PHASE 2 (BASIC MATHEMATICS) – EASY ROUND

1. Find the prime factors of 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

Answer: (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

Solution:
 (𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 ) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
 𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
 (𝑥 3 + 1)( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
 (𝑥 + 1 ) (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

2. What are the dimensions of the rectangle if the length of its diagonal is 50 in and an area of 1200
sq. in?
Answer: 30 in and 40 in

Solution:
 Let “A”, “x” and “y” be the area and dimensions of the rectangle respectively
 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
 120 = 𝑥𝑦 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 From the given figure, diagonal “d” is equal to
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑑2
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (50)2
 𝑥 2 = 2500 − 𝑦 2 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Equate eq. 1 and eq. 2
 1200 = √2500 − 𝑦 2 (𝑦)
 1440000 = (2500 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑦 2 )
 𝑦 4 − 2500𝑦 2 + 1440000 = 0
 Let 𝑢 = 𝑦 2 ; 𝑢2 = 𝑦 4
 𝑢2 − 2500𝑢 + 1440000 = 0
 (𝑢 − 900)(𝑢 − 1600) = 0
 𝑢 = 900, 𝑢 = 1600
 But 𝑢 = 𝑦 2
 𝑦 2 = 900, 𝑦 2 = 1600
 𝑦 = 30, 𝑦 = 40
 Therefore, the dimensions of the rectangle are 30 in and 40 in.

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , find .
ℎ
Answer: 2𝑥 + ℎ

Solution:
 If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , then 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) is
 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)2
 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
 Thus, is
ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 2 +2𝑥ℎ+ℎ2 −𝑥2
 =
ℎ ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 2𝑥ℎ+ℎ2
 =
ℎ ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) ℎ(2𝑥+ℎ)
 =
ℎ ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
 = 2𝑥 + ℎ
ℎ
4. The volume of a sphere with 3-in radius is 81 in3. If the volume varies directly as the cube of its
radius, what is the volume of a sphere with 7-in radius of the same kind of material?
Answer: 1029 𝑖𝑛3
 Solution:
 Let “V”, “r” be the volume and radius of sphere respectively, “k” be the constant of
proportionality
 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑟 3
 81 = 𝑘(3)3
 81 = 27𝑘
 𝑘=3
 For all sphere of same material, volume is equal to 𝑉 = 3𝑟 3 . When 𝑟 = 7,
 𝑉 = 3𝑟 3
 𝑉 = 3(7)3
 𝑉 = 1029 𝑖𝑛3

5𝑥 2
5. If 5x = 7y, what is the value of 7𝑦 2 ?
7
Answer: 5

Solution:
𝑥 7
 From 5𝑥 = 7𝑦, 𝑦 = 5 . Then substitute it from the expression.
5𝑥 2 5(7)2
 =
7𝑦 2 7(5)2
5𝑥 2 7
 =
7𝑦 2 5

𝑚 2 4𝑚
6. What are the prime factors of (𝑚2 +3) − (2𝑚2 +6) − 8 ?
𝑚 𝑚
Answer: (𝑚2 +3 − 4) (𝑚2 +3 − 2)

Solution:
𝑚 2 4𝑚
 (𝑚2 +3) − (2𝑚2 +6) − 8
𝑚 2 2(2𝑚)
 (𝑚2 +3) − [2(𝑚2 +3)] − 8
𝑚 2 2𝑚
 (𝑚2 +3) − (𝑚2 +3) − 8

𝑚
 Let 𝑎 = 𝑚2 +3 , thus

 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 − 8
 (𝑎 − 4)(𝑎 − 2)
𝑚 𝑚
 (𝑚2 +3 − 4) (𝑚2 +3 − 2)

7. If 𝑓(5) = 15 in the function 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛 + 𝑓(𝑛 − 1), find 𝑓(10).

Answer: 𝑓(10) = 55

Solution:
 Given the function 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛 + 𝑓(𝑛 − 1) and 𝑓(5) = 15,
 If 𝑛 = 6,
 𝑓(6) = 6 + 𝑓(6 − 1)
 𝑓(6) = 6 + 𝑓(5)
 𝑓(6) = 6 + 15
 𝑓(6) = 21
 If 𝑛 = 7,
 𝑓(7) = 7 + 𝑓(7 − 1)
 𝑓(7) = 7 + 𝑓(6)
 𝑓(7) = 7 + 21
 𝑓(7) = 28
  If 𝑛 = 8,
 𝑓(8) = 8 + 𝑓(8 − 1)
 𝑓(8) = 8 + 𝑓(7)
 𝑓(8) = 8 + 28
 𝑓(8) = 36
 If 𝑛 = 9,
 𝑓(9) = 9 + 𝑓(9 − 1)
 𝑓(9) = 9 + 𝑓(8)
 𝑓(9) = 9 + 36
 𝑓(9) = 45
 If 𝑛 = 10,
 𝑓(10) = 10 + 𝑓(10 − 1)
 𝑓(10) = 10 + 𝑓(9)
 𝑓(10) = 10 + 45
 𝑓(10) = 55

8. Find the prime factors of 𝑥 4 + 4𝑎4 .

Answer: (𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎2 )

Solution:
 𝑥 4 + 4𝑎4
 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 )2 − 4𝑎2 𝑥 2
 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 )2 − (2𝑎𝑥)2
 [(𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 ) + 2𝑎𝑥][(𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 ) − 2𝑎𝑥]
 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎2 )

9. Simplify 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) .

Answer: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥)

Solution:
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥)
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
1
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)

10. If 𝑃(𝑡) lies on the line segment joining the origin to the point (3, 4), find tan(𝑡) .
4
Answer: 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) = 3

Solution:
𝑎 𝑏
 Let (3, 4) = (𝑎, 𝑏) and use the equations 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) = √𝑎2 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) = √𝑎2
+𝑏 2 +𝑏2
3
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) = √32
+42
3
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) = 5

4
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) = √32
+42
4
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) = 5

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)
4

 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) = 5
3
5
4
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) = 3
11. If 20 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) = 21 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑥), find | cos(𝑥) | .
20
Answer: 29

Solution:
 20 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) = 21 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑥)
20 21
 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 21 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
21
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 20
𝑦 𝑥
 Note: From the unit circle, 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 𝑟 , where is r is defined as 𝑟 =
±√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
20
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) =
±√202 +212
20
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = ±29
20
 |𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)| = 29

12. If the sum of two-unit vectors is a unit vector, what is the magnitude of their difference?
Answer: √3

Solution:
 Let “a” and “b” be the unit vector, “𝜃” be the angle between a and b. Note that 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1
 By using Triangle Law,
 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
 12 = 12 + 12 + 2(1)(1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
1
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = − 2
 Therefore, the magnitude of their difference is equivalent to
 (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
1
 (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 12 + 12 − 2(1)(1) (− 2)
 (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 3
 𝑎 − 𝑏 = √3

13. If 𝑥 = 105°, evaluate 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)] .

Answer: 75°

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
 Take note that the range of inverse sine function is − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 .
 So 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑠𝑖𝑛(105°)] is equal to 75° .

14. The supplement of an angle is thrice its complement. Find the value of the angle.
Answer: 45°

Solution:
 The supplement of an angle is equal to 180 − 𝑥 and the complement of an angle is 90 − 𝑥.
Thus,
 180 − 𝑥 = 3(90 − 𝑥)
 180 − 𝑥 = 270 − 3𝑥
 2𝑥 = 90
 𝑥 = 45

15. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180°, and 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑐) = 𝑥, find the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶).
Answer: 𝑥
 Solution:
 From the given condition,
 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180°
 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 180° − 𝐶 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 Getting the tangent of eq. 1
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(180° − 𝐶)
 Note: 𝑡𝑎𝑛(180° − 𝐶) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) → 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴)+𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵)
 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶)
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵)
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶)
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶)
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐵) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐶) = 𝑥

16. What is the equivalent of one degree on the equator of the earth? Express your answer in minutes.
Answer: 4 minutes

17. A rat fell on a bucket of a water wheel with a diameter of 1200cm. which traveled an angle of 200°
before it dropped from the bucket. Calculate for the linear cm that the rat was carried by the
bucket before it fell.
2000𝜋
Answer: 𝐶 = 3
𝑐𝑚

Solution
 Computing for the linear measure in centimeters
 𝐶 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑑
 𝐶 = 2𝜃
1200 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
 𝐶= (200˚) ( )
2 360˚
2000𝜋
 𝐶= 𝑐𝑚
3
18. It is the altitude of the isosceles triangles that can be formed from a regular polygon. It bisects the
central angle and its opposite side.
Answer: 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚

19. What is the name of the regular polygon if the sum of its interior angle is 323640°
Answer: 𝑀𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛

Solution:
 From solid mensuration, we will derive the formula for finding the number of side of a
regular polygon “n” using the sum of its internal angle measure “s”
 𝑠 = (𝑛 − 2)(180)
𝑠
 𝑛 = 180 + 2
323640
 𝑛= +2
180
 𝑛 = 1798 + 2
 𝑛 = 1800 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
 We then identify its name which is
 𝑀𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 1000 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
 𝑂𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 800 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
 From the
 𝑀𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 1000 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
 𝑂𝑐𝑡𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 800 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
 Combining the names
 𝑀𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛

20. The central angle of arc AB=80˚and that of arc CD=20˚ on the same circle. If the chords BD and AC
intersect each other in the circle. Determine the angle of intersection of two chords.
Answer: 𝜃 = 50˚
 Solution:

 Computing for the angle of intersection between two chords

𝐴𝐵+𝐶𝐷
 𝜃= 2
80˚+20˚
 𝜃= 2
 𝜃 = 50˚

21. What is the ratio of the area of the larger triangle to the smaller triangle if a circle is inscribed within
an equilateral triangle and another equilateral triangle is inscribed within the circle?
Answer: 4: 1

Solution:
 By drawing the smaller triangle inverted, and making
sure its vertices touches the sides of the larger
triangle, we can inspect that the smaller triangle’s area
is ¼ the size of the area of the larger triangle. Ergo, the
ratio of the area of the larger triangle to smaller
triangle is 4:1.

22. Determine the point that divide the line segment joining the points (6,3) and (-3,5) into two equal
parts
3
Answer: 𝑃𝑚 (2 , 4 )

Solution:
 Solve 𝑃𝑚 using the mid-point formula.
For 𝑥𝑚
1
 𝑥𝑚 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )
2
1
 𝑥𝑚 = 2 (6 + (−3))
3
 𝑥𝑚 = 2
 For 𝑦𝑚
1
 𝑦𝑚 = 2 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
1
 𝑦𝑚 = 2 (3 + 5)
 𝑦𝑚 = 4
 Hence, the midpoint 𝑃𝑚 is
3
 (2 , 4)

23. It is a coordinate system which uses a fixed point and a fixed line as references. The fixed point is
called the “pole” and the fixed line is called the “polar axis”
Answer: 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

24. It is a field in mathematics that unifies Algebra and Geometry through the concept of coordinate
system.
Answer: 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦
25. He invented the branch of mathematics called Analytic Geometry by adapting Viète’s algebra to
the study of geometric loci.
Answer: 𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠

26. It is a locus of a point, which moves so that its distance from a fixed point is equal to its distance
from a fixed line.
Answer: 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎

27. Find the cost of pair of shoes sold for ₱ 945 if the markup was 35% of the cost.
Answer: ₱ 700

Solution:
 Let “𝑥” be the cost of the shoes in pesos, “0.35𝑥” be the markup in pesos, “945” be the selling
price in pesos.
 Selling price is equal to the cost of product plus markup. Hence,
 𝑆 =𝐶+𝑀
 945 = 𝑥 + 0.35𝑥
 1.35𝑥 = 945
 𝑥 = 700
 Therefore, the cost of the shoes is ₱ 700.

28. After a discount of 20%, the price of a watch became ₱ 2,500. Find the regular price of the watch.
Answer: ₱ 3,125

Solution:
 Let “𝑥” be the regular price of watch in pesos, “0.20𝑥” be the discount in pesos, “2,500” be
the sale price in pesos.
 Selling price is equal to regular price minus discount. Hence,
 2,500 = 𝑥 − 0.20𝑥
 0.80𝑥 = 2,500
 𝑥 = 3,125
 Therefore, the regular price of the watch is ₱ 3,125.

29. How much is made on a ₱ 10,000 loan at 6% interest per month?

Answer: ₱ 3,600

Solution:
 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
 𝐼 = 10,000(0.06)(6)
 𝐼 = 3,600

30. Which is the following being true?

A. Discount is the amount by which a retailer reduced the regular price of a price of a product
for proportional sale.
B. Mark-up is added to a retailer’s cost to cover the expenses of operating a business.
C. Nominal interest is the rate of rate of interest at any number of periods within a year.
D. Depreciation is not a true expense.
E. Annuities are uniform or equal payments each accounting to a certain value occurring at the
end of each period or with interest per period.
Answer: A, B, C, D, E
 PHASE 2 (BASIC MATHEMATICS) – AVERAGE ROUND

2 2 𝑥
1. The number + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 can be written as where x and y are relatively prime positive
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 20006 5 2000
6 𝑦
integers. Find 𝑥𝑦 .
Answer: 6

Solution:
2 2
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 6
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 6
4 2000 5 2000
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 16 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 125
 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 20006 5 2000
6
𝑙𝑜𝑔 16 𝑙𝑜𝑔 125
 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 20006
𝑙𝑜𝑔 20006
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2000
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 20006
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2000
 6𝑙𝑜𝑔2000
1
 6
 Thus, 𝑥𝑦 = (1)(6) = 6 .

2. Evaluate ii.
𝜋
Answer: 𝑒 − 2

Solution:
 Using the Euler’s equation, 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = cos(𝑥) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) and set 𝑥 = 𝜋
 𝑒 𝑖𝜋 = cos(𝜋) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋)
 𝑒 𝑖𝜋 = −1 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
1
 Raise both sides of the eq. 1 by 2 .
1 1
 (𝑒 𝑖𝜋 )2 = (−1)2
𝜋
 𝑒 2 𝑖 = 𝑖 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Raise both sides of the eq .2 by 𝑖 .
𝜋
 𝑒 ( 2 𝑖) (𝑖) = 𝑖 𝑖
𝜋
 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 ( 2 ) (−1)
𝜋
 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 −2

(𝑛+1)!
3. Simplify (𝑛−1)!
Answer: 𝑛2 + 𝑛

Solution:
(𝑛+1)(𝑛+1−1)(𝑛+1−1−1)!
 (𝑛−1)!
(𝑛+1)(𝑛)(𝑛−1)!
 (𝑛−1)!
 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
 𝑛2 + 𝑛

4. Determine the logarithm of zero to the base “a”, where “a” may be any real number greater than 1.
Answer: −∞ (negative infinity)

Solution:
 Let 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (0) .
 In exponential form, 𝑎 𝑥 = 0. For 𝑎 𝑥 to be zero, it is necessary that 𝑥 = −∞ .
 𝑎−∞ ≟ 0
 1
 ≟0
𝑎∞
 0=0

𝑡
5. The number of bacteria after t hours is 5.6 (106 ) (35 ). How long it will take for this number to triple?
Answer: 5 hours

Solution:
 Let “x” be the number of bacteria at any time (t) in hours, “y” be the time in hours required
for the number of bacteria to triple.
 The number of bacteria at any time (t) is given by
𝑡
 𝑥 = 5.6 (106 ) (35 ) → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 After “y” hours, the number of bacteria is tripled.
𝑡+𝑦
 3𝑥 = 3 [5.6 (106 ) (3 5 )] → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 After “y” hours, the number of bacteria is tripled.
𝑡+𝑦
 3𝑥 = 3 [5.6 (106 ) (3 5 )] → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Equate eq. 1 and eq. 2
𝑡 𝑡+𝑦
 3 [5.6 (106 ) (35 )] = 3 [5.6 (106 ) (3 5 )]
𝑡 𝑡+𝑦
 (35 ) = (3 5 )
𝑡 𝑡 𝑦
 (35 ) = (35 ) (35 )
𝑦
 1 = (35 )
𝑦
 1= 5
 𝑦=5

𝑥
6. If 83𝑥 = 45𝑦 and 324𝑦 = 642𝑧 , find 𝑧 .
𝑥 2
Answer: 𝑧 = 3

Solution:
 Let 83𝑥 = 45𝑦 → 𝑒𝑞. 1 and 324𝑦 = 642𝑧 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Simplify eq. 1
 83𝑥 = 45𝑦
 23(3𝑥) = 22(5𝑦)
 29𝑥 = 210𝑦
 9𝑥 = 10𝑦
10𝑦
 𝑥 = 9 → 𝑒𝑞. 3
 Simplify eq. 2
 324𝑦 = 642𝑧
 25(4𝑦) = 26(2𝑧)
 220𝑦 = 212𝑧
 20𝑦 = 12𝑧
 5𝑦 = 3𝑧
5𝑦
 𝑧 = 3 → 𝑒𝑞. 4

 Divide eq. 3 to eq. 4

10𝑦
𝑥 ( )
 = 9
5𝑦
𝑧
3
𝑥 2
 =
𝑧 3
7. It took a certain vehicle 3 hours to travel a distance 120 km. On its way back, it took him only 2
hours to travel the same path. What was his average speed?
Answer: 48 kph

Solution:
 It took a certain vehicle 3 hours to travel distance of 120 km. Hence, its speed (𝑆1) is
120
 𝑆1 = 3 = 40𝑘𝑝ℎ
 On its way back, it took only 2 hours. Hence, its speed (𝑆2 ) is
120
 𝑆2 = 2 = 60𝑘𝑝ℎ
 The average speed is equal to the harmonic mean (HM) of the two speeds.
𝑛
 𝐻𝑀 = 1 1 1
+ +⋯+
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
2
 𝐻𝑀 = 1 1
+
40 60
2
 𝐻𝑀 = 3+2
120
240
 𝐻𝑀 = 5
 𝐻𝑀 = 48

1 1 1 1 1
8. Solve:(1 − 2) (− 3 + 1) (1 − 4) (− 5 + 1) … (1 − 2008).
1
Answer: 2008

Solution:
1 1 1 1 1
 (1 − ) (− + 1) (1 − ) (− + 1) … (1 − )
2 3 4 5 2008
1 2 3 4 2007
 𝑥 3 𝑥 4 𝑥 5 𝑥 … . 𝑥 2008
2
1

2008

1
9. Solve for x in the given trigonometric equation 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1 − 𝑥) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (8) .
Answer: 𝑥 = 4

Solution:
 Let 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1 − 𝑥) , 𝛽 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1 + 𝑥) . Hence, tan(𝜃) = 1 − 𝑥 , tan(𝛽) = 1 + 𝑥 , and
1 1
𝜃 + 𝛽 = arctan (8) or tan(𝜃 + 𝛽) = 8 .
tan(𝜃) tan(𝛽)
 Using the sum of tangent formula, tan(𝜃 + 𝛽) = 1−tan(𝜃) tan(𝛽)
1 (1−𝑥)(1+𝑥)
 = 1−(1−𝑥)(1+𝑥)
8
 1 − (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 8(1 − 𝑥 2 )
 𝑥2 = 8 − 𝑥2
 2𝑥 2 = 8
 𝑥 =±4
 𝑥 = 4 (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

10. Find the difference between linear velocity at the tip of the minute hand of a clock if the first minute
𝑐𝑚
hand is 6.5 cm long and the second is 5 cm long. Express your answer in 𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
𝜋
Answer: 20 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Solution:
 The minute hand of the clock of a clock moves at a speed of 1 revolution per hour. Thus,
1𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
 𝜔= ( )=
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1𝑟𝑒𝑣 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
 If 𝑟 = 6.5 𝑐𝑚, the linear velocity is
 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
 𝑣1 = (6.5 𝑐𝑚) ( )
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 60minutes
13𝜋
 𝑣1 = 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
60
 If 𝑟 = 5.0 𝑐𝑚, the linear velocity is
 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
 𝑣2 = (5.0 𝑐𝑚) ( )
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 60minutes
𝜋
 𝑣2 = 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
6
 Hence, their difference is
 𝑣 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2
13𝜋 𝜋
 𝑣 = 60 − 6
13𝜋−10𝜋
 𝑣= 60
3𝜋
 𝑣= 60
𝜋
 𝑣 = 20 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛

11. Solve for x in the equation 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) = 90°

Answer: 0°

Solution:
 Let 𝜃 = arcsin(𝑥) , 𝛽 = arccos(3𝑥) . Hence, sin(𝜃) = 𝑥 and cos(𝛽) = 3𝑥 .
 Finding the value of sin(𝜃) and cos(𝛽)
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛽)
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) = √1 − 9𝑥 2 → 𝑒𝑞. 1

 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃)

 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = √1 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 If 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) and 𝛽 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥), therefore, 𝜃 + 𝛽 = 90°. Taking the sine of both side,
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(90)
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 1 → 𝑒𝑞. 3
 Substitute eq. 1 and eq. 2 in eq. 3
 [𝑥][3𝑥] + [√1 − 9𝑥 2 ][√1 − 𝑥 2 ] = 1
 3𝑥 2 + √1 − 10𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 4 = 1
 √1 − 10𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 4 = 1 − 3𝑥 2
 1 − 10𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 4 = 1 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 4
 4𝑥 2 = 0
 𝑥=0

12. From the top of the building, the angle of depression of a point on the same horizontal plane with
base of the building is observed to be 60 degrees. What will be the angle of depression of the same
point when viewed from a position one-third of the way up the building?
Answer: 30°

Solution:
 Let “h” be the height of the building, and “x” be the distance measured horizontally from the
building to the point considered.
ℎ
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(60°) = 𝑥
ℎ
 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(60°) → 𝑒𝑞. 1

1
ℎ
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛷) = 3
𝑥
ℎ
 𝑥 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛(Ɵ) → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Equate eq. 1 and eq. 2
 ℎ ℎ
 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛷)
𝑡𝑎𝑛(60°)
𝑡𝑎𝑛(60°)
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛷) = 3
√3
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛷) = 3
 𝛷 = 30°

4 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
13. If tan 𝐴 = 5 , what is the value of 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 ?
11
Answer: 19

Solution:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
 Note that cos(𝐴) = 𝑟 and sin(𝐴) = 𝑟 , hence, tan(𝐴) = 𝑥 . To find “𝑟” knowing 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 =
4
 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
 𝑟 2 = 52 + 42
 𝑟 = ±√41

5 4
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) =
√41 √41
4 5
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 4( )−
 = √41
5
√41
4
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 3( )+
√41 √41
16−5
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
 = √41
15+4
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
√41
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 11
 = 19
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

14. Express √1 + sin(2𝑥) as expression free from radicals.

Answer: | 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) |

Solution:
 √1 + sin(2𝑥)
 Note: cos 2 (𝑥) + sin2 (𝑥) = 1 and sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)
 √cos2 (𝑥) + sin2(𝑥) + 2 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)
 √[cos(𝑥) + sin(𝑥)]2
 | 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) |

15. What is hacovercosine of 45°?

2−√2
Answer: 4

Solution:
 Note that haversine of an angle is equal to one-half of covercosine of an angle,
1
ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃). But covercosine of an angle is equal to one plus sine of an
angle, 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃). Therefore,
1
 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
1
 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 2 [1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)]
1
 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 2 [1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(45°)]
1 √2
 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 2 (1 + )
2
1 2+√2
 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 2 ( )
2
2+√2
 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) =
4
16. What kind triangle is formed when the product of the tangents of two of its angles is 1?
Answer: Right Triangle

17. Circles C₁ and C2 have equal radii and are tangent to that same line L. Circle C₁ is tangent to C1 and
C2. x is the distance between the centers of C1 and C2. Find the distance h, from the center of C3 to
line L, in terms of x and the radii of the three circles.
𝑥 2
Answer: ℎ = 𝑅 + √(𝑅 + R₃)2 − (2)

Solution:
 `Let “R₁”, “R₂” and “R₃” be the radii of the circles “C₁”, “C₂”, and “C₃” respectively with R₁= R₂
=R
 ℎ = 𝐶₃𝑂 + 𝑅 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 Getting the value of C₃O by Pythagorean theorem
𝑥 2
 (𝑅 + R₃)2 = (𝐶₃𝑂)2 + (2)
𝑥 2
 (𝐶₃𝑂)2 = √(𝑅 + R₃)2 − (2) → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Substituting equation 2 to equation 1
𝑥 2
 ℎ = 𝑅 + √(𝑅 + R₃)2 − (2)

18. A swimming pool is constructed in the shape of two partially overlapping identical circles. Each of
the circles has a radius of 18m. and each circle passes through the center of the other. Find the
area of the swimming pool.
Answer: 𝐴 = (432𝜋 + 162√3 )𝑚2

Solution
 Let “A” be the Area of the pool, “𝐴𝑡 " be the area of triangle ABC, “𝐴𝑐 ” be the area of the sector
and “𝐴𝑠 ” be the area of the segment; Finding angle θ

9
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 18
1
 𝜃 = cos −1 (2)
 𝜃 = 60˚

 Finding the area of the segment

 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑡
1 1
 𝐴𝑠 = ( ) (𝑟 2 )(2𝜃) − ( ) (𝑟 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃)
2 2
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
 𝐴𝑠 = (2) (182 ) (2 (60˚ (180˚))) − (2) (182 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 (60˚ (180˚)))

 𝐴𝑠 = 108𝜋 − 81√3 𝑚2
 Finding the area of the pool
 𝐴 = 2𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 − 2𝐴𝑠
  𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 − 2𝐴𝑠
 𝐴 = 2𝜋(18)2 − 2(108𝜋 − 81√3)
 𝐴 = 648𝜋 − 216𝜋 + 162√3
 𝐴 = (432𝜋 + 162√3 )𝑚2

19. The shaded region below is the common area to four semicircles whose diameters are the sides of
the square with side length 12x. Find the area of the shaded region in terms of x.

Answer: 𝐴𝑡 = 72𝑥 2 (𝜋 − 2)

Solution
 Isolating a single quarter area of non-shaded part, let “a” be the area of the isolated quarter
part of the given figure and “s” be the length of the side of the isolated quarter of the square
1
 𝑎 = 𝑠 2 − 4 𝜋𝑠 2
1
 𝑎 = (6𝑥)2 − 4 𝜋(6𝑥)2
 𝑎 = 36𝑥 2 − 9𝜋𝑥 2

 Since the non-shaded part of the isolated figure is drawn 8 times on the original given figure,
then in computing the total shaded area
 𝐴𝑡 = (12𝑥)2 − 8(36𝑥 2 − 9𝜋𝑥 2 )
 𝐴𝑡 = 144𝑥 2 − 288𝑥 2 + 72𝜋𝑥 2
 𝐴𝑡 = 72𝜋𝑥 2 − 144𝑥 2
 𝐴𝑡 = 72𝑥 2 (𝜋 − 2)

20. A circle with radius 12 cm has half its area remove by cutting off a border of uniform width. Find
the width of the border.
Answer: 𝑥 = 12 − 6√2 cm

Solution:
 Let “R” be the radius of the big circle and “r” be the radius of the smaller circle that’s left
after one-half of the area of the original figure has been removed
Note: The area left “A” is one-half the total area since one-half is removed
1
 𝐴 = 2 𝜋𝑅 2
1
 𝐴 = 2 𝜋(12)2
 𝐴 = 72𝜋
 Note: The area left “A” is equal to
the small circle shown
 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴
 𝑟2 = 𝜋
𝐴
 𝑟 = √𝜋
72𝜋
 𝑟=√ 𝜋

 𝑟 = 6√2
  Computing for the width “x” of the border
 𝑥 =𝑅−𝑟
 𝑥 = 12 − 6√2 cm

21. Find the difference of the area of the square inscribed in a semi-circle having a radius of 30 m. The
base of the square lies on the diameter of the semi-circle.
Answer: 𝐴 = (450𝜋 − 720)𝑚2

Solution:
 Let “𝐴1 ” be the Area of the semi-circle, “𝐴2 ” be the Area of the square placed inside the semi-
circle, “𝐴" be the difference of the two areas; By Pythagorean theorem
𝑥 2
 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + (2 )
 302 = 1.25𝑥 2
 𝑥 = 12√5
 Finding “A”
 𝐴 = 𝐴1 − 𝐴2
1
 𝐴 = 2 𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2
1 2
 𝐴 = 2 𝜋(30)2 − (12√5)
 𝐴 = (450𝜋 − 720)𝑚2

22. Determine the equation of the circle whose radius is 5, center on the line 𝑥 = 2 and tangent and
below the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 11 = 0.
Answer: (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 25

Solution:
 From the given, the center lies on 𝑥 = 2, meaning, the center of the circle is on (2, y)
 Note: There are 2 possible circles but from the given, we should get the one located below
the given line. Finding the vertical distance of the center from the line given.
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶
 −𝑑 = √𝐴 2 2
+𝐵
3(2)−4𝑦+11
 −5 =
−√32 +42
 𝑦 = −2
 Solving the equation of the circle with
center at (2, -2)
 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
2 2
 (𝑥 − (2)) + (𝑦 − (−2)) = 52
 (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 25

23. Find the vertices of the triangle whose midpoints of the sides are (0,2), (1,3), and (1,1).
Answer: 𝑉1 (0, 0), 𝑉2 (2, 2), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉3 (0, 4)

Solution:
 Let 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉3 be the vertices of the triangle. Solve for 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , and 𝑥3 using the midpoint
formula, we get
1
 1 = 2 (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )
1
 1 = 2 (𝑥2 + 𝑥3 )
1
 0 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥3 )
2
 Solving the equations simultaneously,
we get
  𝑥1 = 0
 𝑥2 = 2
 𝑥3 = 0
 Similarly, solve for 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , and 𝑦3 using
the midpoint formula, we get
1
 1 = (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
2
1
 1 = 2 (𝑦2 + 𝑦3 )
1
 0 = 2 (𝑦1 + 𝑦3 )
 Again, solving the equations simultaneously, we get
 𝑦1 = 0
 𝑦2 = 2
 𝑦3 = 4
 Hence, the vertices are
 𝑉1 ((0, 0), 𝑉2 (2, 2), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉3 (0, 4)

24. Find the equation of the bisector of the obtuse angle between the lines 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0 and 3𝑥 +
𝑦−1=0
Answer: 𝑦 − 2 = 0

Solution:
 First Line: 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0
 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3
 𝑚1 = 3, 𝑏1 = 3
 Second Line: 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0
 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 1
 𝑚2 = −3, 𝑏2 = −1
 Solving for the equation of the bisector
 𝑑1 = 𝑑2
3𝑥−𝑦+3 3𝑥+𝑦−1
 ( )= ( )
−√32 +(−1)2 +√32 +12
 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1
 𝑦=2
 𝑦−2=0

25. Find the equation of the locus of a point, which moves so that it is always equidistant from (-3, 1)
and (1, 2).
Answer: 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0

Solution:
 Let “P(x, y)” be the coordinate of the moving point, “A(-3,1)” be the first point, and “B(1,2)”
be the second point
 𝑑𝑎𝑝 = 𝑑𝑏𝑝 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 Use distance formula, then simplify
 √(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2
 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4
 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0

26. Find the tangent to the circle (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 17, through the point (7,-1).
Answer: 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 27 = 0

Solution:
 Getting the equation of the line through (7,-1)
 𝑦 + 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
  𝑦 − 1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 7)
 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 − 7𝑚 = 0
 Use the formula for distance between a
line and a point to solve for the value of the
slope
𝐴𝑥 +𝐵𝑦 +𝐶
 𝑑 = 1 2 12
±√𝐴 +𝐵
𝑚(3)−(−2)−1−7𝑚
 √17 =
±√𝑚2 +12
 √17𝑚2 + 17 = 1 − 4𝑚
 17𝑚 + 17 = 1 − 8𝑚 + 16𝑚2
2

 𝑚2 + 8𝑚 + 16 = 0
 (𝑚 + 4)(𝑚 + 4) = 0
 𝑚 = −4
 Substituting “m” on eq. 1, we get
 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 − 7𝑚 = 0
 (−4)𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 − 7(−4) = 0
 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 27 = 0

27. A manufacturer has 4000 units of product x in stock and is now selling it at $10 per unit. Next month
the unit price will increase by $2. The manufacturer wants the total revenue received from the sale
of the 4000 units to be no less than $45,000. What is the maximum number of units that can be sold
this month?
Answer: 1500

Solution:
 Let “𝑦” be the number of units sold this month, “4000 − 𝑦” be the number units needed to
sell next month
 The total revenue “𝑇” is given by
 𝑇 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ + 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
 45,000 = 𝑦(10) + 4000 − 𝑦(12)
 45,000 = 10𝑦 + 48,000 − 12𝑦
 2𝑦 = 3000
 𝑦 = 1500

28. A combination of pennies, dimes, and quarters amounts $0.99. Find the minimum number of coins
for the given amount. Take note that 1 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑦 = $ 0.01, 1 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒 = $ 0.10 and 1 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 = $ 0.25.
Answer: 9

Solution:
 Let “𝑥” be the number of pennies, “𝑦” be the number of dimes, “𝑧” be the number of quarters.
 A combination of pennies, dimes, and quarters amounts $0.99.
 0.01𝑥 + 0.10𝑦 + 0.25𝑧 = 0.99
 To minimize the number of coins, the coin with the largest denomination must be
maximized, thus, 𝑧 = 3.
 0.01𝑥 + 0.10𝑦 + 0.25(3) = 0.99
 0.01𝑥 + 0.10𝑦 = 0.24
 Next, the number of dimes must be maximized, thus, 𝑦 = 2.
 0.01𝑥 + 0.10(2) = 0.24
 𝑥=4
 The total number of coins is 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 + 2 + 3 = 9.

29. Pili and cashew nuts are being sold at ₱ 25 and ₱ 32 a kilo, respectively. If the two nuts are mixed to
cost ₱ 30 a kilo, what fraction of mixture is pili nuts?
2
Answer: 7
 Solution:
 Let “𝑥” be the quantity of pili at ₱ 25 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔, “𝑦” be the quantity of cashew at ₱ 32 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔
 The cost of 𝑥 (𝑘𝑔) pili nuts at ₱ 25 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 and 𝑦 (𝑘𝑔) cashew nuts at ₱ 32 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 equals the
cost of 𝑥 + 𝑦 (𝑘𝑔) at ₱ 30 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔.

Pili Cashew Pili & Cashew

𝑥 (𝑘𝑔) + 𝑦(𝑘𝑔) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 (𝑘𝑔)
₱ 25 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 ₱ 32 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 ₱ 30 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔

 𝑥(25) + 𝑦(32) = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(30)

 25𝑥 + 32𝑦 = 30𝑥 + 30𝑦
 5𝑥 = 2𝑦
 𝑦 = 2.50𝑥
 The fraction of pili nuts “𝐹” is
𝑥
 𝐹=
𝑥+𝑦
𝑥
 𝐹 = 𝑥+2.50𝑥
1
 𝐹 = 1+2.50
1
 𝐹 = 3.5
2
 𝐹=7

30. How much effectively is quarterly interest of 12% annual interest?

Answer: 3% 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟

Solution:
𝑖
 𝑖𝑄 = 4
1
 𝑖𝑄 = 12% (4)
 𝑖𝑄 = 3% 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟

PHASE 2 (BASIC MATHEMATICS) – DIFFICULT ROUND

1. At present, the sum of the parents’ ages is twice the sum of the children’s ages. Five years ago, the
sum of the parents’ ages was 4 times the sum of the children’s ages. Fifteen years hence, the sum of
the parents’ ages will be equal to the sum of the children’s ages. How many children are there?
Answer: 5 children

Solution:
 Let “n” be the number of children, “x” be the present age of the children.
Past Present Future
Parents 2𝑥 − 10 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 30
Children 𝑥 − 5𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 + 15𝑛
 Five years ago, the sum of the parents’ ages was 4 times the sum of the children’s ages.
Thus,
 2𝑥 − 10 = 4(𝑥 − 5𝑛)
 2𝑥 − 10 = 4𝑥 − 20𝑛
 2𝑥 = 40𝑛 − 10
 𝑥 = 10𝑛 − 5 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 Fifteen years hence, the sum of the parents’ ages will be equal to the sum of the children’s
ages. Thus,
 2𝑥 + 30 = 𝑥 + 15𝑛
 𝑥 + 30 = 15𝑛
 𝑥 = 15𝑛 − 30 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Equate eq. 1 and eq. 2
  10𝑛 − 5 = 15𝑛 − 30
 −5𝑛 = −25
 𝑛=5

2. The solutions to the system of equations: 𝑙𝑜𝑔225 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 225 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 64 = 1 are
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). Find 𝑙𝑜𝑔30 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑦2 .
Answer: 12

Solution:
1 1
 Let 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔225 𝑥 and 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 𝑦 . Hence, = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 225 and = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 64. Thus, 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 4 →
𝐴 𝐵
1 1
𝑒𝑞. 1 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 1 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 𝐴+𝐵 =4
 𝐵 = 4 − 𝐴 → 𝑒𝑞. 3
 Substitute eq. 3 in 𝑒𝑞. 2
1 1
 − =1
𝐴 𝐵
1 1
 − 4−𝐴 = 1
𝐴
 (4 − 𝐴) − 𝐴 = 4𝐴 − 𝐴2
 𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 4 = 0
 By using quadratic formula, where 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −6 , and 𝑐 = 4
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
 𝐴= 2𝑎
−(−6)±√(−6)2 −4(1)(4)
 𝐴= 2(1)
6±√20
 𝐴= 2
6±2√5
 𝐴= 2
 𝐴 = 3 ± √5
 Plug-in the value of A in eq. 3
 𝐵 = 4−𝐴
 𝐵 = 4 − (3 ± √5)
 𝐵 = 1 ∓ √5
 So,
 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔225 𝑥
 𝑙𝑜𝑔225 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 3 ± √5
 𝑙𝑜𝑔225 (𝑥1 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔225 (𝑥2 ) = (3 + √5) + (3 − √5)
 𝑙𝑜𝑔225 (𝑥1 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔225 (𝑥2 ) = 6
 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 2256
 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 1512

 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 𝑦
 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 1 ∓ √5
 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 (𝑦1 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 (𝑦2 ) = (1 − √5) + (1 + √5)
 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 (𝑦1 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 (𝑦2 ) = 2
 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 642
 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 212
 Thus,
 𝑙𝑜𝑔30 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑦2 =?
 𝑙𝑜𝑔30 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔30 (1512 ∗ 212 )
 𝑙𝑜𝑔30 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔30 (3012 )
 𝑙𝑜𝑔30 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝑦2 = 12

3. When 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator of a certain fraction, its value is
decreased by 9/40. However, when 3 is subtracted from both, its value is increased by 9/10. Find
the denominator of the original fraction.
 Answer: 5

Solution:
𝑥
 Let the original fraction be 𝑦 where “x” is the numerator and “y” is the denominator.
 When 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator of a certain fraction, its value
is decreased by 9/40. Hence,
𝑥+3 𝑥 9
 𝑦+3 = 𝑦 − 40
 40𝑦(𝑥 + 3) = 40(𝑥)(𝑦 + 3) − 9(𝑦)(𝑦 + 3)
 40𝑥𝑦 + 120𝑦 = 40𝑥𝑦 + 120𝑥 − 9𝑦 2 − 27𝑦
 9𝑦 2 − 120𝑥 + 147𝑦 = 0
 3𝑦 2 = 40𝑥 − 49𝑦 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 When 3 is subtracted from both the numerator and the denominator of a certain fraction,
its value is increased by 9/10. Hence,
𝑥−3 𝑥 9
 𝑦−3 = 𝑦 + 10
 10𝑦(𝑥 − 3) = 10(𝑥)(𝑦 − 3) + 9(𝑦)(𝑦 − 3)
 10𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦 = 10𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑥 + 9𝑦 2 − 27𝑦
 −9𝑦 2 + 30𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
 3𝑦 2 = 10𝑥 − 𝑦 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Equate eq. 1 and eq. 2
 40𝑥 − 49𝑦 = 10𝑥 − 𝑦
 30𝑥 = 48𝑦
48𝑦
 𝑥 = 30
8𝑦
 𝑥= 5
8𝑦
 Substitute 𝑥 = in eq. 1
5
8𝑦
 3𝑦 2 = 40 ( 5 ) − 49𝑦
 3𝑦 2 = 64𝑦 − 49𝑦
 3𝑦 2 = 15𝑦
 𝑦=5

4. Determine the solution set of 𝑥 7 > 𝑥 3 .

Answer: (-1, 0) U (1, ∞)

Solution:
 𝑥7 > 𝑥3
 𝑥7 − 𝑥3 > 0
 𝑥 3 (𝑥 4 − 1) > 0
 𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 1) > 0
 𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) > 0
Hence, the critical values of x are: −1, 0, & 1
−∞ −1 1 +∞
𝑥3 − − + +
𝑥2 + 1 + + + +
𝑥+1 − + + +
𝑥−1 − − − −
𝑥7 − 𝑥3 − + − −

 𝑥 7 > 𝑥 3 ⟺ −1 < 𝑥 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 0

 𝑆 = (−1, 0) 𝑈 (1, ∞)

5. Find the product of the roots 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0.

Answer: −4
 Solution:
 By applying Vieta’s formula,
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚
 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = (−1)𝑛 ( )
𝐴
where: 𝑛 − 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐴 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
4
 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = (−1)5 (1)
 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = −4

6. A ball is dropped from a height of 48 feet and rebounds two-thirds of the distance it falls. If it
continues to fall and rebound this way, how far will it travel before coming to rest?
Answer: 240 feet

Solution:
 A ball is dropped from a height of 48 feet and rebounds two-thirds of the distance it falls.
The heights of fall are:
2 2 2
 48, 48 (3) , 48 (3) (3) , ….
64
 48, 32, , ….
3
2
 The heights of fall are in geometric progression with common ratio 𝑟 = 3 . For upward and
downward motion, the first term and second term are 48 and 32 respectively.
 𝑆 = 𝑆∞ (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑) + 𝑆∞ (𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)
1𝑎 2 𝑎
 𝑆 = 1−𝑟 + 1−𝑟
48 32
 𝑆= 2 + 2
1− 1−
3 3
48 32
 𝑆= 3−2 + 3−2
3 3
80
 𝑆= 1
3
 𝑆 = 240

2 12
7. Find the sum of the exponents in the expansion of (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 ) .
Answer: 78

Solution:
 The sum of the exponents in the expansion of (𝑥 ℎ + 𝑦 𝑘 )𝑛 , where “n” is any positive integer,
is given by the formula,
𝑛
 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 2 (𝑛 + 1)(ℎ + 𝑘)
 The given expression can be written as (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 −1 )12 .
12
 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = (12 + 1)[2 + (−1)]
2
 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 78

1
8. Suppose that x, y, and z are three positive numbers that satisfy the equations: 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 5
1 1 𝑚
and 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 29 then 𝑧 + 𝑦 = where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find 𝑚 + 𝑛 .
𝑛
Answer: 5

Solution:
𝑚 1
 Let 𝑟 = 𝑛 = 𝑧 + 𝑦 .
1 1 1
 (5)(29)(𝑟) = (𝑥 + 𝑧) (𝑦 + 𝑥) (𝑧 + 𝑦)
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 1
 (5)(29)(𝑟) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + + + + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦 𝑥 𝑧
1 1 1 1
 (5)(29)(𝑟) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑧 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 1
 1 1 1
 (5)(29)(𝑟) = 2 + (𝑥 + 𝑧) + (𝑦 + 𝑥) + (𝑧 + 𝑦)
 (5)(29)(𝑟) = 2 + 5 + 29 + 𝑟
 145𝑟 = 36 + 𝑟
 Therefore,
 145𝑟 = 36 + 𝑟
 144𝑟 = 36
36
 𝑟 = 144
1
 𝑟=4
 𝑚+𝑛 =1+4
 𝑚+𝑛 =5

𝑠𝑖𝑛40°−𝑠𝑖𝑛 20°
9. Evaluate 𝑐𝑜𝑠 220°−𝑐𝑜𝑠 200°
Answer:√3

Solution:
 Using the factoring formulas for sine and cosine function:
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [2 (𝐴 + 𝐵)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [2 (𝐴 − 𝐵)] and
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [2 (𝐴 + 𝐵)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [2 (𝐴 − 𝐵)]
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛40°−𝑠𝑖𝑛 20° 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛[ (40°+20°)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠[ (40°−20°)]
 = 1
2 2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 220°−𝑐𝑜𝑠 200° −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛[ (220°+200°)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛[ (220°−200°)]
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛40°−𝑠𝑖𝑛 20° 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30°) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10°)
 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(210°) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10°)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 220°−𝑐𝑜𝑠 200°
𝑠𝑖𝑛40°−𝑠𝑖𝑛 20° 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30°)
 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 220°−𝑐𝑜𝑠 200° 𝑠𝑖𝑛(30°)
𝑠𝑖𝑛40°−𝑠𝑖𝑛 20°
 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(30°)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 220°−𝑐𝑜𝑠 200°
𝑠𝑖𝑛40°−𝑠𝑖𝑛 20°
 = √3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 220°−𝑐𝑜𝑠 200°

10. The dean of PUP College of Engineering wants to measure the height of PUP North Wing building.
From his first trial, the angle of elevation of the top portion of the building was 30°. And from his
second trial, he moved his theodolite 50 meters closer to the building and measured the top portion
of the building as 45°. Find the exact height of the building.
Answer: 25√3 + 25 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

Solution:
 Let “h” be the height of the building, and “x” be the distance measured horizontally from the
building to the position of theodolite at the second trial.
ℎ
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(45°) = 𝑥
 ℎ = 𝑥 tan(45°) → 𝑒𝑞. 1

ℎ
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(60°) = 𝑥+50
 ℎ = (𝑥 + 50)[𝑡𝑎𝑛(60°)] → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Equate eq. 1 and eq. 2
 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛(45°) = (𝑥 + 50)[𝑡𝑎𝑛(60°)]
√3
 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 50) ( 3 )
 3𝑥 = √3 𝑥 + 50√3
 𝑥(3 − √3) = 50√3
50√3
 𝑥 = 3−√3
 But ℎ = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛(45°) or ℎ = 𝑥, thus
50√3
 ℎ = 3−√3
 50√3 3+√3
 ℎ = 3−√3 (3+√3)
150√3+50√3(√3)
 ℎ= 9−3
150√3+150
 ℎ= 6
 ℎ = 25√3 + 25

11. If 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃), express 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝜃) in terms of x. Express your answer in simplest form.
Answer: 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥

Solution:
 The expression cos(3𝜃) can be expressed as
 cos(3𝜃) = cos(𝜃 + 2𝜃)
 Note: 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵)
 cos(𝜃 + 2𝜃) = cos(𝜃) cos(2𝜃) − sin(𝜃) sin(2𝜃)
 Note: cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos 2 (𝜃) − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
 cos(𝜃 + 2𝜃) = cos(𝜃) [2 cos 2 (𝜃) − 1] − sin(𝜃) [2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)]
 cos(𝜃 + 2𝜃) = 2 cos 3 (𝜃) − cos(𝜃) − 2 sin2(𝜃)cos(𝜃)
 Note: sin2 (𝐴) = 1 − cos 2 (𝐴)
 cos(𝜃 + 2𝜃) = 2 cos 3 (𝜃) − cos(𝜃) − 2[1 − cos2 (𝜃)] [cos(𝜃)]
 cos(𝜃 + 2𝜃) = 2 cos 3 (𝜃) − cos(𝜃) − 2 cos(𝜃) + 2 cos3 (𝜃)
 cos(𝜃 + 2𝜃) = 4 cos 3 (𝜃) − 3cos(𝜃) → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 Plug-in 𝑥 = cos(𝜃) in eq. 1
 cos(3𝜃) = 4 cos3 (𝜃) − 3cos(𝜃)
 cos(3𝜃) = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥

5√61
12. What is the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ]) ?
61
6
Answer: 5

Solution:
𝑦
 Take note that the inverse of sine of any angle is define as, 𝜃 = sin−1 (𝑟 ) , where 𝑟 =
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . So,
5√61
 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) where 𝑦 = 5√61 and 𝑟 = 61
61
2
 𝑥 = √612 − (5√61)
 𝑥 = 6√61
𝑥
 Remember that the cotangent of any angle is define as, 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃) = 𝑟 , thus
5√61 𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ]) = 𝑦
61
5√61 6√61
 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ 61 ]) = 5√61
−1 5√61 6
 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ]) = 5
61

1 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥)
13. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 2 , where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 , what is the exact value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)−𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) ?
Answer: 2

Solution:
 Recall the factoring formulas for cosine and sine functions
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) and
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2
 Therefore,
 2𝑥+4𝑥 2𝑥−4𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
2 2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−2𝑥)
 Note: 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) → 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 − 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)

4𝑥+2𝑥 4𝑥−2𝑥
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
 Rewriting the given expression,
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)
 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)−𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥)
 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(2𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)−𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) 1
 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)−𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) 1
 = 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)−𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥)
 =2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)−𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)

14. Write 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] as a simplified algebraic expression.

√2 𝑚 −√2−2𝑚2
Answer: 2

Solution:
 Let 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1) and 𝛽 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚). Therefore, tan(𝜃) = 1 and cos(𝛽) = 𝑚.
 Also, recall the sum formula for cosine function 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) −
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽). So,
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽)
 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] −
𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] → 𝑒𝑞. 1
𝑦
 From 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) = 1, take note that 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) = 𝑥 . So 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑟 = ±√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
Therefore,
 𝑟 = ±√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
 𝑟 = ±√12 + 12
 𝑟 = ±√2
 𝑟 = √2 → 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥 & 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑥 𝑦
 From the unit circle, 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 𝑟 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) = 𝑟 . Thus,
𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 𝑟
1
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) =
√2
√2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 2

𝑦
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) = 𝑟
1
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) =
√2
1
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) =
√2
𝑥
 From cos(𝛽) = 𝑚, take note that 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) = . So 𝑥 = 𝑚 , 𝑟 = 1 and 𝑟 = ±√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 or 𝑦 =
𝑟
±√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 . Therefore,
 𝑦 = ±√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2
 𝑦 = ±√12 − 𝑚2
 𝑦 = ±√1 − 𝑚2
 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑚2 → 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥 & 𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
 𝑥 𝑦
 From the unit circle, 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) = 𝑟 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) = 𝑟 . Thus,
𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) = 𝑟
𝑚
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) =
1
 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) = 𝑚

𝑦
 sin(𝛽) = 𝑟
√1−𝑚2
 sin(𝛽) = 1
 sin(𝛽) = √1 − 𝑚2
 Plugging these values to eq. 1
 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] −
𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)]
√2 √2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] = ( 2 ) (𝑚) − ( 2 ) (√1 − 𝑚2 )
√2 𝑚 √2−2𝑚2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] = −
2 2
√2 𝑚 −√2−2𝑚2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(1) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚)] = 2

15. Two vertical towers 120 m are on the same horizontal plane. An observer standing successively at
the bases of the towers observes that the angle of elevation of the taller is twice that of the smaller.
At the midway point, he observes that the angles of elevation of the tops of the tower are
complementary. Find the height of the smaller tower.
Answer: 40 m

Solution:
 Let ℎ be the height of the smaller tower and 𝐻 be the height of taller tower.
 Based from the figure, the angle ECF is a right angle. Thus, ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐵𝐹𝐶 are similar.
 Using similar triangle concept,
𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐶
 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐹
ℎ 60
 = → 𝑒𝑞. 1
60 𝐻
 However,
 ℎ = 120 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 𝐻 = 120 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝜃) → 𝑒𝑞. 3
 Plug-in eq. 2 and eq. 3 in eq. 1
120 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) 60
 = 120𝑡𝑎 𝑛(2𝜃)
60
1 1
 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) = 2 [𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝜃)]
2𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)
 Take note that 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝜃) = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2(𝜃) , hence
1 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃)
 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) = 2 [ ]
2𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃)
 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)
 Let 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) , so 𝑥 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃), so
1−𝑥 2
 4𝑥 = 2𝑥
 8𝑥 2 = 1 − 𝑥 2
 9𝑥 2 = 1
1
 𝑥=3
1
 Therefore, 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) = 3 and the value for the height of the smaller tower will be
 ℎ = 120 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)
1
 ℎ = 120 ( )
3
 ℎ = 40 𝑚
16. In a triangle, the degree-measure of one angle is 60 more than that of another. The ratio of the
lengths of the sides opposite these two angles is 2: 1. Find the degree measure of the largest angle
in this triangle.
Answer: 90°

Solution:
 Let 𝑥 be the angle, and 𝑥 + 60 be the other angle.
 By applying Law of Sines,
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥+60) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
 =
2 1
 Note: 𝑠𝑖𝑛(Ɵ + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(Ɵ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(Ɵ)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(60)+𝑠𝑖𝑛(60)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
 =
2 1
1 √3
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
2 2
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + √3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = √3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
√3
 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 3
 𝑥 = 30°
 Since sum of the interior angles for triangle is equal to 180°, the value of the remaining angle
is 60°. Thus, the largest angle is 90°.

17. Figure ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with segments FC and AE intersecting inside the shape. If the
length of the segment ED is 12 units, what is the length of segment FG?
Answer: 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝐺 = 6

Solution:
 Remember that figure ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, meaning all of its sides are equal and
each interior angle is equal to 120˚, by inspection, segment FC bisects ∠AFE, thus ∠𝐴𝐹𝐺 =
60˚. ∆𝐴𝐹𝐺 is a 30:60:90 triangle, and with its special properties, we can solve for segment
FG
 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝐴 = 12
 2𝑎 = 12
12
 𝑎= 2
 𝑎=6
 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝐺 = 𝑎
 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝐺 = 6

18. Three circle A, B, and C are tangent externally to each other and tangent internally to a larger
circle having a radius of 10 cm. Radius of circle A is 5 cm. Compute the distance from the center of
the larger circle to the point of tangency of the two circles B and C which are identical.
10
Answer: 𝑦 = 3
𝑐𝑚

Solution:
 Let “𝑟” be the radius of two identical Circles B and C, and “𝑦” be the distance from the center
of the larger circle to the point of tangency of the two circles B and C. From ∆𝐷𝐶𝐹, by
Pythagorean theorem
 𝑦 2 + 𝑟 2 = (10 − 𝑟)2
 𝑦 2 = 102 − 20𝑟
 𝑦 2 = 100 − 20𝑟 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 From ∆𝐴𝐶𝐹, b7 Pythagorean theorem
 (5 + 𝑦)2 + 𝑟 2 = (5 + 𝑟)2
 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 = 10𝑟
(10𝑦+𝑦 2 )
 𝑟= → 𝑒𝑞. 2
10
 Substitute eq. 2 to eq. 1
 𝑦 2 = 100 − 20𝑟
 (10𝑦+𝑦 2 )
 𝑦 2 = 100 − 20 ( )
10
20𝑦 2
 𝑦 2 = 100 − 20𝑦 − 10
 0 = 100 − 20𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
 0 = −100 + 20𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
 By quadratic equation, we get
−20±40 10
 𝑦 = 6 ; 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −10
 Since there is no negative distance, we
get
10
 𝑦= 3

19. The volume of the frustum of a cone is 1176π 𝑚3 . If the radius of the lower base is 10 m and the
altitude is 18 m. Compute the radius of the upper base.
Answer: 𝑟 = 6 𝑚.

Solution:
 Using a derived formula which we can get from a formula of the frustum of a cone.
𝜋ℎ
 𝑉 = (𝑟 2 + 𝑅 2 + 𝑅𝑟)
3
18𝜋
 1176𝜋 = (𝑟 2 + 102 + 10𝑟)
3
 196 = 𝑟 2 + 10𝑟 + 100
 0 = (𝑟 + 16)(𝑟 − 6)
 𝑟 = −16 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 6 𝑚
 Disregarding of the value with negative
sign since measurements from the figure
doesn’t permit any negative value, we get
 𝑟 =6𝑚

20. A circle is inscribed within an equilateral triangle. Three smaller circle are also inscribed in the
space between the circle and each of the two edges of the equilateral triangle. If the triangle has an
edge length of 4, what ids the sum of the radii of the small circles?
2√3
Answer: ∑ 𝑟 = 3
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Solution:
 Solving for “x” by properties of
special triangles
𝑥 2
 𝑎 = 𝑎√3
2𝑎
 𝑥 = 𝑎√3
2
 𝑥= → 𝑒𝑞. 1
√3
 Solving for “x” by properties of
special triangles
𝑥+𝑦 2𝑎
 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑎
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)
 −𝑥 = −3𝑦
𝑥
 𝑦 = 3 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Substituting 𝑒𝑞. 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞. 2
𝑥
 𝑦=3
2

 𝑦= √3
3
2
 𝑦 = 3√3
 Getting the sum of 3 identical circle’s
radius
 2
 𝑦 = 3√3
 ∑ 𝑟 = 3𝑦
2
 ∑𝑟 = 3( )
3√3
2√3
 ∑𝑟 = 3

21. Three circles each with a radius of 25 are inscribed within the equilateral triangle ABC such that the
three circles are tangent to each other and to two edges of the triangle. What is the side length of
the triangle?
Answer: 𝑙 = 50(√3 + 1)𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Solution:

 By the properties of 30-60-90 triangle

 𝑎 = 25
 𝑥 = 𝑎√3
 𝑥 = 25√3
 For the length of a side
 𝑙 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑎
 𝑙 = 2(25√3) + 2(25)
 𝑙 = 50(√3 + 1)

22. Find the lines tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 38 = 0 and parallel to the line 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 −
34 = 0 which passes through the center.
Answer: 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 92 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −24

Solution:
 Reduce the equation of the circle to its standard form
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 38 = 0
 (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16) + (𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4) = 38 + 16 + 4
 (𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 16 + 4 + 38
 (𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 58
 Using the normal form of the straight line
as follows
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐶
 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 → 𝑟 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 = ±𝑟
7𝑥 3𝑦 34
 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 34 = 0 → + = ± √58
√58 √58 √58
 Simplifying the equation, we get
 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 92 and 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −24

23. Find the general equations of the parabolas with vertex on the line 𝑥 = −2, passing through (-7/8,
4) and latus rectum is 8.
Answer: 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 15 = 0 and 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 33 = 0
Solution:
7
 Given: 𝑃 (− 8 , 4); 𝑉1 : 𝑥 = −2; 𝑉2 : (−2, 𝑘).
 Substitute these data on the standard
form of the equation of a parabola.
 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)
7
 (4 − 𝑘)2 = 8(− 8 + 2)
 (4 − 𝑘)2 = 9
 4 − 𝑘 = ±3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘 = 1; 𝑘 = 7
 Therefore, the vertices are (-2,1) and
(-2,7). Plugging the two vertices and its
latus rectum on the standard form, we get
 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)
 (𝑦 − 1)2 = 8(𝑥 + 2)
 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 15 = 0 (𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑛. )

 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)
 (𝑦 − 7)2 = 8(𝑥 + 2)
 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 33 = 0 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑛. )

24. Find the length of latera recta of the ellipse with an equation of 16𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 96𝑥 − 36𝑦 + 36 = 0
9
Answer: 𝑙 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Solution:
 Given:16𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 96𝑥 − 36𝑦 + 36 = 0; reduce to standard form
 16𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 96𝑥 − 36𝑦 + 36 = 0
 (16(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) + 9(𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4)) = −36 + 144 + 36
 16(𝑥 − 3)2 + 9(𝑦 − 2)2 = 144
16(𝑥−3)2 9(𝑦−2)2
 + =1
144 144
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−2)2
 + =1
9 16

 Therefore, we have
 𝑎2 = 16; 𝑎 = 4
 𝑏 2 = 9; 𝑏 = 3
 Computing for the length of latera recta
2𝑏 2
 𝑙= 𝑎
2(3)2
 𝑙= 4
9
 𝑙=2

25. Nikko has ₱ 50, ₱ 100, and ₱ 200 paper bills amounting to ₱ 20,300. Mordekkai borrowed 14 pieces
of ₱ 50 bills so that the total amounts of ₱ 50 and ₱ 100 bills are equal. Catherine also borrowed 11
pieces of ₱ 200 bills so that the total amounts of the remaining ₱ 200 and ₱ 100 bills are equal. How
many paper bills were left?
Answer: 203

Solution:
 Let “𝑥” be the number of ₱ 50 bills, “𝑦” be the number of ₱ 100 bills, “𝑧” be the number of
₱ 200 bills
 Nikko has ₱ 50, ₱ 100, and ₱ 200 paper bills amounting to ₱ 20,300
 50𝑥 + 100𝑦 + 200𝑧 = 20,300 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 Mordekkai borrowed 14 pieces of ₱ 50 bills so that the total amounts of ₱ 50 and ₱ 100
bills are equal.
 50(𝑥 − 14) = 100𝑦
 50𝑥 − 100𝑦 = 700 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
  Catherine also borrowed 11 pieces of ₱ 200 bills so that the total amounts of the
remaining ₱ 200 and ₱ 100 bills are equal.
 200(𝑧 − 11) = 100𝑦
 100𝑦 − 200𝑧 = −2,200 → 𝑒𝑞. 3
 Solving the equations simultaneously, 𝑥 = 58, 𝑦 = 58, and 𝑧 = 40. The number of paper
bills left was 103 + 58 + 40 − 14 − 11 = 203.

26. A girl invested ₱ 27,000, part at 8% and the rest 11%. How much did she invest at each rate if her
total annual income from both investments was ₱ 2,460?
Answer: ₱ 17,000 𝑎𝑡 8% ; ₱ 10,000 𝑎𝑡 11%

Solution:
 Let “𝑥” be the amount invested at 8%, “27,000 − 𝑥” be the amount invested at 11%.
 The given facts can be shown in the table as follows:

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡

𝑥 0.08 1 0.08𝑥
27,000 − 𝑥 0.11 1 0.11(27,000 – 𝑥)

 0.08𝑥 + 0.11(27,000 − 𝑥) = 2,460

 8𝑥 + 11(27,000 − 𝑥) = 246,000
 8𝑥 + 297,000 − 11𝑥 = 246,000
 3𝑥 = 51,000
 𝑥 = 17,000
 27,000 − 𝑥 = 10,000

27. A purse contains $ 3.73 in pennies and nickels. If the number of pennies was halved and the number
of nickels was doubled, the money would amount to $ 7.04. How
many nickels were there? Take note that 1 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑦 = $ 0.01 & 1 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙 = $ 0.05.
Answer: 69

Solution:
 Let “𝑥” be the number of pennies, “𝑦” be the number of nickels.
 A purse contains $ 3.73 in pennies and nickels.
 0.01𝑥 + 0.05𝑦 = 3.73 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
 If the number of pennies was halved and the number of nickels was doubled, the money
would amount to $ 7.04.
𝑥
 0.01 (2) + 0.05(2𝑦) = 7.04 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
 Solving the equations simultaneously
 𝑥 = 28 and 𝑦 = 69

28. Find five primes which are sums of two fourth powers of integers.
Answer: 2, 17, 97, 257, 641

Solution:

2 = 14 + 14
17 = 14 + 24
97 = 24 + 34
257 = 14 + 44
641 = 24 + 54

29. Find the least positive integer n for which 𝑛4 + (𝑛 + 1)4 is composite.
Answer: 𝑛 = 5
 Solution:
Since 14 + 24 = 17, 24 + 34 = 97, 34 + 44 = 337, and 44 + 54 = 881 are primes. While 54 +
64 = 17 𝑥 113.

30. Solve the non-negative integers of the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 + 2.

Answer: 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 2
Solution:
 We have
𝑥𝑦𝑧 − (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥) + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1 = 1,
and, consequently,
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1)(𝑧 − 1) = 1.
 Because x, y, z are integers, we obtain 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑧 − 1 = 1.
So 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 2