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Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete membrane elements considering

tension stiffening

Article  in  Asian Journal of Civil Engineering · June 2018

DOI: 10.1007/s42107-018-0056-x

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 Asian Journal of Civil Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-018-0056-x (012 3456789().
,- volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

ORIGINAL PAPER

1 Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete membrane elements

2 considering tension stiffening
3 V. Broujerdian1 • A. Kaveh1 • M. Rahmani1

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4 Received: 5 May 2018 / Accepted: 5 June 2018

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5  Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
Author Proof

6 Abstract
7 In this paper, a set of recently developed interactive constitutive laws for reinforced concrete is revised. The main
8 improvement is considering the effect of crack inclination angle on the tension-stiffening phenomenon. The influence of
9 reinforcing bars on tensile behavior of concrete after cracking is included as a function of their angle with respect to the

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10 tension cracks. To calibrate the parameters of the model, the harmony search meta-heuristic algorithm is used. Further-
11 more, the experimental load–deformation curves of 13 membrane-reinforced concrete elements, with a wide range of
12 specifications, are compared to the predicted curves obtained by the proposed method.
13
14 Keywords Reinforced concrete
Membrane element
Nonlinear analysis
Smeared crack
Tension stiffening
ED
15
16 Introduction algorithms (Cosgun and Sayin 2014; Li et al. 2016). In the 37
light of these achievements and their successful application 38
17 Reinforced concrete structures need to be designed to sat- in engineering problems, the confidence in predictions of 39
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18 isfy the serviceability and safety criteria. In order to nonlinear FEM has increased. However, there are still 40
19 guarantee the serviceability of the structure, it is necessary problems in this area that require further investigations. 41
20 to predict the cracking and deflection of the reinforced One of the main challenges is to simulate diagonal cracking 42
21 concrete (RC) structures under service loads. On the other behavior of the concrete and its interaction with reinforcing 43
22 hand, to reach the safety limits against failure, a proper bars (ACI Committee 224 2001; Yankelevsky et al. 2008; 44
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23 estimation of capacity and load–deformation behavior of Lee and Kim 2009; Keskin and Arslan 2013). Many of the 45
24 structure in the ranges of elastic and inelastic response is RC structures could be assumed as assemblages of mem- 46
25 necessary. In linear analysis, the finite-element method brane elements under shear and normal in-plane stresses. If 47
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26 (FEM) is frequently used as a reliable approach. However, the load–deformation response of each membrane element 48
27 nonlinear analysis of RC structures using FEM is not is defined, the behavior of such structures can be 49
28 straight forward. There are two main problems in this predictable. 50
29 regard (1) what is a good constitutive relation to reflect This paper addresses the third part of a study aiming to 51
30 nonlinear behavior of concrete, and (2) how one can capture the full load–deformation response of the RC 52
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31 implement this relation in FEM. Several decades of beams. In the first part, using truss analogy method based 53
32 research in this field has resulted in development of several on smeared crack approach and considering the main 54
33 constitutive theories for concrete (ASCE-ACI Committee effective parameters, a set of constitutive laws for tensile 55
34 445 1998; Shahbeyk et al. 2017), suitable elements for and compressive behavior of RC structures were developed 56
35 FEM (ACI Committee 446 1997; Markou and Papa- (Keskin and Arslan 2013). Salient features of this model 57
36 drakakis 2013), and numerous useful nonlinear analysis consist of considering the influence of reinforcement ratio 58
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on the average stress–strain curve of cracked concrete and 59

considering gradual yielding of reinforcement in terms of 60
A1 & V. Broujerdian
A2 broujerdian@iust.ac.ir average stresses and average strains. 61
In the second part of the study, the aforementioned 62
1
A3 Department of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science constitutive laws were implemented into a secant-stiffness- 63
A4 and Technology, Narmak, P.O. Box 16765-163, Tehran, Iran

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64 based finite-element algorithm to introduce a procedure for the maximum tensile strain, and e2 is the maximum com- 113
65 nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete (Broujerdian and pressive strain in the web. To investigate the relation 114
66 Kazemi 2016). The resulted procedure was capable of between the diagonal compressive stress f2 and corre- 115
67 predicting the load–deformation behavior, cracking pat- sponding strain e2 , an experimental research was conducted 116
68 tern, and failure mode of reinforced concrete. in the university of Toronto and 30 RC elements under 117
69 The present study, as the third part of the research series, biaxial stresses were examined by an innovative experi- 118
70 attempts to provide a better phenomenological represen- mental instrument (Vecchio and Collins 1982). It was 119
71 tation of the behavior of concrete by considering the effect found that f2 is not only a function of e2 , but it is also a 120
72 of crack inclination angle on the tension. In fact, the function of the companion maximum tensile strain, e1 , in 121

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73 influence of reinforcing bars on tensile behavior of con- the perpendicular direction. 122
74 crete after cracking is considered as a function of their The next progress was made by introducing modified 123
75 angle with respect to the tension cracks. In addition, to compression field theory (MCFT) in which shear stresses 124

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76 estimate the respective numeral coefficients of the model, a on the surface of the cracks and tensile stresses between the 125
77 meta-heuristic optimization method is utilized. Comparison cracks were considered in accordance with the experi- 126
Author Proof

78 of the predictions of the present model with the experi- mental observations (Vecchio and Collins 1986). This 127
79 mental results shows the capability of this model in esti- phenomenon is called tension stiffening, and plays an 128
80 mating the load–deformation response of the membrane important role in the pre-peak and post-peak behavior of 129

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81 elements. the reinforced concrete structures. MCFT formulated the 130
equilibrium, compatibility, and constitutive relations in 131
terms of the average stresses and average strains. The 132
82 The history of RC analysis based on truss aforementioned theory is, in fact, an analogy of a truss 133
83 analogy using rotating smeared crack approach. Recently, in this 134
series of research, a set of constitutive laws has been pre- 135
84 The earliest analysis method of RC beams that was
ED sented that includes the interaction of the reinforcement on 136
85 developed more than 100 years ago assumed that the shear the average behavior of the cracked concrete (Keskin and 137
86 strength, v, of a beam is only due to diagonal compressive Arslan 2013). Hereinafter, this model is referred to as B&K 138
87 struts with inclination angle of 45 with respect to the model. In the present study, B&K model is improved to 139
88 longitudinal axis of the beam (ASCE-ACI Committee 445 include the effect of the angle of concrete cracks on the 140
89 1998). These compressive struts were accompanied by tension-stiffening phenomenon. 141
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90 tension in transverse reinforcement. On the verge of the

91 yielding of the transverse reinforcement, the beam resists
92 against the shear stress qsy fyield y , where fyield y is the yield Analyzing RC membrane elements 142
93 strength of shear reinforcement and qsy ¼ Av =bw s, in which
94 bw is the web width and Av is the area of shear reinforce- Geometry and compatibility conditions 143
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95 ment spacing s. As the truss analogy ignores the contri-

96 bution of the tensile capacity of the concrete, it results in a A membrane element shown in Fig. 1 is considered as a 144
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97 quite conservative estimation of the shear strength, espe- part of an RC structure. The thickness of the element is 145
98 cially for the members with low amount of shear rein- assumed to be constant. The size of element is rather small, 146
99 forcement. Therefore, traditionally, the American Concrete and it contains an orthogonal reinforcing mesh parallel to 147
100 Code (ACI Committee 318 2014) has considered the shear its edges defining the x- and y-directions of coordinate 148
101 strength of the beam as qsy fyield y þ vc , where vc is the system. The loads applied on the edges of the element 149
consist of axial uniform stresses, fx, fy, and a uniform shear 150
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102 concrete contribution in shear strength and supposed to be

103 equal to the shear stress corresponding to the initiation of stress, vxy . The basic assumption is that each component of 151
104 diagonal cracks, vcr . stress or strain matrix of the element is the spatial average 152
105 A 45 approximation for h is only a rough assumption. of its corresponding field variable over the entire domain of 153
106 Compression field theory (CFT) was a great step in the element. In this way, there are homogeneous stress and 154
107 developing a more accurate theory to estimate the shear strain fields in each element. Therefore, it can be assumed 155
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108 capacity and even, in general, the analysis of reinforced that the edges of the element remain straight. Hence, the 156
109 concrete (Collins 1978). Based on this theory, h is calcu- deformed configuration is defined by two normal strains of 157
110 lated by tan2 h ¼ ðex þ e2 Þ=ðe1 þ e2 Þ, where ex is the lon- ex and ey and a shear strain of cxy . 158
111 gitudinal strain (tensile and compressive strains are Considering that the reinforcement is completely 159
112 considered to be positive and negative, respectively), e1 is bounded with the concrete, an interaction is needed to 160

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Fig. 1 RC membrane elements

161 adjust any deformation in the concrete with the corre- where fx is average stress of the RC element, fcx is average 193
162 sponding one in the reinforcement. Thus, any changes in stress of the concrete, fsx is the reinforcement stress, and qsx 194
163 the concrete strain will be accompanied by an equal change is the reinforcement ratio in the axis of x. It should be noted 195
165
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164 in reinforcement strain as follows: that the decrease in concrete area due to the existence of 196
esx ¼ ecx ¼ ex ; ð1Þ the reinforcement has been ignored in this equation. 197
Likewise, the equilibrium equation in y-direction is as 198
167 esy ¼ ecy ¼ ey ; ð2Þ follows: 199
169 ccxy ¼ cxy ; ð3Þ fy ¼ fcy þ qsy fsy : ð8Þ
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171 where ecx ; ecy , and ccxy are the average strains of the con- Assuming that the average shear stresses carried by 201
172 crete, and esx and esy are the reinforcement strains. If these reinforcement are zero, then: 202
173 three strain components ex , ey , and cxy are given, then the
vxy ¼ vcxy : ð9Þ
174 strains in any other directions can be found by the geom-
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175 etry. Figure 2 shows the average strains of the cracked On the other hand, the following equations can be 204
176 concrete and the corresponding Mohr’s circle which yields derived from the Mohr’s circle of stress in concrete, which 205
178
177 the following equations: is shown in Fig. 4: 206
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ecx ¼ ec1 sin2 h þ ec1 cos2 h; ð4Þ fcx ¼ fc1 sin2 h þ fc2 cos2 h; ð10Þ
2 2 2 2
180 ecy ¼ ec2 sin h þ ec1 cos h; ð5Þ fcy ¼ fc1 cos h þ fc2 sin h; ð11Þ 208
182 ccxy ¼ ðec1 ec2 Þ sin 2h; ð6Þ 1 210
vcx ¼ ðfc1 fc2 Þ sin 2h: ð12Þ
2
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184 where ec1 and ec2 are the principal average tensile and
185 compressive strains of the cracked concrete, respectively. The principal stresses and the principal strains axes are 212
assumed to be coincident. 213
186 Equilibrium equations
Constitutive laws of materials 214
187 The forces applied on the RC element are resisted by the
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188 stresses in concrete and reinforcement. According to the To relate the average stresses to the average strains for 215
189 free body diagram shown in Fig. 3, the equilibrium of the concrete and reinforcement, constitutive laws are needed. 216
191 The relation of average stress-average strain may differ 217
190 forces in the x axis results in:
excessively from the local stress–local strain that is derived 218
fx ¼ fcx þ qsx fsx ; ð7Þ from standard examinations of materials. 219

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Fig. 2 Strains in cracked concrete element

curve is composed of two quadratic parabolas with a final 227

229
strain of: 228
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ðf 0 þ 7Þe0c 0:042
ef ¼ ; ð13Þ
fc0 7
where fc0 is the uniaxial compressive strength of concrete in 231
MPa and e0c is the strain of concrete cylinder under maxi- 232
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mum compression fc0 (e0c has negative value). To consider 233

the reinforcement effect on the average compressive 234
stress–strain curve of cracked concrete, two modification 235
factors of a and l are used for fc0 and e0c , respectively 236
(Keskin and Arslan 2013): 237
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fc00 ¼ afc0 ; ð14Þ

e00c ¼ le0c : ð15Þ 239
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In the present study, a meta-heuristic method is used to 241

evaluate a and l as functions of qsx and qsy , reinforcement 242
ratios in x- and y-directions, respectively. In addition, the 243
compression softening is accounted by the multiplication 244
of a coefficient into the stress–strain curve (Vecchio and 245
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Collins 1986): 246

Fig. 3 Free body diagram of a part of RC element 1
b¼  1: ð16Þ
0:8 0:34ec1 =e0c
220 Tensile and compressive stress–strain curves of a bare
The curve used for the average compressive behavior of 248
221 bar are the same. However, it is not the case for embedded 250
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cracked concrete is as follows: 249

222 reinforcement. Figure 5 shows a schematic view of the " #
223 considered model for embedded bars (Keskin and Arslan ec2 e00c 2

00 ec2
224 2013). fc2 ¼ bfc 1 ;  1; ð17Þ
e00c e00c
225 Figure 6a shows the average compressive stress–strain
226 equation used for concrete (Keskin and Arslan 2013). This 252

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Fig. 4 Stresses in a cracked concrete element
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Fig. 5 Constitutive relation for embedded reinforcement (Broujerdian and Kazemi 2010)
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Fig. 6 Average stress–strain curve of cracked (Broujerdian and Kazemi 2010)

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loading to estimate load–deformation curve under any 301

" 2 #
ec2 e00c ec2
fc2 ¼ bfc00 1 ; [ 1; ð18Þ loading ratio of fx : fy : vxy (Keskin and Arslan 2013). 302
ef e00c e00c

254 where fc2 and ec2 are, respectively, the maximum average
255 compressive stress and the maximum average compressive Optimization of the model parameters using 303
256 strain of cracked concrete, and ec1 is the maximum average harmony search algorithm 304
257 tensile strain that simultaneously exists in the perpendicu-
258 lar direction of the compression. In the recent decades, meta-heuristic algorithms are well 305
259 The average tensile stress–strain curve of the concrete is developed (Kaveh 2017a), and have found many applica- 306

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260 shown in Fig. 6b and defined by Eqs. (19–21) (Keskin and tions in science and engineering (Kaveh 2017b). Harmony 307
262 search is one of the meta-heuristic algorithms, which has 308
261 Arslan 2013):

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been formulated based on phonetics to reach the ideal 309
fc1 ¼ Ec ec1 ; ec1  ecr ; ð19Þ
harmony. To find a pleasant harmony in music, an esthetic 310
264 fc1 ¼ fcr ; ecr \ec1  e0cr ; ð20Þ standard is used which is certainly similar to the opti- 311
Author Proof

fcr mization process that finds a general answer by determin- 312

266 fc1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; e0cr \ ec1 ; ð21Þ ing an objective function. More information on harmony 313
1þ k0 ec1 k0 e0cr
search optimization process can be found in the work of 314

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268 where f c1 is the principal average tensile stress of the Lee and Geem (2005). In the process of optimization, for 315
269 cracked concrete, fcr the average tensile strength of con- each series of model parameters, a load–deformation 316
270 crete in the reinforced concrete element, ecr the average response is obtained by nonlinear analysis of the RC ele- 317
271 tensile strain at the beginning of the cracking, e0cr the same ment. The optimization algorithm finds a set of values 318
272 value at the end of the crack forming stage, and Ec is the among all available sets of coefficients which result in the 319
273 elasticity module of concrete under tension that can be best possible approximation to the experimental data. 320
274 considered as 2fc0 e0c . In the former study (Keskin and

ED The database used here is a set of experimental load– 321
275 Arslan 2013), k0 was proposed as k0 ¼ 300 þ deformation curves from the experiments carried out at 322
 
250ð100qsx Þ 100qsy . This equation has two defects. First, University of Toronto on quadratic membrane RC panels 323
276
under in-plane loading (Vecchio and Collins 1986; Vec- 324
277 the inclination angle of steel bars with respect to the crack
chio et al. 1994; Bhide and Collins 1989). In these sets of 325
278 direction, h, which can definitely affect the tensile response
experiments, elements with different longitudinal and 326
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279 after cracking is not considered. Second, if the element is

transversal reinforcement ratio and various ratios of load- 327
280 reinforced in only one direction, the reinforcing effect on k0
ing fx : fy : vxy were used. It should be mentioned that the 328
281 disappears which is not acceptable. Conceptually, if a rebar
optimization process is not only utilized to determine the 329
282 is perpendicular to crack surface, it has the strongest effect
parameters of the considered functions, but also to select 330
283 on tension stiffening, and if it is parallel to the crack, it has
the form of these functions, as well. First, a function is 331
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284 no effect. Thus, if h ¼ 0, then only qsy , and if h ¼ p=2,

assumed, and then, the corresponding parameters are cho- 332
285 only qsx has an effect on k0 , and for intermediate values of
sen, such that using this function, the load–displacement 333
286 h, there must be an interpolation function. The suggested
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288 curve obtained from the nonlinear analysis of the next 334
287 equation for k0 in the present study is as follows:
section matches with the load–displacement curve of the 335
k0 ¼ k0 þ k1 qsx sin h þ k2 qsy cos h; ð22Þ experiments. This is done using the harmony search algo- 336
rithm. This process is repeated for the following functions 337
290 where k0 ; k1 , and k2 are model parameters which must be
and the corresponding parameters are obtained. 338
291 specified by data fitting. It must be noted that, as the
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For modification factors of the concrete compressive 339

292 rotating smeared crack approach is used, the angle of crack
curve, the parameters a and l are obtained as follows: 340
293 h changes during the loading and it must be updated in each
2
fc00 ¼ afc0 ; a ¼ 1 þ 0:033ð100qsx Þ2 100qsy ;

294 step of the analysis. ð23Þ
2
e00c ¼ le0c ; l ¼ 1 þ 0:018ð100qsx Þ2 100qsy :
 
295 Analysis procedure ð24Þ 342
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For average tensile strength of concrete in an RC ele- 344

296 The constitutive equations along with the equilibrium and
ment, f cr is obtained as follows: 345
297 compatibility equations form a system of nonlinear equa- 0:36
fcr ¼ 0:42a0 fc0 þ 3:8 ; a0

298 tions that need a numerical method to be solved. For this
2
299 purpose, an efficient algorithm was developed that is cap- ¼ 1 þ 0:015ð100qsx Þ2 100qsy :

ð25Þ
300 able of analyzing the membrane elements under in-plane

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• Reinforced elements in an individual direction or the 377

347 Final strain of the crack forming zone in the tensile
elements with very low reinforcement in the transverse 378
348 curve of concrete, e0cr (Fig. 6b) is obtained from the fol-
direction. In such elements, MCFT commonly predicts 379
349 lowing equation:
the stiffness and shear strength more than their actual 380
e0cr ¼ gecr ; g ¼ 1 þ 3:02ð100qsx Þ 100qsy :
 
ð26Þ values. 381
351 The k0 parameter, in the tensile curve of concrete Some of the elements of Table 1 have the above-men- 382
352 (Fig. 6b), is obtained as follows: tioned conditions. A comparison between the experimental 383
k0 ¼ 120 þ 70ð100qsx Þ sin h þ 70 100qsy cos h:
 
ð27Þ load–deformation responses of two selected RC elements 384
and the numerical ones obtained by MCFT, B&K, and 385

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354 those of the present study are shown in Fig. 7. 386
It should be mentioned that, for some specimens, MCFT 387

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355 Results and discussion curves were not available in the literature. In general, the 388
proposed model predicts load–deformation responses with 389
Author Proof

356 As mentioned before, a set of panel tests with various high accuracy, while MCFT, in some cases, showed non- 390
357 materials and loading conditions is chosen as the basis for conformity with the experimental results. As it is shown in 391
358 calibration and evaluation of the proposed model. The Fig. 7, MCFT commonly estimates the deformation of 392
359 specifications of the panels are presented in Table 1. This elements less than their actual values. The ratios of the 393

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360 table shows 11 specimens of normal concrete with com- calculated shear strength to experimental shear strength for 394
361 pressive strength of 14.5–25.3 MPa and 2 specimens of the discussed elements based on three methods of MCFT 395
362 high strength concrete with the compressive strength of (Vecchio and Collins 1986), B&K (Keskin and Arslan 396
363 49.9 and 55.9 MPa. The ratios of longitudinal and 2013) and the proposed model are presented in Table 2. As 397
364 transversal reinforcement vary from 1.65 to 3.23% and 0 to it can be seen from this table, the proposed model with the 398
365 1.79%, respectively. The yield strength of the reinforce- average of 1.01 and variant coefficient of 4.3 shows a much 399
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366 ment ranges from 276 up to 606 MPa. Furthermore, vari- better accuracy. 400
367 ous combinations of in-plane stresses have been used for It can be seen from Table 1 and Fig. 7 that the shear 401
368 loading. strength of Panel PV23 which is loaded under biaxial 402
369 The previous studies have shown that the accuracy of compression and shear stress is predicted nearly as its exact 403
370 prevalent analysis methods, such as MCFT, decreases value by the B&K and the present model, while it is 404
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371 under the following conditions (Vecchio 2000). underestimated by MCFT. On the other hand, the shear 405
strength of mono-axially reinforced panels of PB18 and 406
372 • The elements with high ratio of reinforcement in both
PB20 is significantly overestimated by MCFT; however, 407
373 perpendicular directions and the elements which are
B&K and the present model preserve their acceptable ac- 408
374 under biaxial compressive stresses and shear stress. In
curacy. In fact, situations in which MCFT loses its accu- 409
375 such elements, MCFT commonly predicts the stiffness
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racy do not violate the capability of the proposed model. 410

376 and shear strength less than their actual magnitudes.
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Table 1 Specifications of RC
Panel fc0 e0c qx fyield x qy fyield y Loading
membrane elements
(MPa) (%) (MPa) (%) (MPa) fx : fy : vxy

PV10 14.5 - 0.0027 1.79 276 1.00 276 0:0:1

PV12 16 - 0.0025 1.79 469 0.45 269 0:0:1
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PV19 19 - 0.0022 1.79 458 0.71 299 0:0:1

PV20 19.6 - 0.0018 1.79 460 0.89 297 0:0:1
PV21 19.5 - 0.0018 1.79 458 1.30 302 0:0:1
PV22 19.6 - 0.0020 1.79 458 1.52 420 0:0:1
PV23 20.5 - 0.0020 1.79 518 1.79 518 - 0.39:- 0.39:1
PV27 20.5 - 0.0019 1.79 442 1.79 442 0:0:1
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PB18 25.3 - 0.0022 2.20 402 0.00 – 0:0:1

PB20 21.7 - 0.0019 2.20 424 0.00 – 2.04:0:1
PB21 21.8 - 0.0018 2.20 402 0.00 – 3.08:0:1
PHS8 55.9 - 0.0036 3.23 606 1.24 521 0:0:1
PA1 49.9 - 0.0022 1.65 522 0.82 522 0:0:1

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Fig. 7 Comparison of
experimental and analytical
load–deformation curves

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Table 2 Predicted-to-
Panel MCFT (Vecchio and Collins, 1986) B&K (Keskin and Arslan, 2013) Present study
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experimental shear strength

ratio for MCFT, B&K, and the PV10 0.95 1.00 0.98
proposed model
PV12 1.02 0.96 0.94
PV19 1.04 1.03 1.05
PV20 1.04 1.03 1.01
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PV21 1.00 1.05 1.07

PV22 1.02 1.04 1.01
PV23 0.81 0.99 0.99
PV27 1.02 1.05 0.99
PB18 1.22 1.05 1.05
PB20 1.30 1.01 1.07
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PB21 0.86 0.97 1.02

PHS8 – – 1.02
PA1 – – 0.93
Mean [-] 1.02 1.02 1.01
CoV(%) 12.9 3.2 4.3

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411 Another interesting point is that notwithstanding the ACI Committee 446 (1997). Finite Element Analysis of Fracture in 454
412 high sensitivity of the model to the parameter k0 changing Concrete Structures, American Concrete Institute, Farmington 455
Hills, Mich., USA. 456
413 its function from B&K model to the present model not only ASCE-ACI Committee 445 on Shear and Torsion. (1998). Recent 457
414 did not decrease the accuracy of the model, but, concep- approaches to shear design of structural concrete. ASCE Journal 458
415 tually, it improved the model. of Structural Engineering, 124, 1375–1417. 459
Bhide, S. B., & Collins, M. P. (1989). Influence of axial tension on the 460
shear capacity of reinforced concrete members. ACI Structural 461
Journal, 86, 570–581. 462
416 Conclusions Broujerdian, V., & Kazemi, M. T. (2010). Smeared rotating crack 463
model for reinforced concrete membrane elements. ACI Struc- 464
465

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417 Revising an available rotating smeared crack model of tural Journal, 107, 411–418.
Broujerdian, V., & Kazemi, M. T. (2016). Nonlinear finite element 466
418 reinforced concrete, the prediction of nonlinear behavior of modeling of shear-critical reinforced concrete beams using a set 467
419 reinforced concrete membrane elements was improved.

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of interactive constitutive laws. International Journal of Civil 468
420 This model presents orthotropic constitutive equations for Engineering, 14, 507–519. 469
421 concrete considering the effect of reinforcement bars on the Collins, M. P. (1978). Towards a rational theory for RC members in 470
Author Proof

shear. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 104, 649–666. 471

422 average behavior of the cracked concrete. In addition, the Cosgun, T., & Sayin, B. (2014). A method for the non-linear and 472
423 compression softening and tension-stiffening phenomena failure load analysis of reinforced concrete frames. Computers 473
424 are included in this model. Comparing with the previous and Concrete, 14, 41–57. 474
Kaveh, A. (2017a). Advances in metaheuristic algorithms for optimal 475

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425 model, the two following modifications are achieved in the
design of structures (2nd ed.). Switzerland: Springer. 476
426 present study. Kaveh, A. (2017b). Applications of metaheuristic optimization 477
algorithms in civil engineering. Switzerland: Springer. 478
427 1. The effect of crack inclination angle of concrete on the 479
Keskin, R. S., & Arslan, G. (2013). Predicting diagonal cracking
428 tension-stiffening phenomenon is studied. Conceptu- strength of RC slender beams without stirrups using ANNs. 480
429 ally, if a rebar is perpendicular to crack surface, it has Computers and Concrete, 12, 697–715. 481
430 the strongest effect on the tension stiffening, and if it is Lee, K. S., & Geem, Z. W. (2005). A new meta-heuristic algorithm 482
ED for continuous engineering optimization: Harmony search theory 483
431 parallel to the crack, it has no effect. For intermediate 484
and practice. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
432 values of inclination angle, an interpolation function is Engineering, 194, 3902–3933. 485
433 needed. This was the missing point in the previously Lee, G. Y., & Kim, W. (2009). Cracking and tension stiffening 486
434 developed models. behavior of high-strength concrete tension members subjected to 487
axial load. Advances in Structural Engineering, 12, 127–137. 488
435 2. The parameters of the models are scrutinized using 489
Li, H., Li, Z., & Teng, J. (2016). A dynamic analysis algorithm for
CT

436 harmony search algorithm. RC frames using parallel GPU strategies. Computers and 490
Concrete, 18, 1019–1039. 491
437 The predicted load–deformation curves of the proposed Markou, G., & Papadrakakis, M. (2013). Computationally efficient 492
438 model show a good conformity with other experimental 3D finite element modeling of RC structures. Computers and 493
439 curves. Interestingly, situations in which other prevailing Concrete, 12, 443–498. 494
440 smeared crack models, such as MCFT, and the loss of their Shahbeyk, S., Moghaddam, M. Z., & Safarnejad, M. (2017). A 495
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physically consistent stress-strain model for actively confined 496

441 accuracy do not violate the accuracy of the proposed concrete. Computers and Concrete, 20, 85–97. 497
442 model. Considering the effect of crack inclination angle on Vecchio, F. J. (2000). Disturbed stress field model for reinforced 498
RR

443 tension stiffening, it is expected that the present model concrete: formulation. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 499
444 leads to better predictions of the load–deformation behav- 126, 1070–1077. 500
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445 ior of the reinforced concrete beams. However, the Concrete to In-plane Shear and Normal Stresses, Publication No. 502
446 demonstration of this problem requires further research. 82-03, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 503
447 Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 504
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field theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear. 506

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448 References Vecchio, F. J., Collins, M. P., & Aspiotis, J. (1994). High-strength 508
concrete elements subjected to shear. ACI Structural Journal, 91, 509
449 ACI Committee 224 (2001). Control of Cracking in Concrete 423–433. 510
450 Structures, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI. Yankelevsky, D. Z., Jabareen, M., & Abutbul, A. D. (2008). One- 511
451 ACI Committee 318 (2014). Building Code Requirements for dimensional analysis of tension stiffening in reinforced concrete 512
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452 Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary, American with discrete cracks. Engineering Structures, 30, 206–217. 513
453 Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI. 514

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Journal : Large 42107 Dispatch : 13-6-2018 Pages : 9
Article No. : 56 h LE h TYPESET
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