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ABSTRACT

Holy Wahyuni, 2019.Isolation and Characterization of Actinomycetes from

Several Sentra Plantation Onions AntagonistFusariumoxysporum f Cepaeand
Test Capabilities on Plant Germination of Onion (Allium ascalonicum L.)
varieties Tuktuk. Makassar State University (guided by Alimuddin Ali and Karim
Hilda).

Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) including one multi-purpose tuber vegetable

which has a major commodity in the priority development of vegetable in
Indonesia. As well as one source of income of farmers and the country's economy.
However, the productivity of onion erratic, unusual increase or decrease. One
cause of low production of onion is Fusarium wilt disease. This study aimed to
isolate and characterize endophytic actinomycetes and rhizosphere of some onion
plantation centers antagonist Fusarium oxysporum f Cepae and test capabilities on
plant germination of onion (Allium ascalonicum L.) varieties tuktuk. Tests
conducted with test methods antagonistic to pathogenic fungi F. oxysporum f.sp
Cepae. Through the mechanism of infection, Actinomycetes isolates which have
antifungal activity in plant root tissues infected red onion varieties tuktuk in vitro
which then acts as a biological control in plant tissue in suppressing the growth of
pathogenic fungi F. oxysporum f.sp Cepae. The next actinomycetes isolates were
characterized to determine the characteristics of morphology, physiology and
biochemistry. The results showed 25 isolates were isolated from onion plants, two
isolates showed inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum isolates f.sp Cepae
namely R2L5 and E5S5. Based on the test antagonist, it is known that isolates
R2L5 have a clear zone at 47.41% and amounted to 33.48% E5S5. The
characterization results of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry show that
the isolated actinomycetes belonging to the genus Streptomyces. The test results
measuring the levels of the pigment chlorophyll a, b, and c respectively show the
difference of treatment. The treatment is not sterile in isolates of endophytic
(ETS) has the highest chlorophyll content. Based on data analysis endophyte
treatment just is not sterile and sterile rhizosphere effect on chlorophyll content.

Keywords: actinomycetes, Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.), antagonist, Fusarium

oxysporum f.sp Cepae, rhizosphere, endophytic and chlorophyll.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i

ENDORSEMENT PAGE ................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ viii
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... ix
APPENDIX LIST .............................................................................................. x
PART I PRELIMINARY
A. Background ................................................................................................... 1
B. Formulation of the problem .......................................................................... 3
C. Research purposes ......................................................................................... 3
D. Benefits of research ....................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND FRAMEWORK FOR
THOUGHT
A. Literature review ........................................................................................... 5
1. General review Red onion (Allium ascalonicum L.)............................... 5
2. Overview Actinomycetes ........................................................................ 8
3. An overview of the rhizosphere and Endophytic .................................... 11
4. An overview of Fusarium oxysporum ................................................... 14
5. An overview of Onion varieties Tuktuk ................................................. 18
B. framework ..................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS
A. Types of research .......................................................................................... 21
B. Time and Location Research ......................................................................... 21
C. Research execution procedures ..................................................................... 21
1. Preparation phase .................................................................................... 21
a. provision ........................................................................................... 21
b. provision of materials ....................................................................... 22
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c. Provision of study sample ................................................................ 22

2. Implementation phase ............................................................................. 22
a. Isolation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp Cepae of rhizosphere Onion
Sick Plants ........................................................................................ 22
b. isolation of Actinomycetes ............................................................... 23
c. Antagonist test isolates as antifungal producer ................................ 24
d. Phenotype characterization of isolates of Actinomycetes elected ... 26
1) Morphological characteristics and spore chain ornaments ........ 26
2) color mycelium ........................................................................... 26
3) Characterization of physiology and biochemistry...................... 27
a) The use of carbon and nitrogen sources ............................... 27
b) Optimization of pH growth .................................................. 27
c) Optimization of the growth temperature .............................. 28
e. Test biocontrol Fusarium Wilt Disease ............................................ 28
1) Preparation Seed ......................................................................... 28
2) Preparation Isolate Selected ....................................................... 28
3) Colonization Test Isolates .......................................................... 28
4) Measurement Photosynthesis Pigments ..................................... 29
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Research result .............................................................................................. 30
1. Isolation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp Cepae of rhizosphere Onion Sick
Plants ....................................................................................................... 30
2. Insulationactinomycetes Originally rhizosphere and Plant Endophytic
Shallots .................................................................................................... 31
3. Test antagonists actinomycetes as producers Antifungal Isolates .......... 36
4. Colonization Ability Test In Vitro .......................................................... 37
5. Morphological characterization and Ornaments Chain Spore Isolates
Producing Antifungal Compounds .......................................................... 38
6. Characterization of Isolates Producing Mycelium Color Antifungal
Compounds ............................................................................................. 39
7. Characterization of Physiology and Biochemistry .................................. 43
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8. Measurement Photosynthesis Pigments .................................................. 46

B. Discussion ..................................................................................................... 49
1. Isolation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp Cepae of rhizosphere Onion Sick
Plants ....................................................................................................... 49
2. Insulationactinomycetes Originally rhizosphere and Plant Endophytic
Shallots .................................................................................................... 51
3. Test antagonists actinomycetes as producers Antifungal Isolates .......... 52
4. Colonization Ability Test In Vitro .......................................................... 55
5. Morphological characterization and Ornaments Chain Spore Isolates
Producing Antifungal Compounds .......................................................... 56
6. Characterization of Isolates Producing Mycelium Color Antifungal
Compounds ............................................................................................. 58
7. Characterization of Physiology and Biochemistry .................................. 59
8. Measurement Photosynthesis Pigments .................................................. 61
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 63
B. Suggestion ..................................................................................................... 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 65
ATTACHMENT................................................................................................ 73
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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

table 4.1Isolates and Images rhizosphere and endophytic actinomycetes isolated

from plant tissue of onion (Allium ascalonicum L.) .................. ..
............... ................. ............................................... 31

Table 4.2 Characterization of Color mycelium actinomycetes isolates producing

Antifungal Compounds ......... .....................................
................................... ... .. 40

Table 4.3 Characteristics of Physiology Isolates producing actinomycetes

Antifungal Compounds .........................................
......................................... ...... ..... 43
Table 4.4 Karaterisasi Biochemistry Antifungal Compounds Producing
Actinomycetes Isolate
.............................................................................................. 44
Table 4.5 Results Mean Measurement of chlorophyll pigments
.................................. 48
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LIST OF FIGURES

Picture Page

Figure 2.1.Schematic flow diagram framework .................................................. 20

Figure 3.1.Actinomycetes isolates placement scheme and Fusarium oxysporum
............................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 4.1Morphology isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp Cepae ................. 30
Figure 4.2 Test actinomycetes isolates antagonistic against Fusarium oxysporum
............................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 4.3 The observation of Fusarium oxysporum before and after the test
antagonist ............................................................................................................ 37
Figure 4.4 The appearance of colonization In Vitro ........................................... 37
Figure 4.5 The appearance of morphology and spore isolates of actinomycetes
chain ornaments .................................................................................................. 38
Figure 4.6 The results of chlorophyll .................................................................. 46
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APPENDIX LIST

Table Page

Appendix 1.Karakterisasi mycelium color .......................................................... 73

Appendix 2 Biochemical characterization, ......................................................... 77
Appendix 3. Characterization Physiology........................................................... 85
Appendix 4. Table composition of the medium .................................................. 87
Appendix 5. Harmonica color ............................................................................. 89
Appendix 6. Data Analysis ................................................................................. 93