SAMARTH EDUCATION 11TH 12TH MATHS

12TH – 4MARKS QUESTIONS IMPOSSIBLE SAYS I M POSSIBLE M-9909721725

 cos 2  cos  sin    cos 2  cos  sin   

(1) If A    , B    and      2n   n  Z , then AB =
sin  cos  sin   sin  cos  sin    2
2 2

Hint: (Illu : 12)

 
 0  tan 
(2) If A  
2 ,then (I  A) cos   sin   I  k ,then k = ..........
  sin  cos   2
 tan 
2
0   
 2 

   
0  tan   1 tan 
1 0   2 2
Hint: Here, I2  A     
0 1   tan  0    tan

1 
 2   2 

cos   sin 
 (I2  A)  
 sin  cos  
 2   
 1  tan 2 tan
2 2 
   2  2 

 1 tan  1  tan 1  tan 
2  2 2
 
  tan    
1   2 tan 2 1  tan 2 
 2  2 2

1  tan  2
1  tan 2 
 2 2 

     
 1 tan  1  tan 2  tan 
1 2 2 2
   

1  tan 2   tan  1   2 tan

1  tan 2 
2  2   2 2 

     
 1  tan 2  2 tan 2 2 tan  tan  tan 3 
1 2 2 2 2 3
  

1  tan 2   tan   tan 3   2 tan  2 
2 tan  1  tan 2  
2  2 2 2 2 2 

    
 1  tan 2  tan 1  tan 2  
1 2 2 2
  
2        
1  tan  tan 1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
2 2 2 2 

   
 1  tan  0  tan 
2  1 0   2
      I2  A
 tan    0 1   
1 tan 0 
 2   2 

 0 1
(3) If (xI  yA)2  A where A    , then x2 + y2 = .............
 1 0
 1 0   0 1  x 0   0 y  x y 
Hint: xI  yA  x    y     
0 1   1 0  0 x    y 0    y x 
Now, (xI  yA)2  A

 x y   x y   0 1
   
  y x    y x   1 0
 x 2  y2 xy  xy   0 1 
 2
 
  xy  xy  y  x   1 0
2

 x 2  y2  0, 2xy  1 ( Equality of matrices) ................(1)

 x 2  y2 and 4x 2 y2  1
1 1
 4x 2 (x 2 )  1  4x 4  1  x 4  x 
4 2
1 1 1 1
Now, from 2xy = 1, x  y and x   y
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
x  and y  or x  and y 
2 2 2 2
a b 
(4) If A   , then (a 2  bc  1)I  aA1  .............
 c 1  bc  2

 a 
Hint:
a b 
Here, | A |   1  bc   a  bc  bc  1  0 . A-1 exists.
c 
 a 

1  bc 
b 
Also, adj A   a
 
 c a

1  bc 
1 b 
A  1
adj A   a
|A|  
 c a

1  bc ab 
 aA 1   .............. 1
 ac a 2 

Now, (a 2  bc  1)I2  aA1

a 2  bc  1 0  1  bc ab  a 2 ab 
  2 
  ................. (2)
 0 a  bc  1  ac
2
a   ac bc  1

cos x sin x 
If A(x)   ,then A()A()  ......... where     2n, n  Z
cos x 
(5)
 sin x
Hint: (Illu : 16)
 1 0 0 

(6) If for A  0 1 1  , 6A 1  A 2  cA  dI then (c, d) = ........

0 2 4 

Hint: A = AI
\ A - AI = O
\ |A - AI| = 0
\ A satisfies |A - xI| = 0
1 0 0   x 0 0 
Now, A  xI  0 1 1    0 x 0 
0 2 4  0 0 x 

1  x 0 0 

  0 1 x 1 
 0 2 4  x 

Now, |A - x1| = 0
1 x 0 0
 0 1 x 1 0
0 2 4x

(1  x)[(1  x)(4  x)  2]  0

 (1  x)[x 2  5x  4  2]  0

 x 2  5x  6  x3  5x 2  6x  0
 x3  6x 2  11x  6  0 ........... (1)
Now, A stultifies quotation (1)
 A3  6A2  11A  6I  0
6I  A3  6A2  11A
 6I  A(A2  6A  11A)

6A1  A2  6A  11I ........... (2)

-1 2
Comparing equation (2) with 6A = A + cA + dI
we get C = -6 and d = 11
\ (c, d) = (-6, 11)
OR
6A-1 = A2 + cA + dI
\ 6AA-1 = A3 + cA2 + d AI (multiplying by A on both the sides)
6I  A3  cA2  dA [ AA1  I, AI  A]

1 0 0  1 0 0 
Now, A  0 1 1  0 1 1 
2

0 2 4  0 2 4 
 1  0  0 0  0  0 0  0  0 
 0  0  0 0  1  2 0  1  4 
0  0  0 0  2  8 0  2  16 

1 0 0
 0 01 5 

0 10 14 

A3  A2  A
1 0 0  1 0 0 
 0 1 5  0 1 1 
0 10 14 0 2 4

1  0  0 0  0  0 000 

 0  0  0 0  1  10 0  1  20 
0  0  0 0  10  28 0  10  56 

1 1 0
 0 11 19 

0 38 46 

Now, substituting values in equation (1)

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0  1 0 0 
0 11 19   c 0 1 5  d 0 1 1   6 0 1 0   0
       
0 38 46  0 10 14  0 2 4 0 0 1 

1  c  d  6 0 0  0 0 0 

 0 11  c  d  6 19  5c  d   0 0 0 

 0 38  10c  2d 46  14c  4d  6  0 0 0 

c  d  5  0
-c + d -17 = 0
Solving above equations c = -6 and d = 11

 3 1 
 
(7) If P  
2 2  , A  1 1 and Q = PAPT, then PTQ2005 P = .........
0 1
 1 3  
 
 2 2 

1 3 1
Hint: Here, P   
2  1 3 

1 3 1 1  3 1  1 4 0 
 PT P       1
2  1 3 2   1 3  4 0 4

Now PT Q2005P

 PT [(PAPT )  (PAPT )........(PAPT ) 2005 times] P

 (PT P)[(APT P)  (PAT P)......(APT P) 2005 times]

 A  A  A.......A 2005 times[ PT P  I]

 A2005
1 1 1 1 1  0 1  1  1 2 
Now, A 2        
0 1 0 1 0  0 0  1 0 1 
1 2 1 1 1  0 1  2  1 3
A3        
0 1  0 1 0  0 0  1 0 1
1 2005
similarly A 2005  
0 1 
(8) EXERCISE 4.2 SUM NUMBER 13 ( SOLVE USING PMI METHOD ONLY)

 1 tan  cos 2  sin 2

(9) If for A    , (A 1 )2  k   then k = ........
  tan  1   sin 2 cos 2 
1 1  1  tan   1  tan 
Hint: We know that A 1  adjA     cos 2  
|A| 1  tan   tan 
2
1   tan  1 

 1  tan   1  tan 
 (A 1 )2  cos 4    
 tan  1   tan  1 

1  tan 2  2 tan  
 cos 4   
 2 tan   tan   1
2

cos 4  1  tan   2 tan  

  
1  tan 2   2 tan  1  tan 2 

1  tan 2  2 tan  
1  tan 2  1  tan 2  
 cos 2   
 2 tan  1  tan 2  
1  tan 2  1  tan 2  

cos 2  sin 2

 cos 2   
 sin 2 cos 2 
k = cos2 
(12)

(13) SIMILAR TO EXERCISE 4 SUM NUMBER 16

(14) EXERCISE 4 SUM NUMBER 11(2)

(15) EXERCISE 4 SUM NUMBER 13

(16)

(17) TEXT BOOK EXAMPLE 16 (SIMILAR TO THIS)

(18) TEXT BOOK EXAMPLE 25

(19)

(1)
 
tan x  cot x dx  ...........  c
Hite :  tan x  cot x dx 
 1 
   tan x   dx
 tan x 

 tan x  1 
   dx
 tan x 
2t dt 2t dt
 dx   dx 
Let tan x  t  sec xdx  2t dt
2
2
1  tan 2 x 1 t4

t 2  1 2t dt
 I
t 1 t4
1
1
1 1 2
 2 t 2 d t 2 t
2
dt
t2 1 1  1
 2 4 dt t  2
2
t   2
t 1 t  t
1
t u
Let t
 1
 1  2  dt  du
 t 
du
 I  2
 2
2
u 
2

 1
1
tt 
 2 tan  c
1  u  1  t  1 
2
2
 tan  c  2   2 tan  c
2  2    2t 

1  x dx
 1 x x
 ..........  c
(2)

1  x dx
 
1 x x
Hite : Let x  cos  in
2

 
  0, 
were  2

dx  2cos  sin d

1  cos   2cos  sin  

 I d
1  cos  cos 2 

 2 tan tan d
2
  
sin 2sin cos
 2 2 2 2 d
 cos 
cos
2
 
2sin 2
 2 2 d
cos 
1  cos 
 2 d
cos 
 2  sec   1 d

 2log| sec   tan  |  2  c'

1  sin 
 2log| |  2  c '
cos 

1  1  cos 2 
 2log| | 2  c '
cos 
1 1 x
 2log| |  2cos 1 x  c '
x

x  
 2log| | 2   sin 1 x   c '
1 x 1 2 
2
x
 log    2sin 1 x  c '
1 x 1

x
 log    2sin 1 x  c '
 
2
1 x 1

x 1  x 1
 log     2sin 1 x  c '
 1 x 1  1 x 1  1  x 1

 log
x  1  x 1     2sin 1 x  c '
 
1  x  1 1  x  1

 log
x  1  x 1     2sin 1 x  c '
 
1  x  1 1  x  1

1  x 1
 log  2sin 1 x  c
1 x 1

were c  c' 

1 x2
x
3
(3) If dx then
1 x2

1 x2
I   x3 dx
Hite : Let x  cos  in
2
1 x2

 
  0, 
were  2
 2xdx   sin d

1 2 1 x2
2
 I x  2x dx
1 x2

1 1  cos 
  cos    sin  d
2 1  cos 

1 (1  cos ) 2
2
 cos  sin d
1  cos 1  cos 
1
cos  1  cos   d
2



1
2   cos   cos2   d

1  1  cos 2 
 
2 
 cos  
2
 d

1 1 1

2  cos    d   cos 2d
4 4
1 1 1
  sin     sin 2  c
2 4 8
1 1 1
 1  cos2     sin  cos   c
2 4 4
1 1 1
 1  cos2     cos  1  cos 2   c
2 4 4
1 1 1
 1  x 4  cos1 x 2  x 2 1  x 4  c
2 4 4

x a 6  x 6 dx. 0  x  a  .......  c
2
(4)

x2 a6  x6 ,  0  x  a 

 
I  x 2
a  x dx
6 6    0, 
Let x  a sin   2
3 3
where
3x 2dx  a 3 cos  d

 I   x 2 a 6  x 6 dx

1
3
 a 6  x 6 3x 2 dx

1

3  a 6  a 6 sin 2   a 3 cos  d

a6

3  cos  cos  d
a6

3  cos 2  d
 a 6 1  cos 2
  d
3 2
a6  1 
   2 sin 2  c
6

a6
   sin  cos   c
6

a 6  1 x 3 x 3 x6  a6  1 x 3 x 3 6 6

a6  2  
  sin  1  sin   c 6  sin  1    c  sin a 3  a 6 a  x   c
6    a3 a3 a 6  6  
x2
 3
dx  .....

(5)
x 2
a 
2 2
where (| x || a |)
x2
3
.(| x || a |)

Let x  a sec  in
x 2
a 
2 2
where

 (0, )   
2
dx  a sec  tan d

a 2 sec2 
I   3
a sec  tan  d
a 2
sec   a
2

2 2

sec3 
 d
tan 2 
1
 d
sin  cos 
2

sin 2   cos 2 
 d
sin 2  cos 
  (sec   cos ec cot )d

 log | sec   tan  |  cos ec  c'

 
  0, 
Case 1: x | a | then  2

1
 I  log | sec   sec2   1   c'
1  cos 2 

x x2 1
 log  2 1   c'
a a a2
1 2
x

x  x2  a2 x
 log   c'
a x  a2
2
 x
 log x  x 2  a 2  log e a   c'
x2  a2
x
 log x  x 2  a 2  c
x2  a2

where c  c'  loge | a |

 
  ,  
xa 2 
Case 2: then
1
 I  log sec   sec2   1   c'
1  cos 2 

x x2 1
 log  2  1   c'
a a a2
1 2
x

x  x2  a2 x
 log   c'
a x  a2
2

x
 log x  a 2  x 2  log a   c'
x  a2
2

x
 log x  a 2  x 2  c
x  a2
2 c  c ' log a
where
1
(6)
x 4
1
dx  .......  c

1
I dx
x 1
4

1 (x 2  1)  (x 2  1)
2
 dx
x4 1
1 x2 1 1 x 2 1
2  x4 1 2  x4 1
 dx  dx

1 1
1 2 1 2
1 1
 
2  x2  1
x dx  x dx
2 x2  1
x2 x2 [ Diving numerator and denominator by x ]
2

1 1
1 1 2
1 2 1
  x
2
dx   x
2
dx
2  1 2  1
x   2 x   2
 x  x
1 1
x u x v
Let x in first integral and ind second in tegral x

 1   1 
1  2  dx  du 1  2  dx  dv
 x  and  x 
 1 du 1 dv
I   dx  
   
2 2
2 u2  2 2 v2  2

1 1  u  1 1 v 2
  tan 1     log c
2 2  2 2 2 2 v 2

 1 1
 x  x  2
1 x  1 log x
 tan 1   c
1
2 2  2  4 2 x  2
  x

1  x2 1  1 x 2  1  2x
 tan 1    log c
2 2  2x  4 2 x 2  1  2x

1  x2 1  1 x 2  2x  1
 tan 1    log c
2 2  2x  4 2 x 2  2x  1
1 x
 1 x
dx, x  (0,1)  ........  c
(7)

1 x
dx
1 x

 
I   x  cox 2 where   0, 
 2
dx  2cos  sin  d

1  cos 
I   (2cos  sin )d
1  cos 
  
 2 tan cos  2sin cos d
2 2 2

 2 2sin 2 cos  d
2
 2 (1  cos ) cos  d

 2 (cos   cos2 )d

 1  cos 2 
 2  cos    d
 2 

  (2cos   1  cos 2)d

1
 2sin     sin 2  c
2
 2sin     sin  cos   c

 2 1  cos2     cos  1  cos2   c

 2 1  cos2     cos2   cos4   c

 2 1  x  cos1 x  x  x 2  c
(8)  tan x dx  ........  c

I   tan x dx
Let tan x  t in
2

sec2 xdx  2t dt
2t dt
 dx 
1  tan 2 x
2t  dt
 dx 
1 t4
2t dt
I   t ·
1 t4
2t 2
 dt
1 t4


t 2
 1   t 2  1
dt
t4 1
t2 1 t 2 1
 dt   t 4  1 dt
t4 1
1 1
1
2  1 2
 t dt  t dt
1 1
t  2
2
t  2
2

t t
1 1
2
1 1 2
 t
2
dt   t
2
dt
 1  1
t   2 1    2
 t  t
1 1
t u t v
Let t in first integral and ind second integtal t

 1   1 
 1  2  dx  du 1  2  dx  dv
 x  and  x 

1 1
I   du   2 dv
u 2
2
v 2

1 u 1 v 2
 log  log c
2 2 2 2 v 2

1 1
t t  2
1 t  1 t
 log log c
2 2 2 2 1
1  2
t

1 t 2 1 1 t 2  2t  1
 log  log 2
2 2t 2 2 t  2t  1

1 tan x  1 1 tan x  2 tan x  1

 log  log c
2 2 tan x 2 2 tan x  2 tan x  1
OR
I   tan x dx

sin x
 dx
sin x cos x

(sin x  cos x)  (sin x  cos x)

 2 2 dx
2sin x cos x

sin x  cos x sin x  cos x

 2 2 dx  2 2  dx
2sin x cos x sin x cos x
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x
 2 2 dx  2 2  dx
1  (sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x) 2

Let sin x  cos x  u in first integral

(cos x  sin x)dx  du

and let sin x  cos x  v in second integral (cos x  sin x)dx  du

 cos x  sin x  dx  dv

du dv
I  2 2  2 2 2
1 u 2
v 1

 2 2 sin 1 u  2 2 log v  v2  1  c

 2 2 sin 1 (sin x  cos x)  2 2 log (sin x  cos x  2sin x cos x  c

1
(9)
 sin 4
x  cos 4 x
dx  ........  c

1
I dx
sin x  cos 4 x
4

sec4 x
 dx
tan 4 x  1 4
[ Dividing numerator and denominator by cos x ]
(1  tan 2 x)sec2 x
 dx
tan 4 x  1

Let tan x  t  sec xd x  dt

2

1 t2
I   4 dt
t 1
1
2
1
 t dt
1
t2  2
t
1
1
 t2 dt
2
 1
1    2
 t
 1  1
t u 1  2  dt  du
Let t   t 

du
I  
u 22

1  u 
 tan 1  c
2  2

 1
1 tt 
 tan 1  c  t 2 1  1  tan x  1 
2
1 1
2  2   tan 1    c  tan  c
  2  2t  2  2 tan x 
OR
1
I dx
sin x  cos 4 x
4

1
 dx
(sin x  cos x)2  2sin 2 x cos 2 x
2 2

1
 2 dx
2  4sin x cos 2 x
2

1
 2 dx
2  sin 2 2x
sec2  2x
 2 dx
2sec2 2x  tan 2 2x 2
(Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2x )
sec2 2x
 2 dx
2  tan 2 2x

Let tan 2x  t  2sec 2x dx  dt

2

dt  1 tan 1  t   c  1 tan 1  tan 2x   c

I      
2  t2 2  2 2  2 

x2
(10)
 a 6  x 6 dx  ........  c ( 0  x a )

I
x2  
dx   0, 
Let x  a sin  in
3 3
a x
6 6
where  2

3x 2dx  a 3 cos  d

x2
I   dx
a6  x6
1 3x 2 1 a 3 cos d 1 1 x 3
 
3 a6  x6
dx   1
3 a 6  a 6 sin 2  3 
 1 d 
1
3
  c 
3
sin 3  c
a

a2  x2
(11)
x a2  x2
dx  ........  c
where (0 < x < a)
 a2  x2
I  x
Let x  a cos  in
2 2
a2  x2

 
  0, 
Where  

 2xdx  a 2 sin  d

1 a2  x2
2  a2  x2
I  2xdx

a 2  a 2 cos 

1
2  a  a cos 
2 2  a 2 sin   d

a2   

2  tan  2sin cos d
2 2 2
a2 

2  2sin d
2
a2
2 
 (1  cos )d

a2
 (  sin )  c
2

a 2  1  x 2  x4  a2 1  x 
2
1 4
a2
  (  1  cos  )  c    cos  2  1    c   cos  2   a  x4  c
 4 
2

2 2   
a a  2 a  2
1
(12)
 1  cos  cos xdx
1
1  cos  cos x
x 1
tan t I dx
Let 2 in 1  cos  cos x

2dt 1 t2
dx  and cos x 
1 t2 1 t2
2dt
I   1 t2
 1 t2 
1  cos   2 
 1 t 
dt
 2
1  t  cos   t 2 cos 
2

dt
 2
1  cos    1  cos   t 2
2 dt
1  cos  

 1  cos   2
1  t
 1  cos  
 2 dt



2
2 cos 2 
2 1   t tan 2 

2 1 
 tan 1  t tan   c
   2
2cos 2 tan
2 
2  x 
 tan 1  tan  tan   c
sin   2 
2sin 2x  cos x
(13)
 6  cos2 x  4sin x
dx  ................  c

2sin 2x  cos x
I dx
6  cos2 x  4sin x
2(2sin x cos x)  cos x
 dx
2  sin 2 x  4sin x


 4sin x  1 cos x dx
sin 2 x  4sin x  5
sin x  t  cos x dx  dt

4t  1
I   dt
t  4t  5
2

2(2t  4)  7
 dt
t 2  4t  5
2t  4 1
 2 dt  7  2 dt
t  4t  5
2
t  4t  5
d 2
 t  4t  5 1
 2 dt dt  7  dt
t  4t  5
2
(t  2) 2  1

 2log t 2  4t  5  7 tan 1  t  2   c

 2log sin 2 x  4sin x  5  7 tan 1 sin x  2   c

x2
(14)
 x 4  x 2  1dx  ........  c
x2
I dx
x4  x2 1
1 (x 2  1)  (x 2  1)
2
 dx
x4  x2 1
1 x2 1 1 x 2 1
2  x4  x2 1 2  x4  x2 1
 dx  dx

1 1
1 1
1 1
x2 x2
 
2 x2 1 1
dx  
2 x2 1 1
dx

x2 x2 [ Dividing numerator and denominator by x ]

2
 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 1
  x
2
dx   x
2
dx
2  1 2  1
x   3  x   1
 x  x
1 1
x u x v
Let x in first integral and ind second integral x

 1   1 
 1  2  dx  du 1  2  dx  dv
 x  and  x 

1 du 1 dv
I   
2  v2  1
 
2
2 u2  3

1 1  u  1 1 v 1
   tan 1     log c
2 3  3  2 2(1) v 1

 1 1
 x  x  1
1 x  1 log x
 tan 1   c
4 1
2 3  3  x  1
  x

1  x 2 1  1 x2  x 1
 tan 1    log c
2 3  3x  4 x2  x 1
x 3
(15)
 x  2
dx, (x  2)  ........  c

x 3
I dx
x2

 x  3
2

 dx
 x  3 x  2 
x 3
 dx
x 2  5x  6
1 2x  6

2  x 2  5x  6
dx

1 (2x  5)  1  d 

2  x  5x  6
2
dx  (x 2  5x  6)  2x  5
 dx 
1 2x  5 1 1

2  x 2  5x  6
dx  
2 x 2  5x  6
dx

1
1  1 1
  (x  5x  6) 2 (2x  5)dx  
2
dx
2 2 x 2  5x  25  6  25
4 4
1

 x  5x  6  dx  
1  d 2 1 1
   
2 2
(x 5x 6) 2
dx
2 dx 2  5 1
x   
 2 4
 1
1 (x  5x  6)
2
1 2
 5
  log  x    x 2  5x  6  c
2 1 2  2
2
1 5
 x 2  5x  6  log x   x 2  5x  6  c
2 2
x  5x  3
2

(16)
 x 2  3x  2
dx  ..........  c
where x   2,  1
x 2  5x  3
I dx
x 2  3x  2
(x 2  3x  2)  (2x  1)
 dx
x 2  3x  2
(x 2  3x  2)  (2x  3)  2  d 2 
 dx 
 dx
 x  3x  2   2x  3 
x 2  3x  2
2x  3 1
  1 dx   dx  2 2 dx
x  3x  2
2
x  3x  2

 x  3x  2
d 2
1
  1 dx    dx 2 dx  2 dx
x  3x  2 9
x  3x   2 
2 9
4 4
d 2
(x  3x  2)
1
  1 dx   dx dx  2 dx
x  3x  2
2

2
3 1
2

x    
 2 2

3 1
x 
1 2 2 c
 x  log x 2  3x  2  2 log
1 3 1
x 
2 
2 2 2

x 1
 x  log x 2  3x  2  2log c
x2
1
(17)
 1  2a cos x  a 2
dx  ......  c
where 0  a  1
x 1
tan t I dx
Let 2 in 1  2a cos x  a 2

2dt 1 t2
dx  cos x 
1  t 2 and 1 t2

2dt
I   1 t2
 1 t2  2
1  2a  2 
a
 1 t 
dt
 2
1  t  2a  2at 2  a 2  a 2 t 2
2
 dt
 2
(1  2a  a )  (1  2a  a 2 )t 2
2

dt
 2
(1  a)  (1  a) 2 t 2
2

2 dt
2 

(1  a)  1  a 2  2
 t
 1 a 
2  t 
 tan 1  c
2  1 a   1 a  
(1  a)      
 1 a    1 a  
2   1 a  
 tan 1   tc
1 a 2
  1 a  
2  1 a x
 tan 1  tan   c
1 a 2
 1 a 2
dx  
   0, 
(18)
 cos   cos x  ........  c
where  2
Hint. (Illu. 24)
x2
(19)
 x 4  1 dx  .......  c
Hint. (Illu. 32)
sin(x  )
 sin(x  ) dx
(20) If

Hint. (Illu. 35)

sin x
 1  sin x dx
(21) If

Hint. (Illu. 36)

cos3 x  cos5 x
(22)
 sin 2 x  sin 4 x  dx  ........  c
cos3 x  cos5 x
 sin 2 x  sin 4 x  dx
(cos 2 x  cos 4 x) cos x
 dx
sin 2 x  sin 4 x
(1  sin 2 x)  1  sin 2 x 2  cos x
 
 dx
sin x  sin x
2 4

(1  sin 2 x)  1  sin 2 x 2  cos x

 
 dx
sin x  sin x
2 4

Let sin x  t  cos x dx  dt

 1  t 2  1  t 2  
I  dt
t t
2 4

t 4  3t 2  2 t 4  t 2  4t 2  2
 dt   t 2  t 4 dt
t2  t4
 2  4t 2 
  1  2 4  dt
 t t 

1 t2
  1 dt  2 dt  4  t 2 1  t 2  dt
t 2 (1  t 2 )

  1 dt  2
1  t   t 2 2

dt  4
1
dt
t (1  t )
2 2
1  t 2 
1 1
  1 dt  2 dt  6 2 dt
t 2
t 1
 t  2t 1  6 tan 1 t  c
 sin x  2(sin x)1  6 tan 1 (sin x)  c
x
(23) If  (1  x) dx 3

x
I dx
(1  x)3

Let x  tan   dx  2 tan  sec  d

2 2

tan 2 
I  2   tan  sec2  d
1  tan  2 3

t a n
 2  t a n s e2 c  d
s e c6 
t a n2 
2 d
sec4 
 s i n2  
 
c o s2  
 2  d
 1 
 
 cos  
4

 2 sin 2  cos 2  d

1

2  4sin 2  cos 2  d

1
2
 sin 2 2 d

1 1  cos 4
2
 d
2
 1 1

4  1 d   cos 4 d
4
1 1 sin 4
  c
4 4 4
1 2sin 2 cos 2
  c
4 16

 2 tan    1  tan  
2

  
 1  tan    1  tan  
2 2
1
  c
4 8

1 tan  1  tan 2  
  c
4 4 1  tan 2  

1 x (1  x)
 tan 1 x  c
4 4(1  x)2

(24)

2x
 (1  x 2
) x 4 1
dx  ........  c
(25)

2x
 1  x  2
x 4 1
 dx

2x
 1
dx
x  1 x  1
2 3/ 2 2 2

x2 1
t
Let x2 1
1/ 2
1  x2 1  (x 2  1)  2x  (x 2  1)  2x
    dx  dt
2  x 2 1  (x 2  1)2

x 2 1 2x
   dx  dt
x 2  1 (x  1)
2 2

2x
 1
dx  dt
x  1 x  1
2 3/ 2 2 2

x2 1
 I   dt  t  c  c
x2 1
1
(26) If  1  tan xdx then ....

dx cos x
I  dx
1  tan x cos x  sin x
1 (cos 
x s i nx ) ( si n x cos x )

2  cos x  sin x
dx
 d
(cos x  sin x)
1 1 dx
  I dx   dx
2 2 cos x  sin x
1 1
 x  log cos x  sin x  c
2 2

(27)
 
 tan x  cot x dx  ........ c
sin x  cos x (cos x  sin x)
I dx   dx
sin x cos x 1
2
1  (sin x  cos x)2 
Let sin x  cos x  t  (cos x  sin x)dx  dt
dt
I  2   2 sin 1 t  c
1 t 2

 2 s i n1 ( s i nx c o sx ) c

sin x  cos x
 9  32 sin x cos x dx
(28)

sin x  cos x
I dx
9  32 sin x cos x

Let, sin x  cos x  t

 (sin x  cos x)dx  dt

sin x  cos x  t  (sin x  cos x)2  t 2

 1  2sin x cos x  t 2

 2sin x cos x  1  t 2

 32 sin x cos x  16 16t 2

dt dt
I   
9  16  16t 2
25  16t 2
dt

(5)  (4t)2
2

1 5 4 t
 log  c
2(5)( 4) 5 4 t

1 5 4 ( s i nx c o s x )
 log  c
40 5 4 ( s i nx c o s x )
1
(29)
 x 1  x3 dx  ........
1 1 3x 2
I
3  x3 1  x3
dx   dx
x 1  x3

Let I  x  t  3x dx  2t dt
3 3 2

1 2tdt
I   
3 1  t 2  t
 2 dt
 
3 1 t2
2 dt
 
3 t 1
2

2 1 t 1
  log c
3 2(1) t 1

1 1  x3 1
 log c
3 1  x3  1

1 1  1  x3
 log c
3 1  1  x3
sin 7x
 sin x dx
(30) If

sin 7x
 sin x
dx

(sin 7x  sin 3x)  sin 3x

 dx
sin x

2cos 5x sin 2x   3sin x  4sin 3 x 

 dx
sin x
2cos5x(2sin x cos x)  (3sin x  4sin 3 x)
 dx
sin x
   2(2cos5x cos x   3  4sin 2 x)dx

  1  cos 2x  
   2cos 6x  2cos 4x  3  4    dx
  2 

  (2cos 6x  2cos 4x  2cos 2x  1)dx

sin 6x sin 4x sin 2x

2 2 2 xc
6 4 2
sin 6x sin 4x
   sin 2x  x  c
3 2
 2007x  2008 
  2008x  2007  dx
(31) If

 2007x  2008 
  2008x  2007  dx
 2007   2008
2
2007
 2008x  2007  
  2008 2008 dx
2008x  2007
2007 4015
(2008x  2007) 
  2008 2008 dx
2008x  2007
 2007 4015 dx

2008  1dx  
2008 2008x  2007
2007 4015 1
 x  log 2008x  2007  c
2008 2008 2008
2007 4015
 x log 2008x  2007  c
2008 (2008)2
cos x
(32)
 sin x
dx then......

Let cos x  t   sin x dx  2t dt

2

cos x
I   ( sin x)dx
1  cos 2 x
t  2t dt (t 2  1)  (t 2  1)

t 4  1  (t 2  1)(t 2  1)
 dt

dt dt
  2
t 1
2
t 1
1 t 1
 log  tan 1 (t)  c
2 t 1

cos x  1
1
 log
2 cos x  1
 tan 1  
cos x  c

x5
(33) If  dx (0 < x < a)
a3  x3
a 3  x 3  t 2 , t  0  3x 2dx  2tdt

x5
 dx
a3  x3
1 x 3 (3x 2 )
3  a 3  x 3
 dx

1 (a 3  t 2 )(2tdt)
3

t


2
3   a 3  t 2  dt

2 3 2 t3
  a t  c
3 3 3

  a 3 a 3  x 2   a 3  x3   c
2 2
3 9
x 1
2

 x(x  1)2 dx  ........  c

(34)

x2 1
I dx
x(x  1) 2
 (x 2  2x  1)  2x
 dx
x(x  1) 2
1 1
  dx  2 dx
x (x  1) 2
1
  dx  2 (x  1) 2 dx
x
(x  1)1
 log x  2 c
1
2
 log x  c
x 1
x
 (1  x 2 )(x 2  2)dx  ......  c
(35)

x
I dx
x 2
 1 x 2  2 

Let x  t
2

dt
2x dx  dx  x dx 
2
1 dt
I  
2 (t  1)(t  2)
(t  1)  (t  2)
16 
I  dt
(t  1)(t  2)
1 1 1 
  
6  t 2
d t  dt
t 1 

1 t 2 1 x2  2
1
 l o g t  2  l o g t  1  c l o g  c l o g  c
6 6 t  1 6 x2
 1

x3  1
(36)
 x3  x dx  .........  c
x3 1 x3  x  x 1
 x3  x  x3  x dx
dx 

 x 1 
  1    dx
 x(x  1) 
2

dx dx
  dx   
x 1 x  x 2  1
2

dx
  dx   2
 x 2  1  x 2
x  1  x  x 2  1
 dx

1 x 
 x  tan 1 x     2  dx
 x x 1 
1 1 2x
 x  tan 1 x   dx   2 dx
x 2 x 1
  x  tan 1 x  log x  log  x 2  1  c
1
2
x 1
3

(37)
 x 4  1dx  ..........  c
x3  1 1 4x 3 1
I dx   dx   4 dx
x 1
4
4 x 4
x 1

1  x  1   x  1
2 2
1 4x 3
  4 dx   dx
4 x 1 2  x 2  1 x 2  1

1 4 x3 1 1 1 1
 
4 x 1
4
dx   2
2 x 1
d x  2
2 x 1
dx

1 1 1 x 1 1
 log x 4  1   log  tan 1 x  c
4 2 2 x 1 2

1
 log
 x 4  1  x  1 1
 tan 1 x  c
4  x  1 2

1 1
 log (x  1)2 (x 2  1)  tan 1 x  c
4 2
dx
 (x  p) (x  p)(x  q)  ........  c
(38)

dx dx
I 
 x  p   x  p)(x  q  3 1

 x  p  2 (x  q) 2
x q
t
Let xp
1/ 2
1 x q  (x  p) 1  (x  q) 1
   dx  dt
2 xp (x  p) 2

1 qp
 dx  dt
2 x  q(x  p)3/ 2

dx 2dt
 
(x  p) 3/ 2
x q qp

2dt 2 2 x q
I  tc   c
qp qp qp xp

(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
 3 4 4 3 36
f x  x  x  3x 2  x  11
(1) Find intervals in which 10 5 5 is increasing or intervals in which it is
decreasing.
3 4 36
f  x   x 4  x3  3x 2  x  11
Ans : 10 5 5
f x 
3
10
   4
4x3  3x 2  3  2x  
5
36
5
6 12 36
 x3  x 2  6x 
5 5 5
6
  x3  2x 2  5x  6
5 
6
  x  1 x  3 x  2 
5

As, in  3,   and  2, 1 f '  x   0, f  x  is increasing.

As, in  ,  2  and 1, 3 f '  x   0, f  x  is decreasing.
4sin x  2x  x cos x
f : R  R, f  x  
(2) Find in which intervals, 2  cos x is decreasing or intervals in which it is
increasing.
Ans : f : R  R
4sin x  2x  x cos x
f x 
2  cos x
4sin x  x  2  cos x 

2  cos x
4sin x
 x
2  cos x
f ' x  
 2  cos x   4cos x  4sin x   sin x 
 2  cos x 2
8cos x  4cos 2 x  4sin 2x
 1
 2  cos x 2
8cos x  4
 1
 2  cos x 2
8cos x  4   2  cos x 
2

 2  cos x 2
8cos x  4  4  4cos x  cos 2 x

 2  cos x 2
4 cos x  cos2 x

 2  cos x 2
cos x  4  cos x 

 2  cos x 2
Now  1  cos x  1  4cos x  0and  2  cos x 
2

It is clear that in first and fourth quadrant cosx > 0,

so for for these quadrants f'  x   0.
 
  2k,  4k  1   In first quadrant  and
 2
  
  4k  3 ,  2k  2    in fourth quadrant f  x  is increasing k  Z
 2 
In second or third quadrant cosx < 0 so in these quadrants f'  x   0
  
   4k  1 ,  2k  1   in second and
 2 
 
  2k  1 ,  4k  3  third quadrant f  x  is decreasing k  Z
 2
f  x   ax3  3  a  2  x 2  9  a  2  x  1
(3) Find the value of a for which the function is decreasing for all
x R
f  x   ax3  3  a  2  x 2  9  a  2  x  1
Ans :
f '  x   3ax 2  6  a  2  x  9  a  2 
 3 ax 2  2  a  1 x  3  a  2 
 
For x  R,f  x  is decreasin.
 ax 2  2  a  2  x  3  a  2   0
a  0 and discriminant D < 0
 2  a  2   4  a   a  2   0
2 3

 4a 2  16a  16 12a 2  24a  0

8a 2  8a  2  0
a 2  a  2  0
 a  2  a  1  0
  
  a  2  a  1

2 1
a  2 and a  1
But as a  0, a  1 is not possible.
 For a < 2 given function f  x  , x  R is decreasing.
f  x   ax3  9ax 2  9x  25
(4) Find the values of a for which is increasing on R.
f  x   ax  9ax  9x  25
3 2
Ans :
f '  x   3ax 2  18ax  9
 3 ax 2  6ax  3
 
 f  x  is increasing.
 f'  x   0  3 ax 2  6ax  3  0
 
 36a 2  12a  0
 12a  3a 1  0  Discriminant of the quadratic < 0
 1
 a   0,  , a 0
 3
 But,for a  0, f '  x   9  0
 1
 For a  0,  , f  x  is increasing.
 3
(5) Find the equation of tangent to at x  y  6xy at
3 3
 3, 3 . At which point is the tangent horizontal or
vertical ?
Ans : x  y  6xy
3 3

dy dy
 3x 2  3y2 6y  6x
dx dx
dy 6y  3x 2
  2 ..... 1
dx 3y  6x
Slope of the tangent at  3, 3 is
dy
m
|
dx 3, 3
18  27
  1
27  18
 Equation of tangent at  3, 3 is :
y  y1  m  x  x1 
 y  3  1 x  3
 y  3  x  3
x  y  6
dy
If the tangent is horizontal then 0
dx
 6y  3x 2  0
x2
y 
2
x2
Now, In x 3  y3  6xy, taking y 
2
x6
x 
3
 3x 3
8
 x  16x3
6

 x 6  16x3  0

 x 3 x 3  16  0 
 x  0,
x 3  16
 x 3  24
4
 x  23
x2
x  0 for y  0
2
4  4 8 5
 23 
2 1
x
x 2 3 for y    2  23
3
2  2 
 
 4 5
 At the  0, 0  and  2 3 , 2 3  the tangent is horizontal.
 
 
ii  If the tangent is vertical then the slope is not defined.
  Result  i  0 is intersect
3y2  6x
y2
x 
2
y2
In x  y  6xy, Taking x 
3 3
2
y y
6 3
 3y3
8
 y6  16y3
 y6  16y3  0

 y3 y3  16  0 
 y  0 and y3  16  24
4
y  2 3

y2
Taking y  0, x  0
2
 4
4
 2 3  8 5
2
Taking y  2 , x 
3
y
   1
 2  23
3
2 2
 5 4
Thus the tangents at  0, 0  and  2 3 , 2 3  are the vertical lines.
 
 
y  cos  x  y 
(6) Find the equation of tangent to parallel to x  2y  0.
y  cos  x  y 
Ans :
dy  dy 
   sin  x  y  1  
dx  dx 
dy
 1  sin  x  y    sin  x  y 
dx
dy  sin  x  y 
 
dx 1  sin  x  y 
The tangent is parallel to the line x  2y  0
dy 1
Slope of the tangent 
dx 2
 sin  x  y  1
 
1  sin  x  y  2
 2sin  x  y   1  sin  x  y 

 sin  x  y   1  sin
2
k 
 x  y  k   1 , k  Z
2
7 3  5 9 13
 x  y  .....  ,  , , , , ........
2 2 2 2 2 2
 y  cos  x  y   0

 x   4k  1 , k  Z
2
 Equation of the tangent at the points
   
  4k  1 , 0 
 2 
1
 y  y1  m  x  x1  , m  
2
1 
 y  0    x   4k  1 
2 2

 2y  x   4k  1
2

 x  2y   4k  1 , k  Z
2
1
y , x 1
(7) Find
the equations of tangents to x 1 parallel to the line x  y  7  0.
1
y , x 1
Ans : x 1
dy 1

dx  x  12
The tangent is parallel to a line x  y  7  0
dy
Slope of the tangent  1
dx
dy 1

dx  x  12
The tangent is parallel to a line x  y  7  0
dy
Slope of the tangent  1
dx
1
  1
 x  12
  x  1  1
2

 x 1  1
 x  0, x  2
1
Taking x  0, y   1
x 1
1
Taking x  2, y  1
x 1
 Equation of tangent at  0, 1 :
y  1  1 x  0 
 x  y 1  0
Equation of tangent at  2, 1 :
y  1  1 x  2 
 y  1  x  2
x  y  3
P  2, 0 
touches y  ax  bx  cx  5 at
3 2
(8) X-axis and intersects Y-axis at Q. The slope of the tangent
at Q is 3. Find a, b, c.
Ans :
y  ax3  bx 2  cx  5
The curve intersects Y-axis at Q.
 x-coordinate of Q  0
y  0  0  0  5  5
  Co  ordinates of Q   0, 5
y  ax3  bx 2  cx  5
dy
  3ax 2  2bx  c
dx
dy
Slope of the tangent at Q  0, 5 | 3
dx  0,5
0  0  c  3
c  3
The curve touches X-axis at P  2, 0 
dy
Slope of the tangent at P  2, 0  | 0
dx  2, 0
12a  4b  c  0
12a  4b  3  0 .... 1
Also, P  2, 0  is a point on the curve.
 0  a  2   b  2   c  2   5
3 2

8a  4b  2c  5  0 but c  3
8a  4b  1  0 ...... 2
Solving equations 1 and  2
12a  4b  3  0
8a  4b  1  0
4a  2  0
1
a  
2
12a  3
12a  4b  3  0  b 
4
6  3 3
 
4 4
1 3
Thus, a   , b   , c  3
2 4
cos x
f (x)  , x [0, 2]
(9) Findthe maximum and minimum values of given functions sin x  2
(sin x  2)( sin x)  cos x(cos x)
f '(x) 
Ans :  (sin x  2)2
 sin 2 x  2sin x  cos 2 x

(sin x  2)2
1  2sin x

(sin x  2)2
(sin x  2)2 (2cos x)  (1  2sin x)  2(sin x  2)  cos x
f ''(x) 
(sin x  2)2
(sin x  2)  2sin x cos x  4cos x  2cos x  4sin x cos x 

(sin x  2)2
2sin x cos x  2cos x

sin x  2
2cos x(sin x  1)
f ''(x) 
sin x  2
1  2sin x
f '(x)  0  0
(sin x  2)2
  2sin x  1
1
 sin x  
2
 
 x    , 2 
6 6
7 11
x ,
6 6
7  7 
2 cos sin  1
 7  6  6 
f ''   
 6 7 
sin 2
6
    
2 cos      2sin      1
 6   6 

 
sin      2
 6
 3   1  
2     2     1
  2   2 
1
   2
2
 3 | 2 |
 0
3
2
7
x
At 6 , f  x  has local minimum value
7
cos
 
7  6
f  
 6  7 
sin 2
Local minimum value 6
 
cos    
  6
 
sin      2
 6
3

 2
1
 2
2
3 1
 
3 3
11  11 
2 cos sin  1
 11  6  6 
f ''   
 6  11
sin 2
6
    
2 cos  2   sin  2    1
 6   6 

 
sin  2    2
 6
  3  1 
2   1
 2   2 

1
 2
2
3[3]
 0
3
11
x
At  has local maximum value.
Local maximum value
11
cos
 11  6
f  
 6  
sin  2
6
3
3 1
 2  
1
 2 3 3
2
cos 0 1
f (0)  
sin 0  2 2
cos 2 1
f (2)  
sin 2  2 2
 11  1
f 
Global maximum  6  3
 7  1
f  
Global minimum  6  3
(10) Findthe maximum and minimum values of given functions f (x)  sin 2x, x [0, 2]
f '(x)  2cos 2x
Ans : 
f '(x)  0  2cos 2x  0
 3 5 7
 2x  , , ,
2 2 2 2
 3 5 7
x , , ,
4 4 4 4
 
f''    4sin  4  0
4 2
 3  3
f ''    4sin 40
 4  2
 5  5
f '    4sin  4  0
 4  2
 7  7
f ''    4sin 40
 4  2
f x
has local maximum value at
 5
x  , x 
4 4
 
f    sin  1
Local maximum value  4  2
 5  5
f    sin 1
 4  2
 3 7
f x x ,x 
has local minimum at 4 4
 3  3
f    sin  1
Local minimum value  4  2
 7  7
f    sin  1
 4  2
f (0)  sin 0  0, f (2)  sin 2  0
  5 
 f    f   1
Global maximum value 4  4 
 3   7 
 f    f    1
Global minimum value  4   4 
(11) A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by semicircular opening. The total perimeter of the
window is 10 m. Find dimension of the window for maximum air flow through the window.

Ans :
 Total perimeter of the window = 10 m
1
2x  2r  (2r)  10
2 m
2x  10  2r  r
1
A  r 2  2r  x
Area of the window 2
1
 r 2  r 10  2r  r 
2
1
 r 2  10r  2r 2  r 2
2
1
A  10r  2r 2  r 2
2
Form maximum value of A
dA dA
 0,  10  4r  r
dr dr
10  4r  r  0
10
r  ........(1)
4
d2A
 4    0
dr 2
10
r
A has maximum value at 4
2x  10  2r  r
2x  10  r(2  )
10
2x  10  (2  ) ( from(1)
4 )
10  40  20  10
2x 
4
 20
2x 
4
10
x 
4
10 20
x  m, 2r 
4 4 m
Measures of the window :
20
(l ) 
Length 4 m
10
(x) 
Breadth 4 m
(12) Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone having maximum volume and given slant height l is
tan 1 2

Ans :

 Slant height of the cone VA  VB  l

Semi-vertical angle of the cone = 
VO  l cos , AO  l sin 
1
V   (OA) 2 (VO)
Volume of the cone 3
1
  (l sin )2 (l cos )
3
1
 l 3 sin 2  cos 
3
dV 1 3
   l [ sin 3   2sin  cos 2 ]
d 3
l 3
 sin  |  sin 2   2cos 2 ]
3
dV
0
For the maximum volume d
l 3
 sin  [ sin 2   2cos 2 ]  0
3
2cos2   sin 2  [sin   0]
tan   2
2

tan   2
1 1
cos   
1  tan 
2
3
2
dV 1
 l 2 [3sin 2  cos   2cos3   4sin 2  cos ]
dl 2 3
1 3
 l [2cos3   7sin 2  cos ]
3
 1
 l 3  cos3  [2  7 tan 2 ]
3
2
1  1 
 l 3   [2  14]
3  3
d2V 4l 3
|  0
dl 2 tan  2 3 2
Volume of the cone is maximum for tan   2
  tan 1 2  
Semi vertical angle of the cone
  tan 1  2
2
(13) A open box with a square base is to be made. Its total surface area is c a constant. Prove that its
c3
maximum volume is 6 3
Ans : Let the length and breadth of the square base of a box be x and its height by y.
total surface area of the box is c2 (given)
x 2  4xy  c2
c2  x 2
y  .......(1)
4x
Volume of the box V  x y
2

2 c  x 
2 2
x   (from (1)
 4x  )
2 3
c x
 x
4 4
2 2
dV c 3x
 
dx 4 4
dV 3
2
 x
dx 2
dV
0
For maximum volume dx
c2 3x 2
  0
4 4
c2 c
x 2  x
3 and 3
c d 2 V 3 c
x 2
  0
For 3 , dx 2 3
c
x
Volume is maximum for 3
 c2  x 2 
V  x2  
Maximum volume  4x 
c2 x3
 x
4 4
2
c c c3
  
4 3 43 3
 c3  1 
 1
4 3  3 
c3  2

4 3 3
(14) Find a point on circle x  y  25 whose distance from (12, 9) is minimum. Find alos the point for
2 2

which it is maximum. Explain geometrically.

Let V(x, y) be a point on a circle x  y  25
2 2
Ans : 
And its distance from A(12, 9) is minimum.
AP2  (x  12)2  (y  9)2
AP2  x 2  24x  144  y2  18y  81
AP2  x 2  y2  24x 18y  225

Now, P(x, y) is on the circle x  y  25 and y  25  x

2 2 2

AP2  25  24x  18 25  x 2  225

AP2  250  24x  18 25  x 2
f (x)  250  24x  18 25  x 2
1
 f '(x)  24  18  (2x)
2 25  x 2
18x
 24 
25  x 2
For maximum or minimum value of f '(x)  0
18x
24  0
25  x 2
18x
  24
25  x 2
3x  4  25  x 2 
9x 2  400  16x 2
25x 2  400
400
x 2   16
25
x  4
y2  25  x 2  25  16  9
y  3
Co-ordinate of P are (4, 3) and (-4, -3)
For P(4, 3)
AP  (12  4)2  (9  3)2  10
For Q(-4, -3)
AQ  (12  4)2  (9  3) 2  20
AP is a minimum distance and AQ is a maximum distance.
Required points are P(4, 3) and Q(-4, -3)
Now center of the circle x  y  25 is (0, 0) and its radius is 5.
2 2
From the figure it is clear that P and Q are the extreme points of the diameter.

So, PQ  AQ  AP  20 10  10
Radius of circle is 5, so the PQ diameter of the circle is PQ = 10
(15) Sum of circumference of a circle and perimeter of a square is constant. Prove that the sum of their areas
is minimum when the ration of the radius of the circle to a side of the square is 1 : 2.
Ans : 
Let the circumference of the circle be C and perimeter of the square be P.

Now, C + P = k constant
 given 
P  K  C
Let the radius of the circle be r.
C
C  2r  r 
2
Perimeter of the square = P
P K C
 
Length of a side of the square 4 4
 KC
2

A1   
Area of the square  4 
C2 C2
A 2  r  2 
2

Area of the circle 4 4

Sum of the areas A  A1  A2
 KC C
2 2
A    
 4  4
dA 2(K  C) 2C
   (1) 
dC 16 4
C K C
 
2 8
dA C K C
0  0
Now, dC 2 8
C K C
 
2 8
 4C  K  C
K
C
4
2
dA 1 1
  0
dC2 2 8
K
C 
4
C K
r 
Radius of the circle 2 2(  4)
 K

2(  4)
K C

Length of a side of the square 4
K
K
 4
4
K  4K  K

4(  4)
K

4
radius of the circle

Required ratio length of a side of the square
K | 2(  4)
  1: 2
K | (  4)
(16) An open tank with a square base is to be made to hold 4000 liters of water. What are the dimensions to
make the cost minimum ?
Ans : 
Let the length and breadth of an open tank with square base be x. m.
Let its height be y m. The tank has to contain 4000 liters of water.
Volume of the tank V  4000 liter = 4 m3
x 2 y  4 ({e)3
4
y  .......(1)
x2
To reduce the cost, it is necessary to reduce the surface area of the tank
S  x 2  4xy
 4 
S  x 2  4x  2 
 x  (From result (1))
16
S  x 2 
x
dS 16 d 2S 32
  2x  2 , 2  2  3
dx x dx x
dS
 0
For minimum surface area dx
16
2x  2  0
x
16
2x  2
x
x  8
3

x  2
d 2S 32
|  2 3  24  6  0
2 x 2
dx (2)
Surface area of the tank is minimum for x = 2
Cost of the tank is minimum for x = 2
4 4
x  2  y  2  1
x 4
Length of the tank = breadth = 2m
and height y = 1 m
Minimum surface area S  x  4xy
2
  (2)2  4(2) (1)
 12 m2
(17) f (x)  x  3ax  3bx  c has a maximum at x  1 and minimum zero at x = 1. Find a, b and c.
3 2

Ans : f (x)  x 3  3ax 2  3bx  c

f '(x)  3x 2  6ax  3b
f ''(x)  6x  6a
f x
has maximum value for x = -1 and
f x
has minimum value for x = 1
 f '(1)  0, f '(1)  0
3  6a  3b  0, 3  6a  3b  0
3  3b  6a, 3  3b  6a
6a  6a
12a  0  a  0
f x  0
Minimum value of for x  1
 f (1)  0
1  3b  c  0
f '(x)  3x 2  3b (a  0)
 3(x  b)
2

f x
But has minimum or maximum value for x = 1, and x = -1
3(x  1)  0
2

b  1
Now, 1  3b  c  0
1  3  c  0
c  2
Thus, a = 0, b = -1 and c = 2
(18) If a right angled triangle has hypotenuse having length 10 cm, what would be its largest area ?
Ans :  In a ABC, mB  90º , AC = 10

Let AB = y cm and BC = x
x 2  y2  100
y  100  x 2
1
A xy
Are of ABC, 2
1
 x 1 0 0 2x
2
dA 1 1 1
 100  x 2  x (2x)
dx 2 2 2 100  x 2
1 2 x2
 1 0 0 x2 
2 4 1 0 0 2x
 dA
0
For maximum area dx
1 2x 2
 100  x 2  0
2 4 100  x 2
100  x 2  x 2
2x 2  100
x 2  50
dA 1 x2
 100  x 2 
Now, dx 2 2 100  x 2
100  x 2  x 2

2 100  x 2
100  2x 2

2 100  x 2
dA 50  x 2

dx 100  x 2
(2x)
2
100  x 2 (2x)  (50  x 2 ) 
dA
 2 100  x 2
dx 2 100  x 2
(100  x 2 )(2x)  x(50  x 2 )

(100  x 2 )  100  x 2 
200x  2x 3  50x  2x 3

(100  x 2 ) 100  x 2
150x  x 3

(100  x 2 ) 100  x 2
150 50 50 50
dA 
50 50
|
dx x  50 100 50

50 50
2 0

For x  50 the area is maximum.

Taking x  50 , y  100  x  100  50  50
2

1
A  xy
Maximum area 2
1
 5 0 5 0
2
 25 cm2
3
(19) Water is dripping out from conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm /sec. Slant height of the cone formed by

water is 4 cm. Semi-vertical angle of the cone is 6 . Find the rate at which the slant height decreases.
Ans : Let radius and height of a cone formed by water are x and y respectively at time t. Its volume and
the slant height are V cm3 and l cm respectively.
From the figure :
y  l cos, x  l sin 


But,  = semi vertical angle of the cone 6
 3
y  l cos  l 
6 2
 l
x  l sin 
6 2
1
V  x 2 y
Volume of the cone formed by water 3
1 l  3 
2

V      l
3  2   2 
l 3

8 3
dV 3l 2 dl
  
dt 8 3 dt
dV
5
But, it is given that dt cm3/sec and l = 4 cm
3(4)2 dl
5  
8 3 dt
dl 5  8 3 5
  
dt 316 2 3 cm/sec.
5

Rate of decrease in the slant height of the cone formed by water 2 3 cm/sec.
(20) Find maximum and minimum values of f (x)  x  2sin x , x [0, 2]
f (x)  x  2sin x, x [0, 2]
Ans : 
f '(x)  1  2cos x
f ''(x)  2sin x
f '(x)  0  1  2cox  0
1
 cos x 
2
 5
x ,
3 3
  3
f ''    2sin  2   30
3 3 2

 At x  , f  x 
3 has local maximum value.
  
f     2sin
Local maximum value :  3  3 3
 
  3
3
 5  5 3
f ''    2sin  2  30
 3  3 2
5
x  ,f  x 
At 3 has local maximum value.
 5  5 5
f    2sin
Local maximum value :  3  3 3
5
  3
3
f (0)  0  2sin 0  0, f (2)  2  2sin 2  2
  5 
 0, 2,  3,  3 
Global maximum = maximum  3 3 
  5 
0, 2,  3,  3 
Global minimum = minimum  3 3 
  
 At x  f    3
3 , global maximum  3  3
5  5  5
At x  f    3
3 , global maximum  3  3
  
  x 
(21) Find where f (x)  4x  tan x ,  2 2  is increasing or decreasing and find its maximum and
minimum values.
  
f (x)  4x  tan x,    x  
Ans :   2 2
f '(x)  4  sec2 x
f ''(x)  2sec x tan x
(i) f '(x)  0
 4  sec2 x  0
 sec2 x  4
  
 x   , 
 3 3
  
  , 
 3 3  f (x) is increasing.
(ii) f '(x)  0
 4  sec2 x  0
 sec2 x  0
    
 x   ,   x  , 
 2 3  and 3 2
    
  ,    , 
 2 3  and  3 2  , f (x) is a decreasing function.
(iii) For maximum or minimum value f '(x)  0
 4  sec2 x  0
sec2 x  4
sec x  2
 2
x  ,  1  0
3 3
  
f ''    2sec  1  0
3 3

 At x 
3 , f (x) has local maximum value.
  
f    4  tan
Local maximum value :  3  3 3
4
  3
3
 2  2
f ''    2sec 1 0
 3  3
2
 At x 
3 , f (x) has local minimum value.
 2   2  2
f    4    tan
Local minimum value  3   3  3
8
  3
3
(22) Where does f (x)  x  1  x,0  x  1 increase or decreases ? Find its maximum and minimum
values.
f (x)  x 
Ans :  1 x 0  x  1
1
f '(x)  1  (1)
2 1 x
1
 1
2 1 x
1
f ''(x)   3
4(1  x) 2
(i) f '(x)  0
1
1  0
2 1 x
1
1 
2 1 x
2 1  x  1
4(1  x)  1
1
1  x 
4
3
x  , (0  x  1)
4
 3
 In  0, 
 4  , f (x) in increasing function.
(ii) f '(x)  0
1
1  0
2 1 x
3
x  , 0  x  1
4
3 
In  ,1
 4  , f (x) is a decreasing function.
(iii) For local maximum or minimum value.
 f '(x)  0
1
1  0
2 1 x
1
 1
2 1 x
3
x 
4
3 1 1
f ''      0
4
3 3
 3  2  1 
4 1   4 
 4 2
3
 For x 
4 , f  x  has local maximum value.
3 3 3
f     1
Local maximum value  4  4 4
3 1 5
  
4 2 4
2 1

(23) Determine critical points for f (x)  x (6  x) , x [0, 6] and determine where the function is
3 3

increasing or decreasing. Find also maximum and minimum values.

2 1

Ans : (1) f (x)  x (6  x) , x [0, 6]

3 3

1 1
2  1 23 
2
f '(x)  x (6  x)  x (6  x) 3 (1)
3 3
3 3
1 1
2  1 2 
2
 x 3 (6  x) 3  x 3 (6  x) 3
3 3
  
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 3
 x (6  x) 2(6  x) (6  x)  x 3 x 3 
3 3 3
3  
1  13 
2
 x (6  x) [12  2x  x]
3
3
1 1 
2
 x 3 (6  x) 3 (12  3x)
3
For critical numbers, f '(x)  0
1 1 
2
 x 3 (6  x) 3 (12  3x)  0
3
x  0, x  6, x  4
Critical numbers are 0, 4, 6
when x  (0, 4) , f' (x)  0
In (0, 4) f (x) is an increasing function.
When x  (4,6) , (12  3x)  0 , so f '(x)  0
f (x) is a decreasing function.
1  13 
2
f '(x)  x (6  x) (12  3x)
3
3
1  43 
2
2  13 
5
 f '(x)   x (6  x) (12  3x)  (x) (6  x) 3
3
9 9
1 2
1  
(12  3x)  (x) 3 (6  x) 3
9
f ''(0)  0
 1  13  23
f ''(4)   (4) (2)  0
9
f ''(6)  0
 At x  4 f  x  has local maximum value.
2 1

Local maximum value f (4)  (4) 3 (6  4) 3

4 1 5
 2 2  2 3 3 3

Now, f (0)  0 and f (6)  0

At x  0 and x  6 , f  x  has global minimum value.
Global minimum values f (0)  f (6)  0
 

x  0, 
(24) Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x)  sin x  cos x ,  2
4

Ans :  f (x)  sin 4 x  cos4 x

 f '(x)  4sin 3 x cos x  4cos3 x sin x
 4sin x cos x(cos2 x  sin 2 x)
 2sin 2x cos 2x
  sin 4x
For local maximum and minimum f '(x)  0
 sin 4x  0
4x  0, 
  
x  0, x  0, 
4  2
f ''(x)  4cos 4x
f ''(0)  4cos 0  4  0
 At x  0 f  x  has local maximum value.
Local maximum value f (0)  sin 0  cos 0  1
4 4

  
f ''    4cos 4    4cos   4  0
4 4

 At x 
4 , f  x  has local minimum value.
  
f    sin 4  cos 4
Local minimum value  4  4 4
1 1 1
  
4 4 2
  
f (0)  1, f    sin 4  cos 4  1
2 2 2

x
 At x  0 and 2 global maximum

f (0)  f    1
2
  1
 At x  f  
4 global minimum value  4  2
(25) Show that out of all rectangles inscribed in a circle, the square has maximum area.
Ans :  ABCD is a rectangle inscribed in a circle. Let the sides AB = CD = x
units and AD = BC = y units and r = radius of the circle.
Now, AB  AD  BD
2 2 2

x 2  y2  Ar 2
y  4r 2  x 2 .......(1)
Area of the rectangle A  xy
A  x 4r 2  x 2 [From(1)]
dA x  2x
  4r 2  x 2 
dx 2 4r 2  x 2
4r 2  x 2  x 2 4r 2  2x 2
 
4r 2  x 2 4r 2  x 2
dA
0
For maximum or minimum value dx
2x
2
4r 2  x 2  (4x)  (4r 2  2x 2 )  2  2 4r2  x2
dA 2 2

dx 4r  x
16r x  4x  4xr  2x
2 3 2 3

(4r 2  x 2 ) 4r 2  x 2
2x 3  12r 2 x

(4r 2  x 2 ) 4r 2  x 2
d2A 4 2r 3  12 2r 3
| 
dx 2 x  2r
2r 2  2r
8 2 r3
  4  0
2 2r 3
For x  2r , area is maximum.
x  2r  y  4r 2  x 2
 y  4r 2  2r 2
 y  2r
x  y  2r
When the length and the breadth of a rectangle are equal it is a square.
Among the rectangles inscribed in a circle the square has the maximum area.
(26) Prove that the area of a right angled triangle with given hypotenuse is maximum, if the triangle is
isosceles.
Ans : ABC is a right-angled triangle.
Where mB  90 and length of the
hypotenuse AC is content.
Let AC = k (constant)
Let AB = x unit and BC = y unit
1
A xy
 Area of ABC 2
But, x  y  k
2 2 2

y  k 2  x 2
1
A  x  k 2  x 2
2
dA 1 2 1 2x
 k  x2  x 
dx 2 2 2 k2  x2
1 2 xx
 k  x2 
2 2 k2  x2
k2  x2  x2

2 k2  x2
dA k 2  2x 2

dx 2 k2  x2
dA
0
For the maximum or minimum value dx
k 2  2x 2
 0
2 k2  x2
2x 2  k 2
k2
x  2

2
k
x 
2
2  2x
2
2  k 2  x 2  (4x)  (k 2 2x )2 
dA
 2 k2  x2
Now, dx 2 4(k 2  x 2 )
2(k 2  x 2 )(4x)  2x(k 2  2x 2 )

8(k 2  x 2 ) k 2  x 2
8xk 2  8x 3  2xk 2  4x 3

8(k 2  x 2 ) k 2  x 2
4x 3  6xk 2

8(k 2  x 2 ) k 2  x 2
4  k 3 6k 3

d2A 2 2 2
|
2 x k

dx  k 
2
k2
2
8 k2   k2 
Now,  2  2
2 2 k3
  1  0
2 2k 3
 k
x
For 2 , area is maximum.
k
x  y  k2  x2
2
k2 k
 k2  
2 2
k
xy
Thus, In ABC, 2
DABC is an isosceles triangle.
(27) A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at distance a and b from the sides making right angle. (a,
3
 23 
2 2

a  b 
3

b constant). Prove that the hypotenuse has minimum length  

AOB is a right angled triangle mO  90º
Ans : 

AB is a hypotenuse and P is a point on it.

PN = a and PM = b
Let mOAB  
mMPB  
AP  acosec  and
BP  bsec 
Assume that length of the hypotenuse AB is l
l  AP  BP
l  a cosec  bsec 
dl
  a cosec cot   bsec  tan 
d
2
dl
 a cosec3  a cosec cot 2   bsec3   bsec   tan 2 
d 2

dl
0
Now for maximum or minimum value d
 a cosec  cot   bsec  tan   0
bsec  tan   a cosec cot 
sin  cos 
b a 2
cos 
2
sin 
sin  a
3
 3 
cos  b
a
tan 3  
b
1 1

 a 3 a 3
tan      1
b
b3
 1
 a 3 d 2l
tan     0
Clearly for  b  , d2
 1 1

 sin   a 3
, cos  
b3 
 
 
2 2 2 2

 a b
3 3
a  b3
3

1
a3
For tan   1
b 3 , length l of the hypotenuse is minim.
Minimum length of hypotenuse  a cosec   bsec 
l  a cosec   bsec 
 a 1  cot 2   b 1  tan 2 
2 2
 b 3  a 3
 a 1    b 1  
a b
2 2 2 2 2 2
 a 3 a 3  b3  b3 a 3  b3
2 2
 2 2

 a 3  b3  a 3  b3 
 
3
 2
 2 2
 a  b 
3 3

 
(28) Show that the semi-vertical angel of a right circular cone with given surface and maximum volume is
1
sin 1
3.
Ans :  Let, r, h and l be the radius height
and slant height of a right circular cone respectively.

Total surface area of the cone S  r  rl

2

S  r 2
l 
r Where S is constant ...(1)
Volume of the cone,
1
V  2 h (h 2  l 2  r 2 )
3
1
V 2  2 r 4 h 2
9
  r l  r 
1 2 4 2 2
9
2 r 4  S  r 2  2 
  r 
9  r   (From (1))
 2 r 4   S  r    r 
 2 2 2 4


9  2 r 2 
 
1
V  S[Sr 2  2r 4 ]
9
Suppose that, Z  V
2

1
Z  S[Sr 2  2r 4 ]
9
dZ 1
  S[2Sr  8r 3 ] ........(1)
dr 9
dZ
0
For the maximum or minimum value dr
 2Sr  8r 3  0
S
 S  4r 2  r 2 
4
2
dZ S
2
 [2S  24r 2 ]
Now, dr 9
S d2 Z 4S2
r2    0
If taking 4 , dr 2 9
If S  4r 2 then Z is maximum.
Now, S  4r
2

S  rl  r 2
4r 2  rl  2
3r 2  rl
l  3r
r r 1
sin    
Now, l 3r 3
When the volume is maximum the measure of
1
  sin 1  
semi-vertical angle  3
(29) On a national highway, a car is driven East at a speed of 60 km/hr. Both are headed for the intersection
of the roads. The car is 600 m away and the bus is 800 m away from the intersection. Find the rate at
which the car and the bus are approaching each other.
Ans : C is the intersection of the roads. B represents the position of the car and A represents the position of

the bus at a time. Let BC = x, AC = y at a moment. The distance between the car and the bus is AB = z.
 2 2 2
From figure x  y  z .
dx dy
 60  50
dt hm/hr, dt km/hr, negative as x and y are decreasing functions of time.
x  0.6 km and y  0.8 km
z   0.62   0.82  1 km
2 2 2
Now, x  y  z
dx dy dz
 2x  2y  2z
dt dt dt
dz 1  dx dy 
  x y 
dt z  dt dt 
  0.6  60   0.8  50  
1
1
 76 km/hr
The bus and the car are approaching each other at the rate of 76 km/hr
(30) A water tank is in the shape of an inverted con, The radius of the base is 4 m and the height is 6 m. The
tank is being emptied for cleaning at the rate of 2 m3/min. Find the rate at which the water level will be
decreasing, when the water is 3 m deep.
Ans : Let the height of the water level at any instant be h and the radius of water cone be r.

OA OD

Using similarity of triangles, BC BD

4 6
 
r h
r 2
 
h 3
2h
r 
3
Now the volume of water at any time t is,
1
V  r 2h
3
1  4h 2 
  h
3  9 

4h 3

27
dV 4  2 dh 
   3h 
dt 27  dt 
 dV 4h 2 dh
 
dt 9 dt
dh 9 dV
 
dt 4h 2 dt
dV
 2
Now dt m3/min (Volume is decreasing)
dh 9
   2 
dt 4h 2
 dh  9
  
 dt h 3 2  9 
1

2
1
The height is decreasing at the rate 2 m/min.
2 2 2

(31) Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to x  y  a at

3 3 3

 
 0,  .
3 3
x  a cos , y  a sin  ,  2  a  0
2 2

Ans : See that

 2
x 3  y 3  a cos3   a sin 3 
2
3  3
2

 a 3 cos2   sin 2  
2
 a3

  lies x 3  y 3  a 3
2 2 2
 a cos3 , a sin 3 
1 1
2  3 2  3 dy
x  y 0
Now 3 3 dx
1
 
1
3
dy y3  a sin  3
     tan 
dx 1 1
x3 
a cos3  3 
The equation of the tangent at
 a cos3 , a sin 3   y  a sin   
is
3 sin 
cos 
 x  a cos3  

 y cos   a sin3  cos   x sin   a sin  cos3 


 x sin   y cos   a sin  cos  sin 2   cos 2  
 a sin  cos 
 
The equation of the tangent at
 a cos3 , a sin 3   ,
 0, 
 2  is
x sin   ycos   a sin  cos 

The equation of the normal at

 a cos3 , a sin 3  
is
x cos   ysin   a cos3  cos   a sin3  sin 
 
 a cos4   a sin 4  
 a  cos2   sin 2   cos2   sin 2  
 a cos 2

The equation of the normal at

 a cos3 , a sin 3  
is x cos   ysin   a cos 2
f  x   x  2cos x x   , 
(32) Determine maximum and minimum values of ,
f  x   x  2cos x
Ans :
 f '  x   1  2sin x
1
 f '  x   0  sin x  
2
 5
x   , , x   ,  
6 6
f " x   2cos x
Now,
    3
 f "     2cos     2.  30
 6  6 2
      3 
 f       2cos       2    3
 6 6  6 6 2 6
   
f      3 x
 6 6 is local minimum value at 6
 5   5  5  
 f "     2cos    2cos  2cos    
 6   6  6  6

 2cos
6
 3
 2     3  0
 2 
 5  5  3 5
f       2    3 
 6  6  2  6
is local maximum value.
f      2cos     2
f      2cos       2cos     2
 f       2
is global maximum value.
   
f      3 
 6 6 is global minimum value.

(33) Find a point P on

y2  8x and nearest to A 10, 4  and also find minimum distance AP.

Ans : Parametric equations of a parabola are

 at 2 , 2at 

Here, 4a  8 , So a  2.

A typical point on the parabola is


P 2t 2 , 4t 
AP2   2t  10    4t  4 
2 2
Now,
 4 t4  4 0 2t  1 00 126t 3 2 t 1 6
f  t   4t  24t  32t  116
4 2
Let
 f '  t   16t 3  48t  32


 16 t 3  3t  2 

 16  t  1 t 2  t  2 
 16  t  1  t  2
2

 f '  t   0  t  1
or t  2
t   1  h,  1  h 
Let where h  0. Let t  1  t1
1  h  1  t1  1  h i.e. h  t1  h

 f '  t   16  t  1  t  2
2
 t  1  t1 
 16t12  3  t1   0
if 0  t1  3
f ' t   1  h,  1  h 
does not change sign in
 f has no maximum or minimum at t  1
 f "  t   48t 2  48
 f " 2   192  48  144  0
f t
is minimum, if t  2
 AP2 is minimum for t  2 . For t  2 is (8, 8)

If
P 8, 8
then
AP  10  82  8  4 2
 4 16
 2 5 is minimum
P 8, 8
The point nearest to A (10, 4) and lying on y  8x is
2

(34) Find the maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r.

Ans : Let us consider the semi-circle in upper half-plane of X-axis.

A  x, y 
Let be one vertex of the rectangle in the first quadrant. Obviously other vertices are
B  x, 0  , C  x, 0  D  x, y 
and
 AD  2x, AB  y

f  x   2xy
The area of the rectangle
2 2 2
Also x  t  r
 y  r2  x2  y  0
 f  x   2x r 2  x 2
2x  2x 
f ' x   2 r2  x2 
2 r2  x2
 2x 2
 2 r2  x2 
r2  x2



2 r 2  2x 2 
r2  x2
r
 f '  x   0  r2  2x 2  x 
2
r2 r
 y  r2  x2  r2  
2 2
r
x  y 
2
The rectangle inscribed in a semi-circle is a square.

 4x  
3
   
 1  
f "  x   2  r  2x    r  x
2 2 2 2 2  2x  
  2 r 2  x 2 

r
4
 r  3
f "   r  4  0
 2
2
r r
A  2xy  2    r2
Area is maximum for a square and maximum area is 2 2
2R
(35) A cylinder is inscribed in a sphere of radius R. Prove that its volume is maximum if its height is 3
Ans : Let the radius and the height of the cylinder be r and h respectively.

h2
R 2  r2 
Then 4

2
Volume of the cylinder, V  r h
 h2 
V   R2  h
 4 
 

 R 2h  h3
4
dV 3
  R 2  h 2
dh 4

dV 

 4R 2  3h 2
dh 4

dV 2R
 0h 
dh 3
 d 2V  3h
2
  6h     3R  0
Also dh 4 2
2R
h
The volume of the cylinder is maximum if 3
 h2 
r 2h    R 2  h
 4 
Maximum volume is  
 R3  2 R
  R2  
 3  3
 
4R 3

3 3
(36) A cylindrical can is to be made to hold 1 l oil. Find its radius and height to minimize the cost
Ans : The cost of making the can is minimum, if the metal used to make the can is minimum.

2
its total surface area S is given by S  2r  2rh

2
Now the volume V  r h and 1 liter is 1000 cm3.
 V  r 2h  1000
1000
h 
r 2
1000
S  2r 2  2r 
r 2
2000
 2r 2 
r
dS 2000 500
  4r   0  r3 
dr r2 
1
 500  3
r   
  
d 2S 4000
 4  0
2
dr r3
1
 500  3
r  
Surface area and hence the cost is minimum if    cm and
2 1
10000    3  500  3
h  2 
2   
  500  3
cm  2r
Thus the height of the cylinder should equal its diameter for minimum cost.
 P  3, 0 
(37) Find the point on xy  8 , nearest to having integer coordinates and the minimum distance.
 x  0
 8
Q  x, 
Ans : Let the required point on xy  8 be  x
2 64
 PQ2   x  3 
x2
2 64
f  x    x  3 
Let x2
128 64
f '  x   2  x  3   0  x 3 
3
x x3
 x 4  3x3  64  0
 
  x  4  x3  x 2  4x  16  0
3 2
x  4 (Verify that x  x  4x  16  0 has no integer solution !)
 f " x   2 
128 3
x4
 f " 4  2 
128 3  7  0
256 2
f x
is minimum for x  4
P  3, 0  Q  4, 2 
The point nearest to and lying on xy  8 is
PQ  1  4  5

(38) Find
2
a point on y  2x nearest to
1, 4  and the minimum distance.
1
2 a
Ans : For
y  2x  4ax, 2
1 
P  t2, t 
Q 1, 4 
Let and  2  be any point on parabola.
2
1 
 PQ   t 2  1   t  4 
2 2
2 
1
 t 4  t 2  1  t 2  8t  16
4
1
 t 4  8t  17
4
1
f  t   t 4  8t  17
Let 4
f ' t  0 3t  8 0 t 2
f " t  32t  1 2 0
f t
is minimum, if t = 2
 P  2, 2  Q 1, 4 
,
PQ  1  4  5 is the minimum distance.
(39) A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm  24 cm is to be made into an open box by cutting off squares of the
same size from each corner and folding up. Find the side of the square cut off from each corner for
maximum volume of the box.
Ans : Let x cm be the side of the square removed from each corner.
 Length and breadth of the box are
 45  2x  cm and  24  2x  cm. The height is x cm.
V   45  2x  24  2x  x
The volume
 4x3  138x 2  1080x

dV
 0  12x 2  276x  1080  0  x 2  23x  90  0
dx
 x  18 or 5
But if x  18 breadth 24  2x  24  36  0
 x  18 and so x  5
The length of the side of square removed is 5 cm.
d 2V
 24x  276  120  276  0
dx 2
V is maximum if x  5 cm
(40) Determine the intervals in which f is increasing and the intervals in which f is decreasing
f :  0,   R, f  x   sin x  cos x
:
f  x   sin x  cos x, x   0, 
Ans :
f '  x   cos x  sin x
 
x   0,   cos x  sin x
 4
 cos x  sin x  0
 f ' x  0
 
 On  0,  , f  x  in an increasing function.
 4
 
If x   ,  then cos x  sin x
4 2
 cos x  sin x  0
 f ' x  0
 
If x   ,   , cos x  0, sin x  0
2 
 cos x  sin x  0

 f '  x   0 and x  for f '  x   0
2
 
Thus in  ,   f  x  in a decreasing function.
4 
(41) Findthe maximum and minimum values of given functions f (x)  sin x  cos x, x [0, 2]
f '(x)  cos x  sin x
Ans : 
f ''(x)   sin x  cos x
f '(x)  0  cos x  sin x  0
 cos x  sin x
 tan x  1, x [0, 2]
  5
x ,
4 4
   1 1
f ''     sin  cos     20
4 4 4 2 2

x
At 4 , f  x  has local maximum value.
  
f    sin  cos  2
Local maximum value  4  4 4
 5  5 5
f ''     sin  cos
 4  4 4
   
  sin      cos    
 4  4
 
 sin  cos
4 4
1 1
   2 0
2 2
5
x
At 4 , f  x  has local minimum value.
 5   5  5
f    sin    cos
Local minimum value  4   4  4
1 1
   2
2 2
f (0)  sin 0  cos 0  1
f (2)  sin 2  cos 2  1,

f   2
Global maximum  4 
 5 
f   2
Global minimum  4 
4r
(42) Prove that the right circular cone of maximum volume inscribed in a sphere of radius r has altitude 3 .

Ans :
 O is a center of a sphere with radius r. A right circular cone is inscribed in the sphere.
OA  OP  r
Let OC = x
Height of the cone h  PC  OP  OC  r  x
ACO is a right triangle.
AC  r 2  x 2
Radius of the base of the cone AC  r  x
2 2
 1
(V)  (AC) 2 h
Volume of the cone 3

V    r 2  x 2  (r  x)
1
3
1
   r 3  r 2 x r x2 x3
3
dV 1
    r 2  2rx  3x 2 
dx 3 
d2V 1
   2r  6x 
dx 2 3
dV
0
For the maximum volume of the cone dx
1
   r 2  2rx  3x 2   0
3
r 2  2rx  3x 2  0
(r  3x) (r  x)  0
r  3x  0 or r  x  0 (r  x  0)
r  3x
r
x 
3
2
dV 1   r 
|    2r  6   
2 x r
dx 3 3   3 
1
   4r   0
3
r
x
For maximum volume of the cone 3
Height of the cone h  r  x
r 4r
r 
3 3
2 2
(43) Find the common tangents of y  1  x and y  1  x . Also find their points of contact.
 2 2
Ans : Let PQ touch y  1  x at P and y  1  x at Q. Let P have x-coordinate a.


 P a, 1  a 2  , Q   a,  1  a 2 
1  a 2    1  a 2  
 
a   a 
Slope of PQ



2 1 a2   1 a2
2a a
 dy
y  1 x2   2x
Also dx
Slope of tangent at P = 2a.
1 a2
  2a
a
1  a 2  2a 2
a2  1
 a  1
 P 1, 2  Q   1,  2 
,
R   1, 2  S  1,  2 
Similarly, ,

y  2  2  x  1
The equation of PQ is
 y  2  2x  2
 2x  y  0

Similarly, the equation of RS is 2x  y  0
The equations of common tangent are 2x  y  0 and 2x  y  0
s  f  t   t 3  6t 2  9t
(44) The position of a particle is given by , s is in meters, t is in seconds.
(1) Find the instantaneous velocity, when t = 2.
(2) When is the particle at rest ?
(3) Find the distance travelled in first 5 seconds.
ds
 f '  t   3t 2  12t  9
Ans : dt
f '  t   12  24  9  3
(1)  t 2 m/sec
(2) When the particle is at rest, its velocity at that time is zero.
3t 2  12t  9  0
 t 2  4t  3  0
 t  1 or 3
The particle is at rest at t = 1 and t = 3.
 3 f '  t   3  t 1 t  3
f '  t   0, f t f t t  1, 3
For t  1 and t  3 , and is increasing and is decreasing for
The motion is divided into 3 parts
 0, 1 , 1, 3 , 3, 5 .
Total distance covered is s1  s2  s3 , where
s1  f 1  f  0   4, s2  f 3  f 1  0  4  4
s3  f  5  f  3  20
Total distance covered is 20  4  4  28 m


sin 2 x
 
2
1
0 sin x  cos x dx  2 log 2 1
(1) Prove the following

2
sin 2 x
I dx ... 1
0
sin x  cos x
Ans :
   
2 sin 2   x 
 2  dx
     
  x   cos   x 
0 sin
2  2 

2
cos 2 x
 dx ...  2 
0
cos x  sin x
Taking sum of results (1) and (2)

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
2I   dx
0
sin x  cos x

2
1
 dx
0
sin x  cos x

2
1
 dx
 
0 2 cos  x  
 4


1 2  
 
20
sec  x   dx
 4

1       2
 log sec  x    tan  x   
2  4  4  0
1     
 log sec 4  tan 4  log sec 4  tan 4 
2 
1 
 log 2  1  log 2  1 
2 
1 2 1
 log
2 2 1
 
2
1 2 1
 2I  log
2  2 1  2 1 

2
2
log 2  1  
I 
1
2
log 2  1  
Note : Error in Textbook Answer.

2

 log cos x dx   2 log 2
(2) Prove that : 0

2
I   log cos x dx ...  i 
Ans : 0


 
2
  log cos   x  dx
0 2 
 
2
  log sin x dx ...  ii 
0
Taking sum of results (i) and (ii)
 
2 2
2I   log cos x dx   log sin x dx
0 0

2
  (log cos x  log sin x) dx
0

2
  log (cos x sin x) dx
0


 2 cos x sin x 
2
2I   log   dx
0  2 


 sin 2x 
2
  log   dx
0  2 
 
2 2
  log sin 2x dx   log 2dx
0 0

2
 I1  log 2 dx ...  iii 
0

2
I1   log sin 2x dx
where, 0

dt
 dx 
Let, 2x = t 2
If x = 0 then t = 0

x
2 then t   ,

dt
 I1   log sin t 
0
2

1
2 0
 log sin t  dt

2
1
  2 log sin t  dt
2 0
 2a a

  f  x  dx  2 f  x  dx If f  2a  x   f  x  
 0 0 

 2

 log sin t dt  2 log sin t dt

0 0

2
 I1   log sin x dx  I
0
From result (iii)
 
2
2I  I1  log 2 dx
0

 2I  I  log 2  x 02

 I   log 2
2

  log 2
2

4
sin 2 x
0 1  sin x cos x dx
(3) Evaluate

4
sin 2 x
I dx
0
1  sin x cos x
Ans :

4
1
 dx
0
1  sin x cos x
sin 2 x

4
1
 dx
0
coesc x  cot x
2


4
1
 dx
0
coesc x  1  cot x
2

Let cos t  t   cos ec x dx  dt

2

dt dt
 dx   
2
cos ec x 1 t2
If x = 0 then t = 0

x
If 4 then t = 1
1
1
I  dt 
0  t  t  11  t 
2 2

 t t 1 
1
   2  dt 
0
1 t 2
t  t  1
t 1
1 1
t
 dt   2 dt
0
1 t 2
0
t  t 1
1 1
1 2t
1  2t  1 1
I   2 dt   2 2 2 dt
2 0 t 1 0
t  t 1
1 2t  1
1 1 1
1 2t 1 1
  2 dt   2 dt   dt
2 0 t 1 2 0 t  t 1 2 0 t2  t  1  3
4 4
1 2t  1
1 1 1
1 2t 1 1
  2 dt   2 dt   dt
2 0 t 1 2 0 t  t 1 2 0  1   3 2
2

t    
 2  2 
1
1 1 1 2 2t  1 
  log t 2  1  log t 2  t  1   tan 1 
2 2 2 3 3 0
 1 1
 log 2  log 3 
2 2
1
3
tan 1  3   12 log1  12 log1  1
3
tan 1
1
3
1 2 1  1 
 log   
2 3 3 3 36
1 2 1 
 log  
2 3 3 6
1 2 
 log 
2 3 6 3

2
cos x
 1  cos x  sin x dx
(4) Evaluate 0

2
cos x
I dx ...(i)
0
1  cos x  sin x
Ans :
  
2 cos   x 
I 2  dx
0 1  cos      
  x   sin   x 
2  2 

2
sin x
I dx ...  ii 
0
1  sin x  cos x
Taking sum of results (i) and (ii)

2
cos x  sin x
2I   dx
0
1  cos x  sin x

2
1  cos x  sin x  1
 dx
0
1  cos x  sin x
 
2 2
1
  dx   dx
0 0
1  cos x  sin x

  x 02  I1

  I1 ...  iii 
2

2
1
t1   dx
1  cos x  sin x
0 {kt
 2dt
tan  t dx 
Taking 2 , 1 t2
If x = 0 then t = 0

x
If 2 then t = 1

1  tan 2
2  1 t
2
cos x 
 1 t2
1  tan 2
2 yLku
 
2 tan
sin x  2  2t
 1 t2
1  tan 2
2
substituting all these values in I1
2dt
1
I1   1 t2
 1 t2 
0
1  2 
 2t
 1 t 
1
2dt

0
1  t  1  t 2  2t
2

1
2dt

0
2  2t
1
dt

0
1 t
1
 log 1  t 
0

= log 2
substituting this value in the equation (iii)

2I   log 2
2
 1
 I   log 2
4 2
f  x     f  x  , x  R
(5) For   0 , if i.e. if f has period , prove that
n  10
 f  x  dx  n  f  x  dx,  sin x dx
0 0 where n  N and hence obtain 0
n
I  f  x  dx, n  N
Ans : 0
 2 3  k 1 n
  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx  .....   f  x  dx  .....   f  x  dx
0  2 k  n 1

 f  x  dx
We shall prove that each of these integrals is equal to 0
 k 1
Ik   f  x  dx
k
k  1, 2, .....,  n  1
Now let
Let x  k  t , dx  dt
x   k  1  t  .
When x  k , t  0 and ,

 Ik   f  k  t  dt
0

If  is a period of f, then k are periods of f.

k  N
 f  k  t   f  t 
  
 Ik   f  t  dt   f  x  dx
0 0
 k 1 
 f  x  dx   f  x  dx  k  1, 2, 3, ...., n  1
i.e. k 0
  
 I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx  ......   f  x  dx
0 0 0 ( n times)

 n  f  x  dx
0
10
I  sin x dx.
Now 0

 10  sin x dx
sin x
0 (period is  )

 10  sin x dx
0 (for 0  x   , sin x  0 )

 10   cos x 0
 10 cos   cos 0
 10  1  1
 10  2 
 20

2

x
 sin x  cos x dx  2 2
log  2 1 
(6) Prove that 0

2
x
I  cos x  sin x dx
Ans : 0
 
2 x
I   2  dx
   
0 cos   x   sin   x 
2  2 
  
2  x
   dx
2
cos x  sin x
0
 

2 2
x
 2 dx   dx
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
0 0

2
 1
I  
2 cos x  sin x
dx  I
0
 
2
 1
 2I  
2 cos x  sin x
dx
0

2
 1
4
I  dx
 1 1 
0 2 cos x  sin x 
 2 2 

2
 1
I 
4

2   
dx
0  cos x cos  sin x sin 
 4 4

2
 1

4 2
  
dx
0 cos  x  
 4

2
  

4 2
 sec  x  4  dx
0

      2
 log sec  x    tan  x   
4 2  4  4  0
         
 log sec     tan     log sec     tan    
4 2 2 4 2 4  4  4
     
 log sec 4  tan 4  log sec 4  tan 4 
4 2 


4 2

log 2  1  log 2  1 
  2 1 2 1 
 log   
2  1 
2 1  
4 2  2 1

 
2
 log 2  1
4 2


2 2
log 2  1  
1  x  x2  dx
1
1
 cot
(7) Evaluate : 0

1  x  x2  dx
1
1
I   cot
Ans : 0
0  x  1
0  1  x  1
 0  x 1  x   1
0  x  x2  1
0  1  x  x2
 1
 1 
 I   tan 1  1
2 cot 1 x  tan 1
dx
0  1  x  x  x for x  0 )
(
1
 1 
  tan 1   dx
0  1  x 1  x  
1
 x  1  x  
  tan 1   dx
0  1  x 1  x  

 
1
  tan 1 x  tan 1 1  x  dx  0  x  1, 0  1  x  1, 0  x 1  x   1
0
1 1
  tan 1 x dx   tan 1 1  x  dx
0 0
1 1
  tan 1 x dx   tan 1 1  1  x   dx
0 0
1 1
  tan 1 x dx   tan 1 x dx
0 0
1
 2 tan 1 x 1 dx
0
1 1
x
 2  x tan 1 x   2 dx
 0 1 x2 0
1 1
2x
 2  x tan 1 x    dx
 0 x2 1 0
1 1
 2  x tan 1 x   log x 2  1 
  0   0
 2  tan 1 1  0  log 1  1  log  0  1
 

 2     log 2  log1
4

  log 2
2

2x 1  sin x 

1  cos 2 x
dx
(8) Evaluate : 

2x 1  sin x 
I  2
dx
Ans :  1  cos x
 
2x 2x sin x
  1  cos2 x dx   1  cos2 x dx
 
 
2x 2x sin x
 I  I1  I2
I1   1  cos2 x dx I2   1  cos2 x dx
, where  and 
2x 2x sin x
f x  gx 
Let 1  cos2 x and 1  cos2 x
 2  x  2x
f  x     f  x 
Then
1  cos 2
 x  1  cos2 x
and
2   x  sin  x  2x sin x
g  x     gx
1  cos2   x  1  cos2 x
f  x  gx
is an odd function and is an even function.

2x sin x
I2  2  dx
2
 I1  0 and 0 1  cos x

x sin x
 I2  4  dx
2
0 1  cos x i

 4
   x  sin    x  dx
0 1  cos    x 
2


 4
   x  sin x dx
2
0 1  cos x
 
 sin x x sin x
I2  4  dx  4  dx
2 2
0 1  cos x 0 1  cos x

sin x
 I 2  4  dx  I2
2
0 1  cos x i 

sin x
 2I2  4  dx
2
0 1  cos x
Let cos x  t ,  sin x dx  dt, sin x dx  dt. When x  0 , t  1 and when x   , t  1
1
dt
 2I2  4 
2
1 1 t
1
dt
 4 
2
1 1  t
1
 4  tan 1 t 
  1
 4  tan 1 1  tan 1  1
 
 
 4   
4 4
 2I2  22
 I 2  2
I  I1  I2
 I  0  2
 I  2

2

 log sin x dx   2 log 2.
(9) Prove that 0
 
2
I   log sin x dx i 
Ans : 0

2
 
 I   log sin   x  dx
0
2 

2
 I   log cos x dx  ii 
0

Adding
i and
 ii  we get
 
2 2
2I   log sin x dx   log cos x dx
 0
2

2
   log sin x  log cos x  dx
0

2
  log  sin x  cos x  dx
0

2
 2sin x cos x 
  log   dx
0
 2 

2
 sin 2x 
  log   dx
0
 2 
 
2 2
  log sin 2x dx   log 2 dx
0 0

2
I1   log sin 2x dx
Let, 0

2
 2I  I1  log 2  dx  ii 
0

2
I1   log sin 2x dx
Now, 0
1
dx  dt
Let 2x  t. we get 2

x
when x  0 , t  0 and when 2 , t  .
 
1
 I1   log sin t  dt
2
0

1
  log sin t dt
2
0
 
2  2
1
  2   log sin t dt  log sin t dt  2  log sin t dt
2
0 log sin    t   log sin t.
( So 0 0 )

2
 I2   log sin t dt
0

2
 I1   log sin x dx  1
0 (Definite integral does not depend upon variable)
So, from
 iii  we get,

2I  I  log 2
2

 I   log 2
2

x 2 sin x
0  2x   1  cos2 x  dx
(10) Evaluate

x 2 sin x
I dx
Ans :
0  2x    1  cos 2
x 


  x sin    x 
2 2

I dx
0  2x  2x    (1  cos2    x 



2
 2
 2x  x 2  sin x
dx
0    2x  1  cos2 x 



2
 2
 2x  sin x  x 2 sin x
dx
0    2x  1  cos2 x 

2
    2x  sin x x 2 sin x
 dx   dx
0    2x  1  cos2 x   2x    1  cos2 x 

2
sin x
I   dx  I
0
1  cos 2
x

2
sin x
 2I   dx
0
1  cos 2 x
Taking cos x = t,  sin x dx = dt
If x = 0 then t = 1

x
and 2 then t = 0
 dt
0
 2  
1
1 t2
dt
0
 
1
1 t2
   tan 1  t 
1

   tan 1  tan 1 0

1

 
2
   
4 4
2
2I 
4
2
I 
8
1
x
 sin
1
dx
x 1
(11) Evaluate 0

1
x
I   sin 1 dx
0
x 1
Ans :
Take x  tan θ , dx  2 tan θ.sec θ.dθ
2 2

π
θ
As x 0 , and as θ  0 and as x  1 , 4
π
4
tan 2 θ
I   sin 1
.2 tan θ.sec2 θ. dθ
0
1  tan θ
2

π
4
tan 2 θ
  sin 1 . 2 tan θ . sec2 θ. dθ
0
sec2 θ
π
4
I   sin 1  sin θ  .2 tan θ . sec2 θ.dθ
0
π
4
  2θ. tan θ. sec2 θ.dθ ...  i 
0

 2θ. tan θ. sec θ. dθ

2
Now,
d 
 2θ.  tan θ. sec2 θ dt     2θ   tan θ. sec 2 θ.dθ  dθ
 dθ 
tan θ2
tan θ
2
 2θ.   2. dθ
2 2
 θ. tan 2 θ    sec2 θ  1dθ
 θ tan 2 θ  tan θ  θ
Substituting this value in the result (i)
π
4
I   2θ tan θ sec2 θ dθ
0
π
 θ tan 2 θ  tan θ  θ  4
0
 π π π π
  tan 2  tan    0
4 4 4 4
π π
 1
4 4
π
 1
2

4

 log 1  tan x  dx  8 log 2
(12) Prove the following 0

4
I   log 1  tan x  dx
Ans : 0

4
  
  log 1  tan   x   dx
0  4 
   
4
 tan  x 
  log 1  4
 dx

0  1  tan  tan x 
 4 


 1  tan x 
4
  log 1  dx
0  1  tan x 


1  tan x  1  tan x 
4
  log   dx
0  1  tan x


 2 
4
  log   dx
0  1  tan x 
 
4 4
  log 2 dx   log 1  tan x  dx
0 0

4
I   log 2dx  I
0
x
2I  log 2   x 04

  log 2 
4

 I  log 2
8
1
log 1  t 
 1 t2
dt
(13) Evaluate 0
1
log 1  t 
I dt
0
1 t2
Ans :
Taking t  tan 
dt  sec2  d
If t = 0 then   0


If t = 1 then 4
 
4
log 1  tan  
I sec2  d
0
1  tan  2


4
I   log 1  tan   d
0 sec 2
  1  tan 2 

4
  
  log 1  tan      d
0  4 
   
4
 tan  tan  
  log 1  4
 d

0  1  tan tan  
 4 


 1  tan  
4
  log 1  d
0  1  tan  


 1  tan   1  tan  
4
  log 1   d
0  1  tan 
 
4 4
I   log 2  d   log 1  tan   d
0 0

2I  log 2   4
0

 2I  log 2 
4

I  log 2
8
3
dx
 x  x  1
2
(14) Evaluate 1
3
dx
I
1
x  x  1
2
Ans :
1 Ax  B C
 
x  x  1
2
x 2
x 1
1   Ax  B x  1  C
Comparing the co-efficient of x2 and x and the constant terms from both the sides of the equation. We get
A  1, B = 1 and C = 1
1 x 1 1
 2  2 
x  x  1 x x 1
x 1 1
 2  2
x x x 1
1 1 1
  2
x x x 1
3
1
I 2 dx
1
x  x  1
 1 1 1 
3
   2   dx
1  x x x  1 
 3
 1 
   log x   log x  1 
 x 1
 1 
   log 3   log 4    log1  1  log 2
 3 
1
  log 3   2log 2  1  log 2  log1  0 
3
2
  log 3  log 2
3
2 2
  log
3 3

x tan x
 sec x  tan x dx
(15) Evaluate 0

x tan x
I dx
sec x  tan x
Ans : 0

x sin x
 dx
0
1  sin x i
Replace x by   x in
i

I  
   x  sin    x  dx
1  sin    x 
0


   x  sin x dx
1  sin x
0
 
 sin x x sin x
 dx   dx
1  sin x 1  sin x
0 0

sin x
 I   dx  1
0
1  sin x
(by
i )

sin x
 2I    dx
1  sin x
0

1  sin x  1
  dx
1  sin x
0
 
dx
  dx  
1  sin x
0 0

 dx
   x 0   
1  sin x
0

dx
 2   
1  sin x
0

dx
I1  
1  sin x
Now let, 0
 
2
dx
 2
0
1  sin x  f  2a  x   f    x   f  x 
x 2dt 2t  
 t, dx 
tan , sin x  0, 2 
2 2
Let, 2 1  t 1  t in
 
x t  tan  1
when 2, 4 and when x  0 , t  0.
2dt
2 1
 I1  2 1  t
2t
0 1
1 t2
1
dt
 4

0 1 t
2

1
 1 
 4 
 1  t  0
 1 
 4    1
 2 
1
 4   2
2

 2I  2  2      2  I     2
2


4


Obtain ( tan x  cot x ) dx.
(16) 0
  
4
cos x 
4 4
sin x sin x  cos x

solution : I  ( tan x  cot x )  
 cos x

sin x 
dx   dx 
0 
0 0
sin x . cos x
Let , sinx - cosx  t so (cosx  sinx) dx  dt and (sinx - cosx) 2  t 2  1  2 sin x cos x  t 2
1- t 2 
 sinx cosx  and x  0  t  - 1 and x   t  0
2 4
0 0
dt dt     
I  1 t 2
 2  1 t 2
 2 [sin 1 t ]01  2 0      I 
  2  2
1 1
2

16

 tan
1
x 1 dx
(17) 1
 16
  
solution : I   tan x  1 dx Let , x  sec 4 t so dx  4sec 3 t (sec t tan t ) dt 0  t 
-1

1
 3 

3

x  1  t  sec -1 1  0 and x  16  t  sec -1 2  I  4  t . sec
3
t (sec t tan t ) dt
3
0
   

  sec 4 
t 3
3
sec t  
 4
  sec 4 t 
I  4  t . 
 1 . 
 sec t (sec t tan t ) dt  
3
   
dt

 4 0
 4   4 
0  

 

   
 4 1 3  16 
3
 4   sec t (1  tan 2 t ) dt  I  I1 I1   sec t (  tan 2 t ) dt
2 2
 3 4  3
 0
 0
 

Let tan t  u so sec 2 t dt  du t  0  u  0 and t   u  3
3
3
3
 u3  3 3
I1  
(1  u ) dx   u   3   2 3
2

0 
 3 
 0
3
16 
Put in result (i),  I   2 3
3

1
 1 x 
 cos 2 cot
1  dx
1 x 
(18) 0 
1
 1  x    



solution : I  cos  2cos -1
1 x  
dx Let x  cos t , so dx   sin t dt  0  t   x  0  t  and x  1  t  0
 2 2
0


0
1  cos t   
2
t   t 

 I   cos  2 cot 1

 1  cos t    2 

. sin t dt  cos  2 cot 1  tan   . sin t dt  0   
 2 4
 0
2
   

2
    t  
2
1
2
1   cos 2t  2
2

  
 cos 2 cot 1  cot     sin t dt  cos (  t ) . sin t dt   cos t sin t dt   sin 2t dt   
   2 2   2 2  2  0 
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
 [cos   cos 0]  [1  1]  I  
4 4 2
1


Obtain log ( 1  x  1  x ) dx
(19) 0
1   1 1 
1
1

solution : I  log ( 1  x  1  x ) .1x  [log ( 1  x  1  x ) . x ]10     . x dx
 1 x  1 x   2 1 x 2 1 x 
0 0  
1 1
1 ( 1  x  1  x )x1  1 ( 1 x  1 x )2 . x
 (log 2 ) 
2  dx   log 2  
2  2 (
0 ( 1 x  1 x ) 1 x 1 x  1 x ) ( 1 x  1 x ) . 1 x 2
2
0
1 1
1  1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1  1 1 
  log 2  
2  2  1 x 2
dx 
2
dx   log 2   [sin 1 x ]10  [ x ]10  log 2     I  [log 2   1]
2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
 1


Obtain tan1 (1  x  x 2 ) dx
(20) 0
1
1
 1
1   
   tan 1 
1 1   dx

solution : I  tan (1  x  x ) dx  cot       
-1 2 2
dx (1 x x 0)
 1 x  x 2  2  1 x  x 2  
0 0   0  

1  
1 1 1 1
  
1  dx   [ x ]10  tan 1  x  (1  x )  dx   [ x ]10  (tan 1 x  tan 1 (1  x )) dx

2  dx   tan  1 x  x 2 
  2 

 1  x (1  x ) 
 2 
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
 
( x  0,1  x  0, x (1  x )  0    
 (tan 1 x  tan 1 ( x  1)) dx   tan 1 x dx  tan 1 ((1  x )  1) dx
2 2
0 0 0


1 1

1
  1
1 

1

1

1 1
  tan x  tan ( x ) dx   2 tan x .1 dx   2 [tan x . x ]0  
1
. x dx 
2
0 0
2
0
2  0
1  x2 

   1 1
2x   
  2       [log (1  x )]0  log 2
2 1
dx
2  4 2 0
1 x 2
 2 2

4
3
dx
Evaluatethefollowing x x2 1
3
(21) 4
4
3
dx 3 3 4 4
Solution: I  x x2 1
x  tan dx  sec2  . d x
4
   tan1  
4
x
3
   tan1  
3
3
4
4 4 4
tan 1   tan 1   tan 1  
3 3 3
sec2  . d sec 
I  tan tan2   1
  tan
 d  cosec . d
3 3 3
tan 1   tan 1   tan 1  
4 4 4
4
tan 1  

 log cosec  cot   
3
3
 4  4  3  3
 log cosec  tan1   cot tan1   log cosec tan1   cot tan1 
1
tan    3  3  4  4
4
2
5 3 5 4 2 1 3
 log   log   log  log  log 4  I  log  
4 4 3 3 4 3 1 2
3

Evaluatethefollowing x sin 4 x dx 
(22) 0
     

    
Solution: I  x sin 4 x dx  (  x ) sin 4 (  x ) dx  (  x ) sin 4 x dx   sin 4 x dx  x sin 4 x dx
0 0 0 0 0

 2I    sin
4
x dx
0
 2  
 1  cos 2x      1  cos 4x  
 
 2
 dx 
 4 
(1  2 cos 2x  cos2 2x ) dx 
4  
1  2 cos 2x  
 2
  dx

0 0 0
  
   4 sin 2x sin 4x 

8 
(2  4 cos 2x  1  cos 4x ) dx 
8 
(3  4 cos 2x  cos 4x ) dx  3x 
8 2

4  0
0 0

  3 2
 [(3  2 sin 2  sin 4)  (0)] 2I  [3] I 
8 8 16


4


Evaluatethefollowing x . cos3x . cos x dx
(23) 0
  
4 4 4
1 1

Solution : I  x . cos3x . cos x dx 
2 
2x . cos3x . cos x dx 
2 
x (cos4x  cos 2x ) dx
0 0 0
      
 
1
4
1
4 
1  sin 4x  4 sin 4x 4 
1  sin 2x  4
4
sin 2x 

2 
x cos 4x . dx 
2 
x cos 2x dx   x .
2 
  (1) .
4 0 
   x .
4  2 
  (1) .
2 0 2 
 
0 0 0 0
   
   
   
1     cos 4x  4  1    1    cos 2x  4 
   .(0)  0          0    
2 4   16  0  2  4  2    4  0 
   
1  1 1  1   1   1 1   1  1 1
         0           (  2)
2  16 16  2  8  4  16 2  8 4  16 16
1 1
 (1    2)  I  (  3)
16 16


2
cos x
Evaluatethefollowing  (1 sin x) (2  sin x) dx
(24) 0


Solution: sin x  t cos x dx  dt and x  0  t  0 x  t 1
2
1
dt 1 A A
I   
(1  t )(2  t ) (1  t )(2  t ) 1  t 2  t
1  A(2  t )  B(1  t )
0
T aking t  1,  1  A(2 - 1)  A  1 T akingt  -2,  1  B(1 - 2)  B  -1
1 1
 1 1   |1 t |  2 1 4
I      dt[log| 1  t |  log | 2  t |]0  log  log  log I  log
1

0
1 t 2  t   | 2  t |0 3 2 3
 
2
Evaluatethefollowing cos3x (1  sin x ) 2 dx 


(25) 2

2
Solution : I   cos 3x (1  sin x ) dx .....(1) Taking  x instead of x
2


-
2
 
2 2
I  cos 3(x )(1  sin (x ) ) dx   cos 3x (1  sin x )
2 2
dx ......(2) Taking (1) + (2),
 
 
2 2

2
2I   cos 3x (1  2 sin x  1  sin x  2 sin x  sin 2 x ) dx
2


-
2
 
2 2
  cos 3x (2  2 sin 
x ) dx  2 cos 3x (1  sin 2 x ) dx
2

 
 
2 2
   

 cos 3x dx   4 cos 
2 2 2 2
2I  2  cos 3x . dx  2  cos 3x sin x dx I  x  3 cos x sin 2 x dx
2 3

   
   
2 2 2 2
  
2 2 2
  cos 3x dx   4 cos x . sin 2 x dx   3 cos x . sin
3 2
x dx
  
  
2 2 2
 
 sin 3x  2  sin 3 x  2  1  2 8
I  2   4 I1  3( 2)    2  0  4I1  2  0    4I1  2 I  4I1  .....(3)
 3 0  3  0  3  3 3
   
2 2 2 2
I1   sin  
x . cos3 x dx  2 sin 2 x . cos2 x . cos x dx  2 sin 2 x (1  sin 2 x ) cos x dx  2 (sin 2 x  sin 4 x ) cos x dx 
2

 0 0 0

2

 sin 3 x sin 5 x  2 1 1 4 4 8 16 8 8
 2    2   T akingI1  in (3), I  4  -   I
 3 5 
0
3 5 15 15 3 15 3 5

1
2  x2
Evaluatethefollowing  (1 x) 1 x 2
dx
0
(26)
 1
2  x2 
Solut ion: I   (1  x) 1 x2
dx Let, x  sin dx  cos d If x  0 t hen   0 If x  1 t hen 
2
0
  
2 2 2
2  sin  2
2  sin 2
1  1  sin 2 
I  (1  sin ) 1  sin 2 
cos d   (1  sin ) . cos
cos d 
1  sin   d
0 0 0
    
2 2 2 2 2
1  cos  2
1 cos  2
1 1  sin 2 
  1  sin 
d 
1  sin 
d  
1  sin 
d     
d  
1  sin 
d
0 0 0 0 1  cos    0
2 
   
2 2 2 2
1 1
   
d  1  sin  d  
2   
d  1  sin  d  
0 1  cos    0 0 2 cos    0
2   4 2
 

2 2
1 2      2    
  2 sec  4  2  d  1  sin  d  t an 4  2     cos 0  0   (1  0  1) I 
 2  2
0 0


2
dx
Evaluatethefollowing  sin x  cosx  2
(29) 0
 2dt
2 1 1
dx x 2dt 1 t2 2dt
Solution: I  
sin x  cos x  2
Let, tan  t dx 
2 1 t2
I  2t 1 t2
 
2t  1  t 2  2  2t 2
0 0   2 0
1 t2 1 t2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2  1  t  1 
 t 2  2t  3 dt   t 2  2t  1  2   t  12    2
2
dt 
2
 tan 
  2

 0
0 0 0
  1 
  2 
 1  1  
 2  tan1 2  tan1   2  tan 
2
 2  1 
 1  2. 
  
 2
  2  1 
 2  tan1    2 tan1 1

  (1  1) 2  2 2

ex
1
Evaluatethefollowing  1 ex dx
(30) 0

1 x
Solution: e - x  t  e x  e  dx  dt x  0  t  1 x  1  t  e 1
t
e 1 e 1 1 1
 dt t dt t 11  1 
I  1
  1 t
  1  t
dt   1 
 t  1
 dt

1 1 1 e 1 e 1
t
 [ t  log| t  1 |]1 1  (1  log(2))  e 1  log e 1  1
e
  
1 1 e  1 e  1
 1  log 2   log  I  1  log 
e  e   2e  e
 a
x4
Evaluatethefollowing  a2  x
dx.
(31) 0


Solution : x  a sin  dx  a cos . d x  0    0 x  a   
2
   
2 2 2 2 2
a 4 sin 4  . a cos . d sin 4  . a cos . d  1  cos 2 
I  a  
 a 4 sin 4  . d  a 4  
4

a 2  a 2 sin 2  a cos  2 
0 0 0 0
 

 1  2 cos2  cos 2d  4  1  2 cos2  2  d

4 2 4 2
a a  1  cos 4 
 2
4
0 0


4 2 4
 4 sin 2 sin 4  2
 3  4 cos2  cos4d 
a a
 3   
8
0
8  2 4 0
a4    1      a  3
4
 3a 4
 
 3  2 sin 2   sin 4    0     I
8  2 2 4  2   8  2  16


2
sin 2 x
Evaluatethefollowing  cos x  sin x
dx
(32) 0
   
2 sin 2   x  2
sin x 2
 2 
Solution: I  
cosx  sin x
dx ....(1) T aking  x insteadof x , I 
2    

dx
0 0 cos  x   sin   x 
2  2 

2
cos2 x
  cosx  sin x
dx .....(2) T aking(1)  (2) ,
0
  
2 2 2
(sin x  cos x )
2 2
1 1 1
2I   sin x  cosx
dx  
sin x  cosx
dx 
2   
dx
0 0 0 sin x . cos  cosx .sin
4 4
  
1  2
2 2
1 1 1     
 
2 0 sin    x 
dx 
20 4  
cosec   x  dx  2I  log cosec   x   cot  x  
2 4  4  0
 
 4 


1       
log cosec     cot    log cosec  cot  
4 2 4 2
1
log 2  1  log 2  1  
2  4 4 2

1  2 1  1  ( 2  1) 2  1 1
2I  log  log  [2 log( 2  1)] I log( 2  1)
2  2  1  2  2 1  2 2


2
x sinx.cosx 2
P rove that  cos4 x  sin 4 x . dx 
16
.
(33) 0
 
2
x sin x. cosx  
Solut ion: I   cos4 x  sin 4 x dx T aking   x  inst ead of x,
 2 
0
     
 x  sin   x  cos  x 
2
I   2  2  dx
2
 4   4  
0 cos   x   sin   x 
 2   2 
   

2   x  sin x cosx 2 sin x. cosx 2
  
2 x sin x . cosx
cos x  sin x
4 4
dx  2

cos x  sin x
4 4
dx 
cos4 x  sin 4 x
dx 
0 0 0
  
2 2 2
 sin x. cosx  sin x . cosx  sin x . cosx
I  
2 cos x  sin x
4 4
dx  I  2I 
2 1  2 sin x . cos x
2 2 
dx 
2 1  1 (sin 2x ) 2
dx 
0 0 0
2
  
2 2 2
 sin 2x  sin 2x  sin 2x
 
4 1  1 (1  cos2 2x )
dx  
4 1  1  1 cos2 2x
dx 
4 1  1 cos2 2x
dx 
0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2
Let, cos2x = t ... -2sin2x dx = dt
dt 
 sin 2x dx   If x  0  t  1 x   t  1
2 2
dt
1 
 
1 1 1
 2   2dt   dt  dt  1
2I     
 tan1 t 0 
 t 2 8 11  t 4 1 t 2 1 t
4 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 0
2 2
    2 2
 [tan1 (1)  tan1 (0)]    0 2I  I 
2 2 4  8 16

OTHER THAN PMPHLET 4 MARKS QUESTION

sin x cos x
Obtain thetriangleof thefollowingdefineon properdomain:
(1) cos x  3 cos x  2
2

sinx cosx dx
Solution : I   cos2 x  3 cosx  2
cos x  t  sin x dx   dt
 t dt t t A B
I   t 2  3t  2    (t  2)(t 1) dt   
( t  2)(t  1) t  2 t  1
  t  A( t  1)  B( t  2)
T aking t   2 , T akingt   1,
2  A(2  1)  1  B (1  2)
A   2 B 1
 2 1  1 1
I  
 t2

  dt   2
t  1   t  2 dt   t  1 dt   2 log t  2  log t  1  c  log(2  t )  2  log ( t  1)  c

2
 1  t 1 cos x  1
 log    log ( t  1)  c  log  c  I  log c
2  (2  t ) (2  cos x 2 )
t 2

x2  x 1
Obtain theintegralsof thefollowingdefinedon properdomain:
x2  4
(2)
 x2  x 1  x2  4  3 x 
Solut ion : I   dx    dx

 
x 4
2
 x 4
2
x 4
2

1 1 2x
 
x 2  4 dx  3
x 4
2 
dx 
2 x 2
 4
dx 
x 4
 x 2  4  log | x  x 2  4 |  3 log | x  x 2  4 |  x 2  4  c
2 2
x
 x 2  4  2 log | x  x 2  4 |  3 log | x  x 2  4 |  x 2  4  c
2
x
I x 2  4  log | x  x 2  4 |  x 2  4  c
2
1
Obtain theintegralsof thefollowingdefinedon properdomain:
(3) sin x  2 sin x cos x
2

1 sec2 x dx  1 
Solution: I   sin 2 x  2 sin x cosx dx   
tan2 x  2 tan x 
Multiply the numeratorand the denominato
r by 
cos2 x 
tan x  t sec2 x dx  dt
dt 1 1 t2t 1 1 1 
I 
t 2  2t
 
t (t  2)
dt  
2 t (t  2)
dt    
 dt
2  t t 2
1 1 t 1 tan x
 [log | t |  log | t  2 |]  c  log  c I  log c
2 2 t2 2 tan x  2
(4) Obtain the integrals of the following defined on proper domain : log (1 + x)1 + x
 
Solut ion : I  log(1  x )1 x dx  (1  x ) . log(1  x ).dx
 x 2
1  x 2 
 log(1  x ) x 

 2 


1 x
. x

 2 

. dx [ Indefinit eInt egrat ion ]

 2x  x 2  1 2x  x 2  x 2  2x  1  1  1 x 2  2x  1  1
 log(1  x ) . 

 2

 2
 1  x . dx  log(1  x ) . 

 2

 2

 x 1
. dx


 ( x  1) 2  1 
 1 ( x  1) 2  1 
 ( x  1) 2  1 
 1  1 
 log(1  x ) . 

 2


 2

x 1
. dx  log(1  x ) . 

 2


 2 

 x 1  dx
x 1

 ( x  1) 2  1 
 1  x 2  ( x  1) 2  1 x 2 x log | x  1 |
 log(1  x ) .     x  log | x  1 |   c '  . log(1  x )     c'
 2   
  2 2  2 4 2 2
 ( x  1) 2  1 1   x 2 x   ( x  1) 2   x 2  2 x  1  1 
 log(x  1)        c'  log(x  1)       c'
  
 2 2   4 2   2   4 

 ( x  1) 2 
 ( x  1) 2  1  ( x  1) 2  ( x  1) 2 1
 log(x  1)   c'  2 log(x  1) .     c'
 2  4  4  4 4
   
1 1
 I  ( x  1) 2 [2 log(x  1)  1]  c sÞktc  c'
4 4
k k
I
If f is a real function. Let I1   xf {x (1  x )}dx and I 2   f {x (1 x)}dx where(2k - 1)  0 . T hen find I12 .
1 k 1 -k
(5)
 k k k
solution : I1   x f {x (1 x)} dx   (1 x) f {(1 x) (1 (1 x))} dx   (1 x) f {x(1 x)} dx
1 k 1 k 1 k
k k
I1 1
I1   
f {x (1  x )} dx  x f {x (1  x )} dx  I1  I 2  I1  2I1  I 2  
I2 2
1 k 1 k

cos 1 1 6
if f ()  0 2 cos 1 , then obtain  f () d .
0 1 2 cos 0
(6)
cos  1 1
solution : Here f ()  0 2 cos  1  cos  ( 4 cos 2   1)  4 cos 3   cos 
0 1 2 cos 
 cos 3  3co   cos   cos 3  2 cos 
 

6 6
 sin 3 6 1 4
Now , I   f () d ()   (cos 3  2 cos ) d 
 3
 2 sin 
0

3
1 
3
0 0

2
sin x cos x
Obtain  (cos2 x  3 cosx  2) dx
(7) 0

2
sin x cos x 
Solut ion: I   (cos2 x  3 cos x  2) dx cos x  t x  0 t 1 sin x dx  dt x
2
t0
0
0 1 1
t (dt ) t dt t
 I  (t 2  3t  2)  t 2  3t  2  (t  2)(t  1)dt
 
1 0 0
t A 
    t  A( t  1)  B( t  2)
( t  2)(t  1) t  2 t  1
T aking t  1, - 1  B(1  2)  B  1 T akingt  2 , - 2  A(-2 1)  A  2
1
t 2 1  2 1 
   I   
 dt  [2 log| t  2 |  log| t  1 |]0
1
(t  2)(t  1) t  2 t  1  t  2 t 1
0

1 9
 ( t  2) 2   
9 4 9
 log   log  log  log 2  I  log 
 t 1  0 2 1  
4 8
 
 
1

4
x sin x
Obtain  cos3 x dx
(8) 0
   
4 4 4
x sin x x . sin x
Solution : I   cos3 x dx   cos x . cos2 x dx   x . tan x . sec
2
x dx
0 0 0

tan x  t sec2 x dx  dt x  0  t  0 x  t 1
4
1
  t 2  1 1 t 2
 
1 1 1
1 2 1  1 t2 11

I  tan t . t dt   tan1 t .     
1
. . dt  2 t . tan t  2  . dt
  2   2 2
   2
0    0 0 1 t 0 0
1 t

     
1 2 1  1   1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1

1
 t . tan t 0   1   . dt   t . tan t 0  t  tan ( t ) 0
1
2 2   1 t   2
2 2
0 
1
2
 1
  1 1   1 
 tan1 (1)  0  1  tan1 (1)  0  tan1 (0)     1     
2 24 2 4 8 2 8
  1
I 
4 2
a
dx
Obtain  x a2  x2
0
(9)

Solution : Let, x  a sin dx  a cos d If x  0 then   0 If x  a then  
2
   
2 2 2 2
a cos a cos 1 2 cos 1 (cos  sin )  (cos  sin )
I  a cos  a 2  a 2 sin 2 
 d   a sin   a cos d  2  sin   cos d  2  cos  sin 
d
0 0 0 0
  
  
cos  sin   1   
2 2
1 1   
  1d 
2  
d    0   [log| cos  sin  |]02     log1  log1  I 
cos  sin   2  2   2 2  4
0 0
  
 

2
cos2 x
Obtain  (sin x  cos x )
dx
(10) 0
 
2
cos2 x 
Solut ion: I  
sin x  cos x
dx .....(1) T aking - x inst ead of x ,
2
0
   
2 cos2 x   x  2
2  sin 2 x
I     
dx I  cos x  sin x
dx .....(2)
0 sin   x   cos  x  0
2  2 
  
2
sin 
x  cos2 x
2 2
1 1
2
1
T aking (1)  (2), 2I   sin x  cos x
dx  
sin x  cos x
dx 
2   
dx
0 0 0 sin x . cos  cos x . sin
4 4
  
1  2
2 2
1 1 1     
 
2 0 sin    x 
dx 
2 0 
cosec  x  dx  2I 
4 
log cosec   x   cot   x  
2 4  4  0
 
4 


1     
 log cosec     cot  
4 2 4 2
  
  log| cosec  cot  

1

log| 2  1|  log| 2  1 
2   4 4  2
 2 1  1  
2I 
1
log  2I 
2  1 
log
2 
( 2  1) 2
2 1
  2I 
1
(2) log ( 2  1)  I 
1

log 2  1 
2   2 2