Rate of Reaction/ Kadar Tindak balas

[SPM14-17] What is the meaning of the rate of

reaction?
Apakah maksud kadar tindak balas?

A Decrease in amount of product

Pengurangan amaun hasil tindak balas
B Decrease in amount of product against
time
Pengurangan amaun hasil tindak balas
dengan masa
C Increase in amount of product against time
Peningkatan amaun hasil tindak balas
dengan masa
D Increase in amount of reactant against time
Peningkatan amaun bahan tindak balas
dengan masa
[SPM16-06] Which unit is correct for the rate of
reaction?
Unit manakah yang betul untuk kadar tindak
balas?
[SPM17-16] Which of the following has the
lowest rate of reaction?
Antara yang berikut, yang mankah mempunyai
kadar tindak balas yang paling rendah?
A Combustion of ethanol
Pembakaran etanol
B Fermentation of glucose
Penapaian glukosa
C Oxidation of magnesium
Pengoksidation magnesium
D Precipitation of silver chloride
Pemendakan argentum klorida

A g mol-1 B g min-1 [SPM12-07] Which reaction has the highest rate

C mol dm-3 D kJ mol-1
[SPM16-33] The following equation represents a
chemical reaction.
Persamaan berikut mewakili satu tindak balas
kimia.
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Which graph shows the correct change in mass of
reactant used in excess against time?
Graf manakah yang betul menunjukkan
perubahan jisim bahan tindak balas yang
digunakan secara berlebihan melawan masa?
of reaction?
Tindak balas manakah yang mempunyai kadar
tindak balas yang paling tinggi?
A Rusting of water pipe
Pengaratan paip besi
B Photosynthesis in green plant
Fotosintesis dalam tumbuhan hijau
C Burning of a small piece of charcoal in the air
Pembakaran ketulan kecil arang batu dalam
udara
D Formation of stalactites and stalagmites
Pembentukan stalaktik dan stalagmite dalam
gua
[SPM09-01] Which process has the highest rate of
reaction?
Proses manakah yang mempunyai kadar tindak
balas yang paling tinggi?

A Rusting C Combustion
Pengaratan Pembakaran
B Respiration D Photosynthesis
Respirasi Fotosintesis

MR.JAGEN Page | 1
[SPM11-24] The following chemical equation
represents the reaction between calcium
carbonate, CaC03 and hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Persamaan kimia berikut mewakili tindak balas
antara kalsium karbonat, CaC03 dan asid
hidroklorik, HCl.
CaC03(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + C02(g) +
H20(l)
Which changes can be used to determine the rate
of reaction?
Perubahan manakah boleh digunakan untuk
menentukan kadar tindak balas?
I Mass of calcium carbonate per unit time
Jisim kalsium karbonat per unit masa
II Volume of carbon dioxide released per unit
time
Isipadu karbon dioksida dibebaskan per unit
masa
III Colour of the solution per unit time
Warna larutan per unit masa
IV Mass of precipitate produced per unit time
Jisim mendakan terhasil per unit masa
A I and II B I and III
C II and IV D III and IV
[SPM07-12] The reaction between zinc, Zn and
hydrochloric acid, HCl is represented by the
following equation:
Tindak balas antara zink, Zn dengan asid
hidroklorik, HCl diwakili oleh persamaan berikut:
Zn(s) + 2HCl2(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
A student wants to determine the rate of the
reaction in a school laboratory.
Which of the following methods is the most
suitable?
Seorang murid ingin menentukan kadar tindak
balas itu di makmal sekolah.
Antara kaedah berikut, yang manakah yang
paling sesuai?
A Determine the change in temperature of
the solution with time
Menentukan perubahan suhu larutan
dengan masa
B Determine the change in the concentration
of zinc chloride with time
Menentukan perubahan kepekatan zink
MR.JAGEN
klorida dengan masa
C Determine the volume of hydrogen gas
given off with time
Menentukan isipadu gas hydrogen yang
terbebas dengan masa
D Determine the change in the concentration
of hydrochloric acid with time
Menentukan perubahan kepekatan asid
hidroklorik dengan masa
[SPM09-24] In which of the chemical reactions
can the rate be determined by measuring the
change in the gas volume?
Antara tindak balas kimia berikut, yang manakah
mempunyai kadar tindak balas yang boleh
ditentukan dengan mengukur perubahan isi padu
gas?
A Acidified potassium manganate(VII)
solution with iron(ll) sulphate
solution
Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
dengan larutan ferum(II) sulfat
B Sodium hydroxide solution with dilute
hydrochloric acid
Larutan natrium hidroksida dengan asid
hidroklorik cair
C Silver nitrate solution with sodium chloride
solution
Larutan argentum nitrat dengan larutan
natrium klorida
D Calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric
acid
Kalsium karbonat dengan asid hidroklorik
cair
[SPM07-33] Diagram 11 shows the apparatus set-
up for an experiment to determine the rate of
reaction.
Rajah 11 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi
eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas.
Diagram 11/ Rajah 11
Page | 2
Which of the following techniques is the most Calculation/ Pengiraan
suitable to determine the rate of reaction?
Antara teknik berikut, yang manakah paling [SPM16-26] Diagram 7 shows a graph of volume
sesuai untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas itu? of oxygen gas collected against time in the
decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide
A Record the times as soon as precipitate is when using manganese dioxide as catalyst.
formed Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu graf isi padu gas
Mencatat masa sebaik sahaja mendakan oksigen yang terkumpul melawan masa dalam
mula terbentuk tindak balas penguraian hidrogen peroksida
B Record the times taken to obtain the apabila menggunakan mangkin mangan dioksida.
maximum temperature
Mencatat masa untuk mendapatkan suhu
maksimum
C Record the times as soon as the cross mark
cannot be seen
Mencatat masa sebaik sahaja tanda
pangkah tidak kelihatan
D Record the times taken for the change of
the pH value until a fixed pH value is
obtained
Mencatat masa bagi perubahan nilai pH
sehingga nilai pH yang tetap diperolehi
Which point shows the highest rate of reaction?
[SPM04-14] The rate of reaction for the Titik manakah yang menunjukkan kadar tindak
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide decreases balas paling tinggi?
with time because
Kadar tindak balas bagi penguraian hydrogen A P C R
peroksida berkurang dengan masa kerana B Q D S

A product of reaction decreases

hasil tindak balas berkurang [SPM11-39] Table 4 shows the total volume of
B temperature of hydrogen peroxide oxygen gas, 02, collected in the decomposition
decreases reaction of hydrogen peroxide, H202.
suhu hidrogen peroksida berkurang Jadual 4 menunjukkan jumlah isipadu gas
C volume of hydrogen peroxide decreases oksigen, O2 yang dikumpulkan dalam tindak balas
isipadu hidrogen peroksida berkurang penguraian hydrogen peroksida, H2O2.
D concentration of hydrogen peroxide Time(s) 24
decreases 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Masa(s) 0
kepekatan hidrogen peroksida berkurang Volume
of
02(cm3) 0.0 18. 27.5 35 41.5 46.5 50 50 50
Isipadu
O2 (cm3)

What is the overall average rate of reaction?

Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata
keseluruhan?

A 0.152 cm3s-1 B 0.208 cm3s-1

C 0.278 cm3s-1 D 0.310 cm3s-1

MR.JAGEN Page | 3
 Table 3/ Jadual 3
[SPM12-39] Diagram 6 is a graph which shows
the volume of gas against time for the reaction What is the average rate of reaction?
between sulphuric acid with excess marble chips. Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata?
Rajah 6 ialah graf yang menunjukkan isi padu gas
karbon dioksida melawan masa bagi tindak balas A 0.12 cm3 s-1 B 0.18 cm3 s-1
antara asid sulfuric dengan ketulan marmar C 0.22 cm3 s-1 D 0.37 cm3 s-1
berlebihan.

[SPM17-42] The following equation represents a

reaction between 40 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm-3 nitric acid and excess calcium
carbonate. The time taken for the reaction to
complete is 360 seconds.
Persamaan berikut mewakili satu tindak balas
antara 40 cm3 asid nitrik
0.5 mol dm-3 dan kalsium karbonat berlebihan.
Masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas itu lengkap
adalah 360 saat.
What is the average rate of reaction?
Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata bagi tindak
2HNO3 + CaCO3  Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
balas itu?
What is the average rate of reaction?
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room
A 1.0 cm3 s-1 C 2.5 cm3 s-1
conditions]
B 2.0 cm3 s-1 D 3.0 cm3 s-1
Apakah kadar tindak balas purata tersebut?
[Isipadu molar bagi gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada
[SPM13-39] 0.2 mol of zinc powder react with
keadaan bilik]
excess dilute hydrochloric acid. After 30 seconds,
0.05 mol of zinc remains as residue. What is the
A 0.055 cm3s-1 B 0.111 cm3s-1
average rate of the reaction?
C 0.667 cm3s-1 D 1.333 cm3s-1
0.2 mol serbuk zink bertindak balas dengan asid
hidroklorik cair berlebihan. Selepas 30 saat,
didapati 0.05 mol zink tertinggal sebagai baki.
[SPM04-45] The reaction between hydrochloric
Berapakah kadar purata bagi tindak balas itu?
acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The reaction
is complete in 50 seconds and the maximum
A 1.7 × 10-3 mol s-1 C 6.7 ×
volume of gas produced is 25 cm3. What is the
10-3 mol s-1
average rate of the reaction?
B 5.0 × 10-3 mol s-1 D 8.3 ×
Tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dan zink
10-3 mol s-1
menghasilkan gas hidrogen. Tindakbalas lengkap
dalam masa 50 saat dan isipadu maksimum gas
[SPM14-42] Table 3 shows the volume of carbon
yang terhasil ialah 25 cm3. Berapakah kadar
dioxide gas collected in an experiment.
tindak balas purata?
Jadual 3 menunjukkan isipadu gas karbon
dioksida terkumpul dalam satu eksperimen.
A 0.5 cm3 s-1 B 1.0 cm3 s-1
Time/s C 2.0 cm3 s-1 D 4.0 cm3 s-1
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Masa(s)
Volume
of
CO2(cm3)
0 20 30 31 32 32.5 33 33 33
Isipadu
CO2
(cm3)

MR.JAGEN Page | 4
[SPM10-31] Table 6 shows the total volume of Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
hydrogen gas, collected at regular intervals for the Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak
reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric Balas
acid.
Jadual 6 menunjukkan jumlah isipadu gas Size of particle/ Saiz zarah
hydrogen, yang dikumpul pada sela masa yang
sekata bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid [SPM13-21] Table 1 shows the condition of
hidroklorik. reactants used in experiment I and experiment II.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan keadaan bahan tindak
Time (min) Total volume of hydrogen gas balas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen I dan
Masa (min) (cm3) eksperimen II.
Jumlah isipadu gas hydrogen
(cm3) Which graph shows the correct curve for
0.0 0.00 experiment I and experiment II?
0.5 8.00 Graf manakah yang menunjukkan lengkung yang
1.0 14.50 betul bagi eksperimen I dan eksperimen II?
1.5 20.50
2.0 24.00
2.5 26.50
3.0 26.50
3.5 26.50
Table 6/ Jadual 6
What is the average rate of reaction?
Berapakah kadar tindak balas purata?

A 0.10 cm3 min-1 C 10.60 cm3 min-1

B 7.60 cm3 min-1 D 37.40 cm3 min-1

[SPM15-45] The reaction between excess calcium

carbonate and hydrochloric acid produces 20 cm3
of carbon dioxide in 10 s. The reaction is
completed in 1 minute and the maximum volume
of carbon dioxide obtained is 40 cm3. What is the
average rate of reaction at 10 s?
Tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat berlebihan
dan asid hidroklorik menghasilkan 20 cm3 karbon
dioksida dalam 10 s. Tindak balas adalah lengkap
dalam 1 minit dan isipadu maksimum karbon
dioksida yang diperoleh ialah 40 cm3. Apakah
kadar tindak balas purata pada 10 s?

A 4.0 cm3 s-1 B 2.0 cm3 s-1

C 0.7 cm3 s-1 D 3 -1
0.3 cm s

MR.JAGEN Page | 5
[SPM14-32] Diagram 7 shows a graph to study
the effect of total surface area on the rate of
reaction.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan suatu graf bagi mengkaji
kesan jumlah luas permukaan ke atas kadar
tindak balas.

Diagram 7/ Rajah 7

What is represented by gradient tangent X?

Apakah yang diwakili oleh kecerunan tangen X?
[SPM15-28] What is the yellow precipitate
A Average rate of reaction in the first 2 formed when sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3
minutes solution reacts with sulphuric acid, H2SO4?
Kadar tindak balas purata dalam 2 minit Apakah mendakan kuning yang terbentuk apabila
pertama larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 bertindak balas
B Average rate of reaction in the 2nd minute dengan asid sulfurik, H2SO4?
Kadar tindak balas purata pada minit ke-2
C Overall average rate of reaction A Sulphur C Sulphur trioxide
Kadar tindak balas purata keseluruhan Sulfur Sulfur trioksida
D Rate of reaction at the 2nd minute B Sulphur dioxide D Sodium sulphate
Kadar tindak balas pada minit ke-2 Sulfur dioksida Natrium sulfat

[SPM06-44] Which of the following reactants

produces the highest rate of reaction with zinc
powder?
Concentration/ Kepekatan Natara bahan tindak balas berikut, yang manakah
menghasilkan kadar tindak balas paling tinggi
[SPM17-20] A student carries out an experiment dengan serbuk zink?
to study the effect of concentration on the rate of
reaction. Diffrerent concentration of sodium A 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.1mol dm-3
thiosulfate solution is used to react with B 25 cm3 of ethanoic acid 0.1mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid. Which graph shows the result C 25 cm3 of nitric acid 0.1mol dm-3
of the experiment? D 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid 0.1mol dm-3
Seorang murid menjalankan eksperimen untuk
mengkaji kesan kepekatan terhadap kadar tindak
balas. Larutan natrium tiosulfat dengan
kepekatan yang berbeza digunakan untuk
bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik. Graf
manakah yang menunjukkan keputusan
eksperimen ini?

MR.JAGEN Page | 6
[SPM04-30] An experiment is carried out to study
the rate of reaction between marble and
hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar
tindak balas antara marmar dengan asid
hidroklorik untuk membebaskan gas karbon
dioksida.
If the experiment is repeated using another
Experiment Substance
solution, which solution will produce curve Q?
Eksperimen Bahan
Sekiranya eksperimen diulang dengan
I Excess marble and 50.0 cm3 of 2
menggunakan larutan lain, larutan manakah yang
mol dm3 hydrochloric acid
akan menghasilkan lengkung Q?
Marmar berlebihan dengan 50.0
cm3 asid hidroklorik 2 mol dm3
A 25 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen
II Excess marble and 50.0 cm3 of 1 peroxide
mol dm3 hydrochloric B 20 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen
Marmar berlebihan dengan 50.0 peroxide
cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3 C 15 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen
Which of the following graphs represents the two peroxide
experiments? D 10 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen
Antara graf berikut yang manakah mewakili peroxide
keputusan bagi kedua-dua eksperimen itu?
Temperature/ Suhu
A B
Volume of carbon Volume of carbon [SPM10-32] The following equation shows the
I 3
dioxide/ cm dioxide/ cm3 II reaction between zinc powder and hydrochloric
I acid.
II Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas
antara serbuk zink dengan asid hidroklorik.
times/s Zn (p) + 2HCl (aq)  ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
times/s
C D
How can the rate of production of hydrogen be
Volume of carbon Volume of carbon
increased?
dioxide/ cm3 dioxide/ cm3
Bagaimanakah kadar penghasilan hydrogen boleh
ditingkatkan?
I
I II A Increases the size of the zinc
Meningkatkan saiz zink
II B Increases the volume of water in the acid
Meningkakan isipadu air dalam asid
times/s C Increases the volume of the hydrochloric
times/s acid
Meningkatkan isipadu asid hidroklorik
[SPM05-46] In an experiment, the decomposition D Increases the temperature of the
of 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide hydrochloric acid
solution produces oxygen gas. Meningkatkan suhu asid hidroklorik
Dalam satu eksperimen, penguraian 25 cm3
larutan hydrogen peroksida 0.1 mol dm-3
menghasilkan gas oksigen.

MR.JAGEN Page | 7
[SPM04-46] The table shows the mass of sulphur Catalyst/ Pemangkin
trioxide formed at different temperature during the
Contact process. [SPM17-29] The decomposition of hydrogen
Jadual menunjukkan jisim sulfur trioksida yang peroxide, H2O2 is catalysed by manganese(IV)
terbentuk pada suhu berlainan semasa proses oxide, MnO2. How does the catalyst increase the
Sentuh. rate of reaction?
Temperature/ Penguraian hidrogen peroksida, H2O2
C 300 400 500 600 dimangkinkan oleh mangan(IV)oksida, MnO2.
Suhu Bagaimanakah mangkin itu meningkatkan kadar
Mass of tindak balas?
sulphur
trioxide / kg 350 200 120 100 A Increases the activation energy of the
Jisim sulfur reaction
trioksida Meningkatkan tenaga pengaktifan tindak
Time taken 5 2 6 9 balas
Masa diambil hours hours minutes minutes B Provides an alternative path the reaction
Menyediakan satu laluan alternatif untuk
At what temperature is the production rate of tindak balas
sulphur trioxide the highest? C Increases the total number of reactant
Pada suhu berapakah kadar penghasilan sulfur particles
trioksida paling tinggi? Meningkatkan jumlah bilangan zarah
bahan tindak balas
A 300 C B 400 C D Provides higher kinetic energy of reactant
C 500 C D 600 C particles
Menyediakan tenaga kinetik yang lebih
[SPM10-30] When the temperature of a reacting tinggi bagi zarah bahan tindak balas
mixture increases, the rate of reaction increases.
Which statement explains why the rate of reaction [SPM13-16] Which of the following is the
increases? characteristic of catalyst?
Apabila suhu campuran bahan tindak balas Antara yang berikut, yang manakah adalah sifat
meningkat, kadar tindak balas meningkat. mangkin?
Pernyataan manakah yang menerangkan
mengapa kadar tindak balas meningkat? A Catalyst used only in solid form
A The total surface area of the reactant Mangkin digunakan hanya dalam bentuk
particles increases. pepejal
Jumlah luas permukaan zarah-zarah bahan B Catalyst increases the quantity of the
tindak balas bertambah. product
B The total number of the reactant particles Mangkin meningkatkan kuantiti hasil
per unit volume increases. tindak balas
Jumlah bilangan zarah-zarah bahan C Physical state of catalyst is unchanged
tindak balas per unit isipadu bertambah. during reaction
C The reactant particles move faster and Keadaan fizikal mangkin tidak berubah
collide more often with one another. semasa tindak balas
Zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas bergerak D The mass of catalyst remains the same
lebih cepat dan berlanggar lebih kerap after the reaction
antara satu sama lain. Jisim mangkin tetap sama selepas tindak
D The reactant particles which collide more balas
often are able to overcome the lower
activation energy.
Zarah-zarah bhan tindak balas yang
berlanggar lebih kerap boleh mengatasi
tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih rendah

MR.JAGEN Page | 8
 A B
[SPM08-48] Which of the following is a
characteristic of a catalyst?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah ciri suatu
mangkin?

A It change the amount of product in the

reaction
Mengubah kuantiti hasil tindak balas C D
dalam tindak balas
B Chemically unchanged at the end of the
reaction
Tidak berubah secara kimia pada akhir
tindak balas
C Equal amount of catalyst and reactants are
needed for the reaction
Kuantiti yang sama bagi mangkin dan
bahan tindak balas diperlukan untuk [SPM05-12] The diagram shows the energy
tindak balas profile of a reaction. Ea is the activation energy for
D The amount of the catalyst decreases at the this reaction.
end of the reaction Gambar rajah menunjukkan profil tenaga bagi
Kuantiti mangkin berkurangan pada akhir suatu tindak balas. Ea adalah tenaga pengaktifan
tindak balas bagi tindak balas ini.

[SPM10-14] How does a catalyst increase the rate

of reaction?
Bagaimanakah mangkin meningkatkan kadar
tindak balas?

A Increase the number of effective collisions

What will change the activation energy from Ea to
Meningkatkan bilangan perlanggaran
Ea’?
berkesan
Apakah yang akan mengubah tenaga pengaktifan
B Increase the activation energy of the
daripada Ea kepada E
reaction
Meningkatkan tenaga pengaktifan tindak A Temperature C Concentration
balas Suhu Kepekatan
C Increase the total number of reactant B Catalyst D Total Surface Area
particles Pemangkin Jumlah luas permukaan
Meningkatkan jumlah bilangan zarah-
zarah bahan tindak balas
D Increase the kinetic energy of reactant [SPM14-28] Which energy profile diagram shows
particles the lowest activation energy?
Meningkatkan tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah Rajah profil tenaga manakah yang menunjukkan
bahan tindak balas tenaga pengaktifan paling rendah?
A B
[SPM16-16] Which diagram shows the correct
label of activation energy, Ea?
Rajah manakah menunjukkan label tenaga
pengaktifan, Ea yang betul?

MR.JAGEN Page | 9

C D
[SPM11-29] When a few drops of copper(II)
sulphate solution is added to a mixture of zinc
powder and dilute sulphuric acid, the rate of
reaction increases. Which statement best explains
why the rate of reaction increases?
Apabila beberapa titik larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
ditambah kepada campuran serbuk zink dan asid
sulfuric cair, kadar tindak balas meningkat.
Pernyataan manakah yang terbaik menjelaskan
mengapa kadar tindak balas meningkat?
A Lowers the activation energy
Merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan
B Increases the collision frequency
Meningkatkan frekuensi perlanggaran
C Increases the concentration of sulphate ion
in the mixture
Meningkatkan kepekatan ion sulfat dalam
campuran
D Makes the orientation of collision between
the reacting particles favourable
Menjadikan orientasi perlanggaran antara
zarah bahan tindak balas lebih sesuai.
[SPM12-34] The following equation represents
the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.
Persamaan berikut mewakili penguraian hidrogen
peroksida, H2O2
2H2O2(aq)  O2(g) + 2H2O(l)
2H2O2(ak)  O2(g) + 2H2O(ce)
2 g of manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 is added to
hydrogen peroxide. What is the difference of
adding manganese(IV) oxide to hydrogen
peroxide compared to the decomposition without
manganese(IV) oxide?
2 g mangan(IV) oksida, MnO2 ditambah kepada
hidrogen peroksida. Apakah perbezaan
penambahan mangan(IV) oksida kepada hidrogen
MR.JAGEN
peroksida berbanding penguraian tanpa
mangan(IV) oksida?
A More heat is released
Lebih banyak haba terbebas
B Total volume of oxygen becomes lower
Jumlah isi padu oksigen menjadi kurang
C Concentration of hydrogen peroxide
becomes higher
Kepekatan hidrogen peroksida menjadi
lebih tinggi
D Initial rate of decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide becomes higher
Kadar awal penguraian hidrogen
peroksida menjadi lebih tinggi
Mix Factors/ Faktor-faktor campuran
[SPM08-08] Which factor does not affect the rate
of reaction?
Faktor manakah yang tidak mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas?
A Size of the solid reactant
Saiz bahan tindak balas yang berkeadaan
pepejal
B Volume of the reactant
Isipadu bahan tindak balas
C Concentration of the reactant
Kepekatan bahan tindak balas
D Temperature of the reactant
Suhu bahan tindak balas
[SPM13-38] Diagram 12 shows the results of
experiment I and experiment II for
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution in
the presence of a catalyst.
Rajah 12 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen I
dan eksperimen II bagi penguraian larutan
hidrogen peroksida dengan kehadiran suatu
mangkin.
Experiment I use 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of
hydrogen peroxide solution at temperature 21°C.
What is used in Experiment II to obtain the curve
shown in Diagram 12?
Page | 10
Eksperimen I menggunakan 50 cm3 larutan C The collision which takes place before a
hidrogen peroksida 1.0 mol dm-3 pad a suhu 21°C. reaction
Apakah yang digunakan dalam Eksperimen II Perlanggaran yang berlaku sebelum suatu
untuk memperoleh lengkung yang ditunjukkan tindak balas
dalam Rajah 12? D The collision that causes a reaction
Perlanggaran yang menghasilkan tindak
Hydrogen peroxide balas
Hidrogen peroksida
Temperature
Volume Concentration [SPM06-30] The following statements are related
(°C)
(cm3) (mol dm-3) to the collision theory of a reaction.
Suhu (°C)
Isipadu Kepekatan (mol Pernyatan berikut adalah berkaitan dengan teori
(cm3) dm-3) perlanggaran bagi satu tindak balas.
A 25 0.5 30
B 25 1.O 25 I The total surface area of the reactant
C 50 0.5 25 particles increases
D 50 1.O 30 Jumlah luas permukaan zarah bahan
tindak balas bertambah
[SPM16-04] The following equation represents II The kinetic energy of the reactant particles
the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. increases
Persamaan berikut mewakili tindak balas antara Tenaga kinetik zarah bahan tindak balas
zink dan asid hidroklorik. bertambah
III The frequency of the collision between the
Zn + 2HC1  ZnCl2 + H2 reactant particles increases
Frekuensi perlanggaran antara zarah
Which method is the most suitable to increase the bahan tindak balas bertambah
rate of reaction? IV The number of the reactant particles per
Kaedah manakah yang paling sesuai untuk one unit of volume increases
meningkatkan kadar tindak balas? Bilangan zarah bahan tindak balas dalam
A Decrease the size of zinc satu unit isipadu bertambah
Mengecilkan saiz zink
B Decrease the volume of hydrochloric acid Which of the following combinations is true about
Mengurangkan isi padu asid hidroklorik the effect of the rise in temperature on the reactant
C Decrease the temperature of hydrochloric particles?
acid Antara kombinasi berikut, yang manakah benar
Menurunkan suhu asid hidroklorik tentang kesan peningkatan suhu ke atas zarah
D Decrease the concentration of hydrochloric bahan tindak balas?
acid
Mengurangkan kepekatan asid hidroklorik A I and II only C III and IV only
B II and III only D I and IV only
Collision Theory/ Teori Pelanggaran

[SPM05-13] Which of the following explains the

meaning of effective collision?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah
menjelaskan maksud perlanggaran berkesan?

A The collision where its energy is less than

the activation energy
Perlanggaran yang tenaganya kurang
daripada tenaga pengaktifan
B The collision that has a low energy
Perlanggaran yang berlaku mempunyai
tenaga yang rendah
MR.JAGEN Page | 11
[SPM05-45] The diagram shows the set up of the
apparatus for an experiment to determine the rate
of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and
sulphuric acid.
Gambar rajah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi
eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas
antara natrium tiosulfat dengan asid sulfurik.
III Replacing magnesium ribbon with
magnesium powder
Menggantikan pita magnesium dengan
serbuk magnesium
IV Adding a few drops of copper(II) sulphate
solution to the mixture of the reactants
Menambahkan beberapa titis larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat kepada campuran bahan
tindak balas

A I and II C II and III

I dan II II dan III
B I and IV D III and IV
I dan IV III dan IV

Which of the following combination of conditions

take the shortest time for the mark X to disappear
from sight?
Antara kombinasi keadaan berikut yang manakah
mengambil masa paling singkat untuk tanda X
hilang daripada penglihatan?
Sulphuric acid Sodium Thiosulphate solution
Asid sulfurik Larutan natrium tiosulfat Temperature
Concentration Concentration /0oC
Volume/cm3 Volume/cm3
/ mol dm3 / mol dm3 Suhu/0oC
Isipadu Isipadu
Kepekatan Kepekatan
A 10 1.0 50 0.5 30
B 10 1.0 50 0.5 40
C 10 0.5 50 0.5 30
D 20 0.5 40 0.5 40

[SPM14-38] A student wants to prepare
hydrogen gas in the laboratory through the
reaction between magnesium ribbon and
hydrochloric acid. Which steps must be taken to
shorten the time to collect the gas?
Seorang pelajar ingin menyediakan gas hidrogen
di dalam makmal melalui tindak balas antara pita
magnesium dan asid hidroklorik. Langkah-
langkah manakah mesti diambil untuk
memendekkan masa pengumpulan gas itu?
Application/ Aplikasi
[SPM06-43] If you want to cook 100 potatoes
within a short time, which is the most suitable
method?
Sekiranya anda ingin memasak 100 biji kentang
dalam masa yang singkat, apakah langah yang
paling sesuai dilakukan?
A Boil the potatoes in a pan
Merebus kentang dalam kuali leper

I Adding water to hydrochloric acid C Steam the potatoes in a steamer

Menambahkan air kepada asid hidroklorik
II Using a larger conical flask for the
solution
Menggunakan kelalang kon yang lebih
besar untuk larutan tersebut
Mengukus kentang dalam pengukus
B Boil the potatoes in a pressure cooker
Merebus kentang dalam periuk tekanan
D Fry the potatoes in a wok
Menggoreng kentang dalam kuali

MR.JAGEN Page | 12
 There is no substitute for hard work.
Thomas A. Edison

Your Score?
Rate of Reaction/
Kadar Tindak balas

Factors Affecting the

Rate of Reaction
Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi Kadar
Tindak Balas


Collision Theory/
Teori Pelanggaran

MR.JAGEN Page | 13
 Paper 2
[SPM11-02]
In an experiment to investigate the rate of reaction, 50.0 cm3 of 0. 2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution
and 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid, are used. The sulphur formed can be used to measure the rate
of reaction.
Dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas, 50.0 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.2 mol dm-3
dan 5.0 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm-3, digunakan. Sulfur yang terbentuk boleh digunakan untuk mengukur
kadar tindak balas itu.

The equation for the reaction is given below.

Persamaan tindak balas itu diberi di bawah.

Na2S2O3 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + SO2 + S + H2O

(a) What is the colour of sulphur?

Apakah warna sulfur?

…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
[1mark] / [1 markah]

(b) The number of moles of a solute can be calculated using the formula, n = MV.
[n = Number of moles of solute (mol), M = Molarity of solution (mol dm-3),
V = Volume of solution (dm3)]
Bilangan mol suatu zat terlarut boleh dihitung menggunakan rumus, n = MV.
[n = Bilangan mol zat terlarut (mol), M =Kemolaran larutan (mol dm-3),= I si padu larutan (dm3)]

Calculate:
Hitung

(i). The number of mole of sodium thiosulphate in the solution.

Bilangan mol bagi natrium tiosulfat dalam larutan itu.

[1mark] / [1 markah]
(ii) The number of mole of sulphuric acid.
Bilangan mol bagi natrium tiosulfat dalam larutan itu.

[1mark] / [1 markah]]
MR.JAGEN Page | 14
(c). Based on the answers in 2(b)(i) and 2(b)(ii), name the reactant which determines the quantity of sulphur
formed at the end of the reaction.
Berdasarkan jawapan di 2(b)(i) dan 2(b)(n), namakan bahan tindak balas yang menentukan kuantiti sulfur
yang terbentuk pada akhir tindak balas itu.

…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
[1mark] / [1 markah]

(d) (i). State three factors that can affect the rate of reaction in this experiment.
Nyatakan tiga faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas itu dalam eksperimen ini.

1. …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3.…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
[3 mark] / [3 markah]

(ii) Using the collision theory, explain how any one of the factors in 2(d)(i) increases the rate of reaction.
Menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana mana-mana satu daripada faktor di 2(d)(i)
meningkatkan kadar tindak balas itu

……………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………

……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
[2mark] / [ markah]

MR.JAGEN Page | 16
[SPM14-06]
Diagram 5.1 shows the graph of the mass of zinc against time for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric
acid. In this experiment, 5.00 g of zinc is added to 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid to study the
rate of reaction at the temperature of 30 °C.
Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan graf jisim zink melawan masa bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik.
Dalam eksperimen ini, 5.00 g zink ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 untuk
mengkaji kadar tindak balas pada suhu 30 °C.

Mass of Zinc (g)

Jisim zink (g)

(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.

…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
[2mark] / [2 markah]
(b) Based on Diagram 5.1,
Berdasarkan Rajah 5.1,

(i) Why is the curve in the graph remains constant after t1 second?
mengapakah lengkung bagi graf kekal mendatar selepas t1 saat?

…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
[1mark] / [1 markah]

(ii) determine the mass of unreacted zinc in the experiment.

tentukan jisim zink yang tidak bertindak balas dalam eksperimen itu.

…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
[1mark] / [1 markah]

MR.JAGEN Page | 17
(c) In this experiment, the rate of reaction can also be determined by measuring the volume of hydrogen gas
produced at regular intervals of time. Draw the apparatus set-up for the experiment.
Dalam eksperimen ini, kadar tindak balas boleh ditentukan dengan mengukur isi padu gas hidrogen yang
dihasilkan pada sela masa yang tetap. Lukis rajah susunan radas untuk eksperimen ini.

[2 mark] / [2 markah]

(d) The experiment is repeated at the temperature of 40 °C with other factors remain unchanged.
Eksperimen diulangi pada suhu 40 °C dengan semua faktor lain kekal tidak berubah.

(i) Sketch the curve obtained for this experiment on the same axis in Diagram 5.2.
Lakarkan lengkung yang diperoleh dalam eksperimen pada paksi yang sama dalam
Mass of Zinc (g)
Jisim zink (g)

Diagram 5.2
Rajah 5.2
[1mark] / [1 markah]

MR.JAGEN Page | 18
(ii) Based on your answer in 6(d)(i), explain how temperature affects the rate of reaction by using collision
theory.
Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 6(d)(i), terangkan bagaimana suhu mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
dengan menggunakan teori perlanggaran.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
[3 mark] / [3 markah]

(e) Apart from temperature, state one other factor that will also affect the rate of reaction in this experiment.
Selain daripada suhu, nyatakan satu faktor lain yang juga boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam
eksperimen ini.

…………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
[1mark] / [1 markah]

[SPM15-04]
Table 4 shows the information for two sets of experiment to investigate one factor affecting the rate of
reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan maklumat bagi dua set eksperimen untuk menyiasat satu faktor rang mempengaruhi
kadar tindak balas antara zink dengan asid sulfurik

Volume of gas
collected in 2
Material minutes (cm3)
Set
Bahan Isi padu gas
terkumpul dalam 2
minit (cm3)
I 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid + excess zinc
30.00
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm-3+ zink berlebihan
II 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid + excess zinc + catalyst X
50.00
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm-3 + zink berlebihan + mangkin X
Table 4
Jadual 4

Based on Table 4,
Berdasarkan Jadual 4,

(a) What is the meaning of catalyst?

apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan mungkin?

…………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
[1mark] / [1 markah]

(b) State the name of catalyst X that can be used in Set 11.
nyatakan nama bagi mungkin X yang boleh digunakan dalam Set II.

MR.JAGEN Page | 19
…………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
[1mark] / [1 markah]
(c) (i) calculate the average rate of reaction in
hitung, kadar tindak balas purata dalam

Set I:
Set I:

Set II:
Set II:

[2 mark] / [2 markah]

(ii) Compare the rate of reaction between Set I and Set II.
bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara Set 1 dengan Set II.

…………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
[1mark] / [1 markah]

(iii) Explain your answer in 4(c)(ii) based on collision theory.

terangkan jawapan anda di 4(c)(ii) berdasarkan teori perlanggaran.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 mark] / [2 markah]

(d) The energy profile diagram for the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid for both sets of the
experiment are shown in Diagram 4.
Rajah profil tenaga bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid sulfurik bagi kedua-dua set eksperimen itu
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 4.

MR.JAGEN Page | 20
 Diagram 4/ Rajah 4

(i) Label the curves for Set 1 and Set 11 in Diagram 4.

Labelkan lengkungan bagi Set I dan Set II dalam Rajah 4.
[1mark] / [1 markah]

(ii) Show and label the activation energy for Set 1 as E1 and Set II as E11 in Diagram 4.
Tunjuk dan labelkan tenaga pengaktifan bagi Set I sebagai E1, dan Set II sebagai E11 dalam Rajah 4.
[2 mark] / [2 markah]

MR.JAGEN Page | 21
[SPM10-08]
Three experiments, I, II and III are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the rate of reaction. Table 8
shows the reactants and the conditions of reaction involved.
Tiga eksperimen, I, II dan III dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak
balas. Jadual 8 menunjukkan bahan tindak balas dan keadaan tindak balas yang terlibat.

Experiment Reactants Condition of reaction

Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Keadaan tindak balas
50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
Excess Zinc Room temperature
I acid
Zink berlebihan Suhu bilik
50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3
50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
Excess Zinc Room temperature
II sulphuric acid
Zink berlebihan Suhu bilik
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm-3
50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
Excess Zinc
III sulphuric acid 60 C
Zink berlebihan
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm3
Table 8
Jadual 8

(a)(i) Referring to experiment I, II and III, state

 The meaning of rate of reaction
 Two factors that affect the rate of reaction.
Merujuk kepada eksperimen I, II dan III, nyatakan:
 Maksud kadar tindak balas,
 Dua faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

[3 mark] / [3 markah]

(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in experiment I.

Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen I.

[2 mark] / [2 markah]

(b) Calculate the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment I.

[Molar gas volume at room conditions is 24 dm3]
Hitung jumlah isi padu gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen I.
[Isi padu molar gas pada keadaan bilik ialah 24 dm3]

[3 mark] / [3 markah]
MR.JAGEN Page | 22
(c) Diagram 8 shows the results of experiments I, II and III.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen I, II dan III.

Diagram 8
Rajah 8

Based on graph,
Berdasarkan graf,

(i) Compare the rate of reaction between experiment I and experiment II. Explain your answer using the
Collision Theory.
Banding kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen I dan eksperimen II. Jelaskan jawapan anda menggunakan
Teori Perlanggaran.

[5 mark] / [5 markah]

MR.JAGEN Page | 23
(ii) Suggest one way to obtain curve III without changing the zinc, acid or temperature in experiment II.
Explain your answer by using Collision Theory.
Cadangkan satu cara untuk memperoleh lengkungan III tanpa mengubah zink, asid atau suhu dalam
eksperimen II. Jelaskan jawapan anda menggunakan Teori Perlanggaran.

[5 mark] / [5 markah]

(iii) Explain why the total volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment II is doubled that of experiment I.
Terangkan mengapa jumlah isi padu gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen II adalah dua
kali ganda eksperimen I.
[2 mark] /[ 2 markah]

MR.JAGEN Page | 24
[SPM17-09]
(a) The graph in Diagram 7.1 shows the curves of experiment I and experiment II that was carried out to
study the rate of reaction.
Graf di Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan lengkung bagi eksperimen I dan eksperimen II yang dijalankan bagi
mengkaji kadar tindak balas.

Diagram 7.1
Rajah 7.1

Based on the graph in Diagram 7.1,

Berdasarkan kepada graf di Rajah 7.1,

(i) Calculate average rate of reaction for Experiment I and Experiment II.
Hitung kadar tindak balas purata bagi Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II.

[4 marks]/ [4 markah]

MR.JAGEN Page | 25
(ii) Curve in Experiment 1 is obtained from the reaction between 5 g granulated calcium carbonate and 50
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. The experiment is repeated to obtain the curve in Experiment II.
Other than temperature, suggest one factor that can change the curve in Experiment I to the curve in
Experiment II.

Based on the suggested factor, describe one experiment to show how you manipulate the factor in order
to obtain the curve in Experiment II.
In your description include a labelled diagram.

Lengkung dalam Eksperimen I diperoleh daripada tindak balas antara 5 g ketulan kalsium karbonat dan 50
cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3. Eksperimen itu diulangi untuk mendapatkan lengkung bagi Eksperimen
II. Selain daripada suhu, cadangkan satu faktor yang boleh mengubah lengkung Eksperimen I kepada
lengkung Eksperimen II.

Berdasarkan faktor yang dicadangkan, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menunjukkan bagaimana anda
memanipulasi faktor tersebut bagi mendapatkan lengkung Eksperimen II.
Dalam huraian anda, sertakan gambar rajah berlabel.

[10 marks]/ [10 markah]

(b) Chemical equation below shows the reaction between hydrogen gas and chlorine gas to produce
hydrogen chloride gas.
Persamaan kimia di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara gas hidrogen dan gas klorin untuk
menghasilkan gas hidrogen klorida.

Cl2 + H2  2HCl

Set 1 and Set II in Diagram 7.2 show the rate of formation of hydrogen chloride gas at different
temperatures.

MR.JAGEN Page | 26
Set 1 dan Set II dalam Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan kadar pembentukan gas hidrogen klorida pada suhu yang
berlainan

Diagram 7.2
Rajah 7.2

Based on Diagram 7.2,

Berdasarkan Rajah 7.2,

(i) if the two sets of reaction occur at temperature 30 °C and 40 °C, determine the temperature of X°C in Set
I and Y°C in Set II
Jika dua set tindak balas itu berlaku pada suhu 30 °C dan 40 °C. tentukan suhu X °C bagi Set I dan Y °C
bagi Set II

(ii) with reference to collision theory, explain why there is a difference in the rate of formation of hydrogen
chloride gas in Set 1 and Set II.
Merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam kadar pembentukan gas
hidrogen klorida dalam Set 1 dan Set II.

[6 marks]
[6 markah]

MR.JAGEN Page | 27
MR.JAGEN Page | 28