NAME: NISHANT UPADHYAY

CLASS- XII ‘B’

ROLL NO. - 24
SESSION- 2015-16
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Nishant

Upadhyay of class twelve, K.V
BONDAMUNDA has satisfactorily
completed the project in Biology for
the AISSCE as prescribed by CBSE in
the year 2015-16.
Date :

Registration No. :

Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“There are times when silence speaks so
much more loudly than words of praise
to only as good as belittle a person,
whose words do not express, but only put
a veneer over true feelings, which are of
gratitude at this point of time.”
I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my Biology mentor
Mrs___________ , for her vital
support, guidance and encouragement
– without which this project would not
have come forth. I would also like to
disclose the significance of resources
available on internet which helped me
a lot in completing this investigatory
project. They were really helping hand
to me.
BIOTECHNOLOGY:PRINCIPLES AND
PROCESSES
What is Biotechnology?
 General Definition
 The application of technology to improve
 a biological organism .
 Detailed Definition
 The application of the technology to
modify the biological function of an
organism by adding genes from another
organism .
 Biotechnology involves the modification of
a whole range of organisms.
• Here we see bean has many seed coat
colors and patterns in nature-

 But we know nature does not have all of

the traits we need.
 The photograph of bean seeds is a great
illustration of the variation in nature.
You can notice not only many different
colors, but also many different patterns.
A large array of interacting genes are
responsible for this variation.
  But man can always dream of a new use
for an organism. Biotechnology involves
added new traits to a species.

What controls this natural variation?

 Allelic differences at genes control a
specific trait
 Gene - a piece of DNA that controls the
expression of a trait
 Allele - the alternate forms of a gene
Example-
Plant height Seed shape

Tall(TT) Dwarf(tt) Smooth(RR) Wrinkled(rr)

  Genes control specific traits. Above are
two traits of pea that Gregor Mendel, the
father of genetics, studied.
 Hence, we can come up to the conclusion
that Genes control specific traits. This
Implies a Genetic Continuum
Gene Manipulation Starts At the DNA Level-

 This is the root of biotechnology.

 Chromosomes are the condensed form of
DNA.
 This is an important concept because it is
the basis of an important screening
process called hybridization.
 Structure of a chromosome-

Genes Are Cloned Based On:

Similarity to known genes- Homology cloning
(mouse clone used to obtain human gene).
Protein sequence- Complementary genetics
(predicting gene sequence from protein).
Chromosomal location- Map-based cloning
(using genetic approach).
Homology cloning-
 PCR Animation

Denaturation: DNA melts

Annealing: Primers bind
Extension: DNA is replicated
  This is an animation of one step in the PCR
process. Take a few minutes and let the
animation run through a number of times.
 It will recycle on its own. This step will
show the denaturation (converting the
DNA from single- to double-stranded
state).
 The second step is annealing (the binding
of the primer to the single-stranded
DNA).The final step is extension .
Diagrammatic representation of PCR-

 Many feature of the PCR process is the

replication of one double-strand DNA
molecule into two. But the PCR
 process does not involve just a single
replication cycle. Rather, the step is
repeated many times (35-50 times).
 This repetition leads to an exponential
increase in the amount of DNA. At the
end, a large amount of DNA is
produced that can be used for a
number of purposes.
 At the end, we have sufficient DNA to
use as a probe for library screening.
Map-based Cloning
 Transformation Cassettes

It Contains-
 All transformation cassettes contain three
regions. The “gene of interest” region
contains the actual gene that is being
introduced into the plant. This is the gene
that provides the new function to the
plant. In this diagram, the region is shown
in red.

Delivering the Gene to the Plant

Regardless of the delivery method, the
delivery system must use a plant tissue source
that can be manipulated to produce new
plants.
Modern Examples
 More recently, such varied traits as salt
tolerance and mercury resistance have
been introduced into plants transferring
genes for specific protein.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT Textbook (class 12)
 S. Chand’s Biology
 www.google.co.in
 Wikipedia
 icbse