Which of the following parameters is used to calculate the received noise power in band by a circuit? Noise bandwidth Noise temperature Noise factor Noise figure
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 3
Which of the following parameters is used to calculate the received noise power in band by a circuit? Noise bandwidth Noise temperature Noise factor Noise figure
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 4
The dB value of SNR decreases from the input to the output of the receiver with: Received noise power Noise temperature Noise factor Noise figure
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 5
The dB value of SNR decreases from the input to the output of the receiver with: Received noise power Noise temperature Noise factor Noise figure
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 6
Friis relation is used to calculate: The received noise power The noise power produced by the circuit The noise temperature of a circuit with cascaded stages The noise factor of a circuit with cascaded stages
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 7
Friis relation is used to calculate: The received noise power The noise power produced by the circuit The noise temperature of a circuit with cascaded stages The noise factor of a circuit with cascaded stages
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 8
The timing error of a digital receiver at the sampling moments is called: AWGN Fading Intersymbol interference Jitter
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 9
The timing error of a digital receiver at the sampling moments is called: AWGN Fading Intersymbol interference Jitter
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 10
The steering angle of the directivity diagram can be modified by: Changing the antenna’s position Electronically controlling the current phase in the antenna array. Modifying the amplitude of current in the antenna Using a parabolic reflector.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 11
The steering angle of the directivity diagram can be modified by: Changing the antenna’s position Electronically controlling the current phase in the antenna array. Modifying the amplitude of current in the antenna Using a parabolic reflector.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 12
Find the noise figure of the amplifier with 3 cascaded blocks represented below. Calculate the dB values of the input and the output SNR of the entire circuit.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 13
ISI is produced by Band Limited (BL) channels The channel actions like a LPF on the rectangular pulse. The pulse shape becomes longer than a bit period. ISI increases for higher bit rates. ISI depends on the spectral efficiency (b/s/Hz) ISI channel is called dispersive channel.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 14
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 15 Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 16 ISI phenomenon is more powerful for higher bit rates. Error-rate is increased by ISI.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 17
• Analogic • Digital
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 18
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 19 Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 20 Carrier extraction from the received signal spectrum or generating the carrier using a local oscillator, with the same frequency and correct phase as the transmitted one. Digital systems require additional synchronizing circuits for bit, symbol or frame timing. Spread-spectrum systems require synchronization of the locally generated pseudo-random sequence (PRS) used to demodulate the received signal.
The carrier signal can be extracted from the received signal spectrum using a PLL (Phase Locked Loop). SC systems rebuild the carrier signal using non-linear PLL circuits (Costas Loop, Quadratic Loop) Carrier signal can be transmitted on an adjacent channel or periodically during timing intervals of data frames.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 23
A phase detector (PD) generates a voltage, proportional to the phase difference between two signals. The PD output voltage is used to control the VCO.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 24
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 25 Free oscillating frequency (fo) Sensitivity or Voltage-to-frequency conversion constant of VCO (Hz/V) Responsive level (the lowest input voltage level detected by VCO)
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 26
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 27 Capture range (PLL can achieve the lock state) Hold-in range (PLL tracks the input signal frequency and phase) Free-running frequency (fo) Voltage-to-frequency conversion constant of VCO (Hz/V) Responsive level (V) Loop gain (k) (calculated by multiplying all the amplification factors of the loop’s components) Loop order (equal to the order of loop’s filter plus 1).
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 28
The first order PLL locks in less than a signal period. It is the fastest one but it has an output non-zero error. Superior order loops works slower but the output error is reduced up to zero.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 29
PLL can be analyzed by applying the Laplace transform. Loop characteristics can be controlled by inserting different types of loop filters.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 30
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 31 Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 32 Carrier synchronization Bit synchronization Frequency Demodulators Frequency Multiplication Circuits by odd factors Delay Locked Loop (DLL) – used to synchronize PRS.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 33
Let us consider a PLL with a LPF represented in the following image. Calculate: LPF function: F(s) PLL system function Output Phase Error for an input FM signal (considering that the carrier frequency is equal to the free-oscillating frequency of VCO) :
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 34
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 35 Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 36 Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 37 Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 38 Correction of distortions caused by a communication channel or compensation of intersymbol interference (ISI) which occurs when the signal is transmitted by a Band-Limited (BL) channel can be done by an equalizing filter.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 39
It aims to achieve an ideal frequency characteristics. The method is used for low data-speed.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 40
It aims obtaining received signal samples like those transmitted. Equalizer is mandatory for any digital modem. Digital equalizers are adaptive FIR or IIR filters. The equalizers reduce the peak-error or the mean-square-error. This method is used for high data-speed.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 41
• No feedback/Non-recursive circuit • Filter order: N • Filter coefficients are deduced in order to minimize the error between the rebuilt sequence of samples and the transmitted one.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 42
Minimum peak-error criterion It is convergent only if the initial distortion is less than 100 %.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 43
Apply ZF algorithm in order to calculate the coefficients of an equalizer FIR filter for a communication channel with second-order ISI described by the following coefficients: g1 = 0.3 ; g2 = 0.15.
Luminita Scripcariu 1/3/2017 44
Theory Test Exercise Test (Access to the documentation and calculators are allowed during the exercise test!) Oral examination is optional. More information can be found on Moodle!