ZOO 115 B-1L

EXERCISE V.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Dr. Mary Grace Dacuma

 OBJECTIVES OF THE
EXERCISE

1. to identify the different tissues of the heart

2. to distinguish different types of blood vessels
3. to relate microscopic structures of cardiovascular system with
their respective functions
 COMPONENTS OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. Heart - generates pressure to push blood to the pulmonary

and systemic circulations
2. Blood vessels - carry blood to their destinations
3. Blood - has formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and
platelets) and plasma where all blood cells are suspended,
where all gases, hormones, metabolic products are dissolved
HEART
HEART

- muscular, four-chambered
organ
- divided into right and left
halves that do not
communicate with each
other
- possesses a pacemaker, a
group of specialised cells
called the sinoatrial node

http://www.texasheart.org
LAYERS OF THE HEART
1. Epicardium (aka
visceral
pericardium)
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
LAYERS OF THE HEART

http://cardiovascularsystemud.weebly.com
CARDIAC VALVE
1. mitral valve or bicuspid
valve- between LA and
LV
2. tricuspid valve -
between RA and RV
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF
THE HEART

https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
 PURKINJE FIBERS

- specialised cells for conduction found in the sub-endocardium

- contain numerous glycogen and mitochondria
- not connected by intercalated discs but by desmosomes
http://histologylab.ccnmtl.columbia.edu
 LAYERS OF BLOOD
VESSELS

1. Tunica intima - innermost layer, lined with endothelium

2. Tunica media - middle layer, components depend on the
type of blood vessel
3. Tunica adventitia - external layer, made of collagen fibers
 TYPES OF ARTERIES

vasa vasorum

1. Elastic artery- contain elastic fibres in the tunica media

http://www.histol.ru
 TYPES OF ARTERIES

internal elastic
lamina

external elastic
lamina

2. Muscular artery or distributing artery - contain smooth muscle in the

tunica media
 TYPES OF ARTERIES
3. Arteriole - smallest branch of muscular artery & this contains 2-3 layers of
smooth muscles in the tunica media
- found in connective tissues of organs

http://medsci.indiana.edu
 TYPES OF VEINS

http://stevegallik.org

1. Large vein - same layers as the artery but the lumen is collapsed; very thin tunica
media and thick tunica adventitia Ex. superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
 TYPES OF VEINS

http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk

2. Muscular vein- same layers as the large vein. The tunica media has
smooth muscles but there are no internal elastic lamina and external
elastic lamina
ARTERY, VEIN & NERVE

http://www.dartmouth.edu
 TYPES OF VEINS

3. Venule - smallest vein, directly attached to a capillary

 TYPES OF CAPILLARY

1. Continuous capillary - endothelial cells making up the

capillary wall are bound by tight junctions
http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk
 TYPES OF CAPILLARY

2. Fenestrated capillary - found in organs that require high permeability

for exchange of molecules with blood; endothelial cells have gaps at the
basement membrane

http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk
 TYPES OF CAPILLARY

3. Discontinuous capillary - is only found in the liver; formed between

endothelial cells of sinusoids and hepatocytes; the latter has numerous microvilli that
project into the space of Disse creating gaps between endothelium and hepatocytes

http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk