Mobile Ad hoc and Sensor Networks

Mid-2(key)

1. What are the different solutions for TCP over Ad Hoc and explain in detail
about ELFN approach and fixed RTO?

A. Solutions for TCP over Ad Hoc

Mobility-Related:

o TCP-Feedback
o The ELFN Approach
o Fixed RTO
o The ATCP Protocol
o TCP-DOOR

ELFN Approach:

ELFN (Explicit Link Failure Notification) [12] is another technique based on

feedback. The objective is to provide the TCP sender with information about link
and route failures so that it can avoid taking congestion control actions. ELFN is
based upon DSR [16] routing protocol. To implement ELFN message, the route
error message of DSR was modified to carry a payload similar to the “host
unreachable” ICMP message. When a TCP sender receives an ELFN, it disables
its retransmission timers and enters a “stand-by” mode, which is similar to the
snooze state of TCP-F. Instead of using an explicit notice to signal that a route has
been reestablished, a packet is sent periodically to probe the network to see if a
route has been established. After finding a new route, the sender leaves the stand-
by mode, restores its retransmission timers and continues as normal. Compared
with TCP-F, the detection in ELFN is achieved with the help of modified route
error messages, which are forwarded under the control of the routing protocol.
The detection is moved up to the transport layer only at the TCP sender. No extra
packets, such as RFN and RRN packets, are necessary.

Fixed RTO:

Fixed RTO is a simple mechanism coming from the consecutive timeouts

heuristic. If the sender encounters two consecutive retransmission timeouts, it
assumes some events other than congestion happen. Then the value of
retransmission timeout is fixed, without incurring exponential backoff. The
RTOremains fixed until the route is re-established and the retransmitted packet is
acknowledged. This simple technique is particularly effective when network
partition happens. Without fixing the RTO, it will become longer and longer
exponentially, which implies that the chance to probe a valid route is smaller and
smaller. An improved approach is, not only to fix the RTO, but also to reset it to
the initial value which is a short time period. In other words, it is better to probe
 the network frequently after a network partition is believed to have happened in
order to avoid wasting time idling

2. Explain in detail about cooperation in MANET?

A. Multihop transmission as described above is a special case of a broader class of

transmission protocols called cooperative communications that have recently received
significant attention in various communities. Within prevalent models for cooperation,
Constraints I and II correspond to additional constraints on the transmission protocols,
imposed for practical or architectural reasons. Much of the work on cooperative
communications demonstrates improved performance from largely physical layer
perspectives; however, because many of the advantages essentially result from violating
either of Constraints I or II, there is a great deal of room for design of network architectures
that integrate cooperation, especially for MANETs. The goal of this paper is to help bridge
this gap by summarizing key ingredients of cooperative communications and illustrating two
approaches for cooperative MANETs. A cooperative link consists of separate radios encoding
and transmitting their messages at the physical layer in coordination; these nodes could be a
single source and relay, or they can be a group or relays, or both. As described in Section 1.2,
it has generally been physical layer researchers who have championed the use of
cooperative diversity in wireless networks, arguing that nodes equipped with a single
antenna, through physical layer coding and signal processing, could achieve similar diversity
and coding gains to those of co-located multi-antenna systems [75], while leveraging the
distributed hardware and battery resources that are already available. Such arguments are
mostly based on link quality metrics, such as the average error probability and the outage
probability. As indicated by the two network models described briefly in the next section,
this point of view should be expanded because cooperative communications is inherently a
network solution, and there are issues of protocol layering and cross-layer architecture that
naturally must be explored jointly by a broad community of researchers. In addition to
offering performance improvements in terms of network metrics such as connectivity,
cooperation alleviates certain collision resolution and routing problems because it allows for
simpler networks of more complicated links, rather than complicated networks of simple
links.

3. Write in detail about the applications of Wireless Sensor Networks?

A. There are numerous applications of WSNs in industrial automation, traffic monitoring and
control, medical device monitoring and in many other areas. Some of applications are discussed
below:
1. DISASTER RELIEF OPERATION
If an area is reported to have been stricken from some sort of calamity such as wildfire, then
drop the sensor nodes on the fire from an aircraft. Monitor the data of each node and construct
a temperature map to devise proper ways and techniques to overcome the fire.
 2. MILITARY APPLICATIONS
As the WSNs can be deployed rapidly and are self organized therefore they are very useful in
military operations for sensing and monitoring friendly or hostile motions. The battlefield
surveillance can be done through the sensor nodes to keep a check on everything in case more
equipment, forces or ammunitions are needed in the battlefield. The chemical, nuclear and
biological attacks can also be detected through the sensor nodes.

An example of this is the ‘sniper detection system’ which can detect the incoming fire through
acoustic sensors and the position of the shooter can also be estimated by processing the detected
audio from the microphone.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
These sensor networks have a huge number of applications in the environment. They can be
used to track movement of animals, birds and record them. Monitoring of earth, soil,
atmosphere context, irrigation and precision agriculture can be done through these sensors.
They can also used for the detection of fire, flood, earthquakes, and chemical/biological
outbreak etc.
A common example is of ‘Zebra Net’. The purpose of this system is to track and monitor the
movements and interactions of zebras within themselves and with other species also.
4. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
In health applications, the integrated monitoring of a patient can be done by using WSNs. The
internal processes and movements of animals can be monitored. Diagnostics can be done. They
also help in keeping a check on drug administration in hospitals and in monitoring patients as
well as doctors.
An example of this is ‘artificial retina’ which helps the patient in detecting the presence of
light and the movement of objects. They can also locate objects and count individual items.
5. HOME APPLICATIONS

As the technology is advancing, it is also making its way in our household appliances for their
smooth running and satisfactory performance. These sensors can be found in refrigerators,
microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, security systems and also in water monitoring systems.
The user can control devices locally as well as remotely with the help of the WSNs