University Research Resource Journal

Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur

Volume – 1, Issue – 1 (Jan to March - 2018)
Page No: 01 - 13
Mr Rojen Waikhom, URRJ-JVWU, Volume – 1, Issue – 1, Page No. 01 - 06

ISSN: 2581 - 3730

EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS OF

DIFFERNTIAL EQUATIONS.
Dipti Kharb, Komal Singh, Mr. Rozen Waikhom
Department of Education and Methodology.
Jayoti Vidhyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur
E-Mail Id: rojenwaikhom@jvwu.ac.in

ABSTRACT
In this paper we discussed the concept of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors play a vital role in solving systems of differential equation, analyzing population
growth models and calculating power of matrices. Here we are going to discuss how Eigenvalues
and Eigenvectors help to achieve the solution for the system of the ordinary differential equation.

KEYWORDS: Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, ordinary differential equation, matrices,

Laplace transformation.

INTRODUCTION
Eigenvalues are over and over again introduced in the background of linear
algebra or matrix theory. In olden times, on the other hand, they arose in the study
of quadratic forms and differential equations. In mathematics, given a linear
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transformation, an eigenvector of that linear transformation is a
nonzero vector which, when that transformation is applied to it, may vary in
length, but not path. There is an equivalent scalar value for all eigenvector of a
linear transformation called an eigenvalue for that vector, which determines the
sum the eigenvector is scaled beneath the linear transformation. An eigenspace of a
certain transformation for a particular eigenvalue is the set (linear span) of the
eigenvectors related to this eigenvalue, together with the zero vectors (which has
no direction). The eigenvalue problem is a problem of significant hypothetical
interest and wide-ranging function. For illustration, this problem is important in
solving systems of differential equations, analyzing population growth models, and
calculating powers of matrices (in order to define the exponential matrix). Some
additional fields for instance physics, sociology, biology, economics and statistics
have focused substantial concentration on "eigenvalues" and "eigenvectors"-their
applications and their computations. Applications of eigenvalues and eigenvectors
are Schrödinger Equation, Molecular Orbital’s, Geology and Glaciology, Factor
analysis, Vibration analysis, Eigen Faces, Tensor of Inertia, Stress Tensor,
Eigenvalues of a Graph.[1] Systems of first order ordinary differential equations
come up in numerous areas of mathematics and engineering, for instance in control
theory and in the study of electrical circuits. In each case the basic unknowns are a
function of the time variable t. A numeral of techniques has been developed to
solve such systems of equations; as the Laplace transform. Here we shall make use
of eigenvalues and eigenvectors to achieve the explanation. In first step we will
recast the system of ordinary differential equations in the matrix form ˙X = AX
where A is an n × n coefficient matrix of constants, X is the n×1 column vector of
unidentified functions and ˙X is the n×1 column vector containing the derivatives
of the unknowns. The most important step will be to apply the modal matrix of A
to diagonalise the system of differential equations. This procedure will transform

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˙X = AX into the form ˙Y = DY where D is a diagonal matrix. We shall find that
this new diagonal system of differential equations can be easily solved. This
unique solution will make us to attain the result of the original system. [2]

Literature of review-

Panju, (2011) Paper provides some examination of numeric iterative method for
computing Eigenvalue and Eigenvector of real matrices. Five methods are
examined of simple power iteration range to complicated QR iteration range. The
main ideas are steadily generalization and adaption of these methods until they
become powerful iterative algorithm. In practical QR iteration method is not
suitable but there are many other way to refine algorithm such as reduce the matrix
A into a simpler form, improve QR iteration method by cooperating shift and
Rayleigh quotient.[3]

Hotz et al, (2010) This Paper introduce a new method for symmetrical tensor
field given on a triangulated domain differently from standard tensor field
interpolation mainly based on tensor component. Here Eigenvector and
Eigenvalues are used as tensor invariant for interpolation. The number of
Eigenvalue and Eigenvector computation is minimize by interpolation. By
restricted it to mesh vertices and make an exact integration of tensor line possible.
Qualitatively tensor field is same as component wise interpolation. [4]

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Adhikari et al, (2009) this paper represents an experimental investigation of
uncertainty in natural frequency of linear structure which is estimate from
measured frequency response function (FRF). Experiment was conducted on 100
nominally identical realization of a fixed - fixed beam. Each and every realization
was gained by placing 12 identical masses at random spatial location along the
length of beam. Random mass is about 2% of total mass of beam. This experiment
represents parametric uncertainty in mass matrix and may be useful for validation
of many random Eigenvalue analyses. The statics of Eigenvalue analysis. The
statics of Eigenvalue of discrete linear dynamic system with uncertainty have been
considered using experimental method. [5]

Ravi m et al, (2011) this paper formulated predator prey model for scientific
problem. Differential equation is defined for shark as a predator and fish as prey
model. Eigenvalues are required to check the system’s stability. The population
growth of fish is dependent on shark and of natural cause. The population growth
of the shark depends on number of shark that dies from natural causes. [6]

Goncalves, (2006) this paper proposed a mathematical method to incorporate

Eigenvector to more traditional Eigenvalue analysis of dynamic models. In recent
years several method are present at understanding the cause of model behavior.
The describe method derive basic formulas that explain how a change in link gain
influence state behavior in linear dynamic system. This paper extend the method to
non linear dynamic system by linearizing the system at every point in time and
evaluating the impact to the derived formula according to insights developed from
linear theory.[7]

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Usevich et al, (2017) studied that Eigenvalue or Eigenvector can be used in
modes of subspace based method for multidimensional harmonic retrieval. The
main purpose of this paper is to find the best way. In this paper, Comparison held
between the state of the art method N-D ESPRIT and IMDF, propose a
modification of IMFD based on least square criterion and also derive expression of
first order perturbation for these methods. This study also suggests that when
number of tones increases the N-D ESPRIT outperform IMDF. [8]

Harrar et al, (2002) this paper presents the theory about differential Eigenvalue
problem. This problem have a sensitivity to perturbations which is asymptotically
least as h tends to 0 , differential equation has first order system form. Second and
fourth order accurate discretisation of first order system are straight forward to
derive and lead to generalized Eigenvalue problem. Implementation combines this
basic algorithm with a limiting form of Weilandt deflation to find a sequence of
Eigenvalue. [9]

Farkas, (2007) Paper develops the spectral properties of pair wise comparison
matrices (PCM) used in multicriteria decision making method called analytic
hierarchy process. In a reversal of rank order of the decision alternatives, perturbed
PCM are introduced. Through the analysis of matrix theory, the derivation the
principle Eigenvector component of perturbed PCMs in explicit form. This
phenomenon is inherent in AHP even in the case of slightest departure from
consistency. [10]

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Cherry, (2015) in this paper Advanced mathematics, the phenomena of
Eigenvalue and Eigenvector are described. Often they are introduced in an
introductory linear algebra class, and there introduced alone, so it is very difficult
to appreciate their importance. Same as other place like Eigenvalue will meet with
one undergraduate curriculum is in differential equation. Hence Eigenvalue
presence is hidden and not mentioned explicitly. [11]

Wang et al, (2016) Paper present the concern with the uniqueness, existence,
non existence and multiplicity of positive Solution for a Eigenvalue problem of a
non linear fractional differential equation with a nonlinear integral term and a
disturbance parameter in the boundary condition. Here fixed point index theory is
used. Furthermore fixed point theorem for sum operator with a parameter is also
used. This paper estimate for critical value of parameter. [12]

Kenny et al, (1992) this paper introduced a method of Eigenvalue and

Eigenvector approximate analysis for the case of repeated Eigenvalue with the
distinct derivative. Method developed as reparameterization of multivariable’s
structural Eigenvalue problem in term of a single positive valued parameter. This
work also presents a numerical technique that facilitates the definition of an
Eigenvector derivative for the case of repeated Eigenvectors. [13]

Meneu et, al (2017) In this paper work a teaching proposal is introduced which
emphasizes on visualization and physical application in the study of Eigenvector

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and Eigenvalue. These entire concepts are explained with the help of notion of
moment of inertia of a rigid body and geogebra software. Here Eigenvalue and
Eigenvector are used in geometric point of view, so that it would be easy for
student to understand the Eigenvalue and Eigenvector problem. [14]

Golub et, al (2000) This paper lighten the important research and developments
for Eigenvalue problem in field of computational method during 20 th century. In
middle of 19th century Jacobi’s work was earliest. Computation of Eigenvalue and
Eigenvector is more complicated. Their significant developments start in 1950 with
the introduction of electronic computer. However important theoretical
development had been made from which computational technique could grow. [15]

Dinakaran et, al (2012) This paper introduced a new BMP based

steganography image identification with the help of Eigenvalue and Eigenvector
technique. In this new approach, method is different from natural and
steganography image comparison, this technique is normally based on BMP image.
By hide information in other information, digital format are most popular in all
carrier file formats because of their frequency on internet. For hiding secret
information in images, there exist a large variety of steganography techniques. [16]

Feng et, al (2006) In this paper a new systolic array processing method is
introduced. This method worked with Eigenvector based on Jacobi algorithm for
decomposition of Eigenvalue or Eigenvector. According to this method’s
architecture, it is highly parallel and also can get Eigenvector when Eigenvalues

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are worked out. To avoid complicated algorithm such as multiple, divide and
evolution etc it works with co-ordinate rotation. When the method is applied to real
time domain, precision and delay can be satisfied. [17]

Stewart et, al (2007) This paper lighten up the condition by considering some
conceptual process and problem that student feel in learning the Eigenvalue and
Eigenvector. Paper present theoretical framework of tall’s three world of
mathematics, along with the fact from process object and represented theory. This
study shows the thinking of two group of 1st and 2nd year university student about
these concepts. [18]

Anand et, al (2015) In engineering and science field there are many application
of matrix which used Eigenvalue and Eigenvector. There are few application areas
such as control theory, vibration analysis, electric circuit, advanced dynamics and
quantum mechanics. Firstly this paper proposed Eigenvalue and Eigenvector of
Fuzzy matrix. Paper presented in four sections. Firstly introduced the term
Eigenvalue, Eigenvector and Fuzzy matrix, secondly proposed their definition. In
third section explained the application of these term and conclusion were given in
fourth section. [19]

Kaiser, (1971) in 19th century Jacobi developed a method for determining the
Eigenvalue and Eigenvector of a real symmetric method. This paper proposed a

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method called JK method. JK method is similar to Jacobi’s classic procedure, but
involves only a post multiplying orthonormal transformation. In computational
time and storage requirements, JK method is beneficial when Eigenvector and
Eigenvalue required. [20]

Jones, (1993)This paper present a shooting method to compute a problem for

Eigenvalue of fourth order two point boundary value problem. This method has
been used to solve Eigenvalue problem related to partial differential equation as in
Helmholtz equation. This method application is quite straightforward and obtained
solutions are faster on modern workshop. [21]

Madison et, al (1962)This paper discussed a number of interrelated Eigenvalue

problem, the most common feature being that each involves an ordinary linear
homogeneous differential equation, containing two parameter whose value will
satisfy three boundary condition. In this paper ɹ, ʯ are two parameter. Formal
properties of solution (orthogonality, Eigen function exposition) are established
and some results obtained on the real character of Eigenvalue. [22]

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