15.

2 ENGINE PERFORMANCE

1.What are the factors that affect the mass of air?

Density and Ram Effect

2.What is Gross (Static) Thrust?

Is calculated as the maximum thrust developed by an engine on the test bed, when V1 is
zero

3.What is Net Thrust?

Is the effective thrust developed by the engine during flight

4.What is Chocked Nozzle Thrust?

As a jet engine’s exhaust gases reach the speed of sound through the propelling nozzle,
pressure differential across the nozzle is said to become choked

5.What is Resultant Thrust?

Is the result of thrust forces felt in the rearward direction, deducted from the thrust
forces felt in the forward direction

6.What is Thrust Horsepower? Where can it be calculated?

To compare the thrust of a turbojet or turbofan engine with the effective horsepower of a
turbo-propeller, thrust can be expressed as thrust horsepower and it is only calculated in
flight

7.At what speed does 1 pound of thrust equals 1 HP?

At 375 MPH (325 knots)

8.Define Equivalent Shaft Horsepower?

Definded as the combination of the power supplied to the propeller (SHP) added to the
jet thrust produced by the engines. In other words power produced by turboprops engines.

9.A typical propeller produces of many pounds of thrust?

Propeller produces 2.5 ib of thrust for each SHP delivered by the engine at sea level static
condition

10.What is Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption?

Is a ratio of fuel consumption to engine thrust by a turbojet or turbofan, or shaft
horsepower produced by a turboprop

11.Define as Engine Efficiency?

Defined as the ratio of work accomplished by an engine to the energy developed by that
engine

12.What is the Thermal Efficiency of an Engine?

Is the ratio of the net work produced by the engine to the theoretical heat energy the
combustion of fuel in the engine can produce
13.What is the Adiabatic Efficiency of an Engine?
Is the ratio of work required to compress a gas, without gain or loss of heat, to the work
actually accomplished by the turbine

14.What is Propulsive Efficiency of an Engine?

Is a measure of the effectiveness with which energy in a powerplant is converted to
useful work for propelling or in other words is the ratio of forward aircraft speed to exhaust
gas or propeller stream speed

15.What is Overall Efficiency?

Is the product of its propulsive efficiency times the engine’s thermal efficiency

16.What is Overall Efficiency measure used for?

It is a measure of an engine’s ability to use: Thrust and Fuel

17.Define Turbofan Engine’s Thrust Ratio?

Is a comparison of the thrust produced by the fan to the thrust produced by the engine
core exhaust

18.Define Turbofan’s Bypass Ratio?

Refers to the ratio of incoming air that bypasses the core to the amount of air that passes
through the engine core

19.Define Fan Pressure Ratio?

Is the ratio of air pressure leaving the fan to the air pressure entering the fan, on a low
bypass fan is 1.5:1, high bypass fan is 7:1

20.What are the classification of Turbofans?

Low Bypass (1:1)
Medium Bypass (2:1 or 3:1)
High Bypass (4:1 or greater)

21.Define Engine Pressure Ratio?

The ratio between compressor inlet pressure and turbine discharge pressure

22.What is Ram Drag?

Also called Inlet Momentum Drag, is the drag caused by the momentum of the air
passing into the engine relative to the speed of the aircraft. This type of drag must be
considered when determining an aircraft’s net thrust.

23.Define the rating Take-off Wet Thrust/SHP?

This rating represents the maximum power available while in water injection and is time
limited. It is used only during take-off operation. Engines are trimmed to this rating.

24.Define the rating Take-off Dry Thrust/SHP?

Limits on this rating are the same as take-off wet but without water injection.
25.Define the rating Maximum Continuous Thrust/SHP?
This rating has no time limit but is to be used only during emergency situations at the
discretion of the pilot, for example, during one engine out cruise operation

26.Define the rating Maximum Climb Thrust/SHP?

Maximum climb power settings are not time limited and are to be used for normal climb,
to cruising altitude, or when changing altitudes. This rating is sometimes the same as
maximum continuous

27.Define the rating Maximum Cruise Thrust/SHP?

This rating is designed to be used for any time period during normal cruise at the
discretion of the pilot

28.Define the rating Idle Speed?

This power setting is not actually a power rating but rather, the lowest usable thrust
setting for either ground or in fight operations

29.Define Flat Rating?

Is an engine manufacturer’s way of re-rating an engine to a lower rated thrust than it
would have at Standard Day Temperatures, the engine will be able to use that lower rated
thrust over a wider ambient temperature range