DRRR Reviewer

@masterbeyyy

I. Tsunami

Earthquake Hazards • Include any physical phenomenon associated with an

earthquake that may produce adverse effects on human
activities.
Primary Hazards • Ground Shaking
• Liquefication
• Landslides
• Surface Ruptures
Secondary Hazard • Tsunami
• Flooding
• Fire
Tsunami • Is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by under-the-
sea earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5
meters.
• Commonly generated by disturbances associated with
earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean floor.
Focus Areas in the • Davao Oriental and the 1992 Manay Tsunami
Philippines for • Bohol island and the 1990 Earthquake
Possible Tsunamis • Southwest Mindanao and the 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake
• Manila Trench Tsunamis
• Sorsogon Uplifted Terraces
• Paraoir Porites and Uplifted Terraces
Harbor Waves • Meaning of the word tsunami
Tidal Waves • ARE NOT TSUNAMIS. Tidal waves are usually the cause of high tide
and low tide which is caused by the gravitational pull between
the Earth.
II. Tsunami vs. Storm Surges

TSUNAMI STORM SURGES

• Occurs when the earthquake is
shallow-seated and strong enough to
displace parts of the seabed and
disturb the mass of water over it.
III. 2 Kinds of Tsunamis
• The increase in wave heights
associated or during typhoons (where
there are strong winds) or tropical
cyclones.

Local Tsunamis • Are confined to coasts within a hundred kilometres of the source
usually earthquakes and a landslide or a pyroclastic flow. It can
reach the shoreline within 2 to 5 minutes.
Far Field or Distant • Can travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of the
Tsunamis nearby countries. These tsunamis mainly coming from the
countries bordering Pacific Ocean like Chile, Alaska, and Japan.
PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) and • Responsible agencies that closely
NWPTAC (Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory monitor Pacific-wide tsunami event
Center) and send tsunami warning to the
countries around the pacific ocean.
IV. Approaching Signs of a Tsunami
A strong felt earthquake
Unusual sea level change; sudden sea
water retreat or rise.
Unusual rumbling sound of
approaching waves
V. Volcanoes in the Philippines
• Severe ground shaking from local earthquakes
may cause tsunamis.
• As a tsunami approaches shorelines, water
may recede from the coast, exposing the
ocean floor, reefs and fish.
• Abnormal ocean activity, a wall of water, and
an approaching tsunami create a loud
“roaring” sound similar to that of a train or jet
aircraft.

Mount Pinatubo • Location: Zambales

• June 15,1991
• 20 m tons of sulphur dioxide were injected into the stratosphere
• Global temperatures dropped
• Caldera-stratovolcano
Mount Taal • Location: Batangas
• One of the largest volcanoes in the world.
• May 15, 1754
• Complex volcano
• 4 towns were buried in the most destructive eruption of the
volcano.
Mount Mayon • Location: Albay
• Perfect cone volcano
• Stratovolcano
Mount Bulusan • Location: Sorsogon Province
• Stratovolcano
Mount Kanlaon • Location: Negros Oriental
• Stratovolcano
Mount Hibok-Hibok • Location: Camiguin
• Stratovolcano
• Catarman Volcano
VI. Volcanic Hazards

Lava Flows • Hot molten rock

• 700C-1200C
• Slow moving
• Few cm/hour for silicic flow
• Several km/hour for basaltic flow
Tephra Fall • showers of airborne fine to coarse-grained volcanic particles
• Fallout from plumes of volcanic eruption
• Dependent on wind direction
• Clogs, filters and vents of motors, human, lungs, industrial machines and
nuclear power plants.
• Can collapse roofs of building, break power and communication and
damage or kill vegetation
• Dangerous for aircrafts.
Ballistic • Directly ejected from the volcano’s vent with force and trajectory.
Projectile
Pyroclastic • Fragmented volcanic material (ash and rocks)
Flow • Hot gases
• 200-700C and can reach 900C
 • 60 kph
• Aphyxiation
• Increased temperature, velocity and mobility.
Volcanic • Gases released into the atmosphere
Gases • Ex. Hydrogen Sulfide
• Sulfur Dioxide
• Carbon Monoxide
• Hydrogen Chloride
• Hydrogen Fluoride
Tsunamis • Is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea
earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters.
Lahars • Thick mixture of volcanic sediments and water
• Triggered by intense rainfall
• Landslide
Debris • Huge portions of the side of a volcano collapsed due to slope failure.
Avalanche • Leaves an amphitheater-like feature.

VII. Geologic Hazards

Landslide • a massive outward and downward movement of slope-forming

materials.
• Movement of rocks and soils
• Caused by earthquake, volcanic eruption, or rainfall.
History of Landslide in the Philippines
• Feb 17, 2006 = Mountainside collapses and buries the village of Guinsaugon. 139 dead
and 973 missing or presumed dead.
• December 2004 = A powerful rainstorm triggers landslides and floods. Kills nearly 1,500
people.
• December 2003 = Landslides in eastern Philippines. Kills at least 160 people.
• September 2003 = Monsoon rains cause mudslide in southern mining village. Kills 22
miners and a 5-year old boy.
• November 1991= Tropical storm triggers floods and landslides on Leyte island that kill
about 6,000 people.
Slump • occurs when loose materials slip downslope as one large mass.
It can involve both soil and rock, travel short distances and vary
from slow to very rapid
Creeps • sediments slowly inch their way down the hill
• generally slow, involve soil, and travel short distances.
• Creeps are slower in nature and can be evident when electric
poles and roads bend slightly.

Rockfall • involves rocks, are very to extremely rapid and can travel great
distances.
Debris Slide • occurs when debris from rockfalls and slumps mix with water
which can travel great distances.
Slide • Slides may be translational or rotational. In a translational slide,
the earth mass is largely in place after it slides downhill on a
plane preface. In a rotational slide, the movement of the earth
material is rotational in nature. It is also known as Slump.

Topple • In a topple, the earth mass rotates forward about a pivot. The
result is usually a tilt without collapse. It is usually cause by
cracks or fracture in the bedrocks.

Fall • These are usually influenced by gravity after large rocks or

boulders are detached from their parent rock. They usually fall
along steep slopes or cliffs.

Flow • Flows come in many types, such as Debris flow, Debris

avalanche, Mudflow and Creep.
• Debris flow involves the rapid downhill movement of loose earth
material usually with water.
• Debris Avalanche is similar to Debris Flow but has a more rapid
flow.

Mudslide • generally involve saturated soils moving at very to extremely

rapid velocities and travel great distances.
MASS MOVEMENTS
 SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
1. Fences, retaining walls, utility posts or trees tilt or move.
2. Cracks appear on slope.
3. Water appear at the base of the slope.
4. Cracks appear on the ground or in the foundation of houses, buildings and other
structures.
5. Land movements and debris downslope
6. Unusual sounds, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together, might indicate
moving debris.

Before Landslide • Help prepare the members of the family for evacuation upon
the direction of proper authorities
• Maintain a list of contact numbers during emergencies
• Participate in planting grasses to cover slopes to prevent soil
erosion
• Participate in regular drills on evacuation procedures
• Develop family preparedness and evacuation plan.
• Watch the patterns of storm-water drainage near your home,
and note the places where runoff water converges, increasing
flow in channels. These are areas to avoid during a storm.
During Landslide • Evacuate immediately if warned of an impending landslide or
mudflow
• Stay away from the path of landslide debris, or seek refuge
behind a sturdy tree or boulder
• If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows,
consider leaving if it is safe to do so. Remember that driving
during an intense storm can be hazardous. If you remain at
home, move to a second story if possible. Staying out of the
path of a landslide or debris flow saves lives.
After Landslide • Examine thoroughly the damaged parts and utilities of the
house before re-occupying it.
• Stay away from the landslide area. There may be danger of
additional landslides.
• Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest
emergency information
Sinkhole • Common when rock below the land surface is limestone,
carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be
dissolved by groundwater circulating through them.

Dissolution Sinkholes • occur where there is little soil or vegetation over the soluble
rock.
Cover-subsidence • tend to develop gradually where the covering sediments are
Sinkholes permeable and contain sand.
Cover-collapse • tend to develop abruptly and cause catastrophic damages.
Sinkholes They occur where the covering sediments contain significant
amounts of clay.
SIGNS OF A SINKHOLE
 Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
 Foundations that slant
 Cracks in the ground
 Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground
 New or widening cracks
 Cracks in interior walls, around door, window frames and tiles

Dean’s Blue Hole • is the world's second deepest known salt water blue hole with
an entrance below the sea level. It plunges 202 metres in a bay
west of Clarence Town on Long Island, Bahamas.
Ik Kil • is located in the northern center of the Yucatán Peninsula in
Mexico and is part of the Ik Kil Archeological Park near
Chichen Itza. It is open to the public for swimming and is often
included in bus tours.
Umpherston Sinkhole • is one of the most spectacular gardens located in the Mount
Gambier region, Australia.
VIII. Hydrometeorological Hazards

Tropical Cyclone • It is an intense low pressure system which is characterized by

strong spiral winds toward the center, called the “Eye” in a
counter-clockwise flow in the northern hemisphere.
• Hazards due to tropical cyclones are strong winds with heavy
rainfall that can cause widespread flooding, storm surges,
landslides, and mudflows.
• Tropical cyclones are more or less circular, averaging to 300 to
500 miles in diameter. The central area of the cyclone is called
the “Eye”. In the eye, the pressure is low, the air is calm and the
sky is clear.
Cyclone Classification of Cyclone:
 TROPICAL DEPRESSION (TD) - a tropical cyclone with maximum
sustained winds of up to 61 kph.
 TROPICAL STORM (TS) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind
speed of 62 to 88 kph.
 SEVERE TROPICAL STORM (STS) - a tropical cyclone with
maximum wind speed of 89 to 117 kph.
 TYPHOON (TY) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed
of 118 to 220 kph.
 SUPER TYPHOON (STY) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind
speed exceeding 220 kph.
Signal No. 1 • The typhoon has a wind speed of 30-60 kph and is expected
 within 36 hours. Classes in kindergarten are automatically
suspended.
Signal No. 2 • The typhoon has a wind speed of 61-120 kph and is expected
within 24 hours. It can bring light to moderate damage to high
risk structures. Classes in elementary and high school are
automatically suspended.
Signal No. 3 • The typhoon has a wind speed of 121-170 kph and is expected
within 18 hours. It can bring heavy damage to high risk
structures. Classes in elementary and high school are
automatically suspended.
Signal No. 4 • The typhoon has a wind speed of 171-220 kph and is expected
within 12 hours. It can bring heavy damage to high risk
structures.
Signal No. 5 • The super typhoon has a wind speed of more than 220 kph and
is expected within 12 hours. It can bring widespread damage to
high risk structures.
SIGNS OF IMPENDING TYPHOON/HURRICANE
• 96 hours before landfall – at first there aren’t any apparent signs of a storm. The
barometer is steady, winds are light and variable, fair-weather cumulus clouds appear
• 72 hours before landfall – little has changed, except that the swell on the ocean surface
has increased to about six feet and the waves come in every nine seconds. This means
that the storm, far over the horizon, is approaching.
• 48 hours before landfall – The sky is now clear of clouds, the barometer is steady, and the
wind is almost calm. The swell is now about nine feet and coming in every eight seconds
• 36 hours before landfall – The first signs of storm appear. The barometer is falling slightly,
the wind is around 11 mph, and the ocean swell is about 13 feet and coming in seven
seconds apart. On the horizon, a large mass of white cirrus clouds appear. A hurricane
watch is issued.
• 30 hours before landfall – The sky is covered by a high overcast. The barometer is falling
at .1 millibar per hour; winds pick up to about mph. The ocean swell, coming in five
seconds apart, is beginning to be obscured by wind-driven waves
• 24 hours before landfall – small clouds appear overhead. The barometer is falling by .2
millibars per hour, the wind picks up to 34 mph. Evacuations should be completed and
final preparations made by this time. A hurricane warning is issued, and people living in
low-lying areas are ordered to evacuate.
• 18 hours before landfall – The low clouds are thicker and bring driving rain squalls with
gusty winds. The barometer is steadily falling half a millibar per hour and the winds are
whistling by at 46 mph. It is hard to stand against the wind.
• 12 hours before landfall –The rain squalls are more frequent and the winds don’t diminish
after they depart. The barometer is falling at 1 millibar per hour. The wind is howling at
hurricane force at 74 mph. The sea advances with every storm wave that crashes
ashore.
• 6 hours before landfall – The rain is constant and the 92 mph wind drives it horizontally.
The barometer is falling 1.5 millibar per hour, and the storm surge has advanced above
the high tide mark. It is impossible to stand upside without bracing yourself.
• 1 hour before landfall – The rain becomes heavier. Low areas inland become flooded.
The winds are at 104 mph, and the barometer is falling at 2 millibar per hour. The storm
surge has covered coastal roads and 16 foot waves crash into buildings near the shore.
Satellite • is the most advanced technology used in monitoring a cyclone
or typhoon. It can visualize exactly in real time the formation and
the path of a cyclone.
Weather Radar • RADAR is an acronym which stands for RAdio Detection And
 Ranging. A Radar sends out electromagnetic waves to the
atmosphere that is then reflected by hydrometeors (e.g. rain,
clouds) present in the sky.
Thunderstorm • It is a violent local atmospheric disturbance accompanied by
lightning, thunder, and heavy rain and often by strong gusts of
wind.
• Occurs when the sun’s warmth has heated a large body of moist
air near the ground.
Tornado • Described as a violently rotating column of air extending from a
thunderstorm to the ground.
Flood • It is the inundation of land areas which are not normally covered
by water.
• Occurs in known floodplains when prolonged rainfall over
several days, intense rainfall over a short period of time, or a
debris jam causes a river or stream to overflow and flood the
surrounding area.
Storm Surge • A rise of seawater above normal sea level on the coast,
generated by the action of cyclonic wind and atmospheric
pressure.
El Nino / La Nina • La Nina – cold phase
• El Nino – warm phase
• These two phenomena are opposite phases of what is known as
the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
• El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Cycle
➢ Describes the fluctuations in temperature between the
ocean and atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial
Pacific.
•

IX. Fire Hazards

Fire Hazards • Fire hazards include all types of live flames, causes of sparks, hot
objects, and chemicals that are potential for ignition, or that
can aggravate a fire to become large and uncontrolled.
16 Causes of Fire
A. Faulty electrical wiring or connection
B. LPG-related
C. Neglected cooking or stove
D. Cigarette butt
E. Unattended open flame: torch or sulo
F. Unattended open flame: candle or gasera
G. Matchstick or lighter
H. Direct flame contact or static electricity
I. Neglected electrical appliances or devices J. Electrical machineries
K. Chemicals
L. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
M. Spontaneous combustion
N. Pyrotechnics
O. Bomb explosion
P. Lightning
Q. Others (forest fire, vehicular fire, etc.)
Pyrotechnics • The art of making or displaying fireworks.
Spontaneous • Ignition of organic matter without apparent cause, typically
Combustion through heat generated internally by rapid oxidation.
Class A • Fuels are ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, plastic or
anything that leaves ash.
Class B • Fuels are flammable or combustible liquids like petroleum oil,
gasoline, paint and flammable gasses such as propane and
butane. Cooking oils and grease are not part of class B.
Class C • Fuels are energized electrical fires like motors, transformers and
appliances. Once the power or source of electricity is removed,
the fire becomes one of the other classes of fire.
Class D • Fuels are combustible metals like potassium, sodium, aluminum,
titanium and magnesium.
Class K • Fuels are cooking oils, grease such as animal fat and vegetable
fats.
WAYS A FIRE TRIANGLE CAN BE BROKEN
• FOR FUEL
Make sure that materials that could easily warm up are not near sources of fire. Make
sure that these materials are organized and do not have any contact with other
combustible materials.

• FOR HEAT
Make sure that materials that could easily warm up are not near sources of heat (e.g.
curtains near kitchen stove, matches near electrical plugs)
• FOR OXYGEN
Presence of oxygen in air cant be regulated. Ensure that the area in which you will be
starting your fires are well ventilated.

Phases of Fire
Ignition • First Stage
• Heat, oxygen and fuel source combine and have chemical
reaction (fire triangle is complete)
• PILOTED IGNITION - fuel + oxygen + external heat source (spark)
• AUTO IGNITION- combustion by heat without spark or flame
Growth • Expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen supply and increase in
temperature
• Also known as the free burning phase
• Oxygen supply is less than 21%
Fully Developed • All fuels have been ignited and burning.
Phase • Hottest phase of a fire
• Fire is now dependent on the amount of oxygen
• Spread of flammable gases within the area
• Oxygen supply <16%
• Too much carbon monoxide is present
Decay • Fire starts to diminish as fuel and oxygen is consumed.
• Also known as smoldering phase
• Usually longest stage of a fire
• Characterized by significant decrease in oxygen and fuel
• Backdraft could potentially occur
Backdraft • phenomenon in which fire that has consumed all available
oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made
available, usually because a door or window is opened
Flashover • rapid transition from the growth to fully developed stage;
materials ignite all at once; tongues of flame roll across the
ceiling.
• Radiant heat affects material in room, raising them to ignition
temperature
Fuel Load • total amount of potential fuel for a fire in a given area.
Ignition Temperature • minimum temperature at which a substance burns
Thermal Layering • tendency of gases to form in layers according to temperature
(hottest gases at the top layer to form at the lower layers)
FIRE DRILL
• PHASE 1: ALARM
Fire alarms sounded
• PHASE 2: RESPONSE
Learners will have to be alert for fire and smoke
• PHASE 3: EVACUATION
All building occupants evacuate, following pre-determined routes to the
evacuation areas.
• PHASE 4: Assembly
at the designated evacuation area, participants are grouped together
• PHASE 5: Head Count
Check to make sure all participants are accounted for
• PHASE 6: EVALUATION
evaluation of the drill is conducted to identify problems during the drill and how
these be corrected.
Fire Emergence • is a written document which includes the action to be taken by
Evacuate Plan (FEEP) all staff in the event of fire and the arrangements for calling the
fire brigade.
BASIC RESPONSE PROCEDURES (RACERS)
• Rescue people from the immediate area of smoke and/or fire. Make people aware that
there is a fire alarm activation or actual fire within the building.
• Activate the nearest fire alarm station. When telephone is available, call the Police or Fire
Department hotlines. Provide your name, exact location of the emergency, telephone
number from which you are calling and type of emergency you are reporting.
• Contain the smoke or fire by closing all windows and doors to rooms, stairways, and
corridors. This is to control fire and smoke from spreading.
• Extinguish the fire using the appropriate fire extinguisher for the type of fire being fought.
Only attempt to fight the fire if you are comfortable using a fire extinguisher and the fire is
small, contained, and not spreading beyond the immediate area.
• Relocate to a safe area. When inside building, relocate outside of the building and away
from the main entrance. Do not use elevators within the building as a means of exit. Use
the stairway, ONLY.
• Secure first important documents, money and heirlooms when fire brakes out inside your
residence. These things are easier to take as you go out from the house than the
appliances which can be replaced easily.

Hello friends, 200+ slides namin and hindi ko alam kung saan diyan ang kasali. Ang dami bes, yoq na. Goodluck. Heheh.