Time Response of Second Order System

2018
Introduction about
Instructor and Course EEE
1001
Venkatesh.T
Assistant Professor
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
VIT Bhopal
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EE14 Integrated Introduc
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EEE 1001 –
Electric Circuits
& Systems
Venkatesh.T
B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D (Defense Awaited at IIT Indore)
Asst. Prof. - SEEE

Venkatesh.t@vitbhopal.ac.
Introductio
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Know abt Ur Instructor
❑ B.Tech (PU 2005-2009) M.Tech (SRM 2009-2011) PhD (IIT Indore 2013-2018).
❑ Govt. Scholar (Govt. PY Assistance for Full Four years for B.Tech; Govt of
India MHRD Taship for 5 years at IIT).
❑ Native of Pondicherry, Staying in MP since January 1, 2013.
❑ Expertise in Power Systems, Power System Security, PS Operations, PS
Monitoring, PS Dynamics, Smart Grids.
❑ Major Knowledge and Developed Techniques in AI, Machine Learning,
Algorithms.
❑ Expertise in MATLAB Coding, Can do Simulink but limited.
❑ Little Expertise in LabView.
❑ Well versed in Technical Writing, Latex and Communication.
❑ Joined VIT – June 4, 2018.
❑ Program Chair for EEE since July 16 th 2018.
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Class Time and Office Hour
❑ Class Time: MWF 01.15-02.45 PM (Slot A2,TA2,LA2)
04.25-05.55 PM (Slot B2, TB2, LB2) (Electrical Studio)
❑ Office Hours: TThF 11.00-03.00 PM or by appointment/mail,
office: will be updated
❑ Textbook (suggested)
▪ Basic Electrical Engineering; I.Nagrath and D.P. Kothari.
❑ Grading:
▪ Tutorial 5 Marks
▪ Group Activity 5 Marks
▪ Continuous Assessment 10 Marks
▪ Challenging Task 10 Marks
▪ Quiz 5 Marks
▪ Final Grading 100 Marks
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Course Website
❑ http:// will be updated soon
❑ Contact information of instructor
▪ Email: venkatesh.t@vitbhopal.ac.in
▪ EEE 1001
❑ LTP Course - 4 Credits - 3 session
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Electric Circuits:
DC Circuit Analysis: Laws: Ohm’s law, voltage and current divisions rule - Kirchhoff’s Current and
Voltage laws, Series & parallel circuits - Star-Delta conversion, Loop and Nodal Analysis - Network
Theorems.
AC Circuit Analysis & Phasors: RL, RLC - Series and parallel, Resonance. 1Ø and 3Ø AC Wiring.
2. Transient Analysis & Magnetic Circuits:

Natural and forced responses in First order and Second order systems. Magnetic Circuits: Analogy
between electric and magnetic circuits, Series and parallel magnetic circuits, Electromagnetic Self and
mutual induction - Applications of Magnetism.
3. Electrical Machines:
Principles of rotating machine - DC Machines, 1Ø and 3Ø Induction motors – Transformers: 1Ø and 3Ø
phase.
Special Machines: Stepper Motor, Servo motors and Universal Motor.
4. Semiconductor Devices and Circuits:
PN Junction Diode: Construction and operation with characteristics - Rectifiers: Half-wave and Full-
wave - Filters. Zener Diode: Construction and operation with characteristics - Zener Regulator.
BJT - Configuration – Amplifier – Power Electronic Devices: SCR & MOSFET. Optoelectronic
Devices – LED and LCD, Photo-diode & Photo-transistor - Thermistor.
5. Digital and Logical Systems:

Logic gates & Universal Gates. Combinational Circuits: Arithmetic circuits, MUX/DEMUX, Decoder/
Encoder.
Sequential Circuits: Flip-flops, Counters & Shift-registers.
6. Guest Lecture on Contemporary Topics
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Time Topics (Modules) to be covered No of Weightage in exams
Period Sessions
Before Module 1 – Electric Circuits 16 25 (CAT1), 20 (TEE)

CAT1 sessions
Module 2 – Transient Analysis 25 (CAT1), 20 (TEE)
and Magnetic Circuits
Before Module 3 – Electrical Machines 13 25 (CAT2), 20 (TEE)

CAT2 sessions
Module 4 – Semiconductor 25 (CAT2), 10 (TEE)
Devices and Circuits
Before Module 4 – Semiconductor 16 10 (TEE)

TEE Devices and Circuits sessions
Module 5 – Digital and Logic 15 (TEE)
Systems
Module 6 – Contemporary Topics 5 (TEE)
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❑ Resistors in Series Summary
When two or more resistors are connected together end-to-end in a single
branch, the resistors are said to be connected together in series.
Resistors in Series carry the same current, but the voltage drop across
them is not the same as their individual resistance values will create
different voltage drops across each resistor as determined by Ohm’s
Law ( V = I*R ).
These series circuits are voltage dividers.
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Mesh Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
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Topics to be Discussed
❑ Star-Delta Transformation.
❑ Equivalence.
❑ STAR to DELTA.
❑ DELTA to STAR.
❑ Problems.
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Star-Delta Transformation
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Equivalence
❑ Equivalence can be found on the
basis that the resistance between
any pair of terminals in the two
circuits have to be the same, when
the third terminal is left open.
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❑ First take delta connection: between A
and C, there are two parallel paths, one
having a resistance of R2 and other having
a resistance of ( R1+R3)
Hence resistance between terminal A and C
is = R 2.(R1+R3)/[R2+( R1+R3)]
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❑ Now take the star connection
The resistance between the same terminal A and C is

(RA+RC )
Since terminal resistance have to be same so we must
have (R A+RC ) = R2.(R1+R3)/[R2+( R 1+R3)] (1)
Similarly for terminals A and B, B and C, we can have
the following expression
(R A +RB ) = R3 .(R1 +R2 )/[R3 +( R1 +R2 )] (2)
(R B +RC ) = R1 .(R2 +R3 )/[R1 +( R2 +R3 )] (3)
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DELTA to STAR
Now subtracting 2 from 1 and adding the result to 3, we will
get the following values for R 1,R2 and R 3.
How to remember?
Resistance of each arm of star is given by the
product of the resistance of the two delta sides
that meet at its ends divided by the sum of the
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EE14
STAR to DELTA
Multiplying 1 and 2, 2 and 3 , 3 and 1 and adding
them together and simplifying, we will have the
following result.
How to remember: The equivalent delta resistance between

any two point is given by the product of resistance taken
two atIntegrated
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a time divided by the opposite resistance in the star
Introduc
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Problem
❑ A delta-section of resistors is given in
figure. Convert this into an equivalent
star-section.
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Problem
The figure shows a
network. The number
on each branch
represents the value
of resistance in ohms.
Find the resistance
E
between the points
F.
and
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Solution
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Ans. : 5.6 Ω
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Problem
❑ Find the current drawn from the 5 volt battery in
the network shown in figure.
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Solution :
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Ans. : 0.974 A
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Principle of Superposition
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❑ The total current in any part of a
linear circuit equals the algebraic sum
of the currents produced by each source
separately.
❑ Replace all other voltage sources by
short circuits and all other current
sources by open circuits.
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❑ if we connect a branch of an electrical circuitif we
connect a branch of an electrical circuit with numbers
of voltage and current sourcesif we connect a branch
of an electrical circuit with numbers of voltage and
current sources total current flowing through this
branch is the summation of all individual currents,
contributed by the each individual voltage or
current source. This simple conception is
mathematically represented as Superposition
‘n’ number of
Theorem.
sources acting
in a circuit due
to which I
current flows
through a
particular
branch of the
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circuit.
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❑ If someone replaces all the sources from the circuit by their
internal resistance except first source which is now acting along
in the circuit and giving current I1 through the said branch, then
he reconnects the second source and replaces the first source by
its internal resistance.
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Now the current
through that said
branch for this second
source alone can be
assumed I 2.
Similarly, if he reconnects
the third source and
replaces the second source
by its internal resistance.
Now the current through
that said branch for this
third source, alone is
assumed I 3.
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❑ Similarly, when n th source acts alone in the circuit and all other
sources are replaced by their internal electrical resistances, then
said I n current flows through the said branch of the circuit.
❑ Now according to Superposition theorem, current through the

branch when all the sources are acting on the circuit
simultaneously, is nothing but summation of these individual
current caused by individual sources acting alone on the circuit.

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❑ Electrical sources may be of two kinds one is voltage sourceElectrical
sources may be of two kinds one is voltage source and other is current
source.
❑ When we remove the voltage source from a circuit, the voltage, was
contributed to the circuit becomes zero. So for getting zero electric
potential difference between the points where the removed voltage
source was connected, these two points must be short circuited by zero
resistance path. For more accuracy, one can replace the voltage source
by its internal resistance.
❑ Now if we remove a current source from the circuit, current is

contributed by this source will become zero. Zero current implies open
circuit. So when we remove current source from a circuit, we just
disconnect the source from the circuit terminals and keep both
terminals open circuited.
❑ As the ideal internal resistance of a current source is infinitely large,
removing a current source from a circuit can be alternatively referred
as replacing the current source by its internal resistance.
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Step by Step Procedure
❑ Step - 1 Replace all but one of the sources by their
internal resistances.
❑ Step - 2 Determine the currents in various branches
using simple Ohm’s law.
❑ Step - 3 Repeat the process using each of the sources
turn - by turn as the sole source each time.
❑ Step - 4 Add all the currents in a particular branch
due to each source. This is the desired value of
current at that branch when all the sources acting on
the circuit simultaneously.
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Example #1
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Example #1 (con’t)
Replace Is1 and Is2
with open circuits
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Since R2 is not
connected to
the rest of the
circuit on both
ends of the
resistor, it can
be deleted
from the new
circuit.
Redraw circuit
without R2 in
it.
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Vs
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Replace VS with a Short
Circuit and Is2 with an
Open Circuit
Redraw
circuit.
IS
1
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Note: The
IS polarity of the
1 voltage and the
direction of the
current through
R1 has to follow
what was used in
the first solution.
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IS
1
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IS
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Replace VS with a
Short Circuit and Is1
with an Open Circuit IS
2
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R2 and I2 are not in

IS parallel with R1
2 and R3.
Since V1 = -V3, but I1 must

equal I3, the only valid
solution is when I1 = I3 = 0A.
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IS
2
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Example #1
Currents and voltages in original circuit with all sources

turned on.
Vs on Is1 on Is2 on Total
I1 +42.9mA +0.286A 0A +0.329A
I2 0 -1A 2A +1A
I3 +42.9mA -0.714A 0A -0.671A
V1 +2.14V +14.3V 0V 16.4V
V2 0V -30V + 60V +30.0V
V3 0.857V -14.3V 0V -13.4V
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Summary
● Superposition can be used to reduce the complexity of
a circuit so that the voltages and currents in the
circuit can be determined easily.
● To turn off a voltage source, replace it with a short circuit.
● To turn off a current source, replace it with an open circuit.
● Polarity of voltage across components and direction of
currents through the components must be the same during
each iteration through the circuit.
● The total of the currents and voltages from each iteration is
the solution when all power sources are active in the circuit.
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Voltage Division Principle
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Current Division Principle
A parallel circuit is often
called a current divider for its
ability to proportion—or
divide—the total current into
fractional parts
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End of Session 1
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❑ Leakage flux is defined as the magnetic flux
which does not follow the particularly
intended path in a magnetic circuit. Taking
an example of solenoid you can explain
the leakage flux and the fringing both. When
a current is passed through a solenoid,
magnetic flux is produced by it.
❑
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Most of the flux is set up in the core of the solenoid and passes through the particular
path that is through the air gap and is utilised in the magnetic circuit. This flux is
known as Useful flux φ u.
As practically it is not possible that all the flux in the circuit follows a particularly
intended path and sets up in the magnetic core and thus some of the flux also sets up
around the coil or surrounds the core of the coil, and is not utilised for any work in the
magnetic circuit. This type of flux which is not used for any work is called Leakage
Flux and is denoted byl φ .
Therefore, the total flux Φ produced by the solenoid in the magnetic circuit is the
sum of the leakage flux and the useful flux and is given by the equation shown below
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Magnetic Flux
The number of magnetic lines of forces set up in a
magnetic circuit is called Magnetic Flux. It is
analogous to electric current I in an electric circuit.
Its SI unit is Weber (Wb) and its CGS unit is
Maxwell. It is denoted by φm.
Properties of magnetic flux
1. They always form a closed loop.
2. They always start from the north pole
and ends in the south pole.
3. They never intersect each other.
4. Magnetic lines of forces that are
parallel to each other and are in the
same direction repel each other.
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Difference Between Magnetic
And Electric Circuit
❑ Relation between Flux and Current, Reluctance and
Resistance, EMF and MMF.
BASIS MAGNETIC CIRCUIT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Definition The closed path for magnetic flux is called The closed path for electric current is called
magnetic circuit. electric circuit.
Relation Between Flux and Current Flux = mmf/reluctance Current = emf/ resistance
Units Flux φ is measured in weber (wb) Current I is measured in amperes
MMF and EMF Magnetomotive force is the driving force and is Electromotive force is the driving force and
measured in Ampere turns (AT) measured in volts (V)
Mmf =ʃ H.dl Emf = ʃ E.dl
Reluctance and Resistance Reluctance opposes the flow of magnetic flux S Resistance opposes the flow of current
= l/aµ and measured in (AT/wb) R = ρ. l/a and measured in (Ώ)
Relation between Permeance and Conduction Permeance = 1/reluctance Conduction = 1/ resistance
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Analogy Permeability Conductivity
Analogy Reluctivity Resistivity
Density Flux density B = φ/a (wb/m2) Current density J = I/a (A/m2)
Intensity Magnetic intensity H = NI/l Electric density E = V/d
Drops Mmf drop = φS Voltage drop = IR
Flux and Electrons In magnetic circuit molecular poles are In electric circuit electric current flows
aligned. The flux does not flow, but sets in the form of electrons.
up in the magnetic circuit.
Examples For magnetic flux, there is no perfect For electric circuit there are a large
insulator. It can set up even in the non number of perfect insulators like glass,
magnetic materials like air, rubber, glass air, rubber, PVC and synthetic resin
etc. which do not allow it to flow through
them.
Variation of Reluctance and Resistance The reluctance (S) of a magnetic circuit is The resistance (R) of an electric circuit
not constant rather it varies with the value is almost constant as its value depends
of B. upon the value of ρ. The value of ρ and
R can change slightly if the change in
temperature takes place
Energy in the circuit Once the magnetic flux sets up in a Energy is expanding continuously, as
magnetic circuit, no energy is expanded. long as the current flows through the
Only a small amount of energy is required electrical circuit.
at the initial stage to create flux in the This energy is dissipated in the form of
circuit. heat.
Applicable Laws Khirchhoff flux and mmf law is followed Khirchhoff voltage and current law is
followed. (KVL and KCL)
Magnetic and Electric lines Magnetic lines of flux starts from North Electric lines or current starts from
pole and ends at South pole. positive charge and ends on negative
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Definition of Magnetic Field
❑ The region around the magnetic where its poles exhibit a force
of attraction or repulsion is called a magnetic field. The
magnetic field also induces when the electric charges are
moving in space or an electrical conductor.
❑ The moving charge carrier and magnet produce magnetic flux

lines, and these lines are called magnetic field lines. It is a
vector quantity because it has both magnitude and direction.
The symbol B expresses the magnetic field, and it is measured
in Tesla or Newton per meter.
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Definition of Electric Field
❑ The force around the electrical charge particle is called an
electrical field or electric field intensity. In other words, it is
an area around the electric field where the force line exists. It
has magnitude and direction. Hence it is a vector quantity.The
symbol E expresses the electric field, and it is measured in
newton/coulomb.
❑
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Key Differences Between Electric Field and Magnetic Field
❑ The region around the electric charge where the electric force exists is called an
electric field. The area around the magnet where the pole of the magnet exhibits
a force of attraction or repulsion is called a magnetic field.
❑ The SI unit of an electric field is the Newton/coulomb, whereas the SI unit of
magnetic field is Tesla.
❑ In an electromagnetic field, the electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic
field, whereas the magnetic field is perpendicular to an electric field.
❑ The electric field produces by a unit pole charge, i.e., either by a positive or
through a negative charge, whereas the magnetic field caused by a dipole of the
magnet (i.e., the north and south pole).
❑ The electric field line induces on a positive charge and extinguishes on a
negative charge, whereas the magnetic field line generates from a north pole and
terminate to the south pole of the magnet.
❑ The electric field lines do not form a loop whereas the magnetic field lines form
a closed loop.
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❑ The electric field is directly proportional to the flux whereas the
intensity of the magnetic field depends on the number of field lines
produces by the magnet.
❑ In the electric field, the like charges repel each other, and the unlike
charges attract each other, whereas in a magnetic field the like poles
repel each other and the unlike poles attract each other.
❑ The electric fields induced by a single charge (positive or negative
charge) whereas the magnetic fields induced by a north and south pole
of the magnet.
❑ The electric field intensity is expressed by the symbol E whereas the
magnetic field intensity is expressed by B.
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Magnetic Reluctance
❑ The obstruction offered by a magnetic circuit to the magnetic flux is
known as reluctance. As in electric circuit, there is resistance similarly
in the magnetic circuit, there is a reluctance, but resistance in an
electrical circuit dissipates the electric energy and the reluctance in
magnetic circuit stores the magnetic energy. Also in an electric circuit,
the electric field provides the least resistance path to the electric
current. Similarly, the magnetic field causes the least reluctance path
for the magnetic flux. It is denoted by S.
❑ In most of the transformer, an air gap is created for reducing the

effects of the saturations. The air gap increases the reluctance of the
circuit and hence stores the more magnetic energy before the saturation.
❑
❑
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DC Machines
❑ Shunt Motor
❑ Series Motor
❑ Generator
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DC Shunt Motor
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❑ Shunt DC Motors operate on direct current. As such, the field
windings and armature are connected in a parallel combination,
and in electrical terminology a parallel combination is known
as a shunt. This type of motor is a "shunt-wound" DC Motor
and the type of winding is called a shunt winding.
❑ The construction of a DC Shunt Motor is the same as any other

DC motor. It contains all the fundamental parts, which include
a stator (field windings), a rotor (also known as armature), and
a commutator.
Stator/Shunt Windings
❑ Input power is supplied to the stationary element of the motor,
i.e. the shunt winding. The shunt field winding is made of
several turns on the coil of fine gauge wire. As the turns are
made up of thin wire, the shunt winding is quite small in size.
Unlike heavier gauges of wire in the winding in series motors,
the shunt winding in this motor cannot carry very high current.
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❑ Rotor/Armature
❑ The armature, generally called the "rotor," handles the shaft
load. It has a heavier gauge wire so it can support higher
current. High current passes through the armature during the
motor start up or when the motor is running at lower speed. As
the motor’s speed increases, the armature generates counter-
electromagnetic force opposing the current in the armature.
❑ Commutator
❑ The commutator and brush arrangement provide current from
the static field windings to the rotor. Torque in the machine is
generated by the interaction of the magnetic field of the
windings and armature.
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When electric voltage is supplied to the shunt DC motor, due to high
resistance of the shunt winding, it draws very low current. The higher
number of turns of the shunt winding helps in generating a strong magnetic
field. The armature draws high current, thus also generating a high
magnetic field. The motor starts rotating as the magnetic field of the
armature and shunt winding interact. As the magnetic fields grow stronger,
rotational torque will increase, thus resulting in an increase of rotational
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A shunt DC motor has a feedback mechanism that controls its speed. As the
armature rotates in a magnetic field, it induces electricity. This EMF is
generated in a reverse direction, thus limiting the armature current. So the
current through the armature is decreased and speed of the motor is self-
regulated. The shunt winding cannot bear high current at starting like a
series motor because of its fine wire build, so shunt motors are used to handle
small shaft loads that only need low torque initially.
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DC Series Motor
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❑ This strong magnetic field provides high torque to the armature shaft,
thus invoking the spinning action of the armature. Thus the motor
starts rotating at its maximum speed in the beginning. The rotating
armature in the presence of the magnetic field results in counter EMF,
which limits the current build up in the series combination of armature
and winding.
❑ Thus series motors once started will offer maximum speed and torque
but gradually, with an increase in speed, its torque will come down
because of its reduced current. Practically this is what required from
the motors. Due to the high torque provided by the armature, the load
on the shaft is set to rotate initially. Subsequently lesser torque will
keep the load on the move. This further helps in increasing the heat
dissipation of the motor. However, the amount of torque generated by
motor is directly proportional to the winding current. The higher
current demands a higher power supply, too.
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❑ Motor Speed
❑ In DC series motors, a linear relationship exists between the amount of
torque produced and the current flowing through the field windings.
The speed of the motor can be controlled by varying the voltage across
the motor, which further controls the torque of motor.
❑ To increase the speed of the motor, decrease the field current by
placing a small resistance in parallel to the winding and armature.
The decrease in current will result in lowering of magnetic flux and
counter EMF, which further hastens the motor’s speed.
❑ To decrease the speed, use an external series resistance along with the
field winding and armature. This will reduce the voltage across the
armature with the same counter EMF, thus resulting in a lower speed
of motor.
❑ Unlike DC shunt motors, series motor does not operate at the constant
speed. The speed of the motor varies with change in the shaft load, so
speed control of the motor is not easy to put into practice.
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❑ When mechanical load is added to the shaft at any instance, the
speed automatically reduces whatever be the type of motor.
But the term speed regulation refers to the ability of the motor
to bring back the reduced speed to its original previous value
within reasonable amount of time. But this motor is highly
incapable of doing that as with reduction in speed N on
addition of load, the back emf given by,
❑ This decrease in back Emf E b , increases the net voltage E - E b ,

and consequently the series field current increases,
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❑ Applications, Advantages and Precautions
❑ Series motors can produce large turning effect, or torque, from a stand still.
These motors have found application in small electrical appliances where high
torque is necessary at start up. DC series motors are used mainly for industrial
applications, e.g. elevator and pulley and winches systems for carrying heavy
loads. Heavy and magnificent cranes drawing thousands of amperes are driven
by this motor. An automobile engine can be started by this motor which draws
around 500A of current. However, these motors are not suitable where constant
speed is required as the speed of series motors is dependent (varies with load) on
load unlike DC shunt motors (see link below for an article similar to this one
that covers DC shunt motors) whose speed is independent of load.
❑ The construction, designing, and maintenance of these motors is very easy.

Series motors are cost effective as well. A final advantage of series motors is
that they can be used by providing either an Alternating Current (AC) or
Direct Current (DC) power source.
❑ Proper care should be taken that a series motor is not operated without any
load as they are totally dependent on shaft loads. As the armature speed
increases, the current through the winding decreases which further helps in
reducing the counter EMF. This reduction fastens the speed of the armature.
As this process continues, the motor speed increases beyond the limit thus
causing devastation to the motor.
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Time Response of Second Order System

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2018

Asst. Prof. - SEEE

2. Transient Analysis & Magnetic Circuits:

5. Digital and Logical Systems:

Before Module 1 – Electric Circuits 16 25 (CAT1), 20 (TEE)

Before Module 3 – Electrical Machines 13 25 (CAT2), 20 (TEE)

Before Module 4 – Semiconductor 16 10 (TEE)

These series circuits are voltage dividers.

The resistance between the same terminal A and C is

How to remember: The equivalent delta resistance between

❑ Now according to Superposition theorem, current through the

❑ Now if we remove a current source from the circuit, current is

R2 and I2 are not in

Since V1 = -V3, but I1 must

Currents and voltages in original circuit with all sources

Units Flux φ is measured in weber (wb) Current I is measured in amperes

Relation between Permeance and Conduction Permeance = 1/reluctance Conduction = 1/ resistance

❑ The moving charge carrier and magnet produce magnetic flux

❑ In most of the transformer, an air gap is created for reducing the

❑ The construction of a DC Shunt Motor is the same as any other

❑ This decrease in back Emf E b , increases the net voltage E - E b ,

❑ The construction, designing, and maintenance of these motors is very easy.

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