Table of contents

Moment Re-Distribution and design of beam------------------------------------------------02

The design of the Flat slab----------------------------------------------------------------------12
The design of the column-----------------------------------------------------------------------21
Flexural Cracking--------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
Rebound hammer test---------------------------------------------------------------------------30
References----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33

1
Moment Redistribution:
Introduction:
In the continuous beams we have the large moments at the supports of the section and the less
moment in span, which causes a problem when we move forward towards the poring of concrete
as the section have the congested bars all the way in the beam so we have to solve this problem
for this we will re distribute the moment into the span length and then we move towards the
designing of the beam.Re-distribution is done through the different methods for the redistribution
which will help in calculating the redistribution factors so these factors will distribute the
moment in the spans rather then the congestion nearer to the supports.

Table 1: the data is given for design beam

Figure 3: the area of in short span

2
 For short span (DF)

𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 12
 Check the slab if one way slab and two = = 10=1.2m<2 It is two way slabs))
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

 Design DF
Permanent load (Dead load)
 Calculate the area of trapezoidal (Dead distribution )

Area: 1/2 ×10×5=25m2

 Calculate the (Dead load ) of slab (GK):

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 25
Dead load of span: self weight ×𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 25 × 0.21 × 10 = 13.12𝐾𝑁

 Calculate the (Dead load) of beam:

Dead load of beam XY= 25×0.345×0.445=3.83KN/m

 Calculate the total dead load

Total dead load= 13.1+3.83=16.93KN/m

Live load on beam XY=14 KN/m

Ultimate load= 1.35 GK+1.5QK

=1.35×16.93+1.5×14=43.85 KN/m

From EC-2 clause 5.5 K1=0.44, K2=1.25

Figure4: show the ultimate load

3
  Limiting neutral axis depth
𝑑 445
Xbal= (𝜎 − 𝑘1) × 𝑘2 = (0.73 − 0.44) × 1.25 = 103.24𝑚𝑚

 Stress block depth

Sbal= 0.8× xbal=0.8×103.24=82.59mm

𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑙 82.59
Zbal= (d- ) = (445 − ) = 403.70𝑚𝑚
2 2

Moment of resistance of the concrete

Mbal= Fcc×zbal = 0.567×fck×b×sbal× zbal

=0.567×30×345×82.59×403.70×106= 195.66KN m

M (ultimate design moment) 311.29 > 195.66 Mbal, So compression steel is required. It is double
reinforcement beam (BRB).

 Elastic moment before redistribution of moment of beam (DF).

Fixed end moment at D = -WL2/12= 43.853× (10)2/12 = -365.44 KNm

Fixed end moment at F= + WL2/12= 43.853× (10)2/12 = 365.44 KNm

Mid span bending moment = WL2/24= 43.853× (10)2/24= 182.72 KNm

 The reaction at support (D&F) calculation are shown:

 The vertical reaction at (D&F) = WL/2= 43.853×10/2= 219.265 KN
∑ 𝑀@𝑥1 = −365.44 + 219.265𝑥 − 43.853x (x/2)=0
=21.925x2-219.265x+365.44=0
X1 =7.9
X2=2.10

4
 Figure 4: show the elastic moment before redistribution

 After moment redistribution 27%

365.44 × 0.30= 109.5
365.44 – 109.5= 255.94KN.m

 Mc= 182.72+ 109.5= 291.72

255.94 + 219.265x – 43.85 x (x/2) = 0

21.925x2 – 219.265 x + 255.95 = 0

X1= 1.34

X2= 8.65

Figure 5: show the elastic moment after redistribution

5
 Assume
 Ø= 16mm from the table (8.10)
 Minimum cover, Cmin = 16mm
 For concrete class (fck is given 30)
 Nominal cover reinforcement Cnom = Cmin +
Δ Cdev

h= d+ Cnom +Ø/2 = 445+26 + (16/2) = 479mm =

16+10=26mm
d′ = Cnom +Ø/2= 26+ (16/2)= 33mm

d′
= 33/103.24=0.31 <0.38 (compression steel is yield)
𝑋bal

 Compression steel:

As2= M- Mbal / 0.87 fyk (d-d′ )

= (365×106 – 195.66 ×106) / 0.87 ×500 × (445-33) =944.87mm2

(4H14, As= 945mm2)
 Tension steel:

As1= (Mbal/ 0.87 fyk×Zbal ) + As2

= (195.66×106/0.87×500×403.7)+944.87 = 2059.05mm2
(4H23, As= 2060mm2)

6
 Figure 6: structural detailing of the area

 Check the As minimum and maximum reinforcement

As, min = 0.0013 Ac= 0.0013×345*445 = 199.58mm2

As, max= 0.04 Ac = 0.04 × 330 × 430 = 6141mm2

 Bar spacing
445−(2×33)
Bar spacing for the top (compression steel) = =126.33mm > 25mm
3
445−(2×33)
Bar spacing for the bottom (tension steel) = = 126.33𝑚𝑚 > 25mm
3

For the long span (FH)

 Calculate the area of trapezoidal (Dead distribution )

Area: 1/2 × ( 2+14)×6 =48 m2

 Calculate the (Dead load ) of slab (GK):

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 48
Dead load of span: self weight ×𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 25 × 0.21 × 12 = 21𝐾𝑁

 Calculate the (Dead load) of beam:

Dead load of beam XY= 25×0.345×0.445=3.83KN/m

 Calculate the total dead load

Total dead load= 21+3.83= 24.83KN/m

Live load on beam XY=14KN/m

Ultimate load= 1.35 GK+1.5QK

=1.35×24.83+1.5×14=54.52 KN/m

From EC-2 clause 5.5 K1=0.44, K2=1.25

7
Figure 7: show the ultimate load of DF

 Limiting neutral axis depth

𝑑 445
Xbal= (𝜎 − 𝑘1) × 𝑘2 = (0.73 − 0.44) × 1.25 = 103.24𝑚𝑚

 Stress block depth

Sbal= 0.8× xbal=0.8×103.24=82.59mm

𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑙 82.59
Zbal= (d- ) = (445 − ) = 403.70𝑚𝑚
2 2

Moment of resistance of the concrete

Mbal= Fcc×zbal = 0.567×fck×b×sbal× zbal

=0.567×30×345×82.59×403.70×106= 195.66KN m

M (ultimate design moment) 648> 195.66 Mbal, So compression steel is required. It is double
reinforcement beam (BRB).

 Elastic moment before redistribution of moment of beam (DF).

Fixed end moment at D = -WL2/12= 54× (12)2/12 = -648KNm

Fixed end moment at F= + WL2/12= 54× (12)2/12 = 648 KNm

Mid span bending moment = WL2/24= 54× (12)2/24= 324 KNm

8
  The reaction at support (D&F) calculation are shown:
 The vertical reaction at (D&F) = WL/2= 54×12/2= 324KN
∑ 𝑀@𝑥1 = −648 + 324𝑥 − 54X (x/2) =0
=27x2+324 x-648 = 0
X1=1.74

X2= 13.7

Figure 8: moment of long span before redistribution

 After moment redistribution 30%

648 × 0.30= 194.4
648 – 194.4 = 453.6 KN.m

 Mc=324 + 453.6=777.6

453.6 x2+ 324KN x - 54x (x/2) = 0

27x2 – 324 x + 453.6 = 0

X1=1.6

X2=10.38

9
 Figure 9: moment after redistribution

Assume
 Ø= 16mm from the table (8.10)
 Minimum cover, Cmin = 16mm
 For concrete class (fck is given 30)
 Nominal cover reinforcement Cnom = Cmin +
Δ Cdev
h= d+ Cnom +Ø/2 = 445+26 + (16/2) = 479mm
=
d′ = Cnom +Ø/2= 26+ (16/2) = 33mm
16+10=26mm
d′
= 33/103.24=0.31 <0.38 (compression steel is yield)
𝑋bal

 Compression steel:

As2= M- Mbal / 0.87 fyk (d-d′ )

= (648×106 – 195 ×106) / 0.87 ×500 × (445-33) =2527.61mm2

(4H35, As= 3220mm2)

 Tension steel:
As1= (Mbal/ 0.87 fyk×Zbal ) + As2

10
= (195×106/0.87×500×403)+2527.61 = 3639.95mm2
(5H35, As= 4020 mm2)

Figure 10: show the structural detailing of the area

 Check the As minimum and maximum reinforcement
As, min = 0.0013 Ac= 0.0013×345×445 = 199.58mm2

As, max= 0.04 Ac = 0.04 × 345 × 445 = 6141mm2

 Bar spacing
445−(2×33)
Bar spacing for the top (compression steel) = =126.33mm > 25mm
3
445−(2×33)
Bar spacing for the bottom (tension steel) = = 126.33𝑚𝑚 > 25mm
3

Discussions:
This is the RCC design of the beams which are continuous throughout the structures. First our
main objective is to distribute the moment through the sections then we will move towards the
designing. For this we will calculate the loads in the longer and shorter span lengths after
calculating these loads we will move towards the neutral axis location after calculating the
neutral axis calculations we will move towards the balancing of this neutral axis then we
calculate the compression steel area by checking either the compressive is yield or not under the
given loading conditions or not, in our case compressive steel is yielded so we have provided the
compressive steel area. After calculating compressive steel area we will move towards the tensile
steel area calculations after that we have apply the checks for these moments and the ultimate
moments our checks are OK. So that our design is adequate.

11
Design of Flat slab:
A framed structure as shown in the figure below subjected to a variable load of Wi over a
span of LL&SL meter’s as shown below having a thickness of slab as ts mm. After a %
reduction due to redistribution of the moment in beam P-S-U & U-W ends is fixed.
Consider the materials characteristic strength of Concrete and steel as Fck N/mm2, Fyk
N/mm2 respectively. Evaluate the area of reinforcement required using constants K1 and
K2from European code of Practices EC2.

SL m LLm
SL m

Introduction:
Flat slabs are the slabs with the drop panel we must design the flat slab for the given loading
criteria using Euro codes. Slabs are designed as the flexure members. The design of the slab is
based on the theory of one feet length and thickness assuming against the perimeter criteria of
the slabs.

First of all we have calculate the thickness then divide the whole slab into the number of strips
i.e column strip and middle strips .Our flexure design is totally depend upon the flexure
calculated moment for the given slab.

First of all we calculate the moments for both the strips column and middle strips negative and
positive moments in both the direction.

12
After calculating the moments in both the directions long and short we to apply the shear check
and then we have to design the reinforcement against the given moment and conditions of the
question.

After calculating the reinforcement area we have defined the number of bars for this and in the
end defined spacing.

This is the designed project for the slab design with the drop panel, assuming self-weight and
applying the different technique we have designed our slabs, applying the moment check is
necessary designed moment must be greater than the moment coming on the slab due to the
loading, after the moment check we have to apply the shear check both the checks are OK.so we
have designed the reinforcement for this after that define the bars diameter and numbers also
specify the spacing.

10

12

Figure 11: show flat slab with drop 6

Table 2: show the details of design of slab flat

Design of slab
LL (long size) 10m
SL (short span) 6m
Wi (variable load) 3.7KN/m2

13
 ts(thickness of slab) 0.25m
Fck(grade of concrete) 30N/mm2
Fyk(grade of steel) 500 N/mm2
Size of drop panel
dps(drop panel sequre) 2×2 m
dph(deep of drop panel) 3cm
C hd of Ø m(column head of Ø) 3cm
Permanent (dead load)

Weight of slab= (ts ×fck ×(SL×LL)

= (0.21×30×(6×10)) = 378 KN

Weight of drop panel = d ph ×fck ×dps

= (0.03 ×30 ×4) = 3.6 KN

Total = 378+3.6= 381.6KN

Variable load

Total = 3.4 × (6×10) = 204 KN

Ultimate load (F) = 1.35× GK + 1.5 ×QK

= 1.35×378 + 1.5×204= 816.3 KN/m2

816.3 13.6𝐾𝑁
Equivalent distributed load, n = 6×10 = 𝑚2

Effective depth (at span)= ts-( 2×cover)+ 0.5 ×10

= (250)-(2×25) +0.5×10= 202mm

Effective span (at support) = (ts+dpf)-( 2×cover)+ 0.5 ×10

= (250+ 30) – (2×25)+0.5×10= 232mm

𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
L= clear span between column heads + 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
2

14
 0.21+0.03
= (6- 0.30) + = 5.82𝑚
2

Bar spacing and size limits:

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐺𝐾+0.3×𝑄𝐾 1 𝐴𝑆,𝑅𝑒𝑞

Fs= 1.15 × 1.35×𝐺𝐾+1.5×𝑄𝐾 (8) (𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣)

500 204+0.3×378 1
= 1.15 × 1.35×378 + 1.5×204 × (0.8) ×1

=211.31N/mm2

Assuming As,req =As, prov

From table down below

X1= 200mm X =236.22N/mm2 X2=240mm

Y1= 250N/mm2 Y= 211N/mm2 Y2= 200N/mm2

(200 − 250)
𝑋 = 250 + × (211 − 200) = 231.66 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
(230 − 200)

So the maximum bar spacing=236.22N/mm2 and the maximum bar size is 12mm.
 Bending reinforcement

Since the variable load is less than permanent load and by size 6.6×10.6= 69.96 m2 ≥ 30𝑚²𝑥𝑣
from table

15
 1. At center of interior span

Positive moment= 0.064 F L = 0.063×816×5.932= 304.95KN.m

The width of middle strip=6-2= 4m

4.6m >half dimension (6/2) = 3m. Therefore the proportion of this moment taken by the middle
strip can be taking 0.45 from table down

Shown:

4
0.45 ×6/2 = 0.6

 The middle strip positive moment = 0.6 ×304.95= 182.59KN.m

 The column strip positive moment= (1-0.60) ×(304.95) =121.98KN.m
a) For the middle strip
𝑀 182.95×106
K=𝑏𝑑²𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = .042
4200×185²×30

Check the value of Z from the chart

16
Z= 0.95 d

𝑀 182.95×106
As= 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 = = 2393.02𝑚𝑚2 (bottom steel)
0.87×500×0.95×185

Assume d= 12mm
𝜋
Area of single bar= 4 × 122 = 113𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 2393.02
No. of bar= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = =≅ 21.17 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
113

Thus provide 25H12 bars

1 Row → 113

25→ 𝑥

X= 2393.02mm²

So As each way in the span distribution evenly a cross the 4.6m with the middle strip ( 4200/25
=168mm)

 Maximum bar spacing should not more than 3

Smax > 3(168) = 504, [25mm <168mm<504mm]

b) For the column strip

17
 𝑀 125.9×106
K= 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘= 4600×1842 ×30 = 0.026

Check the value of Z from the chart

𝑀 121.9×106
AS= 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 = = 1755.82𝑚𝑚²
0.87×500×0.95×168

Assume diameter =12mm

𝜋
Area of single bar= 4 × 𝑑 2 = 113𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 1755.82
No. of bar= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = 15.53 ≅ 16 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
113

Thus provide 16H12 bars

1 Row → 113

16→ 𝑥

X= 1756mm²

So As each way in the span distribution evenly across the 4.6m with the middle strip (4200/16 =
262.5mm)

 Maximum bar spacing should not more than 3

Smax > 3(262.5) = 787.5, [25mm <262.5mm<787.5mm]

 Check punching shear at different location

At the face of colun head

Perimeter length= 𝜋 × 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝜋 × 2700 = 88482.300𝑚𝑚

𝜋 𝜋
Shear force (ved) = F – 4 × 𝑑 2 × 𝑛 = 823.11 − 4 × (3.0)² × 12 =738.33KN

To allow the effect of moment transfer increase this shear force v by 15% check this shear

Ved= 1.15 ×738.33= 849.07KN

18
Maximum permissible shear force at this location

𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Ved, eff= [0.5 udp (0.6 (1-250 )] 1.5

30
VRd,max= [0.5×88482.300×202(0.6(1-30/250) ] × 1.5 × 10³ = 94371.68 KN

The Ved (849KN) is less than VRd (94371.68 KN)

So the punching shear is safe

The first critical section for shear is 2.0 ×depth from the face of the column head that is section of
diameters = 3.0+2×2×0.202= 3.808m→ 380𝑚𝑚(𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)

The length of the diameter u1= 𝜋 × 380 = 1193.2𝑚𝑚

For unreinforced section,

VRd,c= VRd,c = 88482.300 ×168

100×𝐴𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 100×1755.03

With p1 = p2= p3 = = 0.20%
𝑏×𝑑 4200×202

𝑁
From the table down below → 𝑉𝑟𝑑𝑐 0.54 = 𝑚𝑚2

X1= 200mm X=202mm X2= 225mm

Y1= 0.20 Y= 0.472 Y2= 0.54
(𝑌2 − 𝑌1 )
𝑌 = 𝑌1 + × (𝑋 − 𝑋1 )
(𝑋2 − 𝑋1 )

(0.54−0.20)
= 0.20 + × (202-200)
(225−200)

Y= 0.2272 N/mm2

19
 Thus for unreinforced section

VRd,c= 0.2272× 88482.300 ×168×10-3=3377.33KN.

As Ved, eff (849KN) is less than VRd,c (3377.33KN) the section adequate and shear reinforcement is
not needed

 At the dropped panel. The critical section is from the panel with a perimeter given by u=
(2a + 2b)+ (2𝜋 × 2𝑑)
= (4×4200) + (2×𝜋 × 2 × 168)= 18910.08mm

The area within the perimeter is given by (4.6 + 3𝑏)2 − (4 − 𝜋)(2.0 × 𝑑)2

= (4.6 + 3× 0.168)2 – ( 4 − 𝜋)(2.0 × 0.168)² = 2.3m3

Ultimate shear force

𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 𝐹 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑛

= 816−2.3×13.4= 785.18KN

So, ved= 1.15 ×785.18= 902.95KN

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑢𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 18910.02 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 168 𝑚𝑚

100 × 1755.40
𝑝1 = = 0.2069%
4200 × 202

Thus un reinforcement section,𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 × 𝑢 × 𝑑

VRd,c= 0.22× 88482.300 ×168×10-3=32705KN.

As Ved, eff (849.13KN) is less than VRd,c (7270KN) the section adequate.

 Span effective ( span effective ratio)=

 At the center of span

100 × 𝐴𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 100 × 1755

= = 0.20
𝑏×𝑑 4200 × 202

20
From figure 6.3, the span effective ratio is 30 for class C30 concrete and from table (6.10) giving
k factor is 1.2 so multiply = 30 ×1.2=36.

6000
Actual span- effective depth ratio= =32.43
185

The slab effective depth is acceptable.

Conclusions:
We must design the flat slab with the loading condition mentioned in the questions,

Slab is the flexure member and we have designed the slab against flexure strength so from the
moments, after applying necessary checks we have defined the reinforcement details then we
move towards the specification followed by the Euro codes and then defined the spacing in all
the direction.

After that we have check the capacity of the slab whether it takes the load or not properly, we
have applied all the checks are OK.so our slab can take loads which are applied.

Design the column for also check its short or slender. The details of the assessment are as
follows. In order to find out whether this Redistribution of the moment of Column is stable,
students must analyze for the respective external load on it with check the permissible limit
of stress in steel and concrete.

Introduction:
Column are the long compressive load which can take loads axially,the column may be short
column or long it depends upon the slenderness ratio check,we have to apply the checks of
slenderness ratio then after finding out either the column is long or short we will moves towards
the designing of the column.

21
Table 3: show data of column design

Design of column
c/c of column LL 12m
SL-m 8m
Height of column( H) 3.3m
Gk Wt above
Qk 15.8
B 0.34
D 0.44

 Design column CD:

Calculation GK
GK (slab) = concrete density ×thickness
= (25×0.25)=6.25KN/m2
 Maximum ultimate load at each floor W= (1.34Gk+1.5Qk) ×span

= (1.35×6.25+1.5×15.8)×8 = 257.1KN/m

 Minimum ultimate load at each floor

W= (1.35 Gk)×span

= (1.35×6.25)×8=67.5KN/m

22
  Column load
 First floor (257.1×8/2) + (257.1 × 8/2) = 2056.8𝐾𝑁.
 Self weight of column
Volume ×concrete density
= Ned (3.2×0.34×0.44) ×25×6=71.80KN
NED = 2056.8×71.80= 147694.69KN

Where

 Left side load = 257.1×8=2056.8KN

 Right side load = 257.1×8=2056.8KN
2056.8+2056.8
 Loading arrangement= = 2056.8𝐾𝑁
2

 Substitute frame:

1st floor (ts) = 0KN

1st floor (us) = 2056.8 KN

 Member stiffness at first floor:

𝑏𝑑3 1 0.34×0.44³
 KAB / 2 = 1/2 ×12 𝐿 = 2 × = 1.50 × 10−4 m3
12×8
𝑏𝑑3 1 0.34×0.44³
 KBA / 2 = 1/2 ×12 𝐿 = 2 × = 1.50 × 10−4 m3
12×8
𝑏𝑑3 1 0.34×0.443
 Kcolumn = 1/2 ×12 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 2 × = 3.65 × 10−4m3
12×3.3

 ∑ 𝐾 = (1.50 × 10−4 + 1.50 × 10−4 + (2 × 3.65 × 10−4))= 1.03× 10−3

𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 3.65×10−4
 ∑𝐾
= 1.03×10−3 = 0.354

 Fixed end moment at (b):

𝑊𝑙 2 257.1 × 82
𝐹. 𝐸. 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = 1371.2𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
12 12
𝑊𝑙 2 67.5 × 82
𝐹. 𝐸. 𝑀𝐵𝐸 = = = 360 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
12 12
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 0.35 × (1371.2 − 360 ) = 353.92 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑙0 2056.8 × 3.3
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀 + = 360 + = 376.96𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
400 400
 Effective depth (d')

23
 Assume (𝝓 = 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ((𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒅𝒖𝒓 ) =

𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒎) according to Exposure class XC1, thus (𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 = 15𝑚𝑚)

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑 + 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏

 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 15 + 15 = 30𝑚𝑚
∅
ℎ=𝑑+ + 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚
2
16
 ℎ = 410 + + 30 = 448𝑚𝑚
2

∅
𝑑 ′ = 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 +
2
12
 𝑑′ = 30 + = 36𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑′ 36
 = 448 = 0.08
ℎ

Floor Ned (KN) 𝑴𝑬𝑫 (𝑲𝑵. 𝒎) 𝑵𝑬𝑫 𝑴𝑬𝑫 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝒃𝒉𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒉𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒉𝒇𝒄𝒌

𝟏𝒔𝒕 (𝑼𝑺) 85414.17KN 422.9 0.0224 0.61 1 1220.16mm2

 Minimum area of reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏ℎ = 0.002 × 310 × 410 = 254.2 𝑚𝑚2
 Maximum area of reinforcement
𝐴𝑠 = 0.08𝑏ℎ = 0.08 × 310 × 410 = 10168 𝑚𝑚2

The reinforcement provided is ( 4H25, As= 1960mm2

 Design of links
 Diameters of links is larger of
a) 6mm
b) Links = Ø/4 = 25/4= 6.25mm≅ 8𝑚𝑚
 Links spacing
Ø×20 = 25×20 = 500mm
24
 400mm
LLD= 320mm
 Number of links = H/ Spacing = 3400/320= 10.625 links

320
4H25 m

3.4m
410m

 320 m

Design of column EF

GK (slab) = concrete density ×thickness

= (25×0.25)=6.25KN/m2
 Maximum ultimate load at each floor W= (1.34Gk+1.5Qk) ×span

= (1.35×6.25+1.5×15.8)×8 = 257.1KN/m

 Minimum ultimate load at each floor

W= (1.35 Gk) ×span

= (1.35×6.25)×8=67.5KN/m
 Column load
 First floor (257.1×12/2) + (257.1 × 8/2) = 2571𝐾𝑁.
 Self weight of column
Volume ×concrete density
= Ned (3.2×0.34×0.44) ×25×6=71.8KN
NED = 2571 × 71.8= 1846.18KN

25
Where

 Left side load = 257.1×8=2056.8KN

 Right side load = 257.1×12 =3085.2 KN
2056.8+3085.2
 Loading arrangement= = 2571𝐾𝑁
2

 Substitute frame:

1st floor (ts) = 0KN

1st floor (us) = 2571 KN

 Member stiffness at first floor:

𝑏𝑑3 1 0.34×0.44³
 KAB / 2 = 1/2 ×12 𝐿 = 2 × = 1.50 × 10−4 m3
12×8
𝑏𝑑3 1 0.34×0.44³
 KAB / 2 = 1/2 ×12 𝐿 = 2 × = 1.00 × 10−4 m3
12×12
𝑏𝑑3 1 0.34×0.443
 Kcolumn = 1/2 ×12 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 2 × = 3.65 × 10−4m3
12×3.3

 ∑ 𝐾 = (1.50 × 10−4 + 1.00 × 10−4 + (2 × 3.65 × 10−4))= 9.8× 10−4

𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 3.65×10−4
 = = 0.372
∑𝐾 9.8×10−4

 Fixed end moment at (b):

𝑊𝑙 2 257.1 × 82
𝐹. 𝐸. 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = 1371.2𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
12 12
𝑊𝑙 2 67.5 × 12²
𝐹. 𝐸. 𝑀𝐸𝐹 = = = 810𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
12 12
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 0.35 × (1371.2 − 810 ) = 196.42𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

 Effective depth (d')

Assume (𝝓 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ((𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒅𝒖𝒓 ) =

𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒎) according to Exposure class XC1, thus (𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 = 15𝑚𝑚)

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑 + 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏

 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 15 + 15 = 30𝑚𝑚

26
 ∅
ℎ=𝑑+ + 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚
2
12
 ℎ = 410 + + 30 = 446𝑚𝑚
2

∅
𝑑 ′ = 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 +
2
12
 𝑑′ = 30 + = 36𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑′ 36
 = 446 = 0.080
ℎ

Floor Ned (KN) 𝑴𝑬𝑫 (𝑲𝑵. 𝒎) 𝑵𝑬𝑫 𝑴𝑬𝑫 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝒃𝒉𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒉𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒉𝒇𝒄𝒌

𝟏𝒔𝒕 (𝑼𝑺) 2824.39KN 196.42 0.74 0.27 1 2059.02mm2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.72
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.72 × 𝑏 × ℎ × 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐴𝑠 =2059.02

Minimum area of reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏ℎ = 0.002 × 310 × 410 = 254.2 𝑚𝑚2
 Maximum area of reinforcement
𝐴𝑠 = 0.08𝑏ℎ = 0.080 × 310 × 410 = 10168 𝑚𝑚2

The reinforcement provided is ( 4H32 As= 3220 mm2

 Design of links
 Diameters of links is larger of
c) 6mm
d) Links = Ø/4 = 32/4= 8𝑚𝑚
 Links spacing
Ø×20 = 32×20 = 640 mm

27
 400mm
LLD= 320mm
 Number of links = H/ Spacing = 3400/320= 10.625 links

4H25
410m

Discussions:
In the column design first step is to calculate the ultimate loads i.e. maximum and minimum
loads after that we will move towards the designing of the column then we calculate the moment
for each member stiffnesses then we have calculated the minimum and maximum areas with the
help of the fixed end moments. And then we have calculated the reinforcement areas all the
details have been shown in the above procedure.

B) Discuss a Compressive report on Flexural cracking based on

i) Thermal cracking & Shrinkage cracking
Causes, the effect on structure, how to identify, how to solve this problem,
how to prevent.
Abstract:
The purpose of this assessment is to discuss the above-mentioned problems with the reinforced
concrete structures. Reinforced concrete structures are reinforced with the rebars and composed
of concrete. Concrete when exposed to the water and humidity have very bad effects.
We will discuss here the effects of Thermal and shrinkage cracking of the reinforced concrete
structures.
Main objective is to discuss the Thermal and shrinkage cracking and also to get rid of these
problems means which is the solution of these problems and how can we prevent our structure by
these severe environmental factors.

Introduction:

28
In the concrete structures always durability problems are caused by the cracking of concrete,
cracking may be due to water exposure, temperature or humidity environment.
Use of fly ash in the concrete may reduce these cracking.P.C.C can create the above-mentioned
problems but the fly ash may tackle these problems and make the structures durable.

Shrinkage Cracking:
Shrinkage cracking is due to the excess of water present in the concrete structures.
The excess of water present in the concrete during the casting of the concrete.
When concrete sets it happened to be the phenomena that the water comes out of the concrete
and its volume reduces and the shrinkage is produced.

Solution:
Solution of this problem is the use of less quantity of water and also use of fly ash in the concrete
by the 0.3% by weight of cement.

Thermal Cracking:
Thermal cracking is also produced by the change in volume of the concrete due to temperature
changes in the concrete structures.
Due to change in temperature water may get out from the structural concrete and the volume
changes in the concrete cracking produced which may causes the failure of the reinforced
concrete structures.

Solution:
Use of fly ash may control the thermal cracking. And the other admixtures used for the concrete.

Conclusion:
These problems are the very severe for the durable concrete structures. We have mentioned the
solution of these problems by the use of the fly ash and admixtures.

29
Evaluate and discuss the compressive report on Non- destructive
testing based on Equipment available on the civil Engineering Lab
[Rebound Hammer]
IBK, IBR, AKZ building MEC College for different building
elements as below-:
i) Beam
ii) Column
iii) Slab
iv) Concrete flooring

Abstract:
This purpose of this task is to study the existent strength of the concrete structure. Once we have
constructed our structure, we cannot perform the destructive test on it, so therefore we have to
perform the nondestructive test so that we can find the existent strength of our structure.

Introduction:
Concrete is one of the most used building materials in the world, therefore reinforced structure
has to withstand the environment effect throughout its life span. Nondestructive test is to be

30
performed to check the residual strength of the concrete structure. Rebound hammer test is the
popular test because it is simple time saving and economical. Nondestructive test is used is used
in the precast industry to check the quality of the material. An empirical relation is determined
when at a high rate force is applied.

Rebound Hammer Test:

Rebound hammer test is very easy and efficient method for determining the compressive
strength of concrete. The principle of rebound hammer test is that rebound of elastic mass
depends on the hardness of the surface against which mass strikes. When we strike the plunger of
the hemmer on the surface of the concrete the spring mass rebound which depends upon the
hardness of the concrete. the hardness of the concrete surface is than related with the
compressive strength of the concrete.

The rebound hammer test gives us the value of rebound index or rebound value. The
compressive strength value can be seen from the graph on the rebound hammer apparatus. Apply
the plunger gradually on the surface of concrete until the hammer impacts. The average of about
15 readings .

31
Conclusion:
This test is very suitable for approximate measuring of the concrete compressive
strength. It is also nondestructive and easy to perform and calculate the value.
This assessment is about the design of slab, column and understandings of the redistribution
techniques and measures some concrete defects like thermal cracking and the shrinkage limits
for all the concrete also we have proposed the solution of these problems in the end we have the
detailed discussion of the NDT technique for the existing structures discussed its benefits and the
scope in the field of the civil engineering research’s.

References:

32
 Winter, G. (2009). “Safety and Serviceability Provisions in the ACI Building Code.”
Concrete Design: U.S. and European Practices, SP-59, American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, 1979, pp. 35- 49 [Accessed 05 May 2019].
 MacGregor, J.G. (2016). “Safety and Limit States Design for Reinforced Concrete.”
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 3(4), December, pp. 484-513 [Accessed 05 May
2019].
 Arthur,Nilson,Darwin,Charles,(2009,August 09),Design of concrete structure,14th
edition,London,USA,McGraw-Hill Higher Education, [Accessed 05 May 2019]
 M.Nadim Hasson,Akthem Al-Manaseer,(2008),Strcural concrete,4th edition,New jersey
USA,Canada,john wiley&Sons [Accessed 04 May 2019]

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