INTRODUCTION TO

COMMUNICATIONS

COURSE no. 8

Assoc. Prof. Luminiţa SCRIPCARIU

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 FROM THE PREVIOUS COURSE

 Reed-Solomon Codes

 Performances of error-correcting codes

 Line codes

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 QUESTION 1
Line codes are used for:
 data compression
 data encryption
 error correction
 bit timing

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 QUESTION 1
Line codes are used for:
 data compression
 data encryption
 error correction
 bit timing

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 QUESTION 2
Which of the following line codes associate
the input bits with signal levels?
 NRZ-M
 RZ
 Manchester
 MILLER

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 QUESTION 2
Which of the following line codes associate
the input bits with signal levels?
 NRZ-M
 RZ
 Manchester
 MILLER

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 QUESTION 3
Which of the following codes use a
ternary output alphabet?
 AMI
 BIF-M
 HDB3
 MILLER

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 QUESTION 3
Which of the following codes use a
ternary output alphabet?
 AMI
 BIF-M
 HDB3
 MILLER

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 QUESTION 4
Which of the codes below have a coding
rate equal to 1:1?
 AMI
 BIF-M
 MILLER
 NRZ-M

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 QUESTION 4
Which of the codes below have a coding
rate equal to 1:1?
 AMI
 BIF-M
 MILLER
 NRZ-M

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 QUESTION 5
The following bit sequence
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 is encoded as
+ 0 0 0 0 0 - + 0 0 0 0 0 -.
What line code is used in this case?
 AMI
 BIPOLAR 2
 HDB3
 HDB4
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 QUESTION 5
The following bit sequence
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 is encoded as
+ 0 0 0 0 0 - + 0 0 0 0 0 -.
What line code is used in this case?
 AMI
 BIPOLAR 2
 HDB3
 HDB4
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What do the abbreviations below
mean?
• BER
• PER
• BIF-M
• RZ
• AMI

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 LINEAR MODULATION

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 Amplitude Modulation
• AM – amplitude modulation
in which
• x(t) is the modulation wave (BB – Base
band signal)
• c(t) is the carrier (CW – continuous wave)
• s(t) is the modulated signal

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 Analogic AM
• DSB-AM Double Side Band
• SSB-AM Single Side Band
• VSB-AM Vestigial Side Band
• LSB-AM Left Side Band
• RSB-AM Right Side Band
• SC-AM Supressed Carrier

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• The carrier has a higher
frequency than the
modulation signal.
• The modulation signal
modulates the envelope of
the carrier.
• Envelope detection
sometimes may be used
to recover the modulation
signal.
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EXAMPLE:

For DSB-SC, envelope

detection cannot be used
(the rectified signal is
obtained).

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 Another example:
If the modulation
index exceeds 1, the
envelope detector
cannot be used.

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 AM signal expression

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 P.s.d - power spectral density

For the DSB-AM signal, synchronization is done

with a filter that extracts the carrier from the
received signal spectrum.
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 AM-SC Spectrum

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 SSB Spectrum

Any side band can be sent. This technique is

used to reduce the transmission bandwidth in
multiplexing systems (e.g. phone system).
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 Voice Multiplexing System

Voice channel is limited to 4 kHz.

Voice channels multiplexing is based on SSB-SC-
AM.
CCITT Modulation Plan is represented in the table
below.

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 Phone Groups Spectrum

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 REMARK
• AM is a linear modulation technique
because the BB spectrum shape is not
changed, it is just transposed around the
carrier frequency.

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 AM Parameters
• Modulation signal amplitude: Am
• Carrier amplitude: Ac
• Modulation index is the ratio of Am to Ac: m= Am/Ac
• Maximum frequency of the modulation signal: fm
• Carrier frequency: fc
• Modulated signal bandwidth: B
• Active power: Pa (power contained in side bands)
• Total power:Pt
• Modulation efficiency: h = Pa / Pt
• Oversized factor: k =
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 Exercise
Let us consider the modulated signal:
s(t )   5  cos(10000 t )cos(204000 t ) V 
I. Calculate the following parameters:
a. Modulation index
b. Active power
c. Total power
d. Modulation efficiency
e. Oversized factor.
II. Draw the graphic design of the AM signal amplitude
spectrum.

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 Proposed exercise
Let us consider the modulated signal:
s(t )   2  cos(20000t )cos(180000t )  V
I. Calculate the following parameters:
a. Modulation index
b. Active power
c. Total power
d. Modulation efficiency
e. Oversized factor.
II. Draw the graphic design of the AM signal amplitude
spectrum.

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 Amplitude demodulators

1. Coherent demodulator

2. Non-coherent demodulator (envelope

detector)

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 Envelope detection

• It is not used for AM-SC

signals or DSB-AM signals
with m>1.
• No carrier synchronization is
required.
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 Coherent Demodulator
• It modulates again the AM signal and
passes it through a LPF (Low-Pass Filter).
• The synchronized carrier is required in this
case.

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 Digital Modulation Techniques

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 Digital Modulation
• The modulator signal is digital (a sequence
of bits or symbols).

• Analog carriers are used.

• The name of the modulation technique is

given by the modulated parameter:
amplitude, phase or frequency.
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 Binary Digital Modulations

Which of the modulated signals above can be demodulated by

envelope detection?
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 Digital Amplitude Modulation
• ASK
• BASK – Binary ASK
• M-ASK (ex. 8-ASK, 16-ASK, 32-ASK)
• QAM (ex. 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM)
• MSK – Minimum Shift Keying
• GMSK – Gaussian MSK
• SFSK – Sinusoidal Frequency Shift Keying

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 Example: AM Spectral Analyze

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 ASK Demodulators

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
• Two DSB-SC amplitude modulators are used
with two orthogonal carriers
• Efficient use of the bandwidth
• Double the data rate.

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 QAM

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 State Diagram

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 4-QAM without offset

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 QAM Demodulator

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 Phase Digital Modulation
• PSK – Phase Shift Keying
• M-PSK (ex. 8-PSK, 16-PSK)
• M – the no. of states
• BPSK – Binary PSK
• QPSK – Quaternary PSK
• OQPSK – Offset QPSK
• DPSK – Differential PSK

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 BPSK / Polar ASK

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 Example of BPSK Waveform

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 P.s.d. of BPSK

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 PSK State Diagram

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 Frequency Digital Modulation
• FSK – Frequency Shift Keying
• BFSK – Binary FSK
• M-FSK (e.g. 4-FSK, 8-FSK)
• CPFSK – Continuous Phase FSK

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 BFSK
Discontinuous Phase BFSK Continuous Phase BFSK
 FSK Modulator Block Diagram

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 BFSK Waveform

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 BFSK P.S.D.

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 FSK Demodulator

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 CE-QAM/CPFSK Signals

• MSK – Minimum Shift Keying

• GMSK – Gaussian MSK

• SFSK – Sinusoidal FSK

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 Answer the question: What kind of
signals are represented below?

• s1

• s2

• s3

• s4

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 Digital Modulation Parameters
• Bit Rate: R (bps)
• Bandwidth: B(Hz)
• Spectral efficiency: R/B (b/s/Hz)
• Power-in-band: PB (W)

• Power out-of-band: Po (W)

• Total Power: PT (W)

• Power Efficiency: r (%)

• Demodulator BER.
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Describing Digital Modulation Techniques
• Type of modulation (modulated parameter)
• No. of states (modulation order)
• State Diagram
• Modulator Block Diagram
• Pulse shaping (pre-modulator filter characteristic)
• Signal Envelope (constant or variable)
• P.s.d. – power spectral density
• Demodulator Block Diagram
• Demodulator BER (for a transmission channel
with AWGN noise, Rayleigh fading etc.)
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 Remarks
• Digital modulations with a large number of
states and a high spectral efficiency (> 6
bits/s/Hz) are used for high speed data
transmission (e.g. 64-PSK, 256-QAM).
• Constant envelope (CE) digital modulated
signals with a high power efficiency
(>90%) are used for portable
communication devices (e.g. QPSK, FSK,
MSK, GMSK, SFSK)

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 PROPOSED EXERCISE
Read the value of the signal-to-noise ratio
corresponding to the BER of about 10^(-6) .

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