A PROJECT REPORT ON

SPEED CONTROL OF A SINGLE PHASE AC

MOTOR BY STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL
METHOD IN IOT PLATFORM
submitted to

MaulanaAbulKalam Azad University of Technology

In fulfillment of the academic requirements for the awards of Final Semester project in

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

2019

By
SK ANISUL HAQUE-16901615094

Under the guidance of

Prof. Kaustav bhadar

Assistant Professor
Department Of Electrical Engineering

Academy of Technology
Adisaptagram, Hooghly-712121, West Bengal
 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the project entitled “SPEED CONTROL OF A SINGLE

PHASE AC MOTOR BY STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD IN IOT
PLATFORM” submitted to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology in
the fulfillment of 8th semester of the B.TECH degree in ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING is original work carried out under my guidance

by

RIDDHY ROY-16901615071
SANMOY DATTA-16901615079
SHUBHA MAJI-16901615092
SK ANISUL HAQUE-16901615094
SUPARNA GHOSH-16901615114

The matter embodied in this project is genuine work done by the student and has not
been submitted whether to this University or to any other University/Institute for the
fulfillment of the requirement of any course of study.

( ) ( )

Signature of HOD Signature of the Guide

Department of Department of
Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering
Academy of Technology Academy of Technology
Date: Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our great deal of thanks to our college for providing us an opportunity to
improve our skills by assigning us a project. Our special thanks to Prof. Kaustav
Bhadar for guiding us for such a project.

We are greatly thankful to Prof. Sandip Saha Chowdhury, HOD, E.E, and all other
faculty members who have guided us thoroughly and have given important details
about this project and helping us in making it a success.

SK Anisul Haque
(16901615094)
CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1) Objectives 1
2) Introduction 1
3) Literature Survey 2
4) Historical Background 3
5) Theoretical Background 4- 8
6) Block Diagram9
7) Working Principle 10
8) Hardware 11 - 15
9) Software 16 – 21
10) Observed Results 22
11) Advantages, Disadvantages, & Applications23
12) Future Scope23
13) Conclusion24
14) References24
 OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this project is to control the speed of a single phase AC motor by stator
voltage control method in “IOT” platform. This paper presents, the control and monitoring
system for an induction motor based on Internet Of Things (IOT) for safe and economic data
communication in industrial fields. In this project there are many objectives like;
1) The system presents the manual control methods to stop and start the induction machine to
avoid the system failure.
2) To control the speed of the single phase AC motor using limited power supply.
3) Along with the speed control, it also gives feedback for temperature rise.
4) To facilitate the flexible control of the speed of single phase AC induction motor used in
industries.
5) Before the invention of AC induction motors DC motors are widely used in industrial
requirements. With the invention of AC induction motors due to their high performance
attributes over DC motor, industrial automation is being frequently done with it.
6) We are not only control the speed of the induction motor , using feedback network we can
also detect the over temperature, high voltage, low voltage etc are likely happen in industries.
So this project is very helpful in industries, household, shopping malls etc.
7) To make the system faster and user friendly it provides an android application.

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project presents controlling the speed of a single phase AC motors which
is operated by stator voltage control method via local web server in IOT platform. The most
commonly used motor in industries is an induction motor because of its simplicity and
ruggedness. Speed of high slip induction motor can be reduced by an amount of which is
sufficient for speed
control of single phase
induction motor.
While the torque is
proportional to the
square of voltage,
current is directly
proportional to the
voltage. Therefore
voltage is reduced the
speed, for the same
current motor Fig: Pictorial Outline of this Project
develops lower torque. To make the system fast and user friendly it provides a local web
server. This paper presents a monitoring the system of an induction motor based on “Internet
Of Things” for safe and economic data communication in industrial field.

1
 LITERATURE SURVEY

To accomplish our project, we have done some literature surveys so that it is known whether
it is feasible or not.

While starting, we first understood the necessity of speed control of a single phase ac motor
as it is widely used in The cooling fan motors (3 off) running in PC, the PC hard disk drive
motors (2off) and 2 DVD drive motors, the ceiling fan motor etc.

Now, from the following sources we have gathered knowledge to successfully accomplish
our project:

Here, we earned knowledge about the construction and working principle of an single phase
ac motor. Now, we were concerned about the various techniques of controlling the speed of
an 1-ph ac motor. We did a small research on IOT – the main tool for the fulfillment of our
project. We also did a detailed study on Node MCU and its use corresponding to arduino
language. We had to know the various PIN functions of the Node MCU as well as the
connections in the breadboard.Besides, the notations of arduino language was an important
tool without which Node MCU could not be operated. We studied about the LED lighting
process and the controlling of its intensity so that we could do the experiment on the fading in
and fading out of a LED light.

2
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
History of IOT:
The term Internet of Things is 16 years old. But the actual idea of connected devices had
been around longer, at least since the 70s. Back then, the idea was often called “embedded
internet” or “pervasive computing”. But the actual term “Internet of Things” was coined
by Kevin Ashton in 1999 during his work at Procter & Gamble. Ashton who was working in
supply chain optimization, wanted to attract senior management’s attention to a new exciting
technology called RFID. Because the internet was the hottest new trend in 1999 and because
it somehow made sense, he called his presentation “Internet of Things”.

Key Features of IOT to help the speed control of an ac motor:

• The Internet of Things definition: “Sensors and actuators embedded in physical
objects are linked through wired and wireless networks”
• There are a number of similar concepts but Internet of Things is by far the most
popular term to describe this phenomenon
• The term Internet of Things was invented in 1999, initially to promote RFID
technology.
• The popularity of the term IoT did not accelerate until 2010/2011 and reached mass
market in early 2014
• M2M or the Industrial internet are not opposing concepts to the Internet of Things.
Rather, they are sub-segments.

History of speed control of an ac motor through IOT:

Nowadays, timer controlled systems have been easily replaced with remote controlled
systems after the internet became widespread. In these systems, it is known as an important
issue to get information about not only the control, but also the conditions of the machines or
devices through web. In accordance with this need, there are some works about
implementation of condition monitoring of system through internet, and development of web-
based remote controlling or monitoring practices.

Currently, remote accessing, controlling and monitoring are possible through theinternet. It is
observed that many systems were used for controlling and monitoring processes.

There are some successful examples such as monitoring of induction motor parameters based
on Zigbee protocol, the control of simulation and motion control of induction motors using a
computer, real-time monitoring and controlling of induction motor parameters, cruise control
of induction motors using the techniques of GSM and PWM [10], monitoring the positions of
three-phase induction motors by means of GSM technology, the control of motor through the
ethernet with LabVIEW using PLC [13]. In addition to these a PLC Scada based fault detection
and protection system is implemented in ref [14]. In that study, the webbased user interface for
remote control and monitoring was developed and presented online to users.

3
 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
Single phase ac motor:
Single phase motors are very widely used in home, offices, workshops etc. as power
delivered to most of the houses and offices is single phase. In addition to this, single phase
motors are reliable, cheap in cost, simple in construction and easy to repair.
Single phase electric motors can be classified as:
1) Single phase induction motor (Split phase, Capacitor and shaded pole etc).
2)Single phase synchronous motor.
3)Repulsion motor etc.
This article explains the basic construction and working of single phase induction motor.

Fig.2: Single Phase Induction Motor

Construction of a single phase induction motor is similar to the construction of three phase
induction motor having squirrel cage rotor, except that the stator is wound for single phase
supply. Stator is also provided with a 'starting winding' which is used only for starting
purpose. This can be understood from the schematic of single phase induction motor at the
left.
Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor
When the stator of a single phase motor is fed with single phase supply, it produces
alternating flux in the stator winding. The alternating current flowing through stator winding
causes induced current in the rotor bars (of the squirrel cage rotor) according to Faraday's law
of electromagnetic induction. This induced current in the rotor will also produce alternating
flux. Even after both alternating fluxes are set up, the motor fails to start (the reason is
explained below). However, if the rotor is given an initial start by externalforce in either
direction, then motor accelerates to its final speed and keeps running with its rated speed.
This behavior of a single phase motor can be explained by double-field revolving theory.
Double-Field Revolving Theory
The double-field revolving theory states that, any alternating quantity (here, alternating flux)
can be resolved into two components having magnitude half of the maximum magnitude of
the alternating quantity, and both these components rotating in opposite direction.
Following figures will help you understanding the double field revolving theory.

4
 Fig.3 Double-Field Revolving Theory

Speed Control of Single phase ac motor:

2.1.2. Principle of Speed Control
Rotational speed N of an induction motor can be shown by the expression (1). When the
voltage applied to the motor is increased and decreased, the slip s changes, then the rotational
speed N will change.
N= 120·f ·(1-s)/P · · · · · · · · · · (1)
N: Rotational speed [r/min]
F: Frequency 〔Hz〕
P: Number of poles of a motor
S: Slip
In the case of an induction motor as shown in Fig. 4, a stable range and an unstable range
exists in the Rotational Speed - Torque curve. Since it is impossible to reliably operate in
the unstable range, simple voltage control (open loop control) is limited to controlling the
speed in a narrow range like, N1~N3 in Fig. 5. To make it possible to operate reliably even
in the above-mentioned unstable range, it is necessary to detect the rotational speed of the
motor and use a voltage control mechanism (closed-loop control) that reduces the speed
error when compared to a set value.

Fig. 4 Rotational Speed - Torque Characteristics of Induction Motors

5
 Fig. 5 Simple Voltage Control
Available voltage control methods include control by a transformer or by phase control. Fig.
6 shows when voltage is controlled by using a transformer. This method is not so easy to do
with an AC speed control motor. Alternately, the AC voltage can be adjusted by setting the
ON/OFF time of every half cycle of the AC voltage (50 or 60Hz) applied to the motor using
a switching element (thyristor or triac) that can directly turn on and off the AC voltage as
shown Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. Speed control is obtained by the phase control method by
controlling the r.m.s. value of the AC voltage.

Fig. 6 Voltage Change by Transformer

Fig. 7 Voltage Change by Phase Control

6
 Fig. 8 Triac Control Circuit
This AC speed control method can provide steady speed control by closed-loop phase
control even in the unstable range.
Fig. 9 shows the configuration of the speed control system for an AC speed control motor in
a block diagram.

Fig. 9 Block Diagram of AC Speed Control Motor System

Fig. 10 Waveform for Each Block

7
Fig. 10 shows the waveforms of each block. The speed set value d and the detected
voltage e of the speed generated by a tacho-generator is compared in the comparison
amplifier block.
The voltage signal a is low when the speed detected value to the speed set value rises, and is
higher when the speed set value lowers. Since the trigger signal is output at the point where
the triangular wave b intersects with the voltage
signal a, the timing (phase angle) when the triac is
turned on with a level of the voltage signal a is
determined. When this timing is slow, the voltage
applied to the motor becomes low and the rotational
speed of the motor decreases. The lowered rotational
speed is fed back again and the control is repeated so
that the difference between the speed detected value
and the speed set value may always be constant.
Fig. 11 shows the appearance of the above-mentioned speed control. In Fig. 11, the
operation point of the motor draws a loop of Q-R-S-T-Q centering on O, and the rotational
speed is maintained between N1 and N2. This loop is reduced as much as possible by
increasing the speed detection accuracy.
The AC speed control motor has the following features when using this closed-loop phase
control.
1) Since the AC voltage is controlled directly, the speed control circuit can be configured
simply because a smoothing circuit is unnecessary, allowing for a compact design at a low
price.
2) In the same way, a long-life design is possible because a large aluminum electrolytic
capacitor is unnecessary.
3) The switching is operated only one time each half cycle of the commercial AC power
supply, which keeps the generated noise low.
From these techniques, we have chosen triac control method of ac motor speed control.
IOT:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an important topic in technology industry, policy, and
engineering circles and has become headline news in both the specialty press and the popular
media. This technology is embodied in a wide spectrum of networked products, systems, and
sensors, which take advantage of advancements in computing power, electronics
miniaturization, and network interconnections to offer new capabilities not
previously possible. An abundance of conferences, reports, and news articles discuss and
debate the prospective impact of the “IoT revolution”—from new market opportunities and
business models to concerns about security, privacy, and technical interoperability.
The large-scale implementation of IoT devices promises to transform many aspects of the
way we live. For consumers, new IoT products like Internet-enabled appliances, home
automation components, and energy management devices are moving us toward a vision of
the “smart home’’, offering more security and energy efficiency.
Other personal IoT devices like wearable fitness and health monitoring devices and network
enabled medical devices are transforming the way healthcare services are delivered. This
technology promises to be beneficial for people with disabilities and the elderly, enabling
improved levels of independence and quality of life at a reasonable cost.1 IoT systems like
networked vehicles, intelligent traffic systems, and sensors embedded in roads and bridges.
8
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Explanation of Blocks:
Step Down Transformer: It helps to reduce the working voltage up to 9 volt it is required.
Full wave rectifier: It converts from 9V a.c to 9V d.c signal.
Filter: It helps to produce 5V d.c signal which is required to run the node mcu.
Zero crossing Detector: This device detects the points where the signal amplitude is zero
and converts the signal starting from there.
Android App: It’s programmed to bring the percentage input of the signal to the node mcu.
Opto - Coupler: It ensures that no damage occurs in either of the circuits built in it, while the
other one has a fault.
TRIAC: It is triggered as per the input percentage and the switch is ON for that much time
only which helps to produce required voltage to the load and controlling of speed.
Snubber Circuit: It suppress the voltage spikes caused by the circuit's inductance.

9
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
Firstly we are detecting the zero crossing of the pulse and then using the node mcu as well as
optocoupler, we trigger the triac circuit at different percentages of the given pulse after
required time. Thus we change the input voltage to the ac motor and the speed of it.
Here, an a.c. signal of 230V is supplied. The step- down transformer reduces the voltage
upto 9V. Turns ratio of 23:1 yields 23:1 primary:secondary voltage ratio and 1:23
primary:secondary current ratio.

Fig: Signal after passing through Step – down Transformer

Next, A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant
polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Thereafter, 7805 is a three terminal linear voltage
regulator IC with a fixed output voltage of 5V which is useful to give voltage to Node MCU.

Fig: Signal to node mcuafter passing through Rectifier and voltage regulator
After getting the zero crossing pulse
when we send data(say 25%) using
mobile app, ESP 8266 will send 3.3
volt to the opto-coupler andfrom that
opto-coupler the voltage goes to the
gate of the triac and after(100-
data)% (here 75%) of time taken by
the two pulse of zero crossing the
sinusoidal wave will trigger by the
triac. Similarly, 50%, 25% and 0%
will be respective times taken by the
two pulse of zero crossing the
sinusoidal wave will trigger by the
triac

Fig: Final Signal going to trigger the TRIAC ckt

10
 HARDWARE
Veroboard:
Veroboard is a brand of stripboard, a pre-formed circuit board material of copper strips on
an insulating bonded paper board which was originated and
developed in the early 1960s by the Electronics Department
of Vero Precision Engineering Ltd (VPE). It was introduced as
a general-purpose material for use in constructing electronic
circuits - differing from purpose-designed printed circuit
boards (PCBs) in that a variety of electronic circuits may be
constructed using a standard wiring board.
The first single-size Veroboard product was the forerunner of
the numerous types of prototype wiring board which, with
worldwide use over five decades, have become known as
stripboard.
The generic terms 'veroboard' and 'stripboard' are now taken to be synonymous.

Node MCU:
NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December
30,2013, EspressifSystems began
production of the ESP8266. The
ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with
a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core widely
used in IoT applications (see related
projects). NodeMCU started on 13 Oct
2014, when Hong committed the first file
of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub. Two
months later, the project expanded to
include an open-hardware platform when
developer Huang R committed
the gerber file of an ESP8266 board,
named devkit v0.9. Later that month,
Tuan PM ported MQTT client library
from Contiki to the ESP8266 SoC
platform and committed to NodeMCU
project, then NodeMCU was able to
support the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker.
Another important update was made on 30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glibto
NodeMCU project,[15] enabling NodeMCU to easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA
displays.
In summer 2015 the creators abandoned the firmware project and a group of independent but
dedicated contributors took over. By summer 2016 the NodeMCU included more than 40
different modules. Due to resource constraints users need to select the modules relevant for
their project and build a firmware tailored to their needs.
11
Full wave rectifier:
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output. Mathematically, this corresponds to the absolute
valuefunction. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to
pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a
center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source
(including a transformer without center tap), are needed.[3] Single semiconductor diodes,
double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and four-diode bridges, are
manufactured as single components.

Graetz bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using four diodes.

For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back
(cathode-to-cathode or anode-to-anode, depending upon output polarity required) can form a
full-wave rectifier. Twice as many turns are required on the transformer secondary to obtain
the same output voltage than for a bridge rectifier, but the power rating is unchanged.

Fig: Obtaining 5V d.c from 230V a.c. supply

The average and RMS no-load output voltages of an ideal single-phase full-wave rectifier are
very common double-diode rectifier vacuum tubes contained a single common cathode and
two anodes inside a single envelope, achieving full-wave rectification with positive output.
The 5U4 and the 80/5Y3 (4 pin)/(octal)were popular examples of this configuration.

Step down Transformer:

So far, we’ve observed simulations of transformers where the primary and secondary
windings were of identical inductance, giving approximately equal voltage and current
levels in both circuits. Equality of voltage and current between the primary and secondary
sides of a transformer, however, is not the norm for all transformers. If the inductances of
the two windings are not equal, something interesting happens:
Notice how the secondary voltage is approximately ten times less than the primary voltage
(0.9962 volts compared to 10 volts), while the secondary current is approximately ten
times greater (0.9962 mA compared to 0.09975 mA).
12
What we have here is a device that steps voltage down by a factor of ten and current up by
a factor of ten: (Figure below).

Turns ratio of 10:1 yields 10:1 primary:secondary voltage ratio and 1:10
primary:secondary current ratio.
This is a very useful device, indeed. With it, we can easily multiply or divide voltage and
current in AC circuits. Indeed, the transformer has made long-distance transmission of
electric power a practical reality, as AC voltage can be “stepped up” and current “stepped
down” for reduced wire resistance power losses along power lines connecting generating
stations with loads. At either end (both the generator and at the loads), voltage levels are
reduced by transformers for safer operation and less expensive equipment. A transformer
that increases voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary winding turns than
primary winding turns) is called a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer designed
to do just the opposite is called a step-down transformer.

Voltage Regulator Using 7805 ic:

7805 is a three terminal linear voltage regulator IC with a fixed output voltage of 5V which
is useful in a wide range of applications. Currently, the 7805 Voltage Regulator IC is
manufactured by Texas Instruments, ON Semiconductor, STMicroelectronics, Diodes
incorporated, Infineon Technologies,
etc.
They are available in several IC
Packages like TO-220, SOT-223, TO-
263 and TO-3. Out of these, the TO-220
Package is the most commonly used one
(it is the one shown in the above
image).
Some of the important features of the
7805 IC are as follows:

• It can deliver up to 1.5 A of current (with heat sink).

• Has both internal current limiting and thermal shutdown features.
• Requires very minimum external components to fully function.

13
Zero crossing Detector:
As we have already mentioned that there are many ways to design a Zero Crossing Detector.
Here, in the below circuit we are using an opto-coupler
for the same. By observing the output waveform you
can see that the output waveform is getting HIGH only
when the input AC wave crosses zero every time.

Optocoupler using MOC3021 ic:

The MOC3021 is a Zero-Crossing TRIAC driven Optocoupler or Optoisolator. As we
know the term Optocoupler/Optoisolater means the same that is we use light to indirectly
couple to sets of circuits. The speciality of MOC3021 is that it has Zero-Crossing ability and
is driven by a Triac.

Applications

• AC Light dimmers
• Strode lights
• AC motor speed control
• Noise coupling circuits

Triac:
The circuit symbol recognises the way in which the TRIAC operates. Seen from the outside it
may be viewed as two back to back thyristors and this is what the circuit symbol indicates.
On the TRIAC symbol there are three terminals. These are the Gate and two
other terminals are often referred to as an "Anode" or "Main
Terminal". As the TRIAC has two of these they are labelledeither
Anode 1 and Anode 2 or Main Terminal, MT1 and MT2.

14
TRIAC basics
The TRIAC is a component that is effectively based on the thyristor. It provides AC
switching for electrical systems. Like the thyristor, the TRIACs are used in many electrical
switching applications. They find particular use for circuits in light dimmers, etc., where they
enable both halves of the AC cycle to be used. This makes them more efficient in terms of the
usage of the power available. While it is possible to use two thyristors back to back, this is
not always cost effective for low cost and relatively low power applications.
It is possible to view the operation of a TRIAC in terms of two thyristors placed back to back.

TRIAC equivalent as two Thyristors

One of the drawbacks of the TRIAC is that it does not switch symmetrically. It will often
have an offset, switching at different gate voltages for each half of the cycle. This creates
additional harmonics which is not good for EMC performance and also provides an
imbalance in the system.
BTA16 TRIAC:
It is designed for high performance full−wave ac control applications where high noise
immunity and high commutating di/dt are required.
Features
• Blocking Voltage to 800 V
• On-State Current Rating of 16 A RMS at 25°C
• Uniform Gate Trigger Currents in Three Quadrants
• High Immunity to dV/dt − 1000 V/s minimum at 125°C
• Minimizes Snubber Networks for Protection

Snubber Circuit:
When a TRIAC controls inductive loads, the mains voltage and the load
current are not in phase. To limit the slope of the reapplied voltage and
ensure right TRIAC turn-off, designer usually used a snubber circuit
connected in parallel with the TRIAC. This circuit can also be used to
improve TRIAC immunity to fast transient voltages.

15
 SOFTWARE
Programming Code:
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <Ticker.h>
Ticker timer;

#define FAN D2
#define AC_ZERO_CROSS D6

const char *ssid = "Redmi";

const char *password = "suvo12345";

intFanState = 0;
intFanSpeed = 0;

volatile int i=0;

volatile int dimming =0;
volatile booleanzero_cross=0;
intstate_dimmer = 0;

intFanSpeedVal = 0;
char FanSpeedARR[10];
intPreFanSpeedVal = 0;

intfreqStep = 375;

WiFiServer server(80);

void InitInterrupt(timercallbackhandler,int Step )

{
timer1_disable();
timer1_isr_init();
timer1_attachInterrupt(handler);
timer1_enable(TIM_DIV16, TIM_EDGE, TIM_LOOP);
timer1_write(Step);
}

16
void ICACHE_RAM_ATTR do_on_delay()
{
if(zero_cross == true) {
if(i>=dimming) {

digitalWrite(FAN, HIGH);
i=0;
zero_cross = false;
delayMicroseconds(20);
digitalWrite(FAN, LOW);
}
else {
i++;
digitalWrite(FAN, LOW);

}
}
}

void zero_crosss_int()
{
zero_cross = true;
i=0;
digitalWrite(FAN, LOW);
InitInterrupt(do_on_delay,freqStep);
}
void timerIsr(){

if(PreFanSpeedVal != FanSpeedVal)
{
PreFanSpeedVal = FanSpeedVal;
Serial.print(F("Got:FanSpeed = "));
Serial.println(FanSpeedVal);
state_dimmer = FanSpeedVal;
dimming =127-state_dimmer;
//delay(10);
if(dimming>=120)
{
detachInterrupt(AC_ZERO_CROSS);
digitalWrite(FAN, LOW);
}
else if(dimming<=10)
{
detachInterrupt(AC_ZERO_CROSS);

17
 digitalWrite(FAN, HIGH);
}
else
{
attachInterrupt(AC_ZERO_CROSS, zero_crosss_int, RISING);
}
}
}
void setup() {
pinMode(FAN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(AC_ZERO_CROSS,INPUT);
digitalWrite(FAN, LOW);
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println();
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(100);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
server.begin();
timer.attach(0.1, timerIsr);
attachInterrupt(AC_ZERO_CROSS, zero_crosss_int, RISING);
}
void loop() {

if(FanState == 1)
{
FanSpeedVal = FanSpeed;
}
else
{
FanSpeedVal = 0;
}
WiFiClient client = server.available();
if (client) {
String currentLine = "";
String dataMessage = "";

18
 while (client.connected()) {
if (client.available()) {
char c = client.read();
if (c == '\n') {
if (currentLine.length() == 0) {
client.println();
client.println();
break;
} else {
currentLine = "";
}
} else if (c != '\r') {
currentLine += c;
}
if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /F1")) {
FanState = 1;
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n");
dataMessage = String('[') + String('{') + String('"') + String("FanState") + String('"') +
String(':') + String('"') + String(FanState) + String('"') + String(',') + String('"') +
String("FanSpeed") + String('"') + String(':') + String('"') + String(FanSpeed) + String('"') +
String('}') + String(']');
client.println(dataMessage);
Serial.println(dataMessage);
}
else if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /F0")) {
FanState = 0;
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n");
dataMessage = String('[') + String('{') + String('"') + String("FanState") + String('"') +
String(':') + String('"') + String(FanState) + String('"') + String(',') + String('"') +
String("FanSpeed") + String('"') + String(':') + String('"') + String(FanSpeed) + String('"') +
String('}') + String(']');
client.println(dataMessage);
Serial.println(dataMessage);
}
else if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /FS1")) {
FanSpeed = 25;
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n");
dataMessage = String('[') + String('{') + String('"') + String("FanState") + String('"') +
String(':') + String('"') + String(FanState) + String('"') + String(',') + String('"') +
String("FanSpeed") + String('"') + String(':') + String('"') + String(FanSpeed) + String('"') +
String('}') + String(']');
client.println(dataMessage);
Serial.println(dataMessage);
}

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 else if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /FS2")) {
FanSpeed = 50;
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n");
dataMessage = String('[') + String('{') + String('"') + String("FanState") + String('"') +
String(':') + String('"') + String(FanState) + String('"') + String(',') + String('"') +
String("FanSpeed") + String('"') + String(':') + String('"') + String(FanSpeed) + String('"') +
String('}') + String(']');
client.println(dataMessage);
Serial.println(dataMessage);
}
else if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /FS3")) {
FanSpeed = 75;
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n");
dataMessage = String('[') + String('{') + String('"') + String("FanState") + String('"') +
String(':') + String('"') + String(FanState) + String('"') + String(',') + String('"') +
String("FanSpeed") + String('"') + String(':') + String('"') + String(FanSpeed) + String('"') +
String('}') + String(']');
client.println(dataMessage);
Serial.println(dataMessage);
}
else if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /FS4")) {
FanSpeed = 100;
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n");
dataMessage = String('[') + String('{') + String('"') + String("FanState") + String('"') +
String(':') + String('"') + String(FanState) + String('"') + String(',') + String('"') +
String("FanSpeed") + String('"') + String(':') + String('"') + String(FanSpeed) + String('"') +
String('}') + String(']');
client.println(dataMessage);
Serial.println(dataMessage);
}
else if (currentLine.endsWith("GET /STATUS")) {
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n");
dataMessage = String('[') + String('{') + String('"') + String("FanState") + String('"') +
String(':') + String('"') + String(FanState) + String('"') + String(',') + String('"') +
String("FanSpeed") + String('"') + String(':') + String('"') + String(FanSpeed) + String('"') +
String('}') + String(']');
client.println(dataMessage);
Serial.println(dataMessage); }
}
}
client.stop();
} else {
delay(1000);
}
}
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The following flowchart represents the system design and its flow of working:

Check if the IP IS divisible by 25?

NOYES

Check Whether it is 25/50/75/100 Otherwise error!

Call the function to make the speed to 25% of it

END

Fig. Flowchart

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 OBSERVED RESULTS
• The Voltage after passing through the regulator: 3.26V
• Final Output Observation:

Percentage of input Voltage Given

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Observed 197.4
Voltage(Vol 0 29.1 85.2 147.8
t)

Observation

The experiment is done by a 230V bulb due to high economy required for A.C. Motor

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 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, & APPLICATIONS
Advantages:
1. It consumes less power so more preferable.
2. Conservation of energy.
3. Easily operable.
4. Easily installation, high autonomy.
5. Low maintenance cost.
6. It gives fast response of the system.
7. Simple control for variable speed application it has good reliability.
Disadvantages:
1. The main drawback of the system is that, the technology supports only for limited
distance. If the distance is large then the wifi connection of android system is
eliminated.
2. It has high operating cost.
3. Sensitive to high voltage devices.
Applications:
This can be practically implemented in real time to control the electrical power usage in:
1. Many industrial applications require adjustable speed and constant speed for
improvement of quality product.
2. In home automation application, controlling the speed of fan is achieved.
3. Intensity of light can also be controlled with the help of android application.

4. This system can also be used in shopping malls etc.

FUTURE SCOPE
• Here we are controlling the Induction Motor using local web server if we success on
that we will control it in global Web server for wide range of use.
• After controlling single phase Induction Motor we will try to control other motors
using this process.
• We want to use it in closed loop control implementation in the future.
• The future scope will be controlling the speed of three phase induction motor likewise
that of the single phase induction motor using android application.

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 CONCLUSION
In this project, we have accessed the “ Internet Of Things “ technology through which are
able to control the supply voltage as well as speed of ac motor using local web server by
stator voltage control method. This project brings on a new terminology of “ Smart Industries
“ and IOT has got a lot of attention and is expected to bring benefits to many applications.
This paper presents the concept of IOT for early detection and monitoring the motor system
failures. Hence, this leads to provide better productivity, management and increased the
throughput. Here in the proposed work the IOT is used for controlling the speed of an AC
induction motor to avoid the system.

REFERENCES
1. Electric motors and Drives pdf- Literature Survey &Theoretical Background
2. AC Electric motors Control pdf – Working principle & Theoretical Background
3. Internet of things tutorial pdf.
4. ESP8266-EVB-how-to-use-Arduino pdf.
5. LED lighting - an overview pdf
Other Websites:
6. www.wikipedia.com
7. https://www.elprocus.com/induction-motor-types-advantages
8. https://www.internetsociety.org/iot/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI7fu89_fl3gIVVY-
PCh3G8AvQEAAYAiAAEgJo
9. https://www.electrical4u.com/speed-control-of-three-phase-induction-motor

*******

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