Roll Number 8 PDF

OFFICE OF RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION (ORIC)
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
MSc/MPhil/ Thesis Proposal
Title of Research:
Evaluation of Emissions from Public Transport in a metropolitan city: A Case Study of

Lahore
Name of Student: Tahmina Hasan

Registration No: 2017F-MS-TE-08
Date of Registration: 11 September 2017
Full Time: Yes
Supervisor
Dr. Zia Ur Rehman
p
Department
Department of Transportation Engineering and Management
p
1. Problem Statement.
Road transportation has contributed to increased emissions of conventional air pollutants. With the
enlarging urban scale, the rapid increase of people living in cities brings tremendous increase in urban
road traffic and, consequently, to the increase in problems associated with the environment and human
health, depending on the type of pollutant and the concentration of it. Burning fossil fuels like gasoline
and diesel releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. The buildup of carbon
dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases like methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is causing the Earth’s atmosphere to warm, resulting in changes to the
climate due to which calculation of the environmental emissions resulting from transport of a city is
necessary. The need of this research is necessary because very less work is done in this
field and particularly in Pakistan no work is present in this field: The assessment is limited to city buses.
City buses usually have a higher energy use per kilometer, due to frequent starts and stops. The results
are intended to be used for support in planning of the future bus service and to build up the knowledge
base of bus transportation.
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Web link: http://uet.edu.pk/oric Phone#: 042-99029237
Email: oric@uet.edu.pk 042-99250213 ver. 1.0 (Aug, 2017)
Lahore is a capital city of Pakistan because of its industries and educational institutions. So, people from
different areas migrated toward Lahore for jobs and education due to which population of Lahore has
increased rapidly. With the enlarging urban scale, the rapid increase of people living in cities brings
tremendous increase in urban road traffic.
Current population of Lahore is 11,126,285 with the annual growth rate of 4.07% since 1998. Lahore's
main public transportation system is operated by the Lahore Transport Company (LTC) and Punjab Mass
Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's Lahore Metrobus
and soon to be Orange Line of the Lahore Metro. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of
buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus.
Due to these transport facilities and increased road transport causes hazardous pollutants across Lahore’s
skyline caused residents respiratory difficulties, eye irritation, and cardiac complications, among other
ailments.
Abovementioned stats show the rationale of this study. This research will cover the gaps of the previous
researches/ work. Particularly in Pakistan very limited research work regarding ambient air condition. As
our cities are growing rapidly, so under these circumstances there is a great need of
such kind of researches to be done.
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Figure 1: Lahore City Map (Source: Google Map)
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2. Objectives (To be attained).
The objectives of this research are as follows:

I. What are the environmental impacts generated by public transport.
II. Assessment of impacts (emissions) due to existing public transport in Lahore.
III. Performance of public transport system with the new fuel type.
IV. Environmental evaluation of existing bus transportation system with the improved one.
3. Literature Survey (Brief survey of past work done on the topic and any related work with
reference, developing need for present study).
C Lambert, et al. (2002) first time use a portable emissions monitoring system to calculate the emissions
like CO, CO2, NOx and PM, for that purpose they practice Eight transit buses for two weeks period
through consistent facility on revenue in Buffalo. That system is assembled by Clean Air Technologies
International. The system was fixed beneath the seat in the back of the bus and driven from the electrical
system of the bus. Concentrations were recorded on a second-by-basis, Mass emissions rates of pollutants
in grams per second are then obtained from the concentration and flow data. Moreover, the speed and
location of the vehicle was observed by unit which includes an internal global positioning system. The
two major observations resulted from this study are that it is very real-world and effective to measure
emissions of buses while in-service, and on the road, and in-service emissions have a large quantity of
inconsistency in the results due to several conditions.
Moreover, in their research they studied that the main source of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter in
environment are diesel engine. They take great interest in generating emission reductions from diesel
internal combustion engines.
Mirkisz, J. et al. (2016) says that Poland have estimated reserves of 5.3 billion cubic meters of natural
gas, so they use that potential in many sector of economy transportation is one of them. That’s why they
use natural gas as a source of power for vehicles. That is the reason writer of this research find interest to
compare the emissions generated by diesel engine and CNG engine.
Test were performed in real condition for the calculation of emissions. For that purpose, they select two
routes urban and sub urban. They use mobile measuring equipment for calculating emissions which is an
exclusive amalgamation of gadgets for recording the following parameters. COx concentration with the
help of NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared analyzer), NOx concentration recorded by NDUV (Non-
Dispersive Ultraviolet analyzer), HC concentration with FID (Flame Ionization Detector analyzer), O2
(electrochemical sensor). GPS system is used to record the position and speed of the vehicles and
ambient condition was observed with the help of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and pressure. Major
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unit of that device was placed inside the bus and flowmeter for recording thermodynamic condition was
placed outside the bus and was protected results obtained for route 2 are shown below.
Figure 2
They conclude that using natural gas as power to drive the buses relatively increases CO2 emissions
which lower the efficiency of engine.
Bel, et al. (2018), Bel, et al. (2018), first time tried to calculate the air pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2, PM10,)
generated by BRT (bus rapid transit) in Mexico City by sing the technique differences-in-differences. For
this purpose, they use real field data before and after BRT implementation.
The modal used was the extension of the differences-in-differences estimation procedure as given below.
Yit =α+βXit+ γZit + θi + δt+ εit
Where,
Y=concentration of pollutants, I represent station represents time, α= constant, Zit =BRT impact dummy,
θi= specific fixed effect of station, δt = specific fixed effect of time, εit = random error. In this approach
key parameter is γ because it estimates the difference between change in concentration of air pollutant for
both treatment group and control group.
Results obtained from the differences-in-differences analysis illustrate a considerable reduction in the
concentrations of all the pollutants, excluding SO2. Specifically, concentration of CO was reduced by
between 5.5% to 7.2%, NOX 4.7% to 6.5%, and PM10 by between 7.3% to 9.2%, depending on the city
area. So, it inspires the enlargement of BRT system because it provides better quality of service and
reduced emissions. So, it motivates people to shift from private cars to public transport. But it is
necessary to remember, that the emission impact of each BRT line will not be same for every corridor,
because other factors also play important role.
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K. Kailashnathan, et al. (2006) calculated the environmental impact of BRT for Ahmedabad city.
Calculation of emissions (CO, SOX, PM, Pb etc.) was made by Emission factors formulated by the
Government of India. The 1996 standards have been used for computations in this project. The emission
factors for different types of vehicles are given in the table below.
Table 1: Emission Factors for Vehicles

Vehicle Type Pollutant Emission Factors (g/km)
CO HC + Nox SPM * Pb* SO2*

Petrol driven 2 wheelers 3 4.5 3.6 0.1 0.006 –
wheelers 6.75 5.4 0.1 0.006
–
Cars 8.68-12.4 3.0 - 4.36 0.04 0.016
0.1
Diesel driven Buses Trucks 17.92 17.92 4.0 4.0 1.45 1.45 – 2.0 3.0
–
Source: GoI, CPCB, 1997.
Ilyas, Syed. (2010) studied the air pollution situation in Pakistan. He said that in Pakistan motors vehicle
are increasing rapidly, Karachi capital of Sind, account for about 15% of the national motor vehicle fleet.
In Karachi growth rate of vehicle (40% per annum) is more than the growth rate of population (15% per
annum) in 1980s and 1990s. so the pollutant levels exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) guideline
limits almost daily. Pakistani gasoline is very evaporative due to which ground level ozone formation
take place. Another issue in Pakistan is congestion because of inadequate road infrastructure and that
congestion leads towards increment of pollutants in Pakistan environment. These emissions have
negative health impacts in metropolitan areas death rate increases due to the emissions. So,
measurements should be taken to minimize the emission due to traffic.
Euro standards are the emission regulations for heavy and light vehicles. Important criteria for regulating
emissions of harmful substances from road transport. The listed pollutants are tested in the Euro standards
as well as for their health and environmental impact.
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Table 2: Euro Emission Standards for Transit Vehicles (g/km)
Emission Date CO THC* NMHC** NOx PM CH4**
Standards
1992 8,1 1,98 14,4 0,648
Euro II 1998 7,2 1,98 12,6 0,
27
Euro III 2000 3,78 1,188 1,404 9 0,18 2 , 88
Euro IV 2005 2,7 0,828 0,99 6,3 0,036 1 , 98
Euro V 2008 2,7 0,828 0,99 3,6 0,036 1 , 98
Euro VI 2013 2,7 0,234 0,288 0,72 0,018 0,9
Source: Lindqvist 2012
*Only diesel engines **Only gas engines
Mahmood A. Khwaja and Shaheen Rafi Khan, (2005) says that the air pollution is becoming environmental
problem in Pakistan, now a day. Inefficiently energy usage, population growth accelerated the vehicle and
the vehicle miles traveled, increased industrial activity without sufficient air emissions treatment or control,
open burning of plastics including solid waste, and the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are some
of the reasons which causes pollution in ambient air quality.
Table 3: Ambient air quality of major cities in the Punjab (1996)

City SO2 (ppb) NOx (ppb) CO (ppm) TSP (ug/m3 )
Islamabad 28.5 148.5 1.55 520
Lahore 44.6 156.6 2.82 895
Rawalpindi 30.7 74.7 1.83 709
WHO 35-52 - 9.0 150-230
guidelines
Source: JICA, March 2000
The table shows the expected energy demand by sector. Fuel consumption is expected to increase six times
by the year 2050. Domestic sector is the major energy consuming sectors (55%), followed by industry
(22%) and transport (18%t) and Agriculture (2%).
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Table: 4 Projected sector fuel consumption (TOE)
1996 2000 2005 2010 2020 2035 2050
Power 8,925 11,400 16,500 24,300 47,400 53,000 58,000

Sector
Industry 7,729 9,400 12,500 15,500 23,500 35,000 50,000
Agriculture 1,800 3,700 4,700 6,200 10,700 12,000 15,000
Sector
Domestic 3,365 3,300 4,500 6,000 11,700 20,000 30,000
Sector
Transport 7,494 7,600 10,500 13,500 22,500 30,000 40,000
Sector
Commercial 888 950 1,200 1,500 2,150 5,000 7,500
Sector
Total 30,201 36,350 49,900 67,000 117,950 155,000 200,500

Source: Khan and Iqbal, 2001
Increased prosperity and population growth in developing countries in accelerating growth in the number
of vehicles and miles traveled. And Pakistan is no exception. Total 94,000 km measured along the road in
1981 increased to 232,000 kilometers in 1998, an overall increase of 147%. The number of vehicles
increased almost suddenly, from 0.8 million to about 4 million in 20 years, an overall increase of over
400%.
Road transport uses 47.2% of total oil products which are produced and imported. Lead compounds are
added to gasoline to increase the efficiency of engines and reduce knocking phenomena in engine. Edit the
content of lead in gasoline. On average, measures approximately 0.35 grams/liter, is very high compared
with the United States and many European standards (0.00 – 0.15 g/l). Two other factors contributing to
higher emissions using diesel fuel (about 72% vehicles driven) are often incomplete and inefficient use of
fuel.
M Zafar, et al. (2015) concluded that long term exposure to gases and vapors and chemicals found in the
environment near heavy traffic harmful and dangerous to the lungs. This reduces lung function resulting
in changes in the parameters of the opening (pulmonary function test). He therefore propose that during
work hours in busy traffic areas, traffic cops should use masks and to determine respiratory system if any,
should undergo regular health checkups and follow appropriate measurements. With regard to the harmful
effects of air pollution on the traffic, creating awareness among the public and when signal timing is more,
so it is advisable to stop the engine for motorcycles, cars, etc.
Ayesha Pervez et al. (2015) states that one of the main causes of damage to DNA in all living animals is
air pollutants, generated by traffic and industrial plants. In everyday lives as a result of increasing
urbanization, air pollution and the deterioration of environmental quality including as well as effecting
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nature. Under these circumstances, may suffer human beings, plants and animals of different damage.
Traffic policemen are exposed heavily to vehicle exhaust.
She also showed that traffic officers from Lahore carry lead levels much higher than the normal population.
Also, the Pb levels in Karachi among traffic police officers is much higher than that of traffic police to
Islamabad due to the increase in traffic. Multiple research find that lead can cause neurological and
circulatory, digestive, reproductive, circulatory and immune systems. The leading exhibitions of various
biochemical effects, including inhibiting an enzyme, DNA damage and mutation, chromosomal
aberrations. Also has proven to be carcinogenic and produce defects.
A. Aziz (2015) says, in Pakistan one of the main environmental issue is air pollution. Air quality surveys,
and found that the level of air pollution in major cities in Pakistan either crossed the borders secure or
reached the threshold level. There are two major sources of air pollution in Pakistan. This is the stationary
sources like industrial pollution and mobile sources that include motor vehicle exhaust. The situation of
suspended particles, carbon monoxide emissions cars in cities is disturbing. Is increasing the level of air
pollution in the urban environment. Uncompromising level of air pollution endangering the health of urban
residents at stake.
Figure 3: Air Pollution Level in Major Cities of Pakistan
Source: Murtaza, M, “Air Quality in Different Cities of Pakistan”, Better Air Quality 2004, Agra India.
Motor vehicle air pollution is a major source of air pollution in Lahore. Road network, Lahore is a historical
place, so the road network which consists of arterial and collector is comparable to other historical sites.
The current form of the road network in the city mainly is radial that fits the efficient operation and
coverage of public transportation but due to lack of a sufficient number of distributors/rings/light sentences,
the traffic pressure is unnecessary on the network.
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Table 5: Air Pollution Situation in Lahore
Name of Spot NOX PM10 CO
PPb (µg/m3 ) ppm
WHO Standards 75 150 9
Yateem Khana 175 1123 3
Chowk 328 1100 5.2
Chearing Cross 208 1050 19
Bank Square 105 1030 22
Qurtaba Chowk
Source Environment Protection Department EPD, “Management of Air Pollution in Punjab”, Lahore, 2003
It is observed from the above table that there is considerable difference between WHO permitted limits
and observed level of air pollution in Lahore. Moreover, relatively high gap observed in values of Pm10
Petro, et al. (2017) says that transport is main source of social and economic development of a country.
But on the other hand, regarding the environment it is the source of emissions and noise and vibration, and
puts pressure on space and cause health and safety hazards. Presently, has regular shipment of goods has
no overview of energy consumption and emissions while producing until his goods load up practically until
door, it also increases the ability of full transport carrier, where it is possible to conclude that goods
transport is a growing concern. Gradually putting pressure on carriers to operate environment friendly
vehicles. So, he concludes that it is important to unify the energy and emission factors, for transport system.
It is considerable to consider indirect consumption and greenhouse gas emissions related to the energy
production for the transport system.
Traffic activities produce negative effect on all elements of the environment like air, water, soil, fauna and
flora. However, the air is most affected and the effect of hydrocarbon fuels combustion in internal
combustion engines for vehicles, to form toxic and cancer-causing substances (carbon monoxide, NOx,
SO2, heavy metals and particulate matter), and the materials that contribute to the global Warming of the
Earth's atmosphere (CO2, N2O, CH4).
Timothy K.M. et al. (2011) says that diesel fumes contain high levels of PPM10 and toxic substances in the
air, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Even at relatively low levels, these pollutants aggravate or cause
asthma and other respiratory illnesses. Daily changes in air pollution were bound with daily changes in
mortality and hospital admissions and other public health indicators. Toxic substances in the air widely
associated with asthma and lung inflammation, coughing, wheezing, and reduced lung function. Fine
particles in diesel emissions joint is associated with reduced lung function and increased cases of
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pneumonia. Nitrogen oxides cause ground-level ozone and high ozone concentrations are associated with
worsening respiratory diseases and increased respiratory symptoms.
All children are potentially vulnerable to the negative effects of particles and ozone. Effects on children
because of the ongoing development of respiratory Physiology, and smaller average lung size and
increasing activity levels. Showed the fine particles contained in diesel exhaust contribute significantly to
morbidity and mortality, especially reduced lung function and lung growth in children. Diesel fumes can
also increase the severity of asthma for children and can induce asthma in healthy children in contrast to
childhood diseases, morbidity and adult only to people with existing respiratory illnesses before.
Exposure to pollution may be particularly high for children who ride the bus. Mobile sources air pollution
concentrations may be up to 10 times the background levels. Collected through mechanisms such as direct
flow of holes or cracks in the case of diesel emissions forearm or exhaust system. May be these holes or
cracks are more common in school buses than in other vehicles, such as school bus engines often less
regularly hold pollution monitoring installed on a subset of these vehicles in our study. These estimates
indicate that concentrations of harmful particles inside a bus road concentrations more than twice and four
times the ambient levels.
Vojtisek L. et al. (1997) measures the mass emissions of vehicle with 5 gas non-dispersive infra-
red gas analyzer and engine scanner or computer in the university of Pittsburgh commuter
vanpool. There are total 20 CNG operated and 15 passenger vans. Concentration of emissions
(HC, COx, NOx, O2) are measured with both gas-analyzer and engine scanner.
Based on results comparison, he concludes that portable on-board system is much better than a
five-gas analyzer. Because it gives accurate results and less expensive.
Yannawar, et al. (2014) uses fix-box model to calculate the pollutants in the air of Nanded city. So, for
calculating emissions from traffic volume they develop a model. Principal used in box model is mass
conservation. City is considered as box into which pollutants may enter and chemical reaction take place.
The data used for that purpose is simple meteorology data. Model developed by them is given below
C= b+ (qL/uH)
Where, b expressed concentration of the pollutant entering in the city (μg/m3), q expressed as flux
(g/s.m2),
W represents width of area, L represents length of area, H is mixing height of area, u is Velocity of air.
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Air pollutants concentration calculated by author in Nanded city is 1060 g/m3. Results show that box
model is acceptable for calculating air pollution concentration for short term analysis. It’s very simple
method and data use in this method is also simple meteorology.
Pham Ngoc Ho et al. (2009) and Schenker U et al. (2007) also uses the same fixed box model for
pollution analysis. Results obtained from box model was verified by author by comparing it with real
data. They observed that box model is much accurate and simple method to calculate the daily variability
in concentration of NOx, CO and PM10 calculated by author in London region.
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4. Methodology.
a) Brief description of how research will be conducted.
The research methodology will comprise of the following steps;
Task 1: Literature Review.

a) Emission Parameters.
b) Environmental Performance measuring principals.
Task 2: Data Collection.

a) Primary Data.
i. Fleet Size.
• Number of Vehicles and their route.
ii. Fuel Type.
• Diesel, Petrol, Gas, Electricity.
b) Secondary Data
i. Emissions (NOX, SOx and PM10 ), No. of Busses and routes and fuel etc.
Task 2: Task 3: Model development.

a) Determination of vehicle kilometer travel (VKT).
b) Calculation of emissions i.e. NOX, SOX and PM10 by using emissions factor(g/kg) table.
c) Parallel comparison with emissions calculated by box model equation and Euro
emissions standards.
Task 4: Data Analysis and Evaluation of results.

a) Conclusions and Recommendations.
The detailed flow chart of work methodology is shown in Figure 4
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Figure 4: Flow Chart of Work Methodology
Evaluation of Emissions from Public Transport in a metropolitan city: A Case Study of Lahore
Task 1: Task 2: Task 3: Task 4:

Literature Review Data Collection Model development Data Analysis and
Evaluation of results
Emmisons Determination of vehicle

paramertrs Primary Data Secondary Data Conclusion and
kilometer travel (VKT)
recommendations
emissions (NOx, SOx

Environmental and PM10), No. of Calculation of emissions
Performance Fleets Size Fleet Type buses, routes and fuel i.e. NOX, SOX and PM10
measuring principals etc. by using emissions
factor(g/kg) table
Number of
Vehciles and their Fleet Condition and
Route Vehicle Classes Parallel comparison with
emissions calculated by
box model equation and
euro emission standars
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b. Experimentation/ Survey.
survey involve in this study will be

i. Public transport(PT) count survey.
ii. PT condition survey.
iii. PT route survey.
iv. PT travel speed survey
c) Theoretical Studies.
This study will be based on the following steps

i) data collection from different type of surveys
ii) data analysis by looked at emission according to the fuel and technology combination. Additional
factors such as Euro standards and graphs are also available.
iii) result generation:
d) Results expected and method of the Analysis.
calculation of following emissions before and after the change of fuel type
i. CO emissions
ii. NOX emissions
iii. PM10
5. Utilization of research results.
i. This research will be beneficial in estimating the emissions by public transport in Lahore, Pakistan.
Furthermore, very limited research work has been carried out in this field particularly in Pakistan.
This is a new field in Pakistan, therefore students, academia and professional transportation and
environmental engineers will get benefits from the findings of this study.
ii. Clean environment is becoming leading concept in Asia so this study will help to promote clean
environment idea in Pakistan. Also play a part in the improvement of fleet size by introducing
latest Vehicles and fuel class.
iii. This study is also helpful in introducing environment friendly local transport, as cities are
congested and air quality in cities largely compromised due to the emission of (CO, NOX and
PM10).
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6. Research Time Table.
(Showing the period for the start of work and expected time for each stage like, literature review, time for experimental set up, experimentation, analysis
of results and submission of thesis etc.)
Table 6: Activity Schedule
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7. References.
C Lambert, Douglas & Vojtisek-Lom, Michal & Joshua Wilson, P. (2002). Evaluation of on road
emissions from transit buses during revenue service.
Merkisz, Jerzy & Fuc, Pawel & Lijewski, P & Pielecha, Jacek. (2016). Actual Emissions from Urban
Buses Powered with Diesel and Gas Engines. Transportation Research Procedia. 14. 3070-3078.
10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.452.
Bel, Germa & Holst, Maximilian. (2018). Evaluation of the impact of Bus Rapid Transit on air
pollution in Mexico City. Transport Policy. 63. 209-220. 10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.01.001.
Mr. K. Kailashnathan, Mr. I. P. Gautam, Mr. P.K Pujari, Mr. Jayant Parimal, Mr. K. Srinivas (2006).
Ahmedabad bus Rapid Transit System (ART) Environmental Impact Assessment
Ilyas, Syed. (2010). A Review of Transport and Urban Air Pollution in Pakistan. Journal of Applied
Sciences and Environmental Management. 11. 10.4314/jasem.v11i2.55004.
Muhammad Zafar*, Asmatullah and Muhammad Khalil Ahmad Khan,” Exposure of vehicular
pollution in altering the pulmonary functions in traffic policemen in Multan city”. Punjab Univ. J.
Zool., Vol. 30 (1), pp. 001-005, 2015
Pervez, Ayesha & Ahmed, Fozan & Mehmood, Nazish & Idrees, Salman & Ikram Ullah, Muhammad
& Zamir Ahmad, Mohammad & Ahmad, Aftab & Hassan, Muhammad. (2015). Detection of DNA
damage in lead (Pb) exposed city traffic wardens in Pakistan. African Journal of Biochemistry
Research. 9. 61-66. 10.5897/AJBR2015.0826.
Aziz. A (2015) “Air Pollution Rein in Measures and Mass Transit Policies - A Case Study of Lahore”
Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan. Vol. 20 No. II-
2015
Petro, František & Konečný, Vladimír. (2017). Calculation of Emissions from Transport Services and
their use for the Internalisation of External Costs in Road Transport. Procedia Engineering. 192. 677-
682. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.117.
Timothy K.M. Beattya, &, Jay P. Shimshackb, (2011),” School buses, diesel emissions, and respiratory
health”. a Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, United
States b Department of Economics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States. Journal
of Health Economics 30 (2011) 987– 999.
Vojtisek-Lom, M.; Cobb, J.T. “Vehicle Mass Emissions Measurement using a Portable
5-Gas Exhaust Analyzer and Engine Computer Data,” Proceedings: Emission
Inventory, planning for the Future; Air & Waste Management Association; Pittsburgh,
PA., 1997.
Yannawar, Dr. Vyankatesh & B Bhosle, A & Balaji Yannawar, Sonali. (2014). Prediction of Air
Pollution Concentration Using a Fixed Box Model. Researcher. 6. 89-92.
Pham Ngoc Ho, Duong Ngoc Bach, Vu Van Manh, Applying Fixed Box Model to Calculate the
Temporal Variance of the Concentration of PM10 in Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi (Vietnam).
Environmental Informatics and Industrial Environmental Protection: Concepts, Methods and
Tools ISBN: 978-3-8322-8397-1, 157-166, 2009.
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Schenker U, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Including Degradation Products of Persistent

Organic Pollutant in a Global Multi-Media Box Model. Env Sci Pollut Res 14 (3) 145–152, 2007.
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8. Comments of Supervisor.
Signature of Supervisor Signature of Student
p
(Dr. Zia Ur Rehman) (Tahmina Hasan)
Post Graduate Research Committee
1. Dr. Saadia Tabassum _______________
2. Dr. Amna Ch. _______________
3. Engr. Bilal Zia Malik _______________
4. Dr. Abdur Rahim _______________
Endst. No. Univ: ______________ Dated: _____________
The above proposal duly recommended by the Departmental Board of

Studies/Committee of Post-Graduate Studies in its meeting held on _____________ is forwarded
to the Director ORIC for obtaining the approval of the Vice-Chancellor.
___________________________ ______________________________
Dean of the Concerned Faculty Chairman/Director of the Department
19
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OFFICE OF RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION (ORIC)

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

MSc/MPhil/ Thesis Proposal

Evaluation of Emissions from Public Transport in a metropolitan city: A Case Study of

Name of Student: Tahmina Hasan

Figure 1: Lahore City Map (Source: Google Map)

The objectives of this research are as follows:

Table 1: Emission Factors for Vehicles

CO HC + Nox SPM * Pb* SO2*

Table 3: Ambient air quality of major cities in the Punjab (1996)

Power 8,925 11,400 16,500 24,300 47,400 53,000 58,000

Total 30,201 36,350 49,900 67,000 117,950 155,000 200,500

Figure 3: Air Pollution Level in Major Cities of Pakistan

The research methodology will comprise of the following steps;

Task 1: Literature Review.

Task 2: Data Collection.

Task 2: Task 3: Model development.

Task 4: Data Analysis and Evaluation of results.

The detailed flow chart of work methodology is shown in Figure 4

Figure 4: Flow Chart of Work Methodology

Task 1: Task 2: Task 3: Task 4:

Emmisons Determination of vehicle

emissions (NOx, SOx

survey involve in this study will be

This study will be based on the following steps

5. Utilization of research results.

Table 6: Activity Schedule

Schenker U, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Including Degradation Products of Persistent

Signature of Supervisor Signature of Student

Post Graduate Research Committee

1. Dr. Saadia Tabassum _______________

2. Dr. Amna Ch. _______________

3. Engr. Bilal Zia Malik _______________

4. Dr. Abdur Rahim _______________

Endst. No. Univ: ______________ Dated: _____________

The above proposal duly recommended by the Departmental Board of

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Endst. No. Univ: __ Dated: _