dr.

Ridha Wahyutomo

Antibiotics by class

Generic name Brand names Common uses Possible side effects Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides

Amikacin Amikin
Infections caused by Gram-
Gentamicin Garamycin Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal
negative bacteria, such as
 Hearing loss subunit (some work by binding to the 50S
Kanamycin Kantrex Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
 Vertigo subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the
particularly Pseudomonas
Neomycin Mycifradin peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site
aeruginosa. Effective against  Kidney damage
and also causing misreading of mRNA,
Netilmicin Netromycin Aerobic bacteria (not
leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize
obligate/facultative anaerobes)
Streptomycin proteins vital to its growth.
and tularemia.
Tobramycin Nebcin
Paromomycin Humatin
Ansamycins
Geldanamycin Experimental, as antitumor
Herbimycin antibiotics

Carbacephem
prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting
Loracarbef Lorabid
cell wall synthesis.
 Carbapenems
Ertapenem Invanz  Gastrointestinal upset
Doripenem Finibax Bactericidal for both Gram- and diarrhea
positive and Gram-negative  Nausea
Imipenem/Cilastatin Primaxin organisms and therefore useful  Seizures
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
for empiric broad-spectrum  Headache
antibacterial coverage. (Note  Rash and allergic
Meropenem Merrem MRSA resistance to this class.) reactions

Cephalosporins (First generation)

Cefadroxil Duricef  Gastrointestinal upset
Cefazolin Ancef and diarrhea
 Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam
Cefalotin or Cefalothin Keflin concurrently) antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the
peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
 Allergic reactions
Cefalexin Keflex

Cephalosporins (Second generation)

Cefaclor Ceclor  Gastrointestinal upset
Cefamandole Mandole and diarrhea
 Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam
Cefoxitin Mefoxin concurrently) antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the
peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Cefprozil Cefzil  Allergic reactions
Cefuroxime Ceftin, Zinnat
 Cephalosporins (Third generation)
Cefixime Suprax
Omnicef,
Cefdinir
Cefdiel
Cefditoren Spectracef
 Gastrointestinal upset
Cefoperazone Cefobid and diarrhea
Cefotaxime Claforan  Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam
concurrently) antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the
Cefpodoxime Vantin peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
 Allergic reactions
Ceftazidime Fortaz
Ceftibuten Cedax
Ceftizoxime
Ceftriaxone Rocephin
Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)
 Gastrointestinal upset
and diarrhea
 Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam
Cefepime Maxipime concurrently) antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the
peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
 Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation)

 Gastrointestinal upset
and diarrhea
 Nausea (if alcohol taken Same mode of action as other beta-lactam
Ceftobiprole Used to treat MRSA concurrently) antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the
peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
 Allergic reactions
 Glycopeptides
Teicoplanin
inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
Vancomycin Vancocin
Macrolides
Zithromax,
Azithromycin Sumamed,
Zitrocin
Clarithromycin Biaxin  Nausea, vomiting, and
Streptococcal infections, diarrhea (especially at
Dirithromycin Dynabac syphilis, respiratory infections, higher doses)
mycoplasmal infections, Lyme inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis
Erythocin,  Jaundice
Erythromycin disease by binding irreversibly to the subunit 50S
Erythroped of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting
Roxithromycin translocation of peptidyl tRNA.
Troleandomycin TAO
Visual Disturbance, Liver
Telithromycin Ketek Pneumonia
Toxicity.[3]
Spectinomycin Antimetabolite, Anticancer
Monobactams
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam
Aztreonam Azactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the
peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
 Penicillins
Novamox,
Amoxicillin
Amoxil
Ampicillin Principen
Azlocillin
Carbenicillin
Cloxacillin Tegopen  Gastrointestinal upset
Dicloxacillin Dynapen and diarrhea
Wide range of infections;  Allergy with serious Same mode of action as other beta-lactam
Flucloxacillin Floxapen penicillin used for streptococcal anaphylactic reactions antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the
infections, syphilis, and Lyme
Mezlocillin  Brain and kidney peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
disease
damage (rare)
Meticillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Penicillin
Piperacillin
Ticarcillin
Polypeptides
Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a
molecule which carries the building blocks
Bacitracin Eye, ear or bladder infections;
of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall
usually applied directly to the Kidney and nerve damage (when
outside of the inner membrane
eye or inhaled into the lungs; given by injection)
Colistin rarely given by injection Interact with the bacterial cytoplasmic
Polymyxin B membrane, changing its permeability.
 Quinolones
Cipro,
Ciprofloxacin Ciproxin,
Ciprobay
Enoxacin Penetrex
Gatifloxacin Tequin Urinary tract infections,
Nausea (rare), irreversible inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the
bacterial prostatitis, community-
Levofloxacin Levaquin damage to central nervous topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby
acquired pneumonia, bacterial
system (uncommon), tendinosis inhibiting DNA replication and
Lomefloxacin Maxaquin diarrhea, mycoplasmal
(rare) transcription.
infections, gonorrhea
Moxifloxacin Avelox
Norfloxacin Noroxin
Ofloxacin Floxin, Ocuflox

Trovafloxacin Trovan Withdrawn

Grepafloxacin Raxar Withdrawn
Sparfloxacin Zagam Withdrawn
Temafloxacin Omniflox Withdrawn
 Sulfonamides
Mafenide
Sulfonamidochrysoidine  Nausea, vomiting, and
Prontosil Folate synthesis inhibition. They are
(archaic) diarrhea competitive inhibitors of the enzyme
Sulfacetamide  Allergy (including skin dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS
Urinary tract infections (except rashes) catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-
Sulfadiazine Micro-Sulfon  Crystals in urine
sulfacetamide and mafenide); aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key
Sulfamethizole mafenide is used topically for  Kidney failure step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary
burns  Decrease in white blood for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids
Sulfanilimide (archaic)
cell count (nucleic acids are essential building blocks
Sulfasalazine Azulfidine  Sensitivity to sunlight of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells
Sulfisoxazole will be unable to divide.

Trimethoprim Trimpex
Trimethoprim-
Sulfamethoxazole (Co- Bactrim, Septra
trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX)
Tetracyclines
Demeclocycline Declomycin  Potentially Permanent
Doxycycline Vibramycin  Gastrointestinal upset
 Sensitivity to sunlight
Minocycline Minocin Syphilis, chlamydial infections,
 Potential toxicity to
Lyme disease, mycoplasmal inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA
Oxytetracycline Terramycin mother and fetus during
infections, acne rickettsial to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do
pregnancy
infections, *malaria *Note: so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal
 Enamel hypoplasia
Malaria is caused by a protist subunit in the mRNA translation complex.
Sumycin, (staining of teeth)
and not a bacterium.
Tetracycline Achromycin V,  transient depression of
Steclin bone growth

Others
Arsphenamine Salvarsan Spirochaetal infections
 (obsolete)
meningitis, MRSA, topical use,
or for low cost internal
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by
Chloramphenicol Chloromycetin treatment. Historic: typhus, Rarely: aplastic anemia.
binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome
cholera. gram negative, gram
positive, anaerobes
acne infections, prophylaxis
Clindamycin Cleocin
before surgery
acne infections, prophylaxis
Lincomycin Lincocin
before surgery
Ethambutol Myambutol Antituberculosis
Fosfomycin Monurol
Fusidic acid Fucidin
Furazolidone
Isoniazid I.N.H. Antituberculosis
Linezolid Zyvox VRSA
Metronidazole Flagyl Giardia
Mupirocin Bactroban
Macrodantin,
Nitrofurantoin
Macrobid
Platensimycin
Pyrazinamide Antituberculosis
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Syncercid
Rifampicin (Rifampin in mostly Gram-positive and Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and Binds to the β subunit of RNA polymerase
US) mycobacteria urine to inhibit transcription
Gram-negative, Gram-positive, A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit
Lacks known anemic side-
Thiamphenicol anaerobes. widely used in bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the
effects.
veterinary medicine. 50S subunit of the ribosome
Tinidazole
Dapsone Avlosulfon Antileprotic
Clofazimine Lamprene Antileprotic