Syllabus For Chemistry Practical exam

(Strictly according to latest guidelines of CBSE)

1. Volumetric Analysis (Titration) (8)
(i) To prepare standard solution of Mohr’s salt (M/10 strength) and determine the concentration of given
potassium permanganate solution in g/L.
(ii) To prepare standard solution of oxalic acid (M/10 strength) and determine the concentration of given
potassium permanganate solution in g/L.
2. Qualitative analysis of inorganic salt. (8)
Group Basic radical Group Acidic radical
(cation) (anion)
Zero First S , CH3COO– ,
–2

First Pb+2, Ag+, , ,

Second Hg+2, Bi+3, Second Cl– , Br–, I–, ,

Pb+2, Cu+2 ,
Cd+2
Third Al+3, Fe+3, Cr+3
Fourth Zn+2 , Ni+2, Third ,
Co+2, Mn+2
Fifth Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2
Sixth Mg+2
3. Content based Experiment / Test of functional group in the given organic salt. (6)

Functional group Structural formulae.

Carboxylic acid –COOH
Phenol
–OH

Alcohol –OH
Aldehyde –CHO
Ketone –CO–
Ester –COOR
Amines –NH2
amide –CONH2
4. Investigatory project .
(i) Study of the presence of oxalate ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
(ii) Study of casein quantity present in different sample of milk.
(iii) Preparation of soyabean milk and its comparison with natural milk.
(iv) Potassium bisulphate as a food preservative.
(v) Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase.
(vi) Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of various food material.
(vii) To extract the essential oils present in the naturally occurring material.
(viii) Study of adulterants in food – stuffs.
5. Practical record and viva – voce (4)
30
 Experiment – 1

AIM: Prepare 0.1 M Mohr’s salt solution . Using this solution determine the molarity and strength of the
given potassium permanganate solution.

CHEMICAL EQUATION :

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn+2 + 4H2O

Fe+2 Fe+3+ e– ] × 5
–
MnO4 + 8H + 5Fe+2
+
5Fe+3 + Mn+2 + 4H2O

INDICATOR : KmnO4 is a self- indicator

END POINT: Colourless to permanent pink colour . (KMnO4in burette)

OBSERVATION TABLE :
S.No. Reading of pipette Initial reading of Final reading of Volume of KMnO4
(ml)(FAS) burette (ml) (KMnO4) burette (ml) (KMnO4) used (ml)
1 10 0.00 10 10
2 10 0.00 9.8 9.8
3 10 0.00 10 10

CALCULATION :

Preparation of 0.1 M solution of Mohr’s salt

In fact Mohr’s salt is ferrous ammonium sulphate.

Molecular wt. of Mohr’s salt [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] = 392

As we know w =

w = = 9.8

9.8 gm Mohr’s salt needed to prepare 250 ml of 0.1 M solution .

From the balanced ionic equation , it is clear that1 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 mole of Mohr’s salt.

M1 = Molarity of KMnO4
M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s salt
V1 = Volume of KMnO4
V2 = Volume of Mohr’s salt

=
 M1= 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm / L = Molarity × Mol.wt.
Therefore = 0.02 × 158 = 3.16
Therefore Molarity of KMnO4 solution is = 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution is = 3.16 gm / L

RESULT : Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 0.02 M

Strength of given KmnO4 solution is 3.16 gm /L
 Experiment – 2

AIM: Prepare 0.25 M Mohr’s salt solution . Using this solution determine the molarity and strength of the
given potassium permanganate solution.

CHEMICAL EQUATION :

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn+2 + 4H2O

Fe+2 Fe+3 + e– ] × 5
–
MnO4 + 8H + 5Fe+2
+
5Fe+3 + Mn+2 + 4H2O

INDICATOR : KmnO4 is a self- indicator

END POINT: Colourless to permanent pink colour . (KMnO4in burette)

OBSERVATION TABLE :
S.No.Reading of pipette Initial reading of Final reading of Volume of KMnO4
(ml)(FAS) burette (ml) (KMnO4) burette (ml) (KMnO4) used (ml)
1 10 0.00 25 25
2 10 0.00 24.8 24.8
3 10 0.00 25 25
CALCULATION :

Preparation of 0.25 M solution of Mohr’s salt

In fact Mohr’s salt is ferrous ammonium sulphate.

Molecular wt. of Mohr’s salt [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] = 392

As we know w =

w = = 24.5

24.5 gm Mohr’s salt needed to prepare 250 ml of 0.25 M solution .

From the balanced ionic equation , it is clear that 1 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 mole of Mohr’s salt.

M1 = Molarity of KMnO4
M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s salt
V1 = Volume of KMnO4
V2 = Volume of Mohr’s salt

=
 M1= 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm / L = Molarity × Mol.wt.
Therefore = 0.02 × 158 = 3.16
Therefore Molarity of KMnO4 solution is = 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution is = 3.16 gm / L

RESULT : Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 0.02 M

Strength of given KmnO4 solution is 3.16 gm /L
 Experiment – 3

AIM: Prepare 0.2 M Mohr’s salt solution . Using this solution determine the molarity and strength of the
given potassium permanganate solution.

CHEMICAL EQUATION :

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn+2 + 4H2O

Fe+2 Fe+3 + e– ] × 5
–
MnO4 + 8H + 5Fe+2
+
5Fe+3 + Mn+2 + 4H2O

INDICATOR : KmnO4 is a self- indicator

END POINT: Colourless to permanent pink colour . (KMnO4in burette)

OBSERVATION TABLE :
S.No. Reading of pipette (ml) Initial reading of Final reading of Volume of
(FAS) burette (ml) (KMnO4) burette (ml) (KMnO4) KMnO4 used (ml)
1 10 0.00 20 20
2 10 0.00 19.8 19.8
3 10 0.00 20 20

CALCULATION :

Preparation of 0.2 M solution of Mohr’s salt

In fact Mohr’s salt is ferrous ammonium sulphate.

Molecular wt. of Mohr’s salt [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] = 392

As we know w =

w = = 19.6

19.6 gm Mohr’s salt needed to prepare 250 ml of 0.2 M solution .

From the balanced ionic equation , it is clear that 1 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 mole of Mohr’s salt.

M1 = Molarity of KMnO4
M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s salt
V1 = Volume of KMnO4
V2 = Volume of Mohr’s salt

=
 M1= 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm / L = Molarity × Mol.wt.
Therefore = 0.02 × 158 = 3.16
Therefore Molarity of KMnO4 solution is = 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution is = 3.16 gm / L

RESULT : Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 0.02 M

Strength of given KmnO4 solution is 3.16 gm /L
 Experiment – 4

AIM: Prepare 0.15 M Mohr’s salt solution . Using this solution determine the molarity and strength of the
given potassium permanganate solution.

CHEMICAL EQUATION :

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn+2 + 4H2O

Fe+2 Fe+3 + e– ] × 5
–
MnO4 + 8H + 5Fe+2
+
5Fe+3 + Mn+2 + 4H2O

INDICATOR : KmnO4 is a self- indicator

END POINT: Colourless to permanent pink colour . (KMnO4in burette)

OBSERVATION TABLE :
S.No. Reading of pipette (ml) Initial reading of Final reading of Volume of
(FAS) burette (ml) (KMnO4) burette (ml) (KMnO4) KMnO4 used (ml)
1 10 0.00 15 15
2 10 0.00 14.8 14.8
3 10 0.00 15 15

CALCULATION :

Preparation of 0.2 M solution of Mohr’s salt

In fact Mohr’s salt is ferrous ammonium sulphate.

Molecular wt. of Mohr’s salt [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] = 392

As we know w =

w = = 14.7

14.7 gm Mohr’s salt needed to prepare 250 ml of 0.15 M solution .

From the balanced ionic equation , it is clear that 1 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 mole of Mohr’s salt.

M1 = Molarity of KMnO4
M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s salt
V1 = Volume of KMnO4
V2 = Volume of Mohr’s salt

=
 M1= 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm / L = Molarity × Mol.wt.
Therefore = 0.02 × 158 = 3.16
Therefore Molarity of KMnO4 solution is = 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution is = 3.16 gm / L

RESULT : Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 0.02 M

Strength of given KmnO4 solution is 3.16 gm /L
 Experiment – 5

AIM: Prepare 0.1 M solution of Oxalic acid . Using this solution determine the molarity and strength of
the given potassium permanganate solution.

CHEMICAL EQUATION :

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn+2 + 4H2O] × 2

C2O4–2 2CO2 + 2e– ] × 5
2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5C2O4–2 2Mn+2 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

INDICATOR : KmnO4 is a self- indicator

END POINT: Colourless to permanent pink colour . (KMnO4in burette)

OBSERVATION TABLE :

S.No. Reading of pipette (ml) Initial reading of burette Final reading of burette Volume of KMnO4 used
(Oxalic acid) (ml) (KMnO4) (ml) (KMnO4) (ml)
1 10 0.00 20 20
2 10 0.00 19.8 19.8
3 10 0.00 20 20

CALCULATION :

Preparation of 0.1 M Oxalic acid solution

Molecular wt. of Oxalic acid [H2C2O4.2H2O] = 126

As we know w =

w = = 3.15

3.15 gm Oxalic acid needed to prepare 250 ml of 0.1 M solution .

From the balanced ionic equation , it is clear that 2 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 mole of Oxalic acid.

M1 = Molarity of KMnO4
M2 = Molarity of Oxalic acid
V1 = Volume of KMnO4
V2 = Volume of Oxalic acid

=
 M1= 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm / L = Molarity × Mol.wt.
Therefore = 0.02 × 158 = 3.16 gm / L
Therefore Molarity of KMnO4 solution is = 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution is = 3.16 gm / L

RESULT : Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 0.02 M

Strength of given KMnO4 solution is 3.16 gm /L
 Experiment – 6

AIM: Prepare 0.15 M solution of Oxalic acid . Using this solution determine the molarity and strength of
the given potassium permanganate solution.

CHEMICAL EQUATION :

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn+2 + 4H2O] × 2

C2O4–2 2CO2 + 2e– ] × 5
2MnO4 + 16H + 5C2O4–2
– +
2Mn+2 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

INDICATOR : KmnO4 is a self- indicator

END POINT: Colourless to permanent pink colour . (KMnO4in burette)

OBSERVATION TABLE :
S.No. Reading of pipette (ml) Initial reading of burette Final reading of burette Volume of KMnO4 used
(Oxalic acid) (ml) (KMnO4) (ml) (KMnO4) (ml)
1 10 0.00 30 30
2 10 0.00 29.8 29.8
3 10 0.00 30 30

CALCULATION :

Preparation of 0.15 M Oxalic acid solution

Molecular wt. of Oxalic acid [H2C2O4.2H2O] = 126

As we know w =

w = = 4.725

4.725 gm Oxalic acid needed to prepare 250 ml of 0.15 M solution .

From the balanced ionic equation , it is clear that 2 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 mole of Oxalic acid.

M1 = Molarity of KMnO4
M2 = Molarity of Oxalic acid
V1 = Volume of KMnO4
V2 = Volume of Oxalic acid

=
 M1= 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm / L = Molarity × Mol.wt.
Therefore = 0.02 × 158 = 3.16 gm / L
Therefore Molarity of KMnO4 solution is = 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution is = 3.16 gm / L

RESULT : Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 0.02 M

Strength of given KMnO4 solution is 3.16 gm /L
 Experiment – 7

AIM: Prepare 0.2 M solution of Oxalic acid . Using this solution determine the molarity and strength of
the given potassium permanganate solution.

CHEMICAL EQUATION :

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn+2 + 4H2O] × 2

C2O4–2 2CO2 + 2e– ] × 5
2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5C2O4–2 2Mn+2 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

INDICATOR : KmnO4 is a self- indicator

END POINT: Colourless to permanent pink colour . (KMnO4in burette)

OBSERVATION TABLE :
S.No. Reading of pipette Initial reading of Final reading of Volume of KMnO4
(ml) (Oxalic acid) burette (ml) (KMnO4) burette (ml) (KMnO4) used (ml)
1 10 0.00 40 40
2 10 0.00 39.8 39.8
3 10 0.00 40 40

CALCULATION :

Preparation of 0.2 M Oxalic acid solution

Molecular wt. of Oxalic acid [H2C2O4.2H2O] = 126

As we know w =

w = = 6.3

6.3 gm Oxalic acid needed to prepare 250 ml of 0.2 M solution .

From the balanced ionic equation , it is clear that 2 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 mole of Oxalic acid.

M1 = Molarity of KMnO4
M2 = Molarity of Oxalic acid
V1 = Volume of KMnO4
V2 = Volume of Oxalic acid

=
 M1= 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm / L = Molarity × Mol.wt.
Therefore = 0.02 × 158 = 3.16 gm / L
Therefore Molarity of KMnO4 acid solution is = 0.02 M
Strength of KMnO4 solution is = 3.16 gm / L

RESULT : Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 0.02 M

Strength of given KMnO4 solution is 3.16 gm /L
 Experiment – 8

AIM : Identify the functional group in the given organic compound :

REQUIREMENTS :Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.
S. No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Ester test : Take 1 ml of given liquid A pleasant fruity smell Alcoholic group
in a clean dry test tube , add 1 ml of due to formation of present
glacial acetic acid and 2- 3 drop of ester
Conc. H2SO4. Warm the mixture on a
water bath for about 10 minutes.
Pour it into about 20 ml of cold water
taken in a beaker and smell.
2 Cerric ammonium nitrate test : Wine red colouration is Alcohol group
Take 1 ml of given liquid in a clean produced confirmed
dry test tube , and add few drops of
cerric ammonium nitrate reagent and
shake well

CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED :

Conc H2SO4 / Δ
Ester test : R – OH + CH3COOH CH3COOR + H2O
Ester (fruity smell)
Cerric ammonium nitrate test :
2R–OH + (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 (ROH)2Ce(NO3)4 + 2NH4NO3
Wine red

CONCLUSION : In the given organic compound alcohol ( –OH) is present as a functional group.
 Experiment – 9

AIM : Identify the functional group in the given organic compound :

REQUIREMENTS: Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.
S. No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Ferric chloride test : Take 1 ml of A violet colouration Phenolic group is
neutral FeCl3 solution in a test tube produced present
and add few drops of compound
2 Libermann’stest : Take 2- 3 A deep blue or deeo Phenolic group is
crystals of NaNO2 in a test tube and green colouration confirmed.
add about 1 ml of organic compound. produced.
Heat gently for 30 seconds and allow
it to cool. Then add 1 ml of conc.
H2SO4 and shake the test tube .

Then add water carefully. Colur turns red

Finally add excess of NaOH solution. The blue or green colur

appear

CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED :

Ferric chloride test : FeCl3 + 6 C6H5OH [Fe(OC6H5)6]–3 + 3HCl

Violet complex
Libermann’stest :
2NaNO3 + H2SO4 2HNO2 + Na2SO4

HNO2
OH ON OH

P -nitrophenol

ON OH + OH HO N O

Indo phenol (red)

NaOH
HO N O Na+O– N O

Indo phenol anion (blue)

CONCLUSION : In the given organic compound Phenol ( OH) is present as a functional

group.
 Experiment – 10

AIM : Identify the functional group in the given organic compound :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 2,4- dinitrophenylhydarzine test Yellow or orange Aldehyde or Ketone is
:Take 0.5 ml of given compound, crystals formed present
add rectified spirit. Now add 2,4DNP
solution . Cork the test tube , shake
the mixture and allow it to stand.
2 Tollen’stest : Take 1 ml of AgNO3 A brown ppt produced. Aldehyde is
solution in a test tube and add about confirmed.
2-3 ml of dilNaOH.
Now add dil. Ammonia solution drop Brown ppt dissolves.
wise.
To this add 3-4 drop of given organic A shining mirror
compound and warm the test tube on appear.
water bath for 5 minutes.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED :

2,4 – dinitrophenylhydrazine test:

RCHO + H2N NH NO2 R HC N NH NO2

NO2 NO2
Aldehyde 2,4 – dinitrophenylhydrazone (orange crystals)
Tollen’s test:
2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + RCHO + 3OH– RCOO– + 2Ag ↓ + 4NH3 +2H2O
Silver mirror
CONCLUSION : In the given organic compound Aldehyde (–COH) is present as a functional group.
 Experiment - 11

AIM : Identify the functional group in the given organic compound :

REQUIREMENTS: Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 2,4- dinitrophenylhydarzine test : Yellow or orange Aldehyde or Ketone is
Take 0.5 ml of given compound, add crystals formed present
rectified spirit. Now add 2,4DNP
solution . Cork the test tube , shake
the mixture and allow it to stand.
2 Tollen’stest : Take 1 ml of AgNO3 No shining mirror Ketone is confirmed.
solution in a test tube and add about appear.
2-3 ml of dilNaOH.
Now add dil. Ammonia solution drop
wise.
To this add 3-4 drop of given organic
compound and warm the test tube on
water bath for 5 minutes.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED :

Tollen’s test:

2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + RCOR + 3OH– No formation of silver mirror

CONCLUSION : In the given organic compound Ketone (–CO– ) is present as a functional group.
 Experiment – 12

AIM : Identify the functional group in the given organic compound :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Ester test : Take 1 ml of given liquid A pleasant fruity smell Carboxylic acid
in a clean dry test tube , add 1 ml of due to formation of group is confirmed
ethyl alcohol and 2- 3 drop of Conc. ester
H2SO4. And warm the mixture.
2 Sodium bicarbonate test : Take 1 A brisk effervescence Carboxylic acid
ml of given liquid in a clean dry test produced group is confirmed
tube , and add a pinch of sodium
bicarbonate

CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED : Conc H2SO4 / Δ

Ester test : C2H5OH + RCOOH RCOOC2H5 + H2O
Ester (fruity smell)
Sodium bicarbonate test : RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + CO2↑ + H2O
(Effervescence)
CONCLUSION : In the given organic compound Carboxylic acid (–COOH) is present as a functional
group.
 Experiment – 13

AIM : Identify the functional group in the given organic compound :

REQUIREMENTS :Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Azo – dye Test : dissolve 0.5 ml of Orange – red ppt Primary aromatic
given liquid in 2 ml conc. HCl and formed amino group is
cool in ice. Add 0.5 gm of NaNO2 confirmed
dissolved in 5 ml ice cold water.
Then add a cold solution of β –
naphthol in NaOH solution to it.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED :

Azo -dyetest : C6H5NH2 + HNO2 + HCl C6H5N+ ≡NCl– + 2H2O

Benzene diazonium chloride

N N

OH OH
N+≡NCl– +

Benzene diazonium chloride β – naphthol Orange ppt

CONCLUSION : In the given organic compound Primary aromatic amino group (C6H5NH2) is present.
 Experiment – 14

AIM : Identify the cation (basic radical ) and anion (acidic radical) in the given salt by chemical analysis :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.

TEST OF CATION ;

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(a) Salt + NaOH solution and heat it. Colourless gas with a pungent smell is
obtained. NH4+ may be present in the
Expose a glass rod dipped in conc.
Dense white fumes and moist red salt
HCl to the gas and moist red litmus
litmus paper turns blue
paper.

(b) Original solution + Nesseler’s

Brown solution or ppt. is obtained NH4+ is confirmed.
reagent.

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

(i) NH4+ + NaOH NH4OH + Na+

Δ
NH4OH NH3 +H2O
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (dense white fumes)
(ii) 2 K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 2KI + 2H2O
( Brown solution i.e, Iodide of Millon’s base)
TEST OF ANION :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Salt + water and shake Salt insoluble in water
Residue + dil HCl Colourless, odourless CO2
gas , turns lime water milky
white
O.S. + MgSO4 solution Whie ppt.
Insoluble CO3–2 may be
present
Insoluble CO3–2 confirmed.
Soluble CO3–2 confirmed

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

CO3–2 + HCl 2Cl– + H2O + CO2 ↑

CO3–2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 ↓+ 2(OH)–
(milky white ppt.)
–2
CO3 + MgSO4 MgCO3 ↓+ SO4–2
(white ppt.)
RESULTS : In the given inorganic salt cation is Ammonium ion (NH4+) and anion is Carbonate ion (CO3–2),
therefore the salt is Ammonium Carbonate i.e, NH4(CO3)2 .
 Experiment – 15

AIM : Identify the cation (basic radical ) and anion (acidic radical) in the given salt by chemical analysis :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.

TEST OF CATION ;

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(1) Original solution + White ppt. is formed. May be Pb2+ & Ag+
Dilute HCl

Filter and add water to (a) ppt. dissolves in hot May be Pb2+
ppt and heat. water.
(b) ppt. is insoluble in May be Ag+
water.
(2) Original solution + (a) A yellow ppt. is Pb2+ is confirmed.
Potassium Chromate formed, which is soluble
solution in NaOH solution.
(b) A brick red ppt. is Ag+ is confirmed
formed
(3) Original solution + KI A yellow ppt
sol.
ppt. obtained + water and ppt. is soluble in hot
heat it. water, on cooling
reappears as golden Pb2+ is confirmed.
yellow spangles

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

Pb+2 + 2HCl PbCl2 ↓ + 2H+

(whit ppt)
(i) PbCl2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 ↓ + 2KCl
(yellow ppt)
PbCrO4 + 2NaOH Na2CrO4 + Pb(OH)2
(soluble)
(ii) PbCl2 + KI PbI2 ↓+ 2KCl
(yellow ppt)
TEST OF ANION :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Salt + Conc. H2SO4 and heat if
necessary
Brown ring test: Strong solution
of the substance + 2 or3 drops of
conc. H2SO4, and cool. Add
freshly prepared FeSO4 solution
on the sides of the test tube.
Light brown gas and brown
gas with pieces of copper
turnings and the solution turns
blue in the test tube. The Acid radical may be NO3-
A brown ring is formed at the Nitrate (NO3-) is confirmed
junction of two liquids.

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

(i) Ring Test :

NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3
2FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 +2H2O + NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe(H2O)5NO] SO4
(brown ring)
(ii) Copper turning Test :
KNO3 + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HNO3
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + 2NO2 ↑

RESULTS : In the given inorganic salt cation is Lead ion (Pb+2) and anion is Nitrate ion (NO3–), therefore
the salt is Lead nitrate i.e, Pb(NO3)2 .
 Experiment – 16

AIM : Identify the cation (basic radical ) and anion (acidic radical) in the given salt by chemical analysis :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.

TEST OF CATION ;

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Original solution + Dilute
HCl + H2S gas.
(a) Original solution +
Potassium Chromate.
(a)A Black ppt. is
observed.
(b)A yellow ppt. is
observed.
A yellow ppt. is observed
May be Pb2+ Hg2+ & Cu2+
May be Cd2+
Pb2+ is confirmed.

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

Pb+2 + H2S PbS↓ + 2H+

(black ppt)
(i) PbS + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2S
(Colour less)
Pb(NO3)2 + KI PbI2↓ + KNO3
(yellow ppt)
(ii) Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4↓ + 2KOH
(yellow ppt)
PbCrO4 + 2NaOH Na2CrO4 + Pb(OH)2
(soluble)
TEST OF ANION :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

nd
Salt + Concentrated H2SO4 Effervescence with 2 group Acid radical is
and heat colourless or coloured gases present
(a) Colourless gas with a The Acid radical may be Cl-
pungent smell and gives
dense white fumes when a
glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide
(NH4OH) is exposed
(b) Brown gas and the The acid radical may be Br-
solution is not blue.
(a) Chromyl – Chloride test:
(i) Salt + few K2Cr2O7 Red vapours are obtained.
crystals + conc. H2SO4
and heat
(ii) Pass the vapours
through the test tube The solution turns yellow
which contains NaOH
solution
(iii) To this yellow
solution,add dilute Yellow ppt. is formed Chloride is confirmed.
CH3COOH and lead
acetate solution.
(b) Silver Nitrate test: White ppt. is formed Chloride is confirmed
Salt solution + AgNO3 which is soluble in NH4OH.
solution + dilute HNO3

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

(i) Chromyl chloride test:

4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4 4NaHSO4 + 2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
(yellow orange)
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
(yellow colour)
Pb(CH3COO)2 + Na2CrO4 PbCrO4↓ + 2CH3COONa
(yellow ppt)
(ii) Silver nitrate test :
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl ↓+ NaNO3
(white ppt)
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
(soluble)

RESULTS : In the given inorganic salt cation is Lead ( Pb+2) and anion is Chloride (Cl–), therefore
the salt is Lead Chloride i.e, PbCl2 .
 Experiment – 17

AIM : Identify the cation (basic radical ) and anion (acidic radical) in the given salt by chemical analysis :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.

TEST OF CATION ;

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

O.S.+ dil. HCl No ppt. Gr. I absent
Pass H2S through the above No ppt. Gr. II absent
soln.
(1) Original solution + A white gelatinous ppt. is May be Al3+
NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in obtained.
excess A dirty green ppt. is obtained May be Fe2
(2) Gelatinous white ppt. + White gelatinous ppt. soluble The basic radical is Al3+
dil. HCl in dil. HCl. produces a clear
solution
Clear solution of (2) + Bluish white ppt. floating like Al3+ is confirmed
Few drops of BLUE litmus lake formed.
solution +NH4OH and heat

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

Al+3 + NH4OH Al(OH)3↓ + 3NH4+

(white gelatinous ppt.)
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
(soluble)
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH Al(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl
(white gelatinous ppt.)
TEST OF ANION :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(1) BaCl2 Test:
Aqueous solution of salt +
dilute HCl + BaCl2 solution
(2) Lead acetate Test :
O.S. + acetic acid + lead
acetate
A white ppt of BaSO4, Sulphate (SO42-) is confirmed.
insoluble in dilute HCl or dil.
HNO3.
A white ppt of PbSO4, soluble Sulphate (SO42-) is confirmed
in ammonium acetate solution.

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

(1) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4 ↓

(white ppt.)
(2) Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 2CH3COONa + PbSO4↓
(white ppt.)

RESULTS : In the given inorganic salt cation is Aluminium (Al+3) and anion is Sulphate SO4–2), therefore
the salt is Aluminium Sulphate i.e, Al2(SO4)3 .
 Experiment – 18

AIM : Identify the cation (basic radical ) and anion (acidic radical) in the given salt by chemical analysis :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.

TEST OF CATION ;

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

O.S.+ dil. HCl No ppt. Gr. I absent
Pass H2S through the No ppt. Gr. II absent
above soln.
Boil of H2S cool + 1 ml of No ppt. Gr. III absent
conc. HNO3. boil +
NH4Cl(s) + excess of
NH4OH
(1) Original solution + a white ppt. is obtained May be Zn2+, Mn2+ or Co2+
NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in Buff or pale pink or flash May be Mn2+
excess + H2S(g) coloured ppt. soluble in
dilute HCl is obtained.
(2) Original solution + The white ppt. is soluble in Zn2+ is confirmed
NaOH drop wise in excess of NaOH.
excess.
(3) Original solution + Blish white ppt. Zn2+ is confirmed
NH4OH solution +
K4[Fe(CN)6] solution.

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

Zn+2 + H2S ZnS↓ + 2H+

(white ppt.)
ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2S
(soluble)
(1) ZnCl2 + NaOH Zn(OH)2↓ + 2 NaCl
(white ppt.)
Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
(soluble)
(2) ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl
(bluish white ppt.)
TEST OF ANION :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Salt + Oxalic acid Vinegar like smell CH3COOH- confirmed
Salt + FeCl3 Deep red colour CH3COOH- confirmed
Salt + dil.H2SO4 + Ethyl Fruity smell CH3COOH- confirmed
alcohol

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

(i) 2CH3COO- + (COOH)2 (COO)2-2 + 2CH3COOH

(vinegar like smell)
(ii) FeCl3 + 3CH3COONa (CH3COO)3Fe + 3NaCl
(deep red)
-
(iii) 2CH3COO + H2SO4 2CH3COOH + SO4-2
(iv) CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5
(fruity smell)
RESULTS : In the given inorganic salt cation is Zinc (Zn+2) and anion is Acetate (CH3COO–), therefore
the salt is Zinc Acetate i.e, Zn(CH3COO)2 .
 Experiment – 19

AIM : Identify the cation (basic radical ) and anion (acidic radical) in the given salt by chemical analysis :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.

TEST OF CATION ;

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

O.S.+ dil. HCl No ppt. Gr. I absent
Pass H2S through the above No ppt. Gr. II absent
soln.
Boil of H2S cool + 1 ml of No ppt. Gr. III absent
conc. HNO3. boil + NH4Cl(s)
+ excess of NH4OH
Pass H2S through the above No ppt. Gr. IV absent
soln.
(1) Original solution+ A white ppt. is obtained. May be Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+
NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess + (NH4)2 CO3
solution
(2) Dissolve the white ppt.
obtained in small amounts
of dilute acetic acid.
Part (1) + Potassium A yellow ppt. is obtained. May be Ba2+
chromate solution.
(3) Make a paste of the given Apple green coloured is Ba2+ is confirmed
salt with few drops of obtained.
Conc. HCl in a watch
glass. Heat a Pt. wire in
non luminous flame till no
colour is imparted to the
flame. Dip the Pt. wire in
the paste and hold it in the
flame

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

Ba+2 + (NH4)2CO3 BaCO3 ↓ + 2NH4+

(white ppt.)
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH Ba(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2
Ba(CH3COO)2 + K2CrO4 BaCrO4↓ + 2CH3COOK
(yellow ppt.)
TEST OF ANION :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

nd
Salt + Concentrated H2SO4 Effervescence with 2 group Acid radical is
and heat colourless or coloured gases present
(a) Colourless gas with a The Acid radical may be Cl-
pungent smell and gives
dense white fumes when a
glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide
(NH4OH) is exposed
(b) Brown gas and the The acid radical may be Br-
solution is not blue.
(a) Chromyl – Chloride test:
(i) Salt + few K2Cr2O7 Red vapours are obtained.
crystals + conc. H2SO4
and heat
(ii) Pass the vapours
through the test tube The solution turns yellow
which contains NaOH
solution
(iii) To this yellow
solution,add dilute Yellow ppt. is formed Chloride is confirmed.
CH3COOH and lead
acetate solution.
(b) Silver Nitrate test: White ppt. is formed Chloride is confirmed
Salt solution + AgNO3 which is soluble in NH4OH.
solution + dilute HNO3

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

(i) Chromyl chloride test:

4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4 4NaHSO4 + 2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
(yellow orange)
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
(yellow colour)
Pb(CH3COO)2 + Na2CrO4 PbCrO4↓ + 2CH3COONa
(yellow ppt)
(ii) Silver nitrate test :
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl ↓+ NaNO3
(white ppt)
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
(soluble)

RESULTS : In the given inorganic salt cation is Barium (Ba+2) and anion is Chloride (Cl–), therefore
the salt is Barium Chloride i.e, BaCl2 .
 Experiment – 20

AIM : Identify the cation (basic radical ) and anion (acidic radical) in the given salt by chemical analysis :

REQUIREMENTS : Test tube, beaker, funnel , test tube holder, dropper, sprit lamp, glass rod etc.

TEST OF CATION ;

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

O.S.+ dil. HCl No ppt. Gr. I absent
Pass H2S through the above No ppt. Gr. II absent
soln.
Boil of H2S cool + 1 ml of No ppt. Gr. III absent
conc. HNO3. boil + NH4Cl(s) +
excess of NH4OH
Pass H2S through the above No ppt. Gr. IV absent
soln.
Boil of H2S from above soln+ No white ppt. Gr. V absent
NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH+
(NH4)2CO3
Original solution + excess of A white ppt. is obtained Mg2+ is confirmed
NH4OH + NH4Cl Ammonium
Hydrogen Phosphate.

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

Mg+2 + HPO4-2 + NH4+ Mg(NH4)PO4 + H+

(white ppt)

TEST OF ANION :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(1) BaCl2 Test:
Aqueous solution of salt +
dilute HCl + BaCl2 solution
(2) Lead acetate Test :
O.S. + acetic acid + lead
acetate
A white ppt of BaSO4, Sulphate (SO42-) is confirmed.
insoluble in dilute HCl or dil.
HNO3.
A white ppt of PbSO4, soluble Sulphate (SO42-) is confirmed
in ammonium acetate solution.

EQUATION INVOLVED IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION :

(1) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4 ↓

(white ppt.)
(2) Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 2CH3COONa + PbSO4↓
(white ppt.)

RESULTS : In the given inorganic salt cation isMagnesium (Mg+2) and anion is Sulphate (SO4–2), therefore
the salt is Magnesium Sulphate i.e, MgSO4.