String

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 What is Strings?
String is a sequence of characters. The
java.lang.String class is used to create a
string object.

4 How to create a string object?

There are two ways to create String
object:

1. By string literal
2. By new keyword

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 By String Literal
Java String literal is created by using
double quotes.
Syntax:

String_Type string_variable = 3
“sequence_of_string”;

Example:

String s="welcome";

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 By new keyword
JVM will create a new string object in
normal (non-pool) heap memory, and
the literal "Welcome" will be placed in
the string constant pool. The variable s
4 will refer to the object in a heap (non-
pool).

Example
String s=new
String("Welcome");//creates two objects
and one reference variable

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 String Concatenation
string concatenation forms a new string
that is the combination of multiple Concatenation
strings. There are two ways to concat 3
string in java:

1. By + (string concatenation) operator

2. By concat() method

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 By + (string concatenation)
4 operator
Java string concatenation operator (+) is
used to add strings.

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 By concat() method
The String concat() method concatenates
the specified string to the end of current
string. 3
Syntax:

public String concat(String

another)

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 Three Ways To Compare String In Java

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

By equals() By = = operator By compareTo()

method method

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 By equals() method
The String equals() method compares
the original content of the string. It
compares values of string for equality.
String class provides two methods:

4 • public boolean equals(Object

another) compares this string to the
specified object.
• public boolean
equalsIgnoreCase(String another)
compares this String to another
string, ignoring case.

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 By == operator
The = = operator compares references 3
not values.

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 By compareTo() method
The String compareTo() method
compares values lexicographically and
returns an integer value that describes if
first string is less than, equal to or
greater than second string.
4
Suppose s1 and s2 are two string
variables. If:

• s1 == s2 :0
• s1 > s2 :positive value
• s1 < s2 :negative value

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 Substring
A part of string is called substring. In other
words, substring is a subset of another string.
In case of substring startIndex is inclusive and
endIndex is exclusive. Index always starts from
0.
You can get substring from the given string
object by one of the two methods:
1. public String substring(int startIndex): 3
This method returns new String object
containing the substring of the given
string from specified startIndex (inclusive).
2. public String substring(int startIndex,
int endIndex): This method returns new
String object containing the substring of
the given string from specified startIndex
to endIndex.

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 String toUpperCase() and
toLowerCase() method
The java string toUpperCase() method
4 converts this string into uppercase letter
and string toLowerCase() method into
lowercase letter.

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 String trim() method
The string trim() method eliminates white 3
spaces before and after string.

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 String length() method
4 The string length() method returns
length of the string.

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 String trim() method
The string trim() method eliminates white 3
spaces before and after string.

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 String charAt() method
4 The string charAt() method returns a
character at specified index.

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String replace() method
The string replace() method replaces all
occurrence of first sequence of character with
second sequence of character.
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String s1="Java is a programming language.
Java is a platform. Java is an Island.";
String
3 replaceString=s1.replace("Java","Kava");
//replaces all occurrences of "Java" to "Kava"
System.out.println(replaceString);
113
 Type Casting
Type casting is when you assign a value
of one primitive data type to another
type.
There are two types of casting:
• Widening Casting (automatically) -
converting a smaller type to a larger
4 type size
byte -> short -> char -> int ->
long -> float -> double

• Narrowing Casting (manually) -

converting a larger type to a smaller
size type
double -> float -> long -> int ->
char -> short -> byte

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 Widening Casting
Widening casting is done automatically when 3
passing a smaller size type to a larger size
type:

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 Narrowing Casting
4 Narrowing casting must be done
manually by placing the type in
parantheses in front of the value:

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 super Keyword
The super keyword refers to superclass
(parent) objects.

It is used to call superclass methods,

and to access the superclass constructor.

The most common use of the super

keyword is to eliminate the confusion
between superclasses and subclasses
that have methods with the same name.

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 What is thread?
A thread is a:
• Facility to allow multiple activities
within a single process
• Referred as lightweight process
• A thread is a series of executed
4 statements
• Each thread has its own program
counter, stack and local variables
• A thread is a nested sequence of
method calls
• Its shares memory, files and per-
process state

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 Two way to create thread

By extending By implementing
Thread class Runnable interface

11
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 Commonly used methods of
Thread class
public void run(): is used to perform
•
action for a thread.
• public void start(): starts the execution of
3
the thread. JVM calls the run() method on
the thread.
• public void sleep(long miliseconds):
Causes the currently executing thread to
sleep (temporarily cease execution) for the
specified number of milliseconds.
There are so many methods in threads class.

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 Runnable interface
The Runnable interface should be
implemented by any class whose
4 instances are intended to be executed by
a thread. Runnable interface have only
one method named run().
• public void run(): is used to perform
action for a thread.

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