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−θ
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?
(cos θ, sin θ)
−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))
Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?
(cos θ, sin θ)
−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))
Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) =
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?
(cos θ, sin θ)
−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))
Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?
(cos θ, sin θ)
−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))
Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
2 cos(−θ) =
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?
(cos θ, sin θ)
−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))
Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
2 cos(−θ) = cos(θ)
Are the sine and cosine functions even or odd?
(cos θ, sin θ)
−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))
Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
2 cos(−θ) = cos(θ)
(cos θ, sin θ)
−θ
(cos(−θ), sin(−θ))
Theorem
Let θ ∈ R.
1 sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
2 cos(−θ) = cos(θ)
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin =
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin =
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
5 1 zeros of sin:
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
5 1 zeros of sin: kπ, where k ∈ Z
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
5 1 zeros of sin: kπ, where k ∈ Z
2 zeros of cos:
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
Facts:
1 dom cos = dom sin = R
2 ran cos = ran sin = [−1, 1]
3 sin is an odd function, while cos is even
4 sin and cos have period 2π
5 1 zeros of sin: kπ, where k ∈ Z
2 zeros of cos: (2k+1)π
2 , where k ∈ Z
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
The graphs of f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x:
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
One cycle of a sine wave: graph over one period
1
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
One cycle of a sine wave: graph over one period
1
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
One cycle of a sine wave: graph over one period
1
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
Sine Waves
GOAL
Given a, b, c, d ∈ R, give graphs of:
GOAL
Given a, b, c, d ∈ R, give graphs of:
GOAL
Given a, b, c, d ∈ R, give graphs of:
|a| = amplitude
Amplitude
amplitude = 3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
−2
−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
−2
−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
−2
−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
−2
−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
−2
−3
Example: f (x) = 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
−2π − 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2 2
−1
−2
−3
Amplitude
1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
Amplitude
1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2
Amplitude
1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
Amplitude
1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
Amplitude
1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
Amplitude
1
Example: f (x) = cos x
2
1
amplitude =
2
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
Amplitude
If a < 0,
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Example: f (x) = − 3 sin x
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Example: f (x) = − 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Example: f (x) = − 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
3
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
−2
−3
Amplitude
If a < 0, reflect the graph of y = |a| sin x (or y = |a| cos x) about
the x−axis.
Example: f (x) = − 3 sin x
amplitude = 3
3
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
−2
−3
Period
0 ≤ bx ≤ 2π
Period
0 ≤ bx ≤ 2π
m
2π
0≤x≤
b
Period
0 ≤ bx ≤ 2π
m
2π
0≤x≤
b
2π
The period of f (x) = sin bx or f (x) = cos bx is given by
|b|
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x
amplitude = 3,
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x
amplitude = 3,
period =
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x
amplitude = 3,
period = π
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x
amplitude = 3,
period = π
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
−2
−3
g(x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x
amplitude = 3,
period = π
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
−2
−3
g(x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x
amplitude = 3,
period = π
0π π π 3π 2π
4 2 2
−1
−2
−3
g(x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x
amplitude = 3,
period = π
0π π 3π π 3π 2π
4 2 4 2
−1
−2
−3
g(x) = 3 sin x
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x
amplitude = 3,
period = π
0π π 3π π 3π 2π
4 2 4 2
−1
−2
−3
amplitude = 3,
period = π
0π π 3π π 3π 2π
4 2 4 2
−1
−2
−3
0 π π 3π 2π 4π
2 2
−1
1
g(x) = cos x
2
1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π
0 π π 3π 2π 4π
2 2
−1
1
g(x) = cos x
2
1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π
0 π π 3π 2π 4π
2 2
−1
1
g(x) = cos x
2
1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π
0 π π 3π 2π 3π 4π
2 2
−1
1
g(x) = cos x
2
1 x
Example: f (x) = cos
2 2
1
amplitude = ,
2
period = 4π
0 π π 3π 2π 3π 4π
2 2
−1
1 1 x
g(x) = cos x f (x) = cos
2 2 2
If b < 0,
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
Examples:
x
1 f (x) = 2 sin −
3
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
Examples:
x x
1 f (x) = 2 sin − = −2 sin
3 3
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
Examples:
x x
1 f (x) = 2 sin − = −2 sin
3 3
2
2 g(x) = cos(−πx)
3
If b < 0, use the fact that sin is odd and cos is even to rewrite the
function first.
Examples:
x x
1 f (x) = 2 sin − = −2 sin
3 3
2 2
2 g(x) = cos(−πx) = cos(πx)
3 3
Phase Shift
− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1
−2
−3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
π h π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3
− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1
−2
−3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
π h π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3
− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1
−2
−3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
π h π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3
− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1
−2
−3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
π h π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3
− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1
−2
−3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
π h π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3
− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1
−2
−3
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x
π h π i
Example: f (x) = 3 sin 2x + = 3 sin 2 x +
2 4
π
amplitude = 3, period = π, phase shift: unit to the left
4
3
− π4 0π π 3π π
4 2 4
−1
−2
−3
h π i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2x f (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
4
Vertical Shift
amplitude = 3
π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h 2 π i
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4
amplitude = 3
period = π
π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h 2 π i
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4
amplitude = 3
period = π
π
phase shift: units left
4
π
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h 2 π i
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4
amplitude = 3
period = π
π
phase shift: units left
4
vertical shift: 2 units up
π 5
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h 2 π i 4
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2
4 3
amplitude = 3 2 h π i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
period = π 4
1
π
phase shift: units left
4 − π4 0π π 3π π
vertical shift: 2 units up −1
4 2 4
−2
−3
π 5
f (x) = 3 sin 2x + +2
h 2 π i 4
= 3 sin 2 x − (− ) + 2 h π i
4 3 f (x) = 3 sin 2 x + +2
4
amplitude = 3 2 h π i
f1 (x) = 3 sin 2 x +
period = π 4
1
π
phase shift: units left
4 − π4 0π π 3π π
vertical shift: 2 units up −1
4 2 4
−2
−3
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions
1 dom sec = R
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions
2 dom csc = R
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions
4 No zeros
6 period: 2π
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = sec x g(x) = cos x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = csc x g(x) = sin x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions
1 dom tan = R
Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
f (x) = tan x and g(x) = cot x
− 3π −π − π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2
−1
Recap: