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Facundo Ahumada •8 Julio, 2016
1
Ph.D. Director of Sport Science and
Research Leader. Brasil
2
Ph.D. Senior Physiologist Nucleus of High
Performance in Sport. Brasil
Concepto General
Figura 1. Modelo de
periodización clásica que varía
de entrenamiento de alto
volumen y baja intensidad a
entrenamiento de bajo volumen
y alta intensidad. En teoría, la
aptitud deportiva aumenta con
los ciclos de entrenamiento
sucesivos hasta que se logra el
objetivo (▲Rendimiento
máximo). Adaptado de Matveyev (3, 46, 49).
Evento Cantidad de atletas WC mejores que los PB de la temporada % EFF
Varones 48 8 17
Mujeres 36 G 25
Salto en alto
Varones 33 6 18
Mujeres 35 G 26
Salto triple
Varones 43 7 16
Mujeres 32 8 25
Varones 47 13 28
Mujeres 32 8 25
Entrenamiento Dirigido
Es evidente que este artículo no resolverá las controversias y debates que rodean la
base conceptual de la periodización del entrenamiento. Sin embargo, se observa una
clara necesidad de desarrollar métodos más prácticos, eficaces y realistas de
entrenamiento (y de desarrollo) para los atletas profesionales, que compiten varias
veces al año y necesitan mantener un rendimiento cerca del máximo durante todo el
macrociclo. Incluso para los atletas y equipos que tengan pocas competencias/partidos
durante un período determinado, el concepto de periodización debe ser revisado, ya
que su índice de efectividad para controlar y alcanzar el máximo rendimiento de los
atletas es muy bajo. Desde un punto de vista práctico, el seguimiento de los atletas por
medio de pruebas que tengan una buena correlacionan con el rendimiento deportivo
real es mucho más importante que el cumplimiento de los conceptos teóricos, que
afirman subjetivamente que la forma podría ser predecible y controlada. Con este
pensamiento simple y aplicado, los entrenadores de la fuerza pueden seleccionar
mejores maneras de controlar las fluctuaciones en la competitividad de las personas y
de los equipos, además de las variaciones ampliamente establecidas en los
componentes tradicionales del entrenamiento (es decir, volumen e intensidad). Esto
ayudará a los entrenadores a detectar adaptaciones inesperadas en los rasgos de
aptitud física de los atletas y ajustar las cargas de entrenamiento de acuerdo con estas
respuestas medidas. En este sentido, el uso de métodos validados para la evaluación
diaria de las cargas de entrenamiento internas podría ser una estrategia útil para
cuantificar/modular la intensidad del entrenamiento y su respectiva relación dosis-
respuesta con los cambios específicos en las capacidades físicas (64, 86). Es
necesario realizar más estudios para desarrollar métodos más eficaces y aplicados
para entrenar y desarrollar atletas de alto nivel para el éxito a largo plazo, con el fin de
perfeccionar su forma en concordancia con sus necesidades deportivas específicas.
Por último, recomendamos a los entrenadores que busquen métodos más precisos y
prácticos para controlar diariamente el rendimiento máximo y se guíen por la
retroalimentación proveniente de mediciones simples, ya que los conceptos subjetivos
y empíricos de la periodización de entrenamiento no pueden predecir este "punto"
crucial en los ciclos de entrenamiento de los atletas.
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