4.

PLANT PROFILE & LITERATURE REVIEW

4.1 PLANT PROFILE

4.1.1 ‘Patala’ in Ayurveda

‘Patala’ is an ingredient of the reputed dasamula (ten roots) and is used in many

important ayurvedic formulations. Patala is reported to be bitter, astringent, cardiotonic, cooling,

diuretic and tonic. It relieves the three dosas, overcomes anorexia, difficulty in breathing,

anasarca (oedema), piles, vomiting, hiccough and thirst. The flower is an astringent, sweet,

useful in vitiated kapha, bleeding diseases, diarrhoea of the pitta type and is good for the throat.

The fruit is useful in hiccough and blood diseases (Kolammal 1978 & Kurup et al. 1979). Root,

root bark, flowers and tender fruits are used in medicine. The important preparations using the

plant are Dasamularistam, Dhanvantaram tailam, Chyavanaprasam and Agastyarasayanam

(Sivarajan & Balachandran 1994).

Saligramanighantu recognizes three types of patala viz. bhumipatala, ksudrapatala and

vallipatala. Bhavaprakasa, however has mentioned only two; the white flowered one (patala) and

the copper-red flowered one (tamrapatala) (Chunekar 1982). Thamrapatala is reported as bitter,

acrid, hot and relieves morbid kapha. It is also useful in sannipata, breathing difficulty, vomiting,

oedema and flatulence. The white variety purifies blood, increases appetite, cures oedema, thirst,

vomiting, hiccough, morbid kapha and vata (Kolammal 1978).

 Chunekar (1982), in his commentary on chyavanprakasa has equated the white-flowered

patala with Stereospermum colais and tamrapatala with Stereospermum suaveolens. Most

authors however do not make distinction of these types and accept Stereospermum suaveolens as

the plant source (Nadkarni 1954, Kappor & Mitra 1979, Kurup et al.1979). Kerala physicians,

however rely on Stereospermum colais for the plant source. Rheede (1693), also portrays

Stereospermum colais as the source of ‘Padri’.Hence, systematic study on these plants will help

in identification of the plant besides providing the therapeutic efficacy of the plants. So, the two

plants Stereospermum colais and Stereospermum suaveolens were selected for the study.

Table 4.1 - Description of the plants

(Anonymous 1992, Kritikar & Basu 1999)

Description Stereospermum colais Stereospermum suaveolens

Biological source Stereospermum colais (Buch - Stereospermum suaveolens
Ham. ex Dillw.) Mabberley (Roxb.) DC.
Family Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae
Synonym Stereospermum personatum, Stereospermum chelonoides
Stereospermum tetragonum (L.f.) DC.
Vernacular names
Hindi Parral, Pader, Padri Paral, Padiala
Sanskrit Patala Patala
Tamil Ambuvagini, Pompadri, Pathiri Ambuvagini, Pombadiri, Padiri
Telugu Tagada, Kalagora, Magavepa Goddalipulusu, Kalagora
Kannada Kalludi, Bondh Hudaybilla, Vulunantrimarada
Malayalam Pathiri, Pumbathiri Pupatiri, Pumbathiri
Geographical Throughout India-in deciduous Rajasthan, Chota Nagpur,
distribution forests, Burma and Srilanka, In Central India, Deccan plateau
Tamilnadu; Chengalpattu, and Peninsula, In Tamilnadu-
Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari, distributed in Salem.
Madurai, Nilgiri, North arcot,
Ramanathapuram and
Tirunelveli
 Table 4.2 - Taxonomical classification of the plants

Classification Stereospermum colais Stereospermum suaveolens

Kingdom Plantae Plantae

Phylum Trachyeophyta Mangoliophyta

Class Mangolipsida Mangoliatae

Order Lamiales Scrophulariales

Family Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae

Genus Stereospermum Stereospermum

Species Stereospermum colais Stereospermum suaveolens

Stereospermum suaveolens
Stereospermum colais

Figure 4.1 Natural habitat of the trees

Stereospermum colais Stereospermum suaveolens

Figure 4.2 Branches with inflorescence

Stereospermum colais Stereospermum suaveolens

Figure 4.3 Roots of the plant

 Table 4.3 - Macroscopical description of the plants
(Anonymous 1992, Kritikar & Basu 1999)

Plant part Stereospermum colais Stereospermum suaveolens

Habitat Large deciduous tree, 18-30 m. high
Root Dull brown, cylindrical, hard,
lenticels are present.
Bark Yellowish brown colour.
Leaves Imparipinnate, clustered towards the
end of the branchlets 30-45 cm long,
with 3-6 pairs of leaflets, 10-12.5 ×
2.5-5 cm, elliptic, caudate-acuminate, serrulate, rough above, pubescent
glabrous, open, unequal-sided at the
base, main nerves 8-10 pairs with
reticulate venation.
Flowers Yellow, tingled with red, fragrant, in
lax dropping terminal cymose
panicles.
Calyx 6 mm long, campanulate, glabrous,
usually purple, shortly 3-5 toothed.
Corolla 2 cm long, yellow, veined and tinged
with reddish purple, more or less
pubescent outside, glabrous on the
upper side.
Large deciduous tree, 9-18 m. high
Dark brown, cylindrical, fissures,
transversely extended lenticels are seen.
Dark brown.
Imparipinnate, 30-60 cm. Leaflets 3-
4 pairs, 7.5-15 × 5-7.5 cm, broadly
elliptic, usually acuminate, often
beneath, base usually rounded and
unequal-sided. Main nerves 6-8 pairs
with reticulate venation.
Dull purple, yellow within, fragrant in
large lax trichotomous viscidly-hairy
panicle.
1cm long, campanulate, viscidly
hairy, lobes 3-5, short and broad.
2.5-3.8 cm long, dull purple,
infundibuliform, pubescent outside,
bearded inside on the lower, glabrous
on the upper side, limb oblique, 2-
lipped, lobes rounded, crisped crenate.

Filaments With a short tuft of woolly hairs at the Without a tuft of hairs at the base.
very base, otherwise glabrous.
Capsules Slender, curved, 30 – 90 cm × 0.8 cm Straight, cylindric, slightly ribbed, 30-
subquadrangular, decurved, pointed, 60 cm × 1.7 cm, somewhat rough with
more or less spirally twisted, elevated whitish specks, valves thick
glabrous, often dotted with raised and hard.
white specks.
Seeds 2.5-3.2 cm long, wedge shaped 3.2 × 1.3 cm with large membranous
membranous wings on each side. wings at each end.
4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Table 4.4 Ethnobotanical uses of Stereospermum colais

PART OF THE
USES AUTHOR (Year)
PLANT
Roots In afflictions of brain and inflammatory chest afflictions, Asima & Satyesh (2003)
anti-pyretic, anti-rheumatic
Bitter, diuretic, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, Chopra et al. (1956)
antibacterial, febrifuge
Anti-asthmatic and antiemetic Asima & Satyesh (2003)
Roots and Antipyretic properties Kritikar & Basu (1999)
leaves
Roots, leaves Febrifuge Kritikar & Basu (1999)
and flowers
Bark Treatment of rheumatism and gout Pankaj et al. (2007)
(Traditional healers of Chhattisgarh)
Internally as well as externally in the treatment of the Pankaj et al. (2007)
piles (Traditional healers of Chhattisgarh)
Leaves In maniacal cases, chronic dyspepsia, otalgia, odontalgia, Kritikar & Basu
rheumatalgia, malarial fever and wounds (1999)Varier (1996)

Table 4.5 Ethnobotanical uses of Stereospermum suaveolens

PART OF THE USES AUTHOR (Year)

PLANT
Roots Ingredient of Dasamoola
Roots In intermittent and puerperal fever,
inflammatory chest afflictions, afflictions Anonymous Wealth of India (1992)
of brain and in rheumatism
Stem bark Diuretic and tonic
Roots In Inflammation, vomiting, asthma, fever, Kritikar & Basu (1999)
diseases of the blood
Flowers In diarrhoea Anonymous Wealth of India (1992)
Fruits In leprosy Anonymous Wealth of India (1992)
 Table 4.6 Phytoconstituents reported in the plants

Part of the Stereospermum colais Stereospermum suaveolens

plant

Bark Speciocide an iridoid glycoside

-
(De Silva et al.1982)

Stem bark 1- methyl anthraquinone, Sterequinone A , Quinones - Sterechenols A and B,

B, C , D & E, Sterekunthal – B Stetekunthal, Sterequinone C
(Naphthoquinone) (Mohammad et al. 2006)

(Kumar et al. 2003)

Sterequinones F,G,H and I Sterekunthal B, Sterequinone C,

(Anthraquinones) p - hydroxy benzaldehyde,

(Kumar et al. 2005) p - hydroxy phenyl methyl ketone and

Stigmasterol

(Mohammad et al. 2005)

Wood (-) Olivil, (-) Cycloolivil and

(-) Secoisolarciresinol -

(Rao et. al. 2003a, 2003b, 2003c)

Root Sterekunthal – B (Naphthoquinone) Lapachol [2 – hydroxyl – 3 - (3 –

(Ravikumar et al.2005) methyl - 2-butenyl) - 1, 4 -

naphthoquinone] (Rao et al. 1968)

Lapachol and β-Sitosterol P-coumaric acid and Triacontanol

(Purushotaman & Natarajan 1974) (Neena et al. 2009)

Morphinane alkaloid, Sinococuline

(Fukiko et al.2011)

Root bark, β - Sitosterol, n-triacontanol,

root, Lapachol, Dehydro-α-lapachone and
-
heart- Dehydrotectol (Joshi et al. 1977)

wood

Leaves Dinatin-7-glucuronide (Subramanian

et.al. 1972)
-
6-O-glucosylscutellarein

(Ramachandran & Mohandoss 1988)

 Table 4.7 Pharmacological activities reported in the plants
Part of the Stereospermum colais
plant
Root Antidiabetic activity
(Bino et al. 2012)
(Bino et al. 2013)
Antidiabetic, antiperoxidative and
radical scavenging potential
(Priya & Padmakumari 2012)
Bark and Active against Salmonella
root typhosa(Bhatnagar et. al. 1961)
Stem bark Analgesic activity
(Pusuloori & Raveendra2011)
Stereospermum suaveolens
Activity against Ranikhet disease, hypoglycaemic and
anticancer activity (Dhar et.al. 1968)
-
Diuretic effect (Blasubramanian et al. 2009a)
Antihyperglycemic , Antioxidant (Balasubramanian et
al. 2012)
(Balasubramanian et al. 2009a)
Hepatoprotective (Chandrashekhar et al. 2010)
(Balasubramanian et al. 2010c)
Analgesic, Antipyretic
(Balasubramanian et al. 2010a)
Anti-inflammatory
(Balasubramanian et al.. 2010c)
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities (Mohammed et
al. 2006)
Antiulcer and gastroprotective potential
(Ashok et al. 2011)
Free radical scavenging activity (Chandrashekhar et al.
2009)
In vivo immunomodulatory activity
(Amal et al. 2013)
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