PROJECT SEMESTER REPORT

Alert System for Under-drawl and Over-drawl of Electricity & Energy Accounting
Portal

Submitted by:

Prabhnoor Singh

101503162

Under the Guidance of

Varinder Singh
(Assistant Manager ,IT PSTCL Patiala)

Harkiran Kaur
(Lecturer,Thapar University)

Submitted to the

Computer Science and Engineering Department

Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Computer Engineering

At

Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala

May 21,2019

The author hereby grants to Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, permission to
reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this report document in
whole and in part in any medium now known here after created.
 Alert System for Under-drawl and Over-drawl of Electricity &
Energy Accounting Portal

Submitted by-: Prabhnoor Singh Bhattal

Place of Work: Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited , Patiala

Submitted to the Computer Science and Engineering Department,Thapar Institute of

Engineering and Technology

May 2019

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in

Computer Engineering
 ABSTRACT

The aim of the first part of the project is to was to create a alert system for Over-drawl and
Under-drawl of electricity load to prevent Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited
from penalties .The PSTCL has to issue an estimated load consumption to North Region
Load and Dispatch Centre (NRLDC).If the load at any current time does not matches the
estimated load for more than 15 minutes ,it is considered to be a under-drawl or over-drawl
situation .The NRLDC fines PSTCL accordingly .So an alert system was developed to alert
concerning authorities about the under-drawl or the over-drawl so that the subsequent
action can be taken . The aim of the second project is a software capable for historical
monitoring of energy inter-exchanges, power quantity parameters, etc., and remotely
downloading Meter stored data; do Energy Auditing/ Accounting/ Billing/ UI, Grid Loss
calculations, etc. using energy inter-exchanges data from ABT type meters. Also the project
envisages having a comprehensive reporting system suitable for Availability Based Tariff
(ABT), Transmission Level Energy Audit and to generate required/ MIS reports. .

Author-: Prabhnoor Singh Bhattal

Certified by -: Varinder Singh (Industrial Mentor)

Certified by -: Harkiran Kaur (Faculty Coordinator/Mentor)

Accepted by-: Dr. Vinay Arora (Project Semester Coordinator ,CSED)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank my Institute, Thapar Institute of Engineering and
Technology, for arranging the internship program for me. I am also grateful to Punjab State
Transmission Corporation Limited for recruiting me as an intern.

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my Team Leader
Varinder Singh for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this internship. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time
to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Harkiran Kaur ,TIET for her kind support
and inspiration which has immensely strengthened my confidence during my internship
program.

I am extremely grateful and remain indebted to Munish Garg, Sr XEN in IT department of

PSTCL organisation for being a source of inspiration and for his constant support in intern.

I am obliged to all my Team members, for the valuable information provided by them in their
respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my internship.

I'm thankful to them for their continual constructive criticism and invaluable suggestions and
help, which benefited me a lot at my intern.
CERTIFICATE FROM THE ORGANIZATION
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Caption Page No.

Figure 1 Block Schematics of ABT Mechanism

Figure 2 UI Rate

Figure 3 A Basic Scada Diagram

Figure 4 How Scada System Works

Figure 5 PSTCL Organisation Chart

Figure 6 PSTCL Vision And Missions

Figure 7 Meter Replacement History Report

Figure 8 Component Diagram of ThisAbles

Figure 9 CMRI in Offline Mode

Figure 10 Tamper Report

Figure 11 Energy Report Formats

Figure 12 Use Case of Scada Alarm System

Figure 13 User Interface Activity Diagram

Figure 14 Background Alarm System Activity Diagram

Figure 15 Use Case Of Energy Accounting

Figure 16 User Interface Diagram of Energy Accounting

Figure 17 Deployment Diagram of Energy Accounting

Figure 18 Frontpage of the SLDC website

Figure 19 Frontpage of the SLDC website

Figure 20 Interface for downloading reports

Figure 21 Display of Real Time Data

Figure 22 Login Screen

Figure 23 Modules

Figure 24 Energy Accounting Reports

Figure 25 Display of file status

Figure 26 Tamper Reports

Figure 27 Add Mappings

Figure 28 Interface for adding new meters

Figure 29 Work Plan

 ABBREVIATIONS

SLDC State Load Dispatch Center

PSTCL Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited

ABT Availability Based Tariff

SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

MIS Management Information System

CERC Central Electricity Regulatory Commission India

IEGC Indian Electricity Grid Code

CMRI Common Meter Reading Instrument

RLDC Regional Load Dispatch Center

 TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CERTIFICATE FROM ORGANIZATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ABBREVIATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Document Conventions 9

1.2 Intended Audience and Readers

1.3 Motivation behind Projects

1.4 Project Overview

1.5 Technical Terminology

1.6 Project Overview

2. BACKGROUND 10

2.1 Crisis 10

2.2 ABT 20

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.1.1 Need

2.2.1.2 Working Of Mechanism

2.2.1.3 Features

2.3 SCADA 22

3. Company Profile 27

3.1 Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited 27

3.1.1 Organisation Chart 29

3.1.2 PSTCL IT Department 30

3.1.3 Functions of IT Department 30

3.1.4 PSTCL Values And Missions

3.2 State Load Dispatch Center

3.2.1 SLDC Functions

3.3 My Profile
4. Requirement Analysis

4.1 Review

4.1.1 Real Time Alerts for Scada System

4.1.1.1 Project Perspective

4.1.1.2 Project Functions

4.1.1.3 Operating Environments

4.1.1.6 Real Time Monitoring Of State’s Drawal

4.1.2 Transmission Level Energy Accounting

4.1.2.1 Project Perspective

4.1.2.2 Project Functions

4.1.2.3 Operating Environment

4.1.2.5 System Features

4.1.2.6 Meter Data Acquisition And Remote Configuration

4.1.2.8 Alarms and Tampers

4.2 IEEE Standards

5. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 31

5.1 Alarm System For Real Time Data Obtained From Scada System 31

5.1.1 Use Case Diagram 32

5.1.2. Activity Diagram 33

5.1.2.1 User Interface Diagram 33

5.1.2.2 Background Alarm System

5.2 Transmission Level Energy Accounting

5.2.1 Use Case Diagram

5.2.2. Activity Diagram 35

5.2.2.1 User Interface Diagram 35

5.2.3 Deployment Diagram 35

5.3 System Screenshots

6. Development And Production 35

6.1 Review

6.1.1 Real Time Alerts For SCADA System

6.1.1.1 Project Goals

6.1.1.2 Deliverables
 6.1.1.3 Technology

6.1.1.4 Workflow in Software

6.1.1.5 Methodology And Project Functions

6.1.1.6 Project Progress And Future Goals

6.1.2 Transmission Level Energy Accounting

6.1.2.1 Project Goals

6.1.2.2 Deliverables

6.1.2.3 Technology

6.1.2.4 Workflow in Software

6.1.2.5 Methodology And Project Functions

6.1.2.6 Project Progress And Future Goals

6.2 Testing Processes

6.2.1 Test Techniques 37

6.2.2 Test Results and Discussion 37

7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 43

7.1 Conclusions 43

7.2 Future Scope 44

8. PROJECT METRICS 45

8.1 Observations and Findings 45

8.2 Difficulties And Limitations 45

REFERENCES 54

COMPANY PROFILE

1.1 Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited

In order to make functioning of the State Utilities more efficient, the Govt. of India (GoI) has
started to implement reforms in the power sector in the country. In view of this, the GoI has
passed the Electricity Act, 2003 for achieving the desired objectives. Punjab Govt. has
unbundled the PSEB (Punjab State Electricity Board, the State Utility of Punjab) as a part of
implementation of Power Sector Reforms. The Punjab Govt. has formed the following two
entities(Corporations) out of the Punjab State Electricity Board (PSEB) in view of the
unbundling as a part of Power Sector Reforms, viz. :

1. PSPCL

2. PSTCL

The Punjab State Transmission Corporation Ltd. (PSTCL) is responsible for the transmission
in the State of Punjab. State Load Dispatch Center (SLDC) functions are also entrusted to this

organization.

The IT department of PSTCL ensures the smooth working of PSTCL by providing them with
any software required. Some Softwares developed or in development are-

Compilation of Accounts system up to Voucher Level: The software is the enhancement of

Accounts Management System and will allow to capture the further details of trial balances
with the help of Cash vouchers, Journal vouchers, stock vouchers.
Accounts Management System:- Software helps all the DDOs of PSTCL as well as PSPCL
to post the trial balances of their divisions online and then further compilation of all those
trial balance at various levels like Circle level, Zone level and Corporate level. The software
is live and running successfully in PSTCL/PSPCL.
Court Case Management System has been developed for legal section to manage data
related to court cases in which PSTCL is a party. It provides various offices of PSTCL an
easy to use interface to access information related to orders, next dates etc.
Relay Settings Portal: The software helps in collection and reporting of relay settings of
various Transformers, Reactors, Bus bars etc.
Management Information System: The module collects and displays information about
posting of attendance at Circle level, daily power related information, fortnightly MIS,
Fatal/Non-Fatal Accidents, Major Breakdown/Interruption.
Portal for I-Card Issuance: This office has also developed an I-Card Issuance portal by
utilizing the HR data of the employees to generate I-Card requests at DDO level and tracking
the request online.
Fund management Information System:- The software module provide the functionality
required for DDOs to post their online request for funds. The requests are compared against
allotted budget and the allocation is done.
Portal for Energy Accounting using ABT Meter data: It is a software application for
calculation of Energy Losses from the data recorded by ABT meters installed at PSTCL
boundary points.
Software for ODTL Lab: This software has been designed to generate test reports for
various tests being carried out by ODTL Lab and is currently operational and provides
features such as adding, editing, approving and publishing the reports.
PSTCL Website: The PSTCL website has been redesigned and redeveloped in ASP.NET.
This office maintains the website and handles day to day uploading and up-gradation.
Guest House Booking Application: The application has been developed to digitize the
booking and payments processes for various guest houses owned by PSTCL. The application
can be configured to manage multiple guest houses and rooms
HR Data Management and Employee Transfer Portal: The software is under
development in liaison with PSPCL IT department. The software module developed by
PSPCL has been customized as per PSTCL business processes. The software shall be used by
office of Dy. CE/HR& Admn. and provides the following funcationalities:
1. To create and manage Locations, Posts and Designations,
2. To manage the HR data of PSTCL employees,
3. To generate transfer order and
4. Manage joining reports online.

GST Software: The software provides functionality for preparation and filing of GST return
and brings the transparency in the sale/purchase transactions:
Inventory system for IT equipment: The software has been developed and deployed by this
office to manage the inventory of IT items. The software is currently being updated to
improve its functionality.
It is submitted that software maintenance works such as regular updates, database backup,
and deployment of patches for debugging or increasing efficiency are required to be carried
out for all the software applications that have been made live.

1.1.1 PSTCL Values and Missions

1.2 Punjab State Load and Dispatch Centre

Punjab State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC), now a separate accounting unit of Punjab State
Transmission Corporation Limited (PSTCL), is a state of art Computerized Control centre
established in August 2002 at Ablowal, Patiala. It ensures integrated operation of the power
system of Punjab with the Northern Region Load Dispatch Centre of India.

1.2.1 Functions of Punjab State Load and Dispatch Centre

Under Section 31 of the Indian Electricity Act, 2003 it is mandatory for the States to establish
their own Computerized State Load Dispatch Centres for performing the following functions
(as specified under Section 32 of Indian Electricity Act 2003): -

i. To ensure integrated operation of the Power System in the State.

ii. Optimum dispatch of Electricity.

iii. Monitoring and control of system parameters to maintain healthiness of the Power
System at all times.

iv. SLDC shall keep accounts of the quantity of electricity transmitted through State grid.

v. Exercising supervision and control over the intra-State transmission system.

vi. SLDC may levy and collect such fee and charges from the generating companies and
licensees engaged in intra-State transmission of electricity as may be specified by the
State Commission.

vii. Analysis of tripping/disturbances and facilitating immediate remedial measures.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Overview

The project includes two projects. First one is to develop a platform i.e responsive website for
Punjab State Load and Dispatch Centre SLDC to visually represent the current Electricity
Load in real time that is provided to us by PSTCL SCADA centre located in Ablowal. Along
with the visual representation, an alert system is made to inform the PSTCL officials about
the over-drawl or under-drawl of Load at any given time to reduce the penalties that PSTCL
has to pay for wrong load estimation to the concerned Organization from which electricity is
burrowed. The website developed should also fulfill other requirements needed for any
government site such as downloads .The website developed was developed under the
guidelines given by Indian government. The main aim was to visually represent the
Electricity load data so that it can be monitored easily by concerned authorities.

The second part of the project is developing a web application for SLDC as an end user. The scope
of this project is a software capable for historical monitoring of energy inter-exchanges, power
quantity parameters, etc., and remotely downloading Meter stored data; do Energy Auditing/
Accounting/ Billing/ UI, Grid Loss calculations, etc. using energy inter-exchanges data from ABT
type meters. Also the project envisages having a comprehensive reporting system suitable for
Availability Based Tariff (ABT), Transmission Level Energy Audit and to generate required/ MIS
reports.

1.2 Motivation Behind Project

PSTCL has to give an estimation electricity load that they are going to need every month.
This estimation is used by the outside electricity transmitting organizations for preparing for
organizing transfer so that there can be controlled load on the transmission lines. The main
concerning organization from which PSTC takes electricity is Northern Regional Load and
Dispatch Centre NRLDC. During the peak load season the load can be more than the
estimations. The electricity transmission that happens in under-drawl or over-drawl is 20%
costlier than the normal. PSTCL suffers great penalties through this .So the main motive was
to design a alert system or a platform where the transmission can be monitored. It was
decided that a responsive website will be designed using html and bootstrap so that anybody
willing to view the load at any time can access the site.

The Energy Accounting Portal was designed for historical monitoring of energy inter-
exchanges, power quantity parameters, etc., and remotely downloading Meter stored data; do
Energy Auditing/ Accounting/ Billing/ UI, Grid Loss calculations, etc. using energy inter-
exchanges data from ABT type meters. Also the project envisages having a comprehensive
reporting system suitable for Availability Based Tariff (ABT), Transmission Level Energy
Audit and to generate required/ MIS reports. Earlier the work was done manually by PSTCL
officials. The reports were hand made and any change in meter location lead to discrepancy
in data. The parameters had to be changed for a meter in database manually whenever it was
installed on another location from one location. So these all were the main motive for the
portal.

1.3 Technical Terminology

 Domain name

A domain name is a unique name (e.g. google.com) used to identify the location of a website
on a web server. When you access a website through a web browser like Google Chrome, the
domain name is translated to an Internet Protocol (IP) address (e.g. 172.217.12.206) which
represents the server on which the website is hosted. This translation is dynamically
performed by a domain name server (DNS).For our site it is www.punjabsldc.org.

 DNS

Domain Name Servers are the Internet’s equivalent of a phone book or directory. They keep
an updated list of domain names and translate them back into IP addresses. This is necessary
because, although domain names are easy for humans to remember, computers (which
include all devices that can connect to the internet) use IP addresses to access websites.

 URL

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the file address of a resource on the Internet. A URL
can represent a web page, an image, a video, a style sheet, and much more. A URL typically
consists of several components, including but not limited to:

 Web Server

Web Servers are used to store, process and deliver web pages to clients (e.g. web browsers
like Google Chrome). Although you could purchase a server to run your website, most
businesses use cloud storage services such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) to host websites
due to the cost savings and added security.

 Web Browser

A web browser, often referred to as a “browser” is a software application used for accessing
information on the Web. Some of the most popular web browsers include Chrome, Firefox,
Safari, Internet Explorer, Edge, and Opera. As with all software applications, web browsers
have different features and functionality, appealing to different user types.IP Address
An Internet Protocol address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to
the Internet, including computers, phones, tablets, servers, cars, and more. A quick Google
search for “what is my IP address” will bring up the IP address associated with your internet
connection.

 HTML, CSS, JavaScript

Websites consist of an array of content (like images and text) as well as interactive elements
like forms and animations. To render the desired results, your web browser relies on
programming languages, primarily HTML, CSS and Javascript, to accomplish what is
required.

HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is used to identify the different
elements on a page such as paragraphs, titles, images, and links.

CSS, also known as Cascading Style Sheet, is used to give your website its style. Fonts,
colors, sizes, spacing, borders, backgrounds, and shadows are just a few examples of what
can be adjusted using CSS.

Javascript is a client side programming language which means the source code is processed
by the client’s web browser rather than on the Web server. This allows the language to run
actions on a page after a page has been fully loaded. An example would be sending an error
message if there are missing form fields without having to submit the request to the Web
Server.

HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is used to identify the different
elements on a page such as paragraphs, titles, images, and links.

 HTTP/HTTPS

HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, the protocol
over which data is sent between your browser and the website you’re connected to. To ensure
a safe connection for your website, you will need to get an HTTPS certificate.

 Responsive/Adaptive
Responsive and adaptive web design are two web development approaches that allow
websites to properly display on multiple screen sizes, such as desktops and mobile
devices.Responsive designs dynamically change the appearance of a website based on the
screen size. Typically, website building platforms that use the responsive design approach do
not allow as much flexibility when designing without code.Adaptive design platforms create
two or more versions of a website and then deliver the correct version based on the device
requesting the page. For example, it delivers a desktop version and a mobile version. This
distinction allows users to freely customize the look of their website without having to write
custom code.

BACKGROUND

2.1 Crisis

The government departments are being digitalized but the pace is very slow. The productivity
can be increased to huge extent if the proper IT tools are used in the government offices.
Mostly IT services are being outsourced to big IT solution providing firms. Many task that
can be done digitally are being done by government workers. This causes wastage of useful
human work force.

Same is the case with Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited. SCADA services were
set up on a contract to SIEMENS. The usefulness of these services is undermined. It is only
being used to track the electricity exchange when the real time readings can also be used to
monitor the load. Regular check on the load can lead to reduced penalties and can help in
planning grid failure prevention measure at the time of peak load. The installation of ABT
meters was a huge step towards digitizing by PSTCL. The difficulty was collection of the
readings from meter readers. Earlier they use to send the readings to their higher authority
and at last the readings were sent to SCADA center, Ablowal where the data was processed.
So there was a need for a better system for uploading of readings and processing them.

2.2 ABT

This section focuses on understanding working of ABT meters which is very important for
understanding the scope of the project of Energy Accounting Portal.

2.2.1 Introduction

ABT Mechanism in Electricity sector in India is adopted since the year 2000 and in a few
other countries for pricing bulk power across various stakeholders. ABT concerns itself with
the tariff structure for bulk power and is aimed at bringing about more responsibility and
accountability in power generation and consumption through a scheme of incentives and
disincentives. As per the notification, ABT was initially made applicable to only central
generating stations having more than one SEB/State/Union Territory as its beneficiary.
Through this scheme, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) looks forward
to improve the quality of power and curtail the following disruptive trends in power sector:

Unacceptably rapid and high frequency deviations (from 50 Hz) causing damage and
disruption to large scale industrial consumers

Frequent grid disturbances resulting in generators tripping, power outages and power grid
disintegration.
The ABT scheme has now been expanded to cover the Intrastate systems as well. The power
generation or grid capacity has increased substantially in last fifteen years particularly after
the Electricity Act 2003 by introduction of competition and unbundling of vertically
integrated utilities (SEBs) into separate entities in charge of electricity generation, electricity
transmission, and electricity distribution. Deregulation and competition has facilitated
participation of private sector on large scale in electricity generation, transmission and
distribution. Of late, Indian electricity sector is transforming from perennial deficit to surplus
electricity availability. The volume of purchased electricity that could not be transmitted to
the buyers due to transmission lines congestion is only 0.3% of the total electricity consumed
in the financial year 2013-14. It means that the actual power deficit in India is less than 1%
excluding under priced electricity demand. ABT/DSM mechanism needs improvements to
address the requirements of all stake holders (including final electricity consumers) for
encouraging least cost electricity generation / tariff based on demand verses availability in the
grid. There is a need of well represented Electric Reliability Organization to involve all the
grid participants for framing guidelines for power system operation and accreditation which
is presently looked after by the CEA

Bulk power purchasers can buy electricity on daily basis for short, medium and long term
duration from reverse e-auction facility. In reverse e-auction, availability based tariff
/Deviation Settlement Mechanism (DSM) is applied to settle the failed commitments by the
electricity sellers or buyers The electricity prices transacted under reverse e-auction facility
are far less than the prices agreed under bilateral agreements.

For those power generators who have made power purchase agreements (PPA) with Discoms
and need not participate in day ahead market (DAM) trading on daily basis, the pecking order
among the power generators in a state is called merit order power generation where the lesser
variable generation cost electricity producer is selected out of the available generators to
maintain the normal grid frequency.

2.2.2 Need

Prior to the introduction of Availability Tariff, the regional grids had been operating in a very
undisciplined and haphazard manner. There were large deviations in frequency from the rated
frequency of 50.0 Hz. The earlier tariff mechanisms did not provide any incentive for either
backing down generation during off-peak hours or for reducing consumer load / enhancing
generation during peak-load hours. In fact, it was profitable to go on generating at a high level
even when the consumer demand had come down. This led to gross grid indiscipline and some
mechanism was necessary to provide price signals to various constituents depending on the
grid condition.

The Availability Tariff that operates on regional basis is meant to address these issues. Firstly,
by giving incentives for enhancing output capability of power plants, it enables more
consumer load to be met during peak load hours. Secondly, backing down during off-peak
hours no longer results in financial loss to generating stations, and the earlier incentive for not
backing down is neutralized. Thirdly, the shares of beneficiaries in the Central generating
stations acquire a meaning, which was previously missing. The beneficiaries now have well-
defined entitlements, and are able to draw power up to the specified limits at normal rates of
the respective power plants. In case of over-drawal, they have to pay at a higher rate during
peak load hours, which discourages them from over-drawing further. This payment then goes
to beneficiaries who received less energy than was scheduled, and acts as an
incentive/compensation for them. Thus, ABT provides a mechanism wherein the loads and
generators take suitable actions considering the state of the grid and thereby contribute to
stabilize the frequency in a tighter band.

2.2.3 Mechanism and Working

The mechanism essentially consists of three parts: The capacity charge, energy charge and
unscheduled interchange (UI) charge. Figure 4 shows the block schematic of this commercial
mechanism.
 Figure : Block schematic of ABT mechanism

The Capacity Charge

The power plants have fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost elements are interest on loan,
return on equity, depreciation, O&M expenses, insurance, taxes and interest on working
capital. The variable cost comprises of the fuel cost, i.e., coal and oil in case of thermal plants
and nuclear fuel in case of nuclear plants. In the Availability Tariff mechanism, the fixed and
variable cost components are treated separately. The payment of fixed cost to the generating
company is linked to availability of the plant, that is, its capability to deliver MWs on a day-
by-day basis. The total amount payable to the generating company over a year towards the
fixed cost depends on the average availability (MW delivering capability) of the plant over
the year. In case the average actually achieved over the year is higher than the specified norm
for plant availability, the generating company gets a higher payment. In case the average
availability achieved is lower, the payment is also lower. Hence the name ‘Availability
Tariff’. This is the first component of Availability Tariff, and is termed ‘capacity charge’.
The fixed charges are linked to availability rather than plant load factor (PLF).

The Energy Charge

The second component of Availability Tariff is the ‘energy charge’, which comprises of the
variable cost (i.e., fuel cost) of the power plant for generating energy as per the given
schedule for the day. It may specifically be noted that energy charge (at the specified plant-
specific rate) is not based on actual generation and plant output, but on scheduled generation.

The Unscheduled Interchange (UI) Charge

In the real time, the actual dispatch is likely to be different from the schedule. Incase there are
deviations from the schedule (e.g., if a power plant delivers 600 MW while it was scheduled
to supply only 500 MW), the energy charge payment would still be for the scheduled
generation (500 MW), and the excess generation (100 MW) would get paid for at a rate
dependent on the system conditions prevailing at the time. If the grid has surplus power at the
time and frequency is above 50.0 cycles, the rate would be lower. If the excess generation
takes place at the time of generation shortage in the system (in which condition the frequency
would be below 50.0 cycles), the payment for extra generation would be at a higher rate. The
Unscheduled Interchange (UI) price curve is shown in Fig. 5. The UI price curve has seen
four changes so far. Initially, in 2001, when frequency linked UI was proposed for the first
time, the ceiling rate for UI curve was 420 paise / kWh. The UI price curve was a single
slopped straight line at that time. The ceiling price was set considering the price of the
costliest fuel at that time – high speed diesel (HSD). The ceiling rate of UI was modified
thrice since then depending upon the prevailing price of HSD, from 420 paise / kWh to 570
paise / kWh and then to 745 paise / kWh and finally at 1000 paise / kWh. In addition, UI
curve became a dual slope curve with less penalty (incentive) around the nominal frequency;
while heavy penalty (incentive) at lower frequencies.
 Figure 5: UI Rate

The UI price curve has two slopes. The price of UI at 50.2 Hz is zero and increased unto
49.70 (387.50 paisa per unit) linearly with a slope of 15.5 paisa per 0.02 Hz. The price of UI
thereafter linearly increased at the rate of 47 paisa per 0.02 Hz till 49.5 Hz. At 49.5 Hz and
below, the price of UI power is 873 paisa per unit. The UI mechanism of ABT serves the
purpose of balancing market in real time. Any generator or utility is allowed to inject power
into the pool or draw from the pool at UI prices as long as the frequency is maintained within
the stipulated band of 49.5-50.2 Hz.

Working

The process starts with the Central generating stations in the region declaring their expected
output capability for the next day to the Regional Load Dispatch Center (RLDC). The RLDC
breaks up and tabulates these output capability declarations as per the beneficiaries' plant-
wise shares and conveys their entitlements to State Load Dispatch Centers (SLDCs). The
latter then carry out an exercise to see how best they can meet the load of their consumers
over the day, from their own generating stations, along with their entitlement in the Central
stations. The SLDCs then convey to the RLDC their schedule of power drawal from the
Central stations (limited to their entitlement for the day). The RLDC aggregates these
requisitions and determines the dispatch schedules for the Central generating stations and the
drawal schedules for the beneficiaries duly incorporating any bilateral agreements and
adjusting for transmission losses. These schedules are then issued by the RLDC to all
concerned and become the operational as well as commercial datum. These values are put on
respective RLDCs’ websites. The schedules are also used for determination of the amounts
payable as energy charges, as described earlier. Deviations from schedules are determined in
15-minute time blocks through special metering, and these deviations are priced depending
on frequency. As long as the actual generation/drawal is equal to the given schedule, payment
on account of the third component of Availability Tariff is zero. Table 2 and 3 summarize the
responses of constituent states (loads) and generators to variation in frequency.

Constituent
Frequency States' Effect
Response

Deviations
priced at zero Help grid to pull down
f>50.2 INR. Tendency frequency to nominal
to draw more value
than schedule

Deviations
priced at
maximum rate,
i.e., 10 INR /
kWh. Tendency
Does not encourage
to overdraw
f<49.0 further decrease in the
only if
frequency
absolutely
essential.
Tendency to
under-draw to
accrue gain.

Trade-off
between
Helps grid to maintain
state's own
49.5<f<50.2 frequency between a
generation
certain band
marginal price
and UI price

Table 2: Constituent States’ response at various frequency levels

 Constituent
Frequency States' Effect
Response

Deviations paid
at zero INR. Does not encourage
f>50.2 Tendency of further increase in the
not to generate frequency
excess

Deviations paid
at maximum
rate, i.e., 10
INR / kWh. Helps grid to improve on
f<49.0
Tendency to the frequency
generate
excess power
to accrue gain.

Trade-off
Helps grid to maintain
between own
49.5<f<50.2 frequency between a
marginal price
certain band
and UI price

Table 2: Generators' response at various frequency levels

2.3 SCADA

SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It is a type of software
application program for process control. SCADA is a central control system which consist of
controllers network interfaces, input/output, communication equipments and software.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control the equipments in the industrial process
which include manufacturing, production, development and fabrication. The infrastructural
processes include gas and oil distribution, electrical power, water distribution. Public utilities
include bus traffic system, airport. The SCADA system takes the reading of the meters and
checks the status of sensors in regular interval so that it requires minimal interference of
human.
A large number of processes occur in large industrial establishment. Every process you need
to monitor is very complex because each machine gives different output. The SCADA system
used to gather the data from sensors and instruments located at remote area. The computer
then processes this data and presents in a timely manner. The SCADA system gathers the
information (like leak on a pipeline occurred) and transfer the information back to the system
while giving the alerts that leakage has occurred and displays the information in a logical and
organized fashion. The SCADA system used to run on DOS and UNIX operating systems.

There are multiple agencies within a state engaged in generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity. State Load Dispatch Centre monitors these operations and keeps
the account of quantity of electricity transmitted through the state grid. SCADA is a part of it.
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition System (SCADA) is a high tech computer system
with associated communication network that enables supervision and control of power
system network. Demand for power is increasing very fast due to continual improvement in
quality of urban life style as well as expansion of industrial sector. The rapid increase in
demand for power is associated with growing level of power system network complexity in
terms of need for unified grid operation while maintaining the operational parameters.
Further increased openness in the power sector economy has put additional pressure on the
power companies to manage the power system resources in the most optimum manner within
regulatory constraints imposed by Regulator.

To meet the above challenges the need for a Real Time SCADA system in any modern power
system utility is indispensable.

The direct benefits of a modern SCADA system are:

• Constant access to Real Time picture of entire network showing power system voltage,
frequency, MW, MVAR, etc.

• Supervision, monitoring and control of power in Real Time.

• Optimal operation of power system, i.e. generation and associated resources.

• Minimum of outage and faster restoration of the system in the event of Grid disturbances.

• Improvement in the quality of supply through better control of frequency, voltage and other
parameters.

• Less dependence on basic telephone system.

 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

Review

Presently if any message is to be delivered to a substation/ utility etc even in emergency it is

conveyed telephonically adopting relaying methodology i.e. SLDC Operators give the
message to sub station operators at a predetermined substations who relay the message
further down and so on. Most of times it has been observed that there is so much delay in the
response from desired set of substations that concern of message initiating is already over
when action is taken by the target sub stations, which at times lead to negative consequences
for grid stability. And this is one of the reasons that at times even SLDC Operators avoid
giving messages in case of small mismatch in schedule and drawls. So there is a requirement
of a proper monitoring platform and system for alerts.

Energy accounting is a vital functionality of PSTCL. The accounting helps to track a record
of their efficiency. So there rises a need for a software capable for historical monitoring of
energy inter-exchanges, power quantity parameters, etc., and remotely downloading Meter
stored data; do Energy Auditing/ Accounting/ Billing/ UI, Grid Loss calculations, etc. using
energy inter-exchanges data from ABT type meters. Also the project should envisage having
a comprehensive reporting system suitable for Availability Based Tariff (ABT), Transmission
Level Energy Audit and to generate required/ MIS reports.

i. Real time alerts for SCADA system

Project Perspective

The project came into need due to delayed response of officials towards over-drawl or under-
drawl of electricity load as the any message that had to be delivered to a substation/ utility etc
even in emergency it is conveyed telephonically adopting relaying methodology i.e. SLDC
Operators give the message to sub station operators at a predetermined substations who relay
the message further down and so on. The aim of the first part of the project is to was to create
a alert system for Over-drawl and Under-drawl of electricity load to prevent Punjab State
Transmission Corporation Limited from penalties .The PSTCL has to issue an estimated load
consumption to North Region Load and Dispatch Centre (NRLDC).If the load at any current
time does not matches the estimated load for more than 15 minutes ,it is considered to be a
under-drawl or over-drawl situation .The NRLDC fines PSTCL accordingly .So an alert
system was developed to alert concerning authorities about the under-drawl or the over-drawl
so that the subsequent action can be taken. The alert system also needed a platform that can
be accessed by officials easily so a website was designed to host the Real time SCADA data .

Project Functions

 The website is a platform for telling the functional status of Punjab State Load and
Dispatch centre.

 Any documents related to Punjab SLDC is available in the downloads section for
concerned individuals for viewing or downloading purposes. The classification of
downloadable files is done for the ease of user.

 It includes some basic functions recommended by Government of India for any

government site like change of font size, Sitemap, search engine. These functions
improves the user experience.

 .A Real time visual representation of Frequency Vs Drawl chart is on the homepage is

made so that any overtime of under-drawl or over-drawl can be prevented.

 An automatic generated alert is sent to concerned officials emails if there is a

possibility of over-drawl or under-drawl so that they can take the desired action.

 The website is made responsive so that it is supported on any device in any resolution.
Responsive website design enables you to use fluid widths, so that your website
layout will adapt to the screen on which it's being browsed. You can enter HTML
code so that your sidebar takes up, say 20% of the screen width, and the remaining
80% is reserved for the body of your website. Layouts are adjustable and images are
scalable to make for a better web experience on myriad devices. Here are examples of
sites with responsive design, so you can see for yourself.

 A login portal for the officials of PTSCL.

 Operating Environment

Any modern web browser can be used to access the site given that a good internet
connection is available. Some of the popular web browsers that can be used are

 Microsoft Internet Explorer

 Google Chrome

 Mozilla Firefox

 Opera

 Microsoft Edge

 Safari

For the real time charts to work the internet should operate above speed of 3.0 megabytes
per second estimated.

Real Time Monitoring Of State’s Drawal

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition /Energy Management System (SCADA/EMS)

commissioned by M/s. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) in Northern
Region on Unified basis is operational at SLDC, Patiala since 2002 and real time status of the
grid is available to the load dispatchers around the clock which further helps them to take
corrective actions for operating the grid in efficient manner. For better viewing of data at
control centre, a large display screen i.e. Video Projection System (VPS) has been installed.
Drawback of this VPS system is that it can be accessed only from the point of installation. So
there was a need for remotely accessible monitoring system. It was decided to host a graph
service which will show the drawl vs frequency graph on the website of Punjab SLDC. The
website was redesigned to host the graph services.
 ii. Transmission Level Energy Accounting

Project Perspective

The project is a system capable for real-time online monitoring of instantaneous energy inter-
exchanges, power quantity parameters, etc., and remotely downloading Meter stored data; do
ABT type scheduling, Energy Auditing/ Accounting/ Billing/ UI, Grid Loss calculations, etc.
using energy inter-exchanges data from ABT type meters.

Project Functions

 Offline allows offline meter data download using laptop/PC or MRI (Meter Reading
Instrument) through communication serial port.

 Online & Remote Configuration allows communication configuration, AMR

scheduling, downloading MRD (Meter Reading Data) remotely, and storing MRD
into database server.

 Maintains the data changes and data corrections with proper versioning identification
for each and every change occurs in any data in this system to improve data integrity

 Load Monitoring : Monitors real time data and historical data.

 The project generates various type energy audit reports like bus bar loss, transformer
loss, transmission line loss and energy loss using meter interface point’s survey data.
 Energy Accounting & Billing -In this module user can define and manage the various
types of tariff like CERC / SLDC tariff and this system feature allows generating
various types of energy accounting reports .All types of energy account reports have
option to select the period like Daily/Weekly/Monthly/Yearly and Selected period. It
is the future scope of the project to add this module.
 The system has the facility to prepare & revise the schedule for various entities so as
to be given to the SLDC meeting the ABT system. Schedules shall be possible to be
entered by respective entities through this system web site, remote consoles or it
should be possible to be entered manually
Operating Environment

The main usage of the portal will be done by meter reading up loaders and for the report
generation by officials. So the main focus was to keep it simple and accessible to all. Any
modern web browser can be used to access the portal given that a good internet
connection is available. Some of the popular web browsers that can be used are

 Microsoft Internet Explorer

 Google Chrome

 Mozilla Firefox

 Opera

 Microsoft Edge

 Safari

Meter Data Acquisition and Remote Configuration

Meter data acquisition is critical to determining consumption and baseline data. However, as
the meters can be geographically dispersed over a large area, meter communication
infrastructure is a core part of this total system. This project provides MDAS with a
comprehensive communication infrastructure for data acquisition from various meters.
MDAS is to acquire meter data from meters within the distribution system and consumer
meters for: System performance monitoring and decision support. Monitoring and collecting
data of consumer energy usage, billing, CRM, tamper, outage detection and notification.
Monitoring energy flows in the energy supply chain to provide information for energy
auditing. Reeling under an average AT & C losses of around 33%, it is quite impossible for
power distribution sector to keep up the desired economic pace without major reforms in the
Power sector, especially in Distribution. System Integrator has been working closely in
Power distribution sector to address AT & C loss reduction, bring transparency, improve
customer satisfaction and increase employee productivity through right convergence of IT &
Automation. Technology innovation can only benefit the sector and system integration has
major role to play in empowering the power distribution utilities. There is a huge need for
specialized, customized and upgraded system solution for the power sector and System
Integration Power solutions can help utilities to make a significant leap in Field Automation
and reducing their Aggregate Technical and Commercial losses.

It is a common practice in PSTCL that a meter from some location is installed in another
location during fault or some other reasons. The configuration of that meter was done with
the previous location that it was installed on. This leads to wrong interpretation of data when
it is sent to process. The configuration portal was also required so that an official can
configure any new installed or swapped meters according to their new locations.

Alarms and tempers

Energy meters have gone through several changes with respect to design and functionality in
the last decade. A variety of improvements such as lower cost, increased accuracy, tamper
detection, less bulk, bigger feature set, no moving parts, digital display, etc. were
incorporated in the newer electronic meters. In most developed nations, traditional electronic
meters are being replaced by smart energy meters. Smart meters can communicate (one-/two-
way) to the outside world through various wired and wireless communication methods.
However, looking into the global landscape, the adoption of these improvements is
inconsistent due to a lack of investments in grid infrastructure, challenging environments, and
prioritized feature sets. For example, most meters are electronic in India, but are far behind
the concept of smart meters (two-way communication) due to poor grid conditions. However,
India’s meters are the most advanced with respect to tamper detection and protection.

Meter tampering in the broadest sense is an illegal method employed by consumers to gain
entry, break in, or some cases break the meter to deplete key functionalities, with the goal of
reducing or completely eliminating the cost of energy usage. Traditional electricity meters
have no ability to detect or deal with tampering because they only measure energy based on
the voltage and current flowing between the inlet and outlet terminals. In such meters,
tampering has become very easy and detection is harder. Just as metering and anti-tamper
technologies have improved, in parallel, bad consumers continue to get smarter with newer
methods to tamper and combat existing anti-tampering schemes. So there was a need for
temper alert .
2.1Standards
Standards used for the proposed design solution while developing the project prototype
were as follows:

i. IEEE 1471: It is the IEEE standard for software/system architecture according to

which the entire architecture of our working prototype was designed.
ii. IEEE 1233: IEEE standard for system requirement specifications. It was followed
while preparing the SRS document for this system, which is a structured
collection of information that embodies the requirements of a system.
iii. IEEE 830: IEEE standard for software requirement specifications. It was used for
the developing the software requirements specification for this system. The
software requirements specification is a description of a software system to be
developed and lays out functional and non- functional requirements, and includes
a set of use cases that describe user interactions that the software must provide.
iv. IEEE 1016: It is the IEEE standard for software design description. A software
design description is a written description of a software product that describes the
overall architecture of the software project. An SDD usually accompanies an
architecture diagram with pointers to detailed feature specifications of smaller
pieces of the design.
Practically, the description needs to outline all parts of the software and how they
will work. The standard was followed while describing specific details of the
system such as data flow diagrams, architecture diagrams etc.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
5.1 Alarm System For Real Time Data Obtained From Scada System

5.1.1 Use Case Diagram

Activity diagrams
User Interface Diagram
Background alarm system

System Screenshots
5.1 Transmission Level Energy Accounting

Use case diagram

Activity Diagram

Deployment Diagram
System Screenshot
 DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION

6.1.2 Real Time Alerts for Scada System

The project is explained in 4.1.2 Section of Review in 4 section, Requirement Analysis of
Project Report. The main technical part of project is as follows:

6.1.2.1 Project Goals

The goal is to develop a platform i.e responsive website for Punjab State Load and Dispatch
Centre SLDC to host a service that visually represent the current Electricity Load in real time
that is provided to us by PSTCL SCADA centre located in Ablowal.

6.1.2.2 Deliverables
 Module for employee logging and authorization
 Download section for downloading notices and files
 Graph services for Real time Visualization of State electricity load
 Alert sending service
 Basic features for a government website

6.1.2.3 Technology
Frontend : HTML , Bootstrap, ASP, Java Script,CSS
Backend : Springboot, JAVA, XML,JSON, Java Script
Database : MySql

6.1.2.4 Workflow in software:

 Data comes from SCADA on a mysql server.
 JAVA application is run to read data and host them on spring boot server.
 XML request is sent to the server for fetching the variables.
 Google charts API for visualization.
 A JAVA application sends an automatic alert if conditions of over drawl and
under drawl occur
6.1.2.5 Methodology And Project Functions
The project development followed agile as software development life cycle. The user
requirements required an automatic alert system that can be triggered when there is over-
drawl or under drawl of electricity load continuously for some given time.

The electricity drawl and consumption data was provided to us by SCADA center situated in
Ablowal. Mysql database is used for storing the data. A java application is used to extract
some useful parameters from the data. The same application then host the parameters on a
springboot server.Then a website was designed in html with help of js for Punjab SLDC for
hosting the data visualization and alert service. For vizualisation a google api was used.A
javascript then sends a XML request to server for the access of parameters that they are
hosting. The google ap generates a graph of drawl vs frequency .The graph is then hosted on
the website. The graph turns red when the drawl is more than the estimated drawl set.If the
graph remains red continuously for more than some fixed time that is hardcoded i.e the over
drawal conditions are achieved then a trigger is sent to a JAVA application that sends a email
to the concerned officials .

6.1.2.7 Project Progress And Future Scope

This project is deployed and used. The modifications required are notified to our mentor.
These are integrated into existing system and a new version of software is developed which is
deployed for future use. The project is under consideration to be extended for energy
accounting as well. Further this can be extended for more precise reports showing 15 minutes
data interval. These changes are delayed because of unavailability of oracle as database.

6.1.2 Transmission Level Energy Accounting

The project is explained in 4.1.2 Section of Review in 4 section, Requirement Analysis of
Project Report. The main technical part of project is as follows:

6.1.2.1 Project Goals

Developing a web application for SLDC as an end user. The scope of this project is a
software capable for historical monitoring of energy inter-exchanges, power quantity
parameters, etc., and remotely downloading Meter stored data; do Energy Auditing/
Accounting/ Billing/ UI, Grid Loss calculations, etc. using energy inter-exchanges data from
ABT type meters. Also the project envisages having a comprehensive reporting system
suitable for Availability Based Tariff (ABT), Transmission Level Energy Audit and to
generate required/ MIS reports.

6.1.2.2 Deliverables
 Module for calculating energy auditing
 Module for generating tampers and instant reports
 Module for adding location-meter mappings, location-emf mappings and entities
 Module for logging and authorisation
 Module for Uploading and Processing Zip Files

6.1.2.3 Technology
Frontend : JSP , Bootstrap
Backend : Spring Web MVC, Hibernate API
Database : MySql

6.1.2.4 Workflow in software:

 Zip file collection using CMRI from ABT Meters
 Manual Entry of the data of meters of their working days in zip format in the
software
 Software to decode the file and extract text file
 Processing of file after approval (in case required)
 See or Download Loss Reports, Tampers and Instant Registers
6.1.2.5 Methodology And Project Functions
The project development followed agile as software development life cycle. The user
requirements required a comprehensive reporting system capable of calculating energy losses
extracted from the zip files collected from ABT meters and showing them in an appropriate
report format which can be downloaded as well. Energy Auditing Reports could be circle
wise, boundary wise ,division or location wise. The project also required an authentication
and authorisation system. Keeping in mind the server as well as client requirements MVC
with repository architecture was adopted for this project. For this we used Spring Framework.
To make the project scalable and keeping in mind the possible future changes, data
persistence api hibernate is also integrated. Currently MySql is used as database.

The first screen is authentication screen where user is required to log in. This plays an
essential role when he/she uploads file. The zip files uploaded are first extracted by the
special program in a folder. The resulting .txt files details are read by the software and are
stored in the tables in database. The file is checked if it contains the meter sr no to consider
it for further processing else it is shown with error status. The extracted files are shown to
higher official with the status. The files with error can be uploaded again. The files to be
considered for calculations are marked by official .The files contain information like daily
survey data, 15 min interval data, tamper log, instant registers details, plant info etc in a
special format. The software starts reading the marked files in a thread program and saving
them in different tables like tamper log table, daily transaction table, load survey table etc in
database. The files have one to one relationship with the meter serial number. This
information is further used to match the file to the location according to date and then to
external multiplying factor. The user can also add a new meter master and a new location
master. He can also change the location - emf and location - meter mappings. According to
mappings and options chosen by users the appropriate records are chosen from database and
are loaded into appropriate models and shown to user. The user can also choose to tamper
logs that contain the details where meter was not working. Similarly he can also see instant
register details.The location - emf and location - meter follow one to many relationship.

6.1.2.7 Project Progress And Future Scope

This project is deployed and used. The modifications required are notified to our mentor.
These are integrated into existing system and a new version of software is developed which is
deployed for future use. The project is under consideration to be extended for energy
accounting as well. Further this can be extended for more precise reports showing 15 minutes
data interval. These changes are delayed because of unavailability of oracle as database.

TESTING PROCESS

Here are few of the basic testing techniques for web application testing:
1. Functional Testing:

 Below are the some of the checks that are performed in this type of testing

 Verify there is no dead page or invalid redirects.

 check all the validations on each field.

 Wrong inputs to perform negative testing.

 Verify database connections

2. Usability testing

 Below are the some of the checks that are performed in this type of testing-

 Test the site Navigation like Menus, buttons.

 Website should be easy to use.

 Instructions provided should be very clear.

 Test the content of the page for grammatical errors.

3. Interface Testing

 Areas to be tested here are-

 Application-Test requests are sent correctly to the Database and output at the client
side is displayed correctly. Errors if any must be caught by the application and must
be only shown to the administrator and not the end user.

 Web Server- Test Web server is handling all application requests without any service
denial.
  Database Server-Make sure queries sent to the database give expected results.

4. Database Testing:

 Testing activities will include-

 Test if any errors are shown while executing queries

 Data Integrity is maintained while creating , updating or deleting data in database.

 Check response time of queries and fine tune them if necessary.

 Test data retrieved from your database is shown accurately in your web application

5. Compatibility testing.

 Browser compatibility-Your web application is being displayed correctly across

browsers

 Operating system compatibility- Your web application is being displayed correctly

across all Operating systems such as Windows , Linux , Mac

 Mobile browsing

TESTING RESULTS

The website worked fine on Google Chrome and Internet Explorer. But a Cross origin
resource sharing CORS problem was encountered when it was tried on Mozilla Firefox
.Mozilla Firefox is known for its strict security policies. It does not allow CORS as our api
was using it. The energy accounting portal worked as expectations.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Alert system is not in use yet but the prototype is working fine. This project when applied in
use will help to reduce the penalties incurred by PSTCL due to over drawl and under drawl of
electricity . There is a monitoring system installed already but officials has to permanently
monitor it. So during off duty hours it was difficult to do so. This generated a need for this
system.

The energy accounting portal is running live on http://pstcl.org:9090/EAP/login .The auditing

and accounting was done manually before the portal came into picture .A lot of man power
was used for generating temper and loss reports. So a requirement for a portal was there that
can ease the work of both the meter data readers and data processors. This portal helps the
uploading of meter readings and extracting important information out of them i.e the reports.

Future Scope