[PREPARED BY: ADEEL AIZED] November 22, 2017

Item analysis

It refers to a statistical technique that helps instructors to identify the effectiveness

of their items. It consists of different procedures for assessing the quality of the test
items including

 Item difficulty index

 Item reliability index
 Item validity index
 Item discrimination index

i) Item difficulty index

Difficulty Index refers to the proportion of the number of students in the upper and
lower groups who answered an item correctly. A lowercase italic “p” (p) is used to
denote item difficulty index. The value of an item-difficulty index can range from
0 (if no one got the item right) to 1 (if everyone got the item right). The larger the
item-difficulty index, the easier the item.

Difficulty Index Formula

DF = n/N

Where

DF= difficulty index

n=number of the students selecting item correctly in the upper group and lower
group

N= total number of students of students who answered the test

 [PREPARED
PREPARED BY: ADEEL A
AIZED
IZED
IZED] November 22, 2017

ii) Item reliability index

A statistic designed to provide an indication of a test

test’s
’s internal consistency. The
higher this index, the greater the test’s internal consistency. Highest possible value
of reliability index is 1.

Reliability Index Formula

RI=SiDi

Where

Si= Standard
Standard Deviation of the scores in the item

Di= Discrimination index of the item

 [PREPARED
PREPARED BY: ADEEL A
AIZED
IZED
IZED] November 22, 2017

iii) Item Validity Index

The item
item-validity
validity index is a statistic designed to provide an indication of the degree
to which a test is measuring what it purports to measure. The higher the itemitem-
validity index, the greater the test’s criterion
criterion-related
related validity.

Validity Index Formula

VI= S1r1C

iv)) Item Discrimination Index

The item
item-discrimination
discrimination index is a measure of the difference between the
proportion of high scorers answering an item correctly and the proportion of low
scorers answering the item correctly. It is denoted by a lowercase italic “d” ((d).
).
The higher the value of d, the greater the number of high scorers answering the
item correctly. Highest possible value of discrimination index is 1.
[PREPARED BY: ADEEL AIZED] November 22, 2017