debj h{ dHl vHg f>u e+.og f'og dvbj
w[ s[rg m$$ epids,a dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag ##h;Pi ) epBwj dwo'G v{
w[ bjRpSj h{ m
hpwq h'dHbj ##vdhi[ tjV[ l.a rZjrj dl>z l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW
sgbJ WgCj h,o Vjv dvts[ hV m RpV%J V[ dH,w epBwj dvdtbj
h{ ba[ f+S wgaj h{ u' dHl } q>e w[ vr[ej Rpl } dHh f'og
s[rJej m$$
epids,a dl>z V[ vdhi[ tjV[ ujS vHg bjdebj vHg aJ
huPi V[ f>u ipfHgH[ rg s[ ds,a[ a[ WyV wgaj ##RpV%J } s[ bjrgG m$$
epidsa dl>z vdhi[ tjV[ fhp.y debj m c[i[ sg fp,A fCajv wiw[
l.a rZjrj dl>z ug } uj Vqlwji wgag m dVqiaj Vjv f>u
e+.og f'og sg q>e wi ds,ag m
l.a rZjrj dl>z ug V[ s"va tjVj ba[ epBwj q>eS sj
r[irj fp,DdAbj m epids,a dl>z V[ ljig drdobj lpSj ds,ag ba[
f>u ipfH[ rg b,e[ i,t ds,a[ m l.aJ } dul zCg sj dH>auji lg
Rph bj eHg lg m ##du>seg wg i[v q[ hi w'Hg lrji h{ lF w'
bjfSg bjfSg q>d;v wj dH>a;ji h{ m$$ b,u Rph q>d;v fj vHg
26
lg m hi dHVljV bjfSg wgag h'Hg q[hVa sj xv fj w[ f+l.V
hp.sj h{ m tpLg dr,y qV NP.qsj h{ i'q i'q dr,y tPV s[ wai[ wai[
dr,y f+l.Vaj s[ dy>V dstjHg ds.s[ hV m dHhg brloj l.a rZjrj
dl>z ug sg h' eHg dH>auji b,u hwgwa dr,y Wsv debj m
qV sg dH,Aj fPig h' eHg dwMdw epBwj qhJfpitJ V[ bjf q>debj
lg m A[ag Vjv epBwj dvbj w[ bjsi ldha epidsa dl>z } s[
ds,aj ba[ f>u ipfH[ rg rjfl v{ ujS vHg wdh ds,aj m epidsa
dl>z V[ f'og ba[ f>u ipfH[ dvbj w[ WjWj ug b,e[ i,t ds,a[ m h;Pi
V[ f{l[ s[t w[ hpwq wgaj ##dw f{l[ hpS[ hg s[ w[ bj m u[ f{l[ v{S
a'G dHVwji wiV aJ i,t w[ rjfl bj ujrgG ba[ wdhSj dw u'
q'CV[ hV aJ bjf bj w[ q'C s[S m$$
epids,a dl>z x[i f{l[ v{ w[ debj ba[ uj drdobj lpSjHg m
wpN s[i Wjbs epids,a dl>z WjWj ug w'v rjfl fhp.y debj m
df>c l[q[ ujS sg bjdebj dqvS a[ epids,a dl>z l[q[ yvj
debj m
l.a rZjrj dl>z ug wpN lq[G Wjbs hg bj fhp.y[ m WjWj
ug } Vqlwji wiw[ b,e[ r,DZ[ aJ WjWj ug dHM dqv[ dur[G qpsaj
s[ drAC[ dqvs[ hV m xpiqjV h{ m
qU cau sjx mYifAw fyeI issu auqwir ]
nYx mihMjy qrsdy kid psI dIdwru ]1mm
b>e 1094
e+dhlag fpiL dqv w[ wWgvsjig s[ lqp>si dr,y e'a[ tJsj
h{ fi l.a uV dqvs[ hV aJ dfbji[ f+FP sg Rplaag drriS
dH,w sPu[ f+ag f[L wis[ hV m wpN WyV lpVS a'G Wjbs l.a rZjrj
dl>z ug V[ f>u ipfH[ WjWj ug b,e[ i,t w[ W[Vag wgag ##h;Pi )
q{G dHh f{l[ VhgG v{S[ m q[ig dsvg tjdhL fPig h' eHg h{ m dHh
f'og lswj hg bjf ug s[ siLV h'H[ hV dHh hg q[ig f+agdW.W
27
lg m idhqa s[ zi bj w[ sjl vHg l[rj WtL' m$$
WjWj ug W[Vag lpVS flyja WyV wgaj ##l[rj Whpa v{Sg
h{ m dHh f>u ipfH[ rg v{ ujRp ba[ ljcg qjaj Vdqa lZjiV fjn
wi dsbj wi' m Wjwg u' blgG s[rJe[ Rph q'CVj VhgG m$$
dHh WyV lpS w[ l.a WjWj rZjrj dl>z ug h,o u'C w[ ##lda
WyV ug$$ dwhj m
##ujY LpZ h{$$ WjWj ug f+l.Vaj s[ zi bjH[ m
l.a rZjrj dl>z ug vdhi[ tjV[ yv[ eH[ m lZjiV fjn LpiP
wi ds,aj m F'e sj lqJ WjWj ug fjl F[u ds,aj m WjWj ug V[
debjij ipfH[ dH,w l[i t>c@ l[i dzY ba[ dH,w l[i bjBj F[u
ds,aj m dHl ai%J fjnJ sg qdibjsj yvsg ihg WjWj ug F'e
s[ lq[G dHh lq,eig F[us[ ih[ m fdhvJ dHh l[rj FjHg epids,a
dl>z ug l[qj df>c rjv[ dxi Fjeg WJsi rjv[ liWS dl>z
dVFjMs[ ih[ m ws[ ws[ FjHg iaV dl>z ug ci'vg FjHg rjv[
rg dHh l[rj wis[ lV m dHl upeag Vjv WjWj ug l.a rZjrj
dl>z ug sg qV FjrVj fPig wis[ ih[ m dur[G FjHg l.a't dl>z
ug V[ dvdtbj h{ dw us'G epiP VjVw fjaLjh V[ dwl[ a[ WtdLL
wiVg aJ qisjV[ } hg b,e[ wis[ lV m
lpqa h[a wjiV wiV dha Rph FPt vejdH mm
qisjV[ } Fp,t v,eg w'c[ ijtL sj RpZji h'dHbj@ N.c[ WjTg
ba[ ijuj lpZi l{V a[ WtdLL h'Hg m ldaepiP api[ uj ih[ lV df,A[
r,v Njag fjHg aJ qisjVj Rpsjlg sg edhig l'y dr,y cp,DdWbj
bj dihj lg m ##qisjdVbJ dyhi[ a[ Rpsjlg sg dwiV dstjHg s[
ihg h{ m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj m
##fjaLjh ) aglij dsV rg v.z dihj h{ F'uV a'G dWVj ligi
dVTjv h' dihj h{$$ qisjV[ sj aivj lg m
28
##ljhqS[ rjv[ fjl[ a,w Vei bj dihj h{ m dHl Vei dr,y
a{} bV[wJ ai%J s[ F'uV dqv ujSe[ m$$
##ldaepiP bjfS[ w'v f{lj w'Hg VhgG Vei dr,y ujS fAjS
VhgG fsjio dwl ai%J dqvSe[ m$$ qisjV[ fp,A hg dvbj m
h;Pi V[ bjfS[ yiVJ Vjv dq,Bg fjl[ wgag aJ h[nJ dH,w
vjv dqv debj m dul sg bV'tg yqw lg m ##qisjdVbj dHl
} yp,w v{$$ WyV h'dHbj ) qisjV[ V[ yp,w w[ f,v[ Vjv W.V dvbj m
Vei s[ V[C[ fhp.y w[ Wjhi bjlV vj dvbj m
##qisjdVbj dHh vjv } r[y w[ ijLV v{ bjRpSj$$ ljdhW
V[ WyV wgaj m
qisjVj Vei sj y,wi vj w[ A[ag hg fia bjdHbj m
ldaepiP V[ fp,DdAbj ##A[ag qpC bjdHbj h{G$$ m
##fjaLjh fdhv[ spwjVsji w'v debj RplV[ dwhj dw qPvg
v{ uj dHh q[i[ w.q sg yg; VhgG q{G dHl wiw[ v{ dihj hJ dw
W,y[ t[c w[ qV fiyjrj wi dvbj wiVe[$$ ba[ sPli[ w'v debj
Rpl V[ o'C%g dqdnbjHg v{ ujS vHg dwhj@ eigW dVrj; ) q{G
dHl } dwl s[ w'v r[yS vHg ujrJ q{} lpq,a WtL' m$$
##vjv sg wgqa u"hig hg fj lws[ hV h'i spwjVsji }
wg faj h{ dHl sg wsi wgqa sj m dHl } ljdvl ijdH u"hig
u' dHl Vei sj rjlg h{ w'v v{ w[ ujrg$$ ldaepiJ V[ WyV wgaj m
zi sg fp,A de,A wiw[ qisjVj ljdvl sg dihjdHL a[ fhp.y
debj m vjv ljdvl ijdH b,e[ drwig vHg i,t ds,aj m u"hig
V[ VgN vj w[ a,Ddwbj a[ V"wi } zi b>si'G dH,w l' ipfH[ q>erjH[ m
l" ipfH[ qisjV[ s[ h,o i,t ds,a[ m qisjVj Whpa tpL h'dHbj dw
dHl Vjv wHg dsV sj ijLV bj ujr[ej m u"hig V[ vjv rg
q'C ds,aj ba[ dwhj ##dw q{G dHh' duh[ vjv s[ siLV bjfSg
29
hpS a,w sg bjIP dr,y VhgG wga[ m dHl Rpfi dvdtbj h{ dw u'
rg dHl s[ siLV wi[ Rph dHl sg l" ipfH[ siLVg F[Bj s[r[ m
dHl vHg q{G dHh l" ipfH[ siLVg F[BJ a[ vjv rg q'C dihj hJ m
u[ aplgG r[ySj yjhp.s[ h' aJ dHl sg wgqa s,l dsY m$
qisjV[ dwhj@ ##dw q{G aJ r[yS sj bdZwji VhgG i,tsj dHl
s[ qjvw Vei a'G Wjhi W{n[ hV m$$ qisjVj vjv ba[ l" ipfH[
v{ w[ ldaepiJ fjl fhp.y debj m ldaepij b,e[ s'V' i,t w[ wdhS
v,ej ##aphjcg vgvj drv,tS hg h{ blgG dHl sg fit VhgG wi
lws[ m w'Hg dHl sj qp,v qPvg fjMsj h{ ba[ w'Hg siLV F[Bj
hg l" ipfH[ s[ w[ dHl } r,cqp,vj bjtsj h{ m$$ ##dur[G u"hig V[
dHl sg fit wgag ] qPvg rjvj wg ujS[ dHl sg lji } m dHl[
ai%j dul V[ f+q[Li Vjv f+[q fgzJ fjHgbJ hV Rphg hg dHl s[
hpvji[ sg wgqa ujS lwsj h{ m wpijhgbj ws[ ila[ sg Fjv VhgG
wi lwsj ba[ q>d;v a,w VhgG fhp.y lwsj m$$ dfAv[ dsV hg
dHh LWs fdC%bj lg m
##q[i[ vjv ugY a[ij b>ap Vj ujSj$$ ldaepiJ V[ WyV
lpSjdHbj dHh Rphg vjv ] m qisjV[ V[ dwhj u[ yjhp.s[ h' aJ r[y
ds>s[ hJ m
ldaepiJ V[ dwhj dHh VhgG r[ySj m qisjVj ldaepiP s[
WyV lpS w[ ipfH[ q'CV vHg ljdvl ijdH s[ zi fhp.y debj m
u"hig ug blgG dHh vjv VhgG r[ySj m dHh siLV F[Bj rg
rjfl v{ vr' m ljvl ijdH s[ VJh wiV s[ WjruPs rg qisjVj
ipfH[ i,t w[ ldaepiJ fjl fhp.y debj m ljvl ijdH s[ qV dr,y
xpiVj WdSbj dHh' duh[ vjvJ s[ qjvw s[ siLV wga[ ujS m
Ljq sj lqJ lg u"hig V[ f+Ljs dabji wirjdHbj m V"wi Vjv
v{ f+Ljs fi'l w[ Vei a'G Wjhi ldaepiJ sg avjL dr,y bj
debj m bjlS Rpa[ V;i f{S a[ w'v bj fhp.dybj@ VqLwji
30
wgag m ldaepiJ s[ WyV lpS[@ qV } LJag qdhlPl h'Hg xpiqjV h{-
silVp f[ta q{ ugY m
lpdV wdi WyV apq©ji[ ldaepi qVp aVp q[ij njip ogY mm
b>e 382 bjlj q^ 5
31
sg ugrVg fjnw df,Av[ dh,Dl[ dr,y fC yp,w[ hV m l.a Whjv sjl
ug V[ sl ljv lr{ lpbjio@ lr{ dHAj@ lr{ qjV sg fPiag a'G
dViqv h' w[ l[rj wgag ligi ba[ spVgbJ a'G W[tWi h' w[ dur[G-
dli f{iJ sg tWi Vj w'Hg dry qph,Wa a[ig mm
dV,ug lpbjio dabje w[ l,y f+jfag vHg dVLwjq l[rj wiw[
WtdLLJ f+jfa wgagbJ m l.a Whjv sjl ug h;Pi sj hpwq q>V
w[ bjfj dryiV vHg edhig Wpiu rjvg idhS v,e fH[ lV m
dHl ue%J Wpiu rieg dHqjia hpS rg q"uPs h{ m f>u l,a dsV
s[ Wjbs bjf WjWj ug s[ siLV wiV vHg bjMs[ lV m WjWj
ug V[ Whjv sjl ug } hpwq ds,aj ##Whjv sjl v'wJ s[ zi
ldhu fjn ba[ bt>c fjn widsbj wi' m bjfS[ Vjv y.e[ fjng
i,t vr' u' dw V[C[ s[ df>cJ ba[ Ldhi dr,y fjn wdibj wiV m
us'G w'Hg l[rw LiZj FjrVj Vjv tpLg sj eqg sj fjn wirjH[
uJ w'Hg zi[vP dWzV V;i bjMs[ h'S Rpo[ ;iPi f+wjL wiV
vHg fhp.ySj m$$
h;Pi V[ fjn sg drZg a[ qiIjsj lqNjHg m u' drZg b,u
a,w c[ij iP.qg rjvj drt[ f+y,va h{ m WjWj ug duaVg s[i ligi
wiw[ ih[ l.a Whjv sjl V[ siLV wiV bjMs[ idhSj ba[
tpLgbJ f+jfa wis[ idhSj m
l.a Whjv sjl ug V[ f{sv bjRpSj u,lg df>c s[ Wjhi l.zS[
sita lV m RpV%J sg l.zSg Ajr[G bjijq wiv vHg W{n uJs[ m
u,lg df>c s[ f+[qgbJ V[ bjf ug } dHo[ hg c[ij WVjRpS vHg
W[Vag wgag m wHg rji bjf V[ Bjv qB'v wi ds,ag fi l.ea
s[ rji rji W[Vag wiV a[ bjfV[ hpwq ds,aj ##f+[qg uV' c[i[ WSjw[
u[wi c[i[ sg qiIjsj Vj yvjHg ujr[ RpV%J dyi c[i[ dr,y W{nSj
l'Fj VhgG ds>sj m$$
l.ea V[ qiIjsj lqNjRpS vHg W[Vag wgag m bjf ug V[
32
xpiqjdHbj bjRpS ujS rjv[ bdaog vHg b>V spbjij F'uV
dabji wiVj@ dfbjl[ vHg fjSg@ ijhg vHg bijq vHg ue%j Vj
dqv[ Rpo[ c[i[ sj w'Hg bio VhgG m blgG aJ ljZP dWiag rjv[ baga
hJ duo[ qV wgaj W{n eH[ a[ yv[ eH[ m dxi ljc[ w'v w'Hg dHh'
duhj l[rw VhgG u' V[q Vjv dHh l[rj dVFj lw[ dur[G dw df>cJ
a'G f+Ljsj dvbjRpSj@ bjH[ fJZg } AwjRpSj@ fjSg dfvjRpSj
bjds m xPl q>cg Vei s[ s' f+[qg hgij dl>z a[ a?a dl>z V[ dHh
l[rj q>eg m l.aJ V[ WyV wgaj dw ##dHh aphjcg dwdibj ljc[
dqLV s[ RpvB h{ m$$
s'VJ V[ h,o u'C w[ W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju ) lj} l[rj WtL'
blgG b,u a' f+S wis[ hJ dw dLwji VhgG wiJe[ m$$ l' dHV%J V[
dHh l[rj d;>seg Fi dVFjHg m dHV%J sg b"vjs } ejugbJ sg
b,v f{Gsg h{ m l.a Whjv sjl ug V[ dHh c[ij bjWjs wgaj u'
avr.cg ljW' \sqsqj ljdhW| Wdn>cj lCw Rpfi q"uPs h{ m l.aJ
V[ dHl ue%J eiqgbJ dr,y f' vrj dH,w f+[qg Rpo[ hi r[v[ fjSg
dfvjRpS vHg hj;i idh>sj lg wHg rji fJZgbJ vHg F.pV[ h'H[
A'v[ ba[ epC rg ds>s[ lV m dHl wiw[ dHl Vei sj Vjq u,lg
f' rjvg h' debj m
duM hg WjWj ug sg d*fj spbjij l.a Whjv sjl ug f+ag
v'wJ sj ldawji WSsj debj l.ea upCV v,e fHg m q>cvg xiV
v,e fH[ m
dl,t Ziq s[ qhjV drsrjV du>V%J sg iyVj } epiWjSg sg
wp.ug q>dVbj uJsj h{ m FjHg episjl ug epiqda wljRpBg a'G bZPi[
ugr } q>sFjeg wdh>s[ hV m dwMdw u[ f+FP sg W.seg wiV rjvj
ugr dhis[ dr,y f+FP sg iuj VhgG rljMsj aJ Rph hRpq{ r,l
h{ m dwMdw Rpl sg q,a@ WpdZ Fiq dr,y Fp,vg h{ m dur[G ##y.sV
w[ dVwB[ Wl{ Wjl lpe.Z V h'dH$$ u' ugr l.a l.ea dr,y rg ih[
33
uj zi e+dhlag dabje w[ rSJ dr,y dVrjl wiw[ rg hRpq[ Vj
A,c[ bduhj ugr bjadqw LJag@ bjadqw bV.s sg f+jfag VhgG
wi lwsj lsj FBwsj idh>sj h{ ba[ Hgit[ sg FjrVj lswj@
hRpq{ sg epvjqg lswj bjf[ a'G W[rl h' dtNsj V;i bjMsj h{ m
ljZ l.eda epi lWs lpdS dis{ V rl{ bFje fijSg mm
hRpq{ b>si Fiq FpvjSg mm
bduhj ugr Fjr[G Zjidqw a"i a[ dVug a"i a[ dw>Vg rg f+dl,Zg
v{ vr[ l.lji dr,y l'Fj hjlv wi vr[@ fi bjadqw ugrV a'G
l,tSj h'S wiw[ lsj hg Hgit[ sg upbjvj b>si lCsj idh>sj
h{ m dHl[ hg ai%J l.a Whjv sjl ug sg l.ljdiw f+dl,Zg s[t RpV%J
s[ V[C[ idh>s[ dH,w RpsjlgV ljZP ##l+g q'u sdibj$$ u' y.eg wqjHg
rjv[ lV m dHl fjl'G dHh W+sjLa Vj h'Hg m Hgit[ sg b,e dr,y
wp,sS vHg qV W[wjWP h' debj m hRpq{ s[ f+Fjr h[n dHh qVp,t
sp,t sg Vdriag a[ lp,t sg vjvlj dr,y W,Nj idh>sj h{ m Hgitj
s[ ijh sj i'Cj WS uJsj h{ ba[ dxi dHh ##wiq$$ bV.s ba[
lp,t sg oj FBwSj dr,y fjHg i,tsj h{ m bjfS[ debjV spbjij
epfa T.eJ Vjv ##q'u sdibj$$ \du>V%J } wjv[ qP>h rjvj rg wdh>s[
lV| V[ l.a Whjv sjl ug } VpwljV fhp.yjRpS vHg fPig Lwag
vj ds,ag m fi Rpl sgbJ ljigbJ yjvJ drbio h' eHgbJ m us'G
##q"u sdibj$$ sg w'Hg f[L Vj eHg aJ Rpl V[ blvgba ujVS
sg w'dLl wgag dw dHV%J } ##WjWj qhJ hiVjq dl>z ug$$ sg
lhjdHaj dqvsg h{ m Rpl V[ bjfSj hRpq{ iPfg ;dhi WjWj ug r,v
RpKevS sj IaV wgaj m dHl sj d;wi b,e[ bjr[ej m dHl ai%J
Whjv sjl ug sg i,Ddtbj WjWj ug V[ bjf wgag m
bfpV[ l[rw wg bjf[ ijt{ bjf[ Vjqp ufjr{ m
uh uh wju dwida l[rw wg ahj ahj Rpdn Zjr{ mm1mm
b>e 403
34
dwr[G dVi.wji dfbjdibJ sg fa i,tsj h{ m
##epidltJ b>sdi ldaepiP ria{$$
u' dltJ V' v'y{ l' epi tplg bjr{ mm
b>e 317
lv'w qhvj 2
mMqRI hoie ATUihAw nwgI lgY jwie ]
Awpx hQI AwpxY dy kUcw Awpy lwie ]
hukmu pieAw Duir Ksm kw AqI hU Dkw Kwie ]
gurmuK isau mnmuKu AVY fubY hik inAwie ]
duhw isirAw Awpy Ksmu vyKY kir ivaupwie ]
nwnk eyvY jwxIAY sB ikCu iqsih rjwie ]1mm
b>e 148
l.lji sj hi ugr lpt bjV.s sg Fjv dr,y v,ej h'dHbj h{ m
epiP biuV s[r ug V[ liW l.lji vHg qhjV fiRpfwji wgaj
##epiP e+.o ljdhW$$ sg lojfVj wirj w[ l+g hdiq>si ljdhW dr,y
f+wjL wi ds,aj m liW l.lji sg bjadqw LJag vHg@ bjadqw
bV.s lpt sg f+jfag sj l'qj WtL ds,aj m dHh h'wj ds,aj ##ojv
drdy da>V rlaP fjHgY lap l.a'tp rgyji' mm$$ dHh e,v rg ds+C
wirj ds,ag dw dHh rlaP aug Vdh ujHg dVa dVa i,t RpiZji' m
bjadqw lpt bV.s vHg ;iPig h{ dw epiqda sg wlr,Bg a[ bjfS[
bjadqw drwjl } dVa fit' bV.s lpt sg f+jfag sj iju epiP
LWs sg YB h{ m drwjl s[ ijh dr,y i'Cj hRpq{ iPfg L{ h{ m dHl
sg apvVj dWt Fjr ;dhi Vjv wgag h{ m ;dhi s[ l[rV Vjv
bjsqg qi uJsj h{ dHVljVg \qVp,tg| ruPs ?aq h' uJsj h{ m
dHl[ hg ai%J bjadqw drwjl hRpq{ iPfg ;dhi lswj ipw uJsj
h{ dul wiw[ ugr bV.s a[ tpLg rjvj ugrV lsj rjla[ t' W{nsj
h{@ ?aq wi v{Gsj h{ m
35
hpS #q'u sdibj$ V[ l.a Whjv sjl ug rv'G bjfSj ip,t Wsv
w[ WjWj ug r,v wi dvbj m dul ai%J w'Hg yLq[ a'G b>dq+a
riajRpS rjv[ } A,c w[ b>dq+a s[ yLq[ } hg lpwjRpS sj dHijsj
i,tsj h'r[ m dHl ai%J ##q'u sdibj$$ bjfS[ dsqje s[ l'C[fV
\A'B[fV| lgqafV sj lWPa f[L wis[ h'H[ WjWj ug r,v h' api[ m
bjfS[ dH,w l[rw } q'u sdibj V[ WpvjdHbj ba[ Rpl }
lqNjdHbj ##dw ila[ dr,y dwl[ Vjv W'vSj VhgG Fp,y' ujSj h{
Rpo[ l.aJ s[ ljhqS[ tC' w[ dHh WyV wiVj ##wjv[ qP>h rjv[ sg
l,a rjig ijq ijq$$ m l,a rjig b,v%j b,v%j@ l,a rjig tpsjdH
tpsjdH m l[rw WyV q>V w[ Fp,y' } api dfbj m \bjdebj fjvw
h' api dfbj|@ dHZi b>aiujqg b,tJ a[ f,Bg i,t w[ rg bjsqg
sg b>da+q l'y sg f+ag d*bj lqNs[ lV m bjf V[ Fdr,ta
wvjadqw } fAjSs[ h'H[ l[rw } WpvjdHbj m l[rw f>dca u'
dw dulqjVg a"i a[ wjxg ajwarji lg Rpl } Wpvjrj F[dubj m
f>dca qhjiju sg h;Pig dr,y fhp.y w[ l[rj fp,AS v,ej m
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##f>dca ug ) dH,w Whpa r,cg Lwag@
fhjC rieg ajwa v{ w[ w'Hg bj dihj h{@ Rpl} ljc[ ljhqS[
VhgG bjRpS s[Sj dul rwa Rph Rpfi bjRpS v,e[ dH,w h,o
##uqVj i'Cg$$ i,tSj a[ sPu[ h,o Vjv Z'S a'G fwC w[ o,v[ }
Z,wj s[ s[Sj m
\uqj i'Cg| dB,vj ljdhW s[ Rpfi fhjC rjv[ fjl[ dH,w dq,Bg
sj oC%j \u' b,u rg q"uPs h{| m dHl } WjWj ug V[ hpwq s[ w[
dabji wirjdHbj lg m dHl sj Vjq uqVj i'Cg i,dtbj m Rpl
} RpV%g s[i VhgG A,cSj du>Vg s[i Rph W'v Vj fr[@ Rpl } fPig
ajwa vj w[ wjWP wiVj h{ ba[ WpvjRpS sg w'dLL wiVg h{ m
WjWj ug dHh WyV wiw[ bjfS[ bjlS rjvg q>ug s[ df,A[
Rphv[ dr,y h' eH[ m o'Cg s[i Wjbs ##q'u sdibj$$ sj l[rw bj
36
debj m dB,v[ s[ Rpfi r,v dl,Zj hg h' apdibj@ f>dca s[ V[C[ h'dHbj
aJ RplV[ ev[ a'G xC dvbj m Rph b,e[ r,ZS sg w'dLl wi[ fi
f>dca b,e[ Vj ujS s[r[ m dHl[ wLqwL dr,y s'V'G dH,w sPu[ }
yp.WC eH[ m h[nJ Rpfi hp.s[ h'H[ dB,v[ a'G o,v[ bj eH[ m WjWj ug
us'G V;i Vj bjH[ aJ Rpl V[ sPi a'G hg wjv[ qP>h rjv[ s[ lqNjH[
vx; W'v ds,a[ dw ##wjv[ qP>h rjv[ sg l,a rjig ijq ijq m$$
l,a rjig b,v%j b,v%j@ l,a rjig tpsjdH tpsjdH m Rpai dr,y WjWj
ug V[ LWs fdCbj m
dV>swp epi dwifj a[ hjdBY mm
pwrbRhm pRB Bey dieAwlw
isv kY bwix isru kwitE ]1] rhwau ]
kwlu jwlu jmu joih n swkY sc kw pMQw QwitE ]
Kwq Krcq ikCu inKutq nwhI rwm rqnu Dnu KwitE ]1]
Bsmw BUq hoAw iKn BIqir Apnw kIAw pwieAw ]
Awgm ingmu khY jnu nwnku sBu dyKY loku sbwieAw ]
b>e 714
bjti dr,y WyV wgaj ##ujw[ Rpl } bjt dw bjfV[ bjf
} l.Fjv v{ m ljcj wpN VhgG dredCbj m$$ dHh WyV lpS w[ ##q'u
sdibj sj l[rw yvj debj m
WjWj ug V[ dH,w l[rw Whjv sjl ug r,v F[dubj ba[ Rpl
} bjs[L ds,aj dw ##Whjv sjl wjv[ qP>h rjv[ w'v Vj ujr[ m$$
f{Gcj wjxg lg fi dH>Vg s[i } Whjv sjl ug } wjv[ qP>h rjv[
sj l[rw fdhvJ hg bj w[ v{ debj lg m Whjv sjl ug V[ Rplsg
W[h'Lg sg hjva s[t w[ idtbj sj LWs fdCbj@ iD,dtbj aJ hg
h' lwsg lg u[ w'Hg y'B@ l,B uJ dWqji Vjv W[h'Lg hp.sg m Rpl
} aJ siejh s[ dxBwji sg l,B lg@ Rph aJ h.wji sg b,e dr,y
lC dihj lg@ Rph aJ Hgit[ sg urjvj dr,y FBwsj lg m LWs
37
fdCbj hg lg dw l.a Whjv sjl W[h'L h' eH[ m dHh ljig hwgwa
s[t Whjv sjl ug sj l[rw WjWj ug s[ blojV a[ fhp.y debj m
WjWj ug b,e[ ljig hwgwa f[L wgag m fdhvJ WjWj ug epKl[ dr,y
W'v[ ##Rph Rpo[ dwM debj lg m Rpl ljig qdiIjsj lqNjHg h'Hg
h{@ RplV[ dryji wiw[ apiVj lg m$$
l[rw V[ W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju ) blgG FpvShji hJ bjf
WtdL>s h' m bVjCg W,y[ lqN w[ dsbjvaj sg t{i fjRp m$$ fjSg
v,wC } c'Wsj VhgG dwMdw RplV[ v,wC sg fjvSj wgag h{ m
FjHg episjl ug V[ xpiqjdHbj h{ m
fjSg wjnp V c'WHg fjv[ sg vu{ mm
wgCg hjog } tjSj yjh[ aJ hjog wgCg s[ f[B dr,y dwr[G
uj lwsj h{ m A'Bj wgCj \FP>c sg Lwv riej| W[b>a r;V dwr[
yp,w lwsj h{ m
W[L,w q,Ai dr,y ;dhi h{ fi Rpls[ c.debj ws[ WjLw Vje
rg sq a'C lwsj h{ m
f>Ag ft[iP bwjL dr,y Rpcs[ hV fi Rplsj b>a VhgG fj
lws[ m l.sv sj ip,t Rpfi } r,Zsj h{ fi bwjL } A'h VhgG
lwsj m yPhj a{isj h{ fi a{i w[ lqp>si aJ fji VhgG wi lwsj m
sdibj sj fjSg bjfS[ Vjv Whpa WVjlfag@ ugr u.aP i'C
w[ v{ uJsj h{ m WjiL s[ dsVJ dr,y dFbjVw iPf Zji w[ Ziag
sg dh,w a[ wpivjhB fjMsj uJsj h{ fi lqp>si dr,y dc,es[ hg
bjfSj ruPs ?aq wi v{Gsj h{ m
l' dHl ai%J ##q'u sdibj$$ V[ bjfV[ l'C[fV s[ f+Fjr h[n
s,W w[@ bjfSg hlag rg erj vHg m dHr[G hg hRpq{ r,l dHVljV
bjadqw bV.s a[ lpt drhPSj w'ij hg du>seg sj lxi adh wiw[
dVijLaj sg N'vg Fi l.lji a'G yvj uJsj h{ m bjfS[ dfbji
38
s[ f+[q ba[ hpwq \V[q| dr,y bF[s h'dH beq bejZ rjdhepiP
} uf w[@ f+q[Li Vjv dHh iPf h'dH bjfSg hlag dqBj w[@ lqp>si
dr,y WP>s sg ai%J lqjH[ h'H[ hV Rph hg l,y f+jfag wi lws[
hV m RpV%J sg WijWig VhgG h' lwsg m
bjfp erjHgb{ aj lhp fjHgb{ mm
dav.e q^ 1@ b>e 721-22
WjWj ug V[ W[Vag firjV wgag ba[ hpwq ds,aj ##dah'Rpvj
s[ f+Ljs s[ l,a wCjh[ WSj w[ ljig bjRpS ujS rjvg l.ea@
ijhgG fJZg } AwjRp@ lF ngw h' ujH[ej m lji[ ildabJ dr,y
bjsqg tC[ wi ds,a[ aJ dw w'Hg Aw[ dWVj Vj ujr[ m
lda WyV ljZP Rpfs[L } bojh qV w[ f+Ljs dabji wiw[
AwjdHbj debj m l.a Whjv sjl ug h'L dr,y bj eH[ m
lip l.Z[ bjejl wRp dwRp fhpy{ WjSp mm
FjHg episjl ug V[ bjfS[ wdo,a b>si s,Ddlbj h{ m
b>e 148
1! ygBg w[ Rpsi dWt{ hlag lqjdH w{l[@
bapv fhji Fji dF+>eg Vj RpnjrHg m
2! qAi w[ c.e V qia h{ Wjlw Vje@
qwig V yga{ uga{ ldi V fpujrHg mm
3! apqyi Rpya V fhPy{ bwjl Wjl@
qPlj aRp V f{ia lqp>s+ fji fjrHg mm
4! a{l[ df+b f+[q V[q beq bejZ W'Z@
epiqpt ljei duRp WP>s hpdH lqjrHg mm
dHl ai%J hRpq{ ugr } dHl e[C dr,y dvbj tCj wisg h{
a[ ugrV a'G rg taq \r>dya| wi ds>sg h{ m
39
sMq ky doKI kau fwnu lwgY ]
b>e 280
ljZ l.ea wiV rjvj epiqpt qhJ fpitJ sg wiVg a'G qV
b>si F{b itsj h{ dwMdw bjldaw h'S wiw[ f+FP sg y[aVj
wisj h{ m Rpl } ljZ l.ea dr,y W{n w[@ qhJ fpitJ sg LiV
bj w[ RphVJ s[ f+qjV h'H[ WyVJ } f+qjaqj fKDt'G f+a,t dqvs[
s[t[ hp.s[ hV m
qhj fpitj wj W'vSj h'r{ dwa{ fiojdH mm
YdH b>dq+a Fi[ FifPi hdh YVj davp V aqjdH mm
b>e 756
dHh f+a,t w'aw RpV%J s[ qV } lPtq wvg rJe w'qv dVir{i
a[ dVqiaj Fdibj WSj ds>s[ hV m dHh' duhj f+jSg f+qjaqj
iPfg aV[ sgbJ Rph BjhSgbj u' qhJ fpitJ s[ iPf dr,y hV RphVJ
sg l[rj dr,y idh>s[ h'H[ WyVJ a[ xp,v yCjMs[ h'H[ bjfSj v'w
f+v'w lrji v{Gs[ hV m
fi dHl s[ RpvB Vjldaw f+jSg u' dVaj f+ag wpsia s[
d*lq[ s[t w[ rg f+qjaqj sg h'Gs } VhgG q>Vs[ m dul } f+q[Li
Vjv dfbji VhgG@ Rph' qhJfpitJ sg l.ea a'G qVqpt hp.sj h{ m
qVp,t ugr u.aP WVjlfag y.s@ aji[@ Ziag@ hrj@ fjSg bjds
lF wpN sg h'Gs qVqp,t sg qvgV WpZg s[ z[i[ b>si VhgG bjMsg m
dHh' duh[ qVp,t qhJ fpitJ sg l.ea a'G W[tWi hp.s[ hV ba[ qjdHbj
ZV@ fp,ai@ l.fag } hg dHVljV sj bZji lqNs[ hV m
mwieAw kw rMgu sBu iPkw jwqo ibnis indwin ]
b>e 45
40
qhJfpitJ s[ WyV a'G W[tWi h' w[ sp,tJ s[ q>NZji dr,y e'a[
tjS v,es[ hV m l' dHl[ ai%J sj dWiaJa w[hi dl>z Fp,y'G wvJ
s[ fdirji Vjv ridabj m
WjWj ug qhjiju bjfSg wpBgbJ dr,y bjijq wiV a'G Wjbs
Ljq } us'G Wjhi bjH[ aJ wg s[ts[ hV dw ljhqS[ b,e q,y
ihg h{ m fjnw dr,Dy'G fC yp,w[ hV dw WjWj ug V[ f+S wgaj lg
dw ##us aw ligi dr,y ihJe[ b,e q,Do[ VhgG vjrJe[ m$$ qhjiju
V[ l[rw } hpwq wgaj dw s[t' Rph b,e Wv ihg H[ m Rpl } fjSg
Vjv WpNj w[ bjRp m l[rw lda WyV wdh w[ dH,w zCj v{ w[
b,e WpNjRpS vHg y,v dfbj m us'G V[C[ fhp.dybj aJ s[dtbj dw
dH,w dlrj uv dihj h{ m Rpl V[ hpwq bVplji fjSg dvbj w[
b,e WpNjRpSg LpiP wi ds,ag m wHg zC[ fjSg s[ fj w[ b,e WpNj
ds,ag ija v.z eHg bevg lr[i h'S a[ w[hi dl.z s[ W;pie
dlrj s[tS bjH[ aJ dHh s[t w[ h{ijV idh eH[ dw dlrj dwl[
V[ WpNj ds,aj h{ m Rpl[ Ljq } h'i v,wCj fj w[ dlrj spWjij uvj
ds,aj ba[ s' bjsqg Rpl sg dVeijVg vHg dlr[ w'v W{n eH[ m
ija h'S a[ WjWj ug wpBgbj a'G Wjhi bjH[ aJ b,e s[t w[ dxi
l[rw } hpwq wgaj ##b,e dxi Wv ihg h{ dHl } WpNj w[ bjRp
hpwq bVplji l[rw zCj v{ w[ b,e WpNjRpS vHg api dfbj m
fjSg sj zCj v{ w[ us'G b,e[ debj aJ dVeijVg rjv[ W.dsbJ
V[ i'dwbj m l[rw V[ WjWj ug sj dHvjhg hpwq lpSj ds,aj m RpV%J
V[ dHh WyV zi uj w[ s,Ddlbj Rph yji bjsqg Vjv v{ w[ bjH[
a[ dwhj$$ dw qhjiju blgG dlr[ dwo[ WSjHgH[@ aplgG aJ xPwS
rg VhgG ds>s[ m
hir Bgqw kir rwKy Apny dInI nwmu vfweI ]
ijin ijin krI AvigAw jn kI qy qYN dIey ruVweI ]
b>e 1235
41
dHh lpS w[ WjWj ug V[ ldhu[ hg WyV wi ds,aj@ ##dw aplgG
qpis[ xPw w[ yjb vjh vr' m$$
ljZ WyV bBvjZj mm
WyV qhJfpitJ sg wi'fg sj h'r[ Fjr[G tpLg sj Rph bB,v
h{ m wpN hg dsVJ Wjbs dHl[ hg zi sj dH,w h'i q{GWi qi debj
a[ wpN dsVJ Wjbs dH,w h'i m dHl[ zi s[ f>u q{GWi o'C[ hg dsVJ
dr,y i,W } dfbji[ h' eH[ m
dHw yv[ dHw yv eH[ m idh>s[ Fg xpVujH[ mm
dxi lqN bjHg dw WjWj ug s[ WyV sg dVijsig wiw[ hg
dHh luj dqv ihg h{ m zi s[ W,y[ q{GWi wpN epbJTgbJ } Vjv
v{ w[ WjWj ug fjl fhp.y[ m dB,v[ RpKfi fhp.y w[ i' w[ drdobj
lpSjRpS v,e[ aJ qpbjxg q>eS v,e[ m qhJfpit w'qv dy,a hp.s[
hV m idhqa s[ zi bjRpS aJ WtLS v,e[ s[i VhgG vjMs[ a[
WyV wgaj dw ##u' h'Sj lg h' debj b,e[ a'G lp,t LJag ih[eg
ba[ w'Hg rg aphjcj dHl ai%J VhgG qi[ej m$$
sMq ky doKI kau Avru n rwKnhwru ]
nwnk sMq BwvY qw ley aubwir ]
b>e 240
bjfSj fdirji Wyj dvbj dHl a'G Wjbs dHl f,ag s[ v'wJ
V[ bjfS[ dlr[ WjWj ug s[ c[i[ a'G sPi WSj vH[ m dHV%J dr,Dy'G
dH,w w[hi dl>z sj fdirji h{ duhCj dHl[ df>c dr,y de,v f,ag
dr,y q"uPs h{ m
jo srix AwvY iqsu kMiT lwvY iehu ibrdu suAwmI sMdw ]
b>e 544
42
ldaepip dlt w[ W.ZV wjB{ mm
b>e 286
f+a,t } f+qjS sg v'C VhgG m dHVljV sj z[ij Whpa l'Cj
hp.sj h{ m qhJfpit dH,w drLjv ljei sg dVbjHg hp.s[ h'H[ rg
dHVljVg Wp>s } Vjq iPfg dl,f s[ qP>h dr,y fj w[ vjv WSj ds>s[
hV m Rpl s[ sp,t lpt dr,y bjf lhjHg hp.s[ hV m Rpl s[ bjRpS
rjv[ Fdr,t Wji[ lpy[a wi ds>s[ hV m
l'hS dl>z V[ WjWj ug s[ iP.qg idhS lq[G bSo,w l[rj wgag
us'G dHo[ Fp,y' wvJ bj eH[ l[rj Rpl ai%J hg dVFjHg m ija s[
lq[G WjWj ug V[ dHl s[ fdirji s[ dH,w bjsqg } fdhi[ vjRpSj m
fdhij wg lg dw ija LpiP hp.s[ hg l[rw c[i[ b>si bj ujS ba[
WjWj ug dul ue%J f{S vHg hpwq ds>s[ Rpo[ uj w[ l"G ujSj lr[i[
bjdebj v{ w[ zi yv[ ujSj m fdhij s[S rjv[ } WjWj ug bjfSg
f+Wv wqjHg a[ q[hi lswj wHg ai%J s[ epfa dW+aJa dstj ds>s[@
dur[G ljdhW l+g epiP VjVw s[r ug Wji[ dHdahjl erjhg ds>sj
h{ m bjf bjfS[ uVq blojV avr.cg dWiju[ h'H[ lV m h;Pi A'Bg
brloj dr,y h'S wiw[ VgGs lswj ligiw bijq dr,y lV m qjaj
ug V[ f+Ljs dabji wiw[ V"wijVg } hpwq ds,aj ##uj w[ vjv
ug } uej dsY@ wh' dw f+Ljs A,w v{S m$$ V"wijVg b>si eHg
fjaLjh s[ dyhi[ sj siLV wgaj aJ qV f+Fjdra h'dHbj a[
uejRpS sg dh>qa yvg eHg m dw>Vg s[i bc'v tCg ihg m us'G
b>si'G w'Hg brj; Vj bjHg qjaj ug V[ dxi brj; ds,ag ##apvlJ
dHaVg s[i dwM vj ds,ag vjv ug } ue%J s[ m$$ Rpl s[ brj;
s[S sg WujH[ bsW@ ldawji ldha uejRpS vHg drMa WSjHg
43
Rpl V[ yiVJ r,v h' w[ bjfSg ;WjV ldaepiP s[ yiVJ Vjv
AphjHg m uWjV ijhgG yiV A'h dqvS sg s[i hg lg dw epfa
dW+aJa u' huPi riaj ih[ lV f+a,t h' dVWdCbj m lF qV s[ Fpv[t[
s[ fis[ sPi h' eH[ f+a,t ds+LBJa ljhqS[ dstjHg s[ dihj h{ dw
epiP VjVw fjaLjh dH,w dl,t sg bisjl f+rjV wiw[ Rpl sg
bjLj fPig wi ih[ hV m dHh s[t w[ apvlJ qpC bjHg qjaj ug
} wdhS v,eg ##qjaj ug vjv ug aJ dH,w dl,t sj ;hju fji
vj ih[ hV@ q[ij RphVJ } uejRpS } dsv VhgG wgaj m
qJ da=faj eDp,l[ dr,y bj w[ tC[ h' eH[ a[ bjf ldaepiJ }
RpnJ w[ y"Gw[ Rpfi v{ bjH[ m bjf f+Ljs A,w ih[ lV aJ qJ V[
V"wijSg a'G lpSg h'Hg e,v sj d;wi A[dCbj qJ qV Fi w[ W'vg
##W[Bj lj} ligwJ aJ ajhV[ qjiV[ hV zi s[ V"wi rg qltigbJ
wis[ hV m$$ ldaepiJ dHh wdh Bjv qB'v wi ds,ag ##qJ dHh
V"wijSg N,vg h{ m$$
uea } fjvShji il'Hg dr,Dy'G Wjhi bjH[ b,e[ WgWg VjVwg
ug tC[ lV m F{S V[ W[Vag wgag ##rgij dHh V"wijSg a'G wg Fp,v
h'Hg u' dHh Wjwg sg d;>seg aphjc[ WyVJ bVplji N,vg ih[eg m
ldaepiJ WyV wgaj ##VhgG W[W[ dHh spVgbJ rv'G hg N,vg h'r[eg
fi u' wpN dHlV[ f+jfa wgaj h{@ Rpl} bjfS[ bjf dr,y lqjb
w[ i,Dt[eg m$$
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WjWj qhJhiVjq dl>z ug fjl'G bjdebj v{S vHg eH[ ueaj
dl>z u' dw l'hS dl>z sj vCwj lg bjdebj v{ w[ zi debj m
ija s[ hV[i[ dr,y u' Rpl V[ ds+LBJa s[dtbj lg bjfS[ dfaj
w'v wdhS v,ej ##dHw i[v s[ dH>uV rieg hqLwv w'Hg yg;
t[aJ dr,y sg dl,Zg hg uj ihg lg m Rpl s[ lrji WC[ hg wiPf
a[ F{ rjv[ lV m Rph W{n[ lV ba[ yvs[ h'H[ dH>uV dr,Dy'G hg bjfS[
44
bjf ;qgV a[ bj ih[ lV m q{G ci s[ Vjv ldhq debj lg m$$ l'hS
dl>z V[ wpN WpZgqjV fpiLJ w'v dHh f+a,t yqawji sg yiyj
wgag dlbjS[ fpiLj V[ dwhj ##dw ds=LBJa aJ qjCj hg h{ fi l'hS
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wi lws[ hV m
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l.lJ dsv'G Vj ujH[ dqv[ xwgi s[ mm
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sdvs= Vj h'r{ sPi dqv[ bqgi s[ mm
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eHg ija s[ ds+LBJa Wji[ fp,AS v,ej@ ##huPi dHl w"aw sg q{}
lqN VhgG v,eg m
fda,a fjrV huPi V[ xpiqjdHbj@ ##ueaj dl>z b,u fdhi[
a[ bj ujrgG m ija } lF f+a,t s[t vrgG m$$
WyV sg fjvVj h'Hg uea dl>z fdhi[ f{S bj debj m hpwq
bVplji fdhi[ rjvg oJ uj w[ f{ debj m wpN ija v.zS a'G Wjbs
uea dl>z f+a,t s[t dihj h{ m YcJ riegbJ dliwgbJ sgbJ
N"fCgbJ \f,tjHg| v,egbJ h'HgbJ hV m RpV%J dr,Dy'G Rphg Lwv
s[ F{ Fga wiV rjv[ WhiPdfH[ dVwv ih[ hV u' wv% ija dH>uV
rieg yg; dr,y s[t[ lV m c[i[ ba[ df>c s[ ypx[i[ dH,w dliwg Fp,y'
q>cg rjv[ fjl[@ dH,w lwPv rjv[ fjl[ lpdVbjig rjv[ dBD,DW[ Rpfi@
dH,w qv[LJ rjv[ fjl[ sg ue%j a[ m u' fdhvJ lpfV[ dr,y s[dtbj
lg fi hpS f+a,t s[t dihj lg m dHh lF wpN s[t hg dihj lg dw
WjWj ug dB,v[ rjv[ w'n[ dr,Dy'G Wjhi bj w[ s[ts[ hV dw uea
dl>z W{nj h{ m huPi V[ brj; ds,ag@ ##uea dl>z W{nj h{ VgGs
45
VhgG bj ihg m$$
##fjaLjh u' wpN w,v% lpfV[ dr,y s[dtbj lg b,u f+a,t s[t
dihj hJ m hV%[ig ija dr,y rg q{} dHh lF wpN sPi a,w dstjHg
s[ dihj h{ m$$ uea dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag m
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##uea dl>z a[ig ds=LBg Wsvg h{
qV sj wfjB t'v ds,aj h{ m qV sg l'y b,e[ dsV ija dH,w lqjV
hV m dHl } b>Z[ij@ Rpujvj dHw' hg h{ m b.Z[ij dHl sg eag }
i'wsj VhgG a[ Rpujvj dHl } a[u VhgG wisj m duhC[ F{ Fga
wiV rjv[ wiPf ds,ls[ hV m dHh uqsPa hV@ dHh dH>uV wjv
sj iPf h{ m dHh Wgqjig sj l.s[L v{ w[ bjH[ hV@ hpS Wgqjig fr[eg
ba[ bV[wJ ujVJ dHl sg Wvg yC% ujSegbj m$$
uea dl>z wpN zWijhB dr,Dy'G W'dvbj ##qhjiju ) fdhvJ
s,l ds>s[ aJ Wjhi Np,egbJ WSj v{Gs[ m$$
huPi V[ Rpl sg zWijhB s[ts[ h'H[ xpiqjdHbj@ ##uea dl>z
ciVj VhgG@ dHh rg dwl[ s[ hpwq dr,y hV m bjfSg qV-qi;g
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dqdvbj wi[eg m dwv[% s[ w'v tPh s[ bev[ fjl[ VpwljV wiVe[
aphjcj rjv dr>ej VhgG h'H[ej m
drdy wiaj fpitp tv'bj m rjvp V dr>ej h'bj m
l'idn q^ 5@ b>e 623
fdhij fPij wiV Rpfi.a ueaj dl>z zi bjdHbj m du>V%J
Vjv lvjh wiw[ WjWj ug fjl'G w"aw Wji[ fp,DdAbj lg m RpV%J }
rg lpy[a wi ds,aj m bev[ dsV hg Wdn>c[ r,v'G tWi bjHg dw
yPh[ qi[ Wjhi fH[ hV Wgqjig fr[eg m fv[e sg Wgqjig fHg m WjWj
ug V[ bjfS[ l[rwJ } f+a,t dstj rg ds,aj a[ idtbj rg wgag m
\dHh WyV WjWj l'hS dl>z ug s[ fdirji dr,Dy'G dqdvbj|
46
bjfdh q[dv vH[ m
uW a[ lidV apqjig bjH[ aW a[ s't eH[ mm1mm
b>e 829
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lWi@ ldhVLgvaj ba[ dabje sg Whpa d;bjsj zjB h{ m dHh'
duh[ sp,tJ a'G ApBwjij fj w[ Ziq sg f+jfag hp.sg h{@ LJag sg
f+jfag hp.sg h{ m dHh ApBwjij qhJfpitJ sg l.ea wiV Vjv@
RpV%J sg LiV bjRpS Vjv dqvsj h{ m hi yg; sj bZji hp.sj
h{ m frV dhis[ sj bZji VhgG WS lwsg@ ZP.b[ } xC w[ b,e
dr,Dy'G Wjhi VhgG dVwjdvbj uj lwsj@ lqp>si dr,y cp,Ws[ } N,e
lhjij VhgG ds>sg m qVp,t sj bZji a[ bjlij FerjV h{ Rpl sg
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hV qhJfpit m us'G sptgbJ dVqjSj h' w[ LiV bjMsj h{ aJ Rpl
sj sp,t dVrji ds>s[ hV m dHh qhJfpitJ sg rdcbjHg h{ m WjSg
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xpiqjdHbj -
lPiWgi WyV w[ Wvg mm
bjlj q^ b>e 392
dul sj Fjr qhJfpitj s[ WyVJ dr,y dHV%J Wv@ dH>Vg ajwa
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sg blvg lPiWgiaj h{ m
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b>e 404
47
duV%J s[ WyV lswj f>u a,a Vjl h' uJs[ hV m WyV s[
f+ojdH ugr dHl qjIj iPfg ujv s[ z[i[ dr,Dy'G dVwv uJsj h{ m
qhJfpitJ dr,y dHh lqi,oj h{-
koit ApRwDI sMqsMig auDrY jmu qw kY nyiV n AwvY ]
jnm jnm kw ibCuiVAw hovY iqn@ hir isau Awix imlwvY ]
b>e 748
fdhv[ dh,Dl[ dr,y qjvj dl>z u.cj rjvj Vjv wga[ WyV sg
fjvSj wHg ljv WgaS a'G Wjbs b,u w,v Fp,y' drt[ wi ih[ hV m
WyV h'dHbj lg ##qjvj dl>z a[ig l[rj a[i[ fp,aiJ a[ }hJ ijhgG
v{Sg h{ m$$
fv[e sg Wgqjig u'WV a[ lg m qjv%j dl>z sg }h qjHg t[q
w"i bjfSg diLa[sjig Ljsg s[ lqjeq dr,y eHg h'Hg lg m dHl[
lq[G b>si Wgqjig ajwa dr,y h' eHg m v'w t[aJ dr,y bj w[
Np,egbJ fj w[ idhS v,e fH[ m w'Hg dwl[ sg ?Wi a,w Vj v{S
ujr[ m qjHg } rjfl v{ w[ bjRpS Wji[ dwl[ zi rjdvbJ }
lqJ Vj dqdvbj m drbjh rjvj blojV Fp,y' s[ V[C[ lg qjHg s[
qV dr,y xpiVj WdSbj dw WjWj ug s[ siLV wiV y,vgH[ m bev[
hg lr[i Rph WjWj ug s[ c[i[ r,v api fHg m c[i[ fhp.y w[ WjWj
ug s[ siLV wga[ be.qg tpLg f+jfa h'Hg m dH,w ija ndhi w[
bev[ dsV bjdebj q>eg aJ qhJfpitJ V[ WyV wgaj@ ##bu[
aphj} bjdebj VhgG dqvsg m$$ qjHg V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju )
q{G drbjh uj w[ bjHg hJ q[i[ fjl qdnbjHg h{ u' q{ zi
fhp.yjRpSg h{ m$$
##qdnbjHg lj} xCj s[ a[ig bqjVa lJF w[ i,tJe[$$ ljdhW
sj WyV lg m
qjHg V[ qdnbjHg WjWj ug b,e[ i,t ds,ag m huPi V[ l[rw
} hpwq s[ w[ qdnbjHg b>si itrj ds,ag m
48
WjWj ug V[ fp,DdAbj ##qjHg@ wHg ljv fdhvJ dH,w l.dVbjlg
qhjaqj V[ bjf s[ zi bjBj q>eS s[ WhjV[ bj w[ aphj} dH,w
LWs sj ujf wiV vHg f+[dibj lg@ wg Rph LWs sj ujf
wisg h{G m$$
qjHg sj uWjW Vjh dr,y lg ##qhjiju ) q{} aJ Rph LWs
rg Ijs VhgG@ bjf hg Ijs wirj dsY m$$
WjWj ug V[ qPv q>a+ lpSj w[ WyV wgaj ##dHh hg h{ Rph
LWs$$ m qjHg hJ dr,y dli Npwj ds,aj m
WyV h'dHbj ##t[qgH[@ blg a[i[ lhpi[ qjv%j dl>z Vjv WyV
wgaj lg@ us'G u.cj rjv[ ndhi[ lg m a[i[ lhpi[ V[ l[rj q>eg lg m
dHh l[rj a[i[ w'v'G ba[ a[i[ fdirji a'G v{Sg h{ m hpS aP. dHo[
bjHgbJ l.eaJ sg l[rj wisg ihp dH,w qhgV[ a,w dWqjig sj
;'i zB ujS a[ a{} a"i dsbJe[ m$$
dHw qhgV[ Wjbs WjWj ug V[ Rphg qdnbjHg s[ w[ qjHg }
bjdebj s[ ds,ag m dHl ai%J Rpl sg fv[e a'G idtbj wgag m qjHg
sg WjWj ug s[ yiVJ Vjv bap,B dfbji LiZj ba[ l[rj FjrVj
W,N eHg m qjHg t[q w"i@ Rpl sg vCwg WgWg Ljq w"i a[ vCwj
wjvj dl>z b>aq lq[G a,w WjWj ug s[ yiVJ Vjv upC[ ih[ m hpS
rg upC[ hV m
\dHh ljtg WgWg Ljq w"i u.cJ rjvg V[ dvtjHg h{ m|
49
qumrI sMgiq hir ko ko n
auDirE pRB kIey piqq pvgy ]
b>e 876
f+q[Li sj Vjq ufS rjv[ Rpl Vjv dHV%j bF[s h' uJs[ hV
dw u' f+jSg RpV%J sg liV bj ujH[@ Rpl s[ sp,t@ wLB dVrjiS
sg lqi,oj bjf its[ hV m f+q[Li RpV%J s[ wjiVjq[ a[ dw>aP VhgG
wisj a[ bjfS[ FeaJ sg vju i,tsj h{ m us f+[q r,l h' w[
dl,t wpN wdh>sj h{ aJ Rpl a[ epiP uJ f+q[Li dr,y w'Hg b>ai
VhgG idh>sj m rjdhepiP sg dul f+jSg a[ bfji d*fj hp.sg h{ Rpls[
b"epS dwl[ qhJfpit sg f+jdwiag spbjij epSj dr,y Wsv ds>s[
hV m Rpl s[ b"epS VhgG dyajis[ le'G Vjq dlqiS ba[ W.seg
sg q>d;v a[ a'i ds>s[ hV m qhJfpiLJ } f+FP bjf bu'wg tvaw
s[ Fv[ vHg F[us[ hV aJ dw dHVljVg d;>seg sj lxi tpLgbJ
Fdibj a[ bV.s qHg Wga lw[ m f>ur[G fjaLjh s[ lq[G sj d;wi
h{ m FjHg dWZg y.s ug y'ig wdibj wis[ lV m dH,w rji RpV%J
V[ q,Nj ypij vHgbj m wpN lq[G Wjbs q,NJ s[ qjvw sg b,t tp,v
eHg m Rpl V[ bjfS[ wWgv[ \uJ tjVsjV| s[ v'w dHw,n[ wi vH[ m
lji[ q,Nj sgbJ f{CJ df,A[ h' api[ m b,Zg ija a'G Yfi lqJ v.z
debj lg m q,NJ sg Fjv wiV rjv[ a[ug Vjv api ih[ lV m dWZg
y.s } rg RpV%J s[ bjRpS sg dFVw v,e eHg m Rpl V[ bjfS[
bjf } ApfjRpS sg ue%J sg avjL wiVg yjhg m o'Cj b,e[ dH,w
TjW bj eHg q,NJ TjW dr,y rC eHgbJ m dWZg y.s V[ q,NJ sj
dtbjv A,c w[ bjfS[ Ap,fS vHg l'dybj m ljhqS[ TjW s[ dwVji[
dH,w dl,t W{nj Rpl } V;i bjdHbj V[C[ fhp.y w[ s[dtbj dl,t
50
V[ lqjZg vjHg h'Hg h{ V[ai W.s hV f+q[Li sg W>seg wi dihj
h{ m dWZg y.s V[ q,oj B[dwbj lgl dVrjRpS lq[G Rpl sj h,o dl,t
s[ yiVJ } APh debj m dl,t sg dWiag ly[a h' eHg dw dHh
bdebja drbwag w"S h{ m Rpl V[ dWZg y.s } fp,DdAbj dw ##aP.
w"S h{ a[ dHaVj zWijdHbj dwM h{ m$$
##q{G y'i hJ@ q{G wpN q,NJ ypijHgbJ hV fi RpV%J s[ qjvw
q[i[ df,A[ df,A[ bj ih[ hV m q[i[ a[ d*fj wi' q{} ApfS vHg ue%J
sKl'@ VhgG aJ q[ij Wpij hjv wi s[Se[ m q{G du>seg dr,y fdhvg
rji hg aphjc[ b,e[ y'ig sj dHwWjv wgaj h{ m$$
dl,t V[ dwhj ##zWij VhgG@ q[i[ w'v W{n ujh ba[ epiP yiVJ
dr,y qV dHwjei wiw[ dHh f+dadebj \f+S| wi dw b,e'G a'G
y'ig VhgG wiJej m$$ bVujV[ dr,y wgag h'Hg Fp,v } epiP yiVJ
dr,y dVqjSj a[ dVajSj h' w[ q>V dvbj ujr[ aJ bjf WtdL>s
hV m$$ Rph dliuVhji ;iPi a[ig fa i,tSe[ m$$
df>c s[ v'w rg bj fhp.y[ m q,NJ TjW b>si W{ngbJ lV fi
y'i V;i VhgG bjMsj r[t w[ dl,t r,v ujS v,e[ fi dl,t bjf
hg RpV%J r,v bj dihj lg m dHh dl,t ##FjHg bsvg$$ u' f>ur[G
fjaLjh sj bdVV Fea lg m ljhqS[ bj w[ v'wJ V[ fp,DdAbj
##FjHg ljdhW ljcgbJ q,NJ y'ig h' eHgbJ hV m duV%J sgbJ f{CJ
t'ug dHo'G a,w v{ bjdHbj h{ fi dHl a'G Wjbs faj VhgG v,e
dihj m y'i sj rg faj VhgG v,e dihj m
FjHg ljdhW V[ TjW r,v dHLjij wiw[ dwhj ##Yh s[t' q,NJ
aphjcgbJ hg hV m$$
qjvw V[ q,NJ r,v a,w w[ uWjW ds,aj ##dw deSag dr,y
aJ RpVgbJ hg hV fi i.e VhgG dqvs[@ Rph wjvgbJ lV dHh
FPigbJ hV m$$
FjHg ljdhW V[ dwhj@ ##dw bu[ fPij dsV VhgG ydCbj hV[%ij
51
h'S wiw[ i.e sj xiw v,esj h{ m q,NJ aphjcgbJ hg h'SegbJ
dHV%J } v{ ujY m$$ v'w q,NJ v{ w[ zi qpC eH[ aJ dWZg y.s
V[ fp,DdAbj ##dw aphj} aJ Rph ujSs[ lV u[ q{} xC v{Gs[ aJ
wg hLi h'Sj lg m$$
dl,t V[ urjW ds,aj ##a{} Vjq s[ Rphv[ wgaj lg m f+q[Li
sj Vjq hg dHVljV vHg T'Hg h{ \bjlij h{ m|$$
dWZg y.s V[ Rpl s[ f{i xC vH[ a[ W[Vag wgag ##dul epiP
sj aP. qpigs h{ q{} rg RpV%J s[ siLV wirj dsY m q[ij rg y.yv
qV brZpagbJ } A,c w[ epiP yiVJ sg w'qv A'h f+jfa wiw[
bjfSg ugrV Ijaij Rpuv WSj lw[ m$$
FjHg bsvg ug dWZg y.s } f>ur[G fjaLjh s[ siWji dr,y
v{ bjH[ m dWZg y.s ldaepiJ s[ siLV wiw[ dVhjv h' debj m
qlaw yiV A'h f+jfa wiw[ qV s[ q{v } ljWS sg ai%J w,B
dihj lg m q,oj yiVJ a'G ypdwbj aJ ldaepiJ V[ fpdAbj ##wg
dH,Aj h{ a[ig dfbjdibj m$$
##fjaLjh ) q{} dl,t WSj vRp@ q{G a[i[ si sj q>eaj hJ
dFtLj dsRp m$$ b,tgbJ sj Vgi wga[ wpwiqj sj fAyjajf wi
dihj lg m
h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj ##dl,t sg fsrg fjRpSg h{ aJ y'ig A,cSg
f{Sg h{ m$$
dWZg y.s aJ fdhvJ hg fAyjajf sg svsv dr,y cp,W dihj
lg m$$ fjaLjh ) q[i[ epVjh a[ fCsj fjRp@ yiVj dr,y dVrjl
WtL' m$$ ljdhW l+g epiP biuV s[r ug q[hi s[ zi bjH[ a[ dWZg
y.s } Vjq q>a+@ Vjq sg sja WtLg@ yiV fjhpv ds,ag ba[
bjfSg l.ea dr,y Ljqv wi dvbj m xpiqjV h{ -
dfAv[ epVh ldaepip Wtdl vH[ lal.eda Vjdv ivjr{ mm
b>e 855
52
fv[e sg dWqjig s[ dsV lV m Fjeg WJsi s[ A[ Fij W,ej
dl>z@ L[i dl>z@ q[hi dl>z@ lirS dl>z@ dV,wj dl>z@ l,sj dl>z
lV m W,ej dl>z fv[e sg Wgqjig Vjv fgCa lg m Rpl sg l,l
V[ WjWj fjl W[Vag wgag dw ##W,ej dl>z Wgqji h{ m$$
h;Pi V[ hpwq ds,aj ##dHh uv q,Bg sj v{ ujRp Rpl } s[
s[Sj@ api w[ ujSj h{ m$$
qjHg zWijHg h'Hg lg Rpl V[ A[ag Vjv ujS sg w'dLl dr,y
BJe[ sg lrjig wi vHg m WyV sg brD,debj h' eHg uv ljij
cp,v debj a[ W,ej dl>z sg q"a h' eHg m Wjwg s[ f>u Fij rjig
rjig WjWj ug sg l[rj dr,y bjMs[ idh>s[ lV m L[i dl>z vCjHg
NedCbJ sj L"wgV lg m WjWj ug w'v siLV wiV bjdHbj aJ
h;Pi V[ fp,A dvbj ##L[i dl>z wg w.q wji wisj hp.sj h{G m$$
##fjaLjh ) vCjHg NeC[ hg wisj hJ$$ L[i dl>z W'dvbj m ##y.ej
x[i ljc[ w'v ih' m blgG a[i[ a'G l[rj v{Sg h{$$ h;Pi sj WyV lg m
L[i dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju q{} l[rj aJ wiVg VhgG
bjRpSg m b"epSj sj Fdibj hJ d;>seg NedCbJ dr,y w,T
dihj hJ m$$
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ug sj WyV lg m
L[i dl>z wHg dsV l'ysj dihj q{o'G drhv[ a'G qhjiju wg
l[rj v{Gs[ hV wpN faj VhgG v,e dihj m dxi dH,w dsV WjWj
ug V[ Wpvj w[ dwhj ##L[i dl>z cJe \l'Bg| dwhCg y>eg hp.sg h{
a[ Rph dwo'G dqv[eg m$$
##fjaLjh ) duhCg dr,Dy'G tjvg Vj h'r[ Rph y.eg h{ a[ Wdn>cj
uJ ijqfpi[ a'G dqv ujr[eg m$$ L[i dl>z Rpai ds,aj m ##bjh dH,w
ipdfbj v{ ujY a[ Wdn>c[ a'G l'Bg v{ w[ bjRpSg u[ y.eg Vj dqv[
53
aJ qpC bjRpSj m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj m
L[i dl>z a[ dH,w h'i l[rw Wdn>c[ cJe v{S F[u ds,a[ Wdn>c[
fhp.y w[ wHg spwjVJ dr,y l'BgbJ s[tgbJ fi w'Hg fl.s Vj bjHg
bjdti rjfl qpC bjH[ m
##qhjiju ) l'Bg y.eg VhgG dqvg$$ aiwjvj fHgbJ a'G bj
w[ L[i dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag m
h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj ##lr[i[ ijqfpi[ uj w[ v{ bjRp m$$ LpFj
hg ijqfpi[ r,v api fH[ m L[i dl>z } lqN dr,y VhgG bj dihj
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54
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} bj lpSjHg m
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55
Part 4
56
Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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60
Part 4
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61
Part 4
62
Part 4
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Part 4
64
Part 4
65
Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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68
Part 4
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69
Part 4
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h' eH[ m
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lF wpN s,l ds,aj m
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70
Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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75
Part 4
76
Part 4
4
h;Pi s[ l[rw zpwi dl>z V[ s,dlbj dw ##dHw rji WjWj
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V[ q,Bg FiVg LpiP wi ds,ag m wjxg zC[ fjSg s[ fjRpS a'G
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ujS' wdh ih[ h'S dw dHV%J WpZPbJ } bu[ rg lqN VhgG bj
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i,tS a'G fjSg Wjhi dVwv dihj lg m$$
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dHl yg; s[ siLV VhgG wga[ m wHg wHg zC[ fjSg s[ dHLVjV
wiV v,DdebJ V[ tjvg wi s[S[ m WjWj ug sgbJ RpGevJ Whpa
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sgbJ RpGevj Whpa favgbJ hV m$$ h;Pi h,l w[ wdhS v,e[
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78
Part 4
79
Part 4
80
Part 4
81
Part 4
83
Part 4
84
Part 4
WS eHg dw bjf WhpaJ lqJ ypf idhS v,e fH[ ba[ brZPa
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85
Part 4
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qjdHbj Zjig bda b>Vj W'vj mm lWsp V lpSHg Whp i'v zy'vj mm
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87
Part 4
dHh' duh[ WyV dur[G FerjV dl>z e"sjij@ bqg y>s bi'Cj
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lg ##FerjdVbj@ e'sjdibj@ bqg y>s i'dCbj@ ljdhW l,y[
i'dCbj m$$
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sj dVLjV WSj w[ Rpo[ hg cv[ qjiV[ W,y[ V[ ngw h' ujSj m
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qisjV[ } rg hpwq h'dHbj ##ujRp bjf rg yv[ ujRp@ bjRpGs[
lq[G FjHg vjv' } Vjv v{ bjRpSj hpwq bVplji l>a Vei dr,y
yv[ eH[ m dFdtbj q>eS fdhv[ zi uj bvt uejHg m dHl
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ujS vHg w'Hg bjsqg z'C[ lrji h' w[ LijWg hjva dr,y bjdHbj
qisjVj ug s[ ljhqS[ bj w[ dHRpG W'vS v,ej dur[G FjHg l>a't
88
Part 4
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fC%V rjv[ ujSs[ hV m dH,w f=l>e WjWj ug bjfS[ qpt a'G
lpSjdHbj wis[ lV dw #us blgG Wjhi u>evJ dr,y dryis[
lJ aj ljcj dqvjf WjWj ijq dl>z ug Vjv h'dHbj u' VjqZjig
l>fisj s[ qptg lV m$$ f=qjio s[ WyV h'S a'G Wjbs q"w[ sg
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89
Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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106
Part 4
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110
Part 4
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113
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Part 4
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Part 4
117
Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
120
Part 4
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121
Part 4
122
Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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Part 4
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127
Part 4
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l[rj wgag h{ Rpl a'G Wjbs u' Rpo[ dWiaJa ridabj Rph rg
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wi' m$$
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128
Part 4
129
Part 4
130
Part 4
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w[ wgaj m$$
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wi ujdHbj wi' m$$
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131
Part 4
132
Part 4
134
Part 4
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137
Part 4
138
Part 4
c[i[ s[ v>ei dr,y f=Ljsj ria dihj s[t w[ s' urjV bjsqg
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139
Part 4
140
Part 4
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s[ FjHg y'ig s[ w[l dr,y w{s w,B ih[ hV m$$
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dr,y F[dubj ujr[ m q{G dHl Vjv Vwjh wiJej m dHh q[ig W[eq
WS[eg m hpwq sg api>a ajqgv wgag ujr[ m$$
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141
Part 4
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sg bi; epujig aJ hpwq dqdvbJ ##bj ujS dsY m$$
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f=a,t s[t dvbj lg dw dHh fPiV qhJfpit LiW LwagqjV hV m
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y,vg eHg m ljv Wjbs zi fp,ai h' debj m y'og rji N'vgbJ
Fi w[ siLV wiV vHg bjHg ba[ Vjv hg wpN F[BJ v{ w[
bjHg m F[Bj f>u l" ipfHgbJ dH,w Ljhg dvWjl rjvg fpLjw uigsji
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wHg wpN v{ w[ bjHg h;Pi h,l w[ WyV wiV v,e[ ##dHl sg
wg v'C lg@ ljc[ dHh dwl w>q h{ m$$
W[eq V[ dli dVrj W[Vag wgag ##h;Pi dHh sja rg \fp,ai
sg sja| dHh rg lF wpN aphjcj hg h{ w>q bj ujH[ej dur[G
wWgi ug sj xpiqjV h{ _
142
Part 4
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a[ij apN wRp lRpfa[ dwbj vje{ q[ij mm
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143
Part 4
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144
Part 4
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lrjl lrjl h{ m
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lpa[ f=wjl h{ m
w'Hg b>sj;j ljv wp fdhvJ dH,w l[n bW'hi a'G WjWj ug
s[ c[i[ bjdHbj lg dul V[ s,dlbj lg ##dw ejqj L{LS$$ sj
Rph vCwj ljcg dibjla Whjrv fpi sj ijuj lg m WBrjij
h'S a'G Wjbs blgG bW'hi bj eH[ m dHh l[n s[ WyV sjl
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145
Part 4
146
Part 4
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lsj ih[ h,lsj m
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dwl[ rg ai%J s[ h'H[ h'S aJ Rph l,uS c[ij i.Pqg rjvj \Fp,y'G
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148
Part 4
150
Part 4
151
Part 4
dv,ta wiw[ c[i[ s[ f>ur[ qp,tg l[rjsji rKu'G slaji W.sg wgag
eHg ba[ c[ij WjWj iP.qg rjvj Fp,Dy' wvj sj qp,tg ojdfbj debj m
l.a WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug rKv'G 14 dsVJ dr,y iP.qg ljdhW df>c
l[qJ dr,y aJW[ sgbJ f"CgbJ rjvj li'ri l.eaJ s[ ldhI'e
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qhJ hdiVjq dl>z sgbJ fpijaV dvtaJ dr,y'G li'ri Wji[ dvta
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