Philippine Politics and Governance

KINGFISHER SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE
Senior High School
PHILIPPINE POLITICS
AND
GOVERNANCE
1st semester, S.Y. 2018-2019
IRISH ARIANNE P. ROMERO

Instructor
KINGFISHER SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE
Senior High School
st
1 semester, S.Y. 2018-2019
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Course Plan
Two-Week Session (T/Th; 12:00-1:30 pm)
Schedule Topics Lists of Students’
Evaluation/ Activities
June 14, 2018 INTRODUCTION OF POLITICS AND Introduction
GOVERNANCE: THE CONCEPT OF Classroom Orientation
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE Interactive Discussion
a. Meaning of Politics and Political Science: Written work: Why is
Classical and Modern Definitions politics essential?
b. How Politics Affects Daily Life and Society Written work: Is
c. Value of Politics Political Science an
art?
June 19, 2018 d. Political Science as an Art and Scientific Study Interactive Discussion
e. Methodology of Political Science: Political
Inquiry (How Politics is Studied)
Fields/ Branches of Political Science
f. Relationship of Political Science with other
studies
g. Importance of Political Science
June 21, 2018 h. Governance and Government Differentiated Interactive Discussion
i. Classifications of Government (Good and Bad Quiz #1
according to Plato, By Number of People Ruling,
By Institution ,By Legitimacy)
j. Branches of Government
June 26, 2018 k. Manner of Formation of Governments Interactive Discussion

l. Concept of Good Governance Activity: Proposal
m. Eight Tenets of Good Governance Making and
Presentation
June 28, 2018 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Interactive Discussion

a. Political Ideology Defined Activity: Political
b. Political Spectrum and Political Compass Cartoon about
Differentiated Ideologies
c. Concept of Political Communities
July 3, 2018 d. Major Political Ideologies Interactive Discussion
July 5, 2018 e. Relationship between Ideologies and Interactive Discussion

Configurations of Political Communities Activity: Political
Ideology
Discussion/Presentation
July 10, 2018 POWER Interactive Discussion

a. Nature
b. Dimensions
c. Types
July 12, 2018 d. Power and Governance (Inherent Powers of the Interactive Discussion
State)
e. Power and Citizenship
f. Power and Its Effect
g. Abuse of Power (Consequences)
July 17, 2018 STATES, NATION AND GLOBALIZATION Interactive Discussion

a. Meaning of State
b. Origin of State (Theories)
July 19, 2018 c. Elements of State Interactive Discussion

d. Purpose and Objectives of State Quiz #2
July 19-30, 2018 Suspension of classes due to harsh weather conditions

August 2, 2018 e. Sovereignty: Characteristics and Types Interactive Discussion
f. State and Nation Differentiated Consultation time:
g. Separation of Power Feasibility of the
students’ proposals
August 7, 2018 GLOBALIZATION Interactive Discussion
a. Globalization Defined
b. Dimensions of Globalization
c. Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization
d. Three Pillars of Globalization
August 9, 2018 e. Causes of Globalization Interactive Discussion
Activity: Song
composition and
presentation about
globalization
August 13-17, Suspension of classes due to harsh weather conditions
2018
August 21, 2018 Ninoy Aquino Day/ Eid al-Ad
August 23-27, Suspension of classes due to harsh weather conditions
2018
August 28, 2018 PHILIPPINE DEMOCRATIC POLITICS Interactive Discussion
a. Concept of Democracy Explained Quiz #3
b. Evolution of Philippine Politics Written Work: What do
c. Contribution of Past Stages of Philippine you think of the current
Politics to the Current Political Setting Philippine political
setting?
August 30, 2018 THE EXECUTIVE Interactive Discussion
a. Definition
b. Type
c. Presidential and Parliamentary Executive
Systems Differentiated
d. Qualifications and Terms
e. Powers and Functions
THE LEGISLATIVE
a. Definition
b. Functions
c. Structure and Organization
d. Composition
e. Qualifications
f. Tenure of Office
g. Process of Lawmaking
September 4, THE JUDICIARY Interactive Discussion
2018 a. Judiciary Defined
b. Nature of Judicial Department
c. Classification of Courts
d. Judicial Independence
September 6, FIRST QUARTERLY EXAMINATION
2018
September 11, DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL Interactive Discussion
2018 GOVERNANCE Written Work: Are you
a. Concept and Types of Decentralization in favor of the
b. Regionalization transition of the
c. Definition of Local Government Philippine government
d. Characteristics of Local Government Units into a federal one?
September 13, e. State of Local Governments Vis-à-vis Central Interactive Discussion
2018 Government Written Work:
f. Organization of Local Government Worksheet on
g. Local Government Code of 1991 (R.A. 7160) Expressed and Implied
h. Systems of Local Government in Some Powers of Federalism
Selected Countries
September 18, RESOLUTION AND ORDINANCE MAKING Interactive Discussion
2018 Consultation Time:
Proposed ordinances
September 20, PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE Interactive Discussion
2018 Election of Members of
the Parliament
September 25, STATE SOCIETY INTERACTIONS Interactive Discussion
2018 a. Suffrage Defined Activity:
b. Theories of Suffrage Resolution/Ordinance
Checking
September 27, c. Qualifications for Suffrage Interactive Discussion
2018 d. Equality and Freedom of Suffrage Activity: Preparation
e. Election Defined for Lights, camera and
f. Functions of Electoral System action!
g. Types of Electoral System
October 2, 2018 h. Registration of Voters Interactive Discussion

i. Election Day Balloting Activity: Submission of
j. Other Institutions of Democracy (Initiative, outputs for Lights,
Referendum and Plebiscite) camera and action!
October 4, 2018 CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL Interactive Discussion
MOVEMENTS Activity: Consultation
a. Concept of civil society and social movements on ordinances
b. Role of civil society organizations and social
movements
c. Political Parties Defined
d. Origins of Political Parties
e. Elements and Functions of Political Parties
f. The Party System
g. The Party Organization
h. Personal Organizations
October 9, 2018 j. Pressure Groups Defined Interactive Discussion
k. Pressure Groups and Political Parties Quiz #4
Distinguished
l. Kinds of Pressures and Pressure Politics
October 11, 2018 CITIZENSHIP Interactive Discussion

a. Definition of Citizenship Quiz #5
b. Modes of Acquisition Written Work:
c. Distinction between Natural-born and Worksheet in
Naturalized Citizens citizenship
d. Law of Citizenship Activity: Consultation
e. Reacquistion of Lost Citizenship on ordinances
f. Role of Government in Relation to Citizens
October 16 & 18 Activity: Parliamentary Procedure (Simulation of government sessions)/
2018 Defense of ordinances
October 23, 2018 SECOND QUARTERLY EXAMINATION
Textbook Joven, A. (2018). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. C
& E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
References Ayson, F. et. al. (2000). Fundamentals of Political Science. National Book Store.
Valenzuela City.
Jovellanos, J. et. al.(2011). Notes in Philippine History and Government.
Chrizam Printing Press. Dagupan City.
Roskin, M. et. al.(2010). Political Science: An Introduction. Pearson Education.
Glenview. IL.
Cruz-Calilung, Froilan, (2016). Politics and Governance. Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp, Mandaluyong City
Prepared by:
IRISH ARIANNE P. ROMERO

Instructor
Approved by:
AUGUSTUES P. LAMBINO
Academic Dean
June 14, 2018
I.Objectives:
At the end of the session, the students and teachers are able to:
a. Articulate definitions of politics;
b. Differentiate the various views on politics; and
c. Recognize the value of politics.
II. Subject Matter:

Topic: Introduction of Politics and Governance (Meaning and Value of Politics)
Reference:
Joven, A. (2018). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High
School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
Ayson, F. et. al. (2000). Fundamentals of Political Science. National Book Store.
Valenzuela City.
Roskin, M. et. al.(2010). Political Science: An Introduction. Pearson Education.
Glenview. IL.
Instructional Materials: Whiteboard and marker
III. Procedure:
A. Preliminary Activities
1. Attendance checking
2. Introduction of oneself
3. Discussion of the following:
a. Overview of the course;
b. Course requirements;
c. Basis for evaluation; and
d. Rules and policies
B. Development of Lesson
1. The teacher will write the word ‘politics’ on the board. Next, selected
students will be asked to give their own definition of such word.
2. Discuss the etymology and the simple definition of politics.
ETYMOLOGY OF POLITICS
From a historical viewpoint, the term “politics” came from the Greek word, polis
or city-state. Aristotle in his famous book: The Politics made the observation that
every polis, or city-state is a kind of association and that “man by nature is a
political animal”.
DEFINITION OF POLITICS
a. Aristotle, the founder of the discipline, called politics “the master science”. He
meant that almost everything happens in a political context, that the
decisions of the polis governed most other things.
b. Politics extends to “any activity involving human beings associated together

in relationships of power and authority, where conflicts occur”. In this
regard, politics exists everywhere: within labor unions, business
organizations, organizations of doctors, nurses, farmers, consumers and even
private clubs, schools campus association-anywhere where groups of
individuals assemble. From this perspective, the domain of politics is not
limited to the state and interest or pressure groups, but extends to other
organizations in an enormous range of human activity involving conflicts.
c. To some political scientists politics in a broad sense, as the “distribution of

advantages and disadvantages among people through interaction with each
other to satisfy their different wants and needs.” Their interaction produces
conflict, or may result in competition deriving from opposition of
preferences.
3. Introduce the classical and modern definition of political science.
CLASSICAL DEFINITION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Political science, according to Aristotle, is the study of the state in all its
elements, aspects and relationships. Such elements and aspects include its
government and its organs and institutions through which the state
functions. It further includes certain aspects of human behavior, how
governments and people actually conduct themselves in a political society.
MODERN DEFINITION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

As derived from the ideas of Niccolo Machiavelli, the father of modern
political science, it is an attempt by systematic analysis to discover in the
confusing detail whatever principles may exist of wider and more general
preference significance, not only about the state, its organs and institutions
but also other aspects concerning the states’ operation, powers and
functions.
4. Why do the media cover much attention to politics?

5. How does this affect your life?
C. Generalization:
The selected students will give a summary of what they have learned.
IV. Evaluation:
Written Work: Why is politics essential?
Write a composition about your idea as to why politics is essential.
Rubric for scoring:
Content/Relevance – 12
Structure/ Form – 8
Syntax – 5
Clarity of ideas – 5
Total: 30
V. Assignment:
Written Work : Is Political Science an art?
Write an essay about your pronouncement on whether Political Science is an art
or not.
Rubric for scoring:
Syntax – 5
Total: 30
SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS
 POLITICS
- commonly defined as the process that determines the distribution of power and resources
- theory and practice of how people influence others in making decisions and carrying out
projects and programs
- came from the word Greek word ‘polis’ which means city-state. Aristotle, the father ancient
Political science, in his famous book: The Politics made the observation that every polis or city –
state is a kind of association and that “man by nature is a political animal”.
- could be characterized by ‘rule’, ‘authority’, or ‘power’. The first page of Aristotle’s book: The
Politics made references to certain kinds of authority. In the imposition of this authority, or rule,
or power over others, there arise conflicts and ways by which human beings cope with conflicts.
- Dahl says: Politics arises then, whenever there are people living together in associations,
whenever they are involved in conflicts, and whenever they are subjects to some kind of power,
rulership, or authority.
- Political scientists say that the meaning of politics extends to “any activity involving human
beings associated together in relationships of power and authority where conflicts occur”. In this
regard, politics exists everywhere and anywhere where groups of individuals assemble. From this
perspective, politics is not limited to the states and institutions, or with such organizations as
political parties and interest or pressure groups, but extends to other organizations in an
enormous range of human activity involving conflicts.
- Froman defined politics as “distribution of advantages and disadvantages among people
through interaction with each other to satisfy their different wants and needs.
- Niccolo Machiaveli, an Italian intellectual and politician mentioned about the ‘ruthless egoism’
in politics. In the practice of politics, many politicians are more inclined towards bad politics in
gaining power and self-aggrandizement rather than towards good politics in synchronizing
government activities with those of private of private groups for the attainment of development
goals for the general welfare.
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
- branch of social sciences that deals with the study of politics. It deals with systems of
government and the analysis of political activity, political behavior and political theories and
practices.
- Classical definition: It is a study of state in all its elements, aspects and relationships.
- Modern definition: It is an attempt by systematic analysis to discover in the confusing detail
whatever principles may exist of wider and more general significance.
 The student or researcher of politics, otherwise known as a political scientist may serve
as an adviser to a political practitioner. The political practitioner is a politician. But of
course, the same person may be a political scientist and a politician at the same time.
However, a political scientist is deeply involved in the study of politics. He endeavors
continuously to observe political phenomenon and does researches on political activities.
Consequently, he strives to become a scholar on political studies.
References:
Joven, A. (2018). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. C & E
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
Valenzuela City.
What is Politics?
The journalist had lunch with no less than the President of the Philippines in Malacañang
and yet he calls the lunch “nonpolitical.” Why does he describe the lunch nonpolitical? When is
a lunch in Malacañang with the Philippine President and his special assistant a political one and
when is it not? In other words, what is politics?
Politics may be defined in different gradients of inclusiveness. Some scholars are too
inclusive that they define almost everything as political, while others exclude a number of items,
but they differ in what they exclude and include. There are scholars who consider any activity
that involves power—who gets what, when, and how—as political (Lasswell 1936).
Some scholars locate politics in a collectivity. They believe that politics “is at the heart of
all collective social activity, formal and informal, public and private, in all human groups,
institutions and societies, not just some of them, and that it always has been and always will be”
(Leftwich 1984, 63). They believe that politics is the root of many problems that may not look
political. These scholars consider a medical problem, such as the outbreak of epidemics,
economic problems like unemployment, famine, and poverty, social problems manifested in
crimes, as results of politics (64). They believe that they have political explanations, but a
thorough understanding of them may need an interdisciplinary approach; that is, an application
of knowledge about society, about psychology, about the state, about science and technology,
about economics.
Politics may be defined in a narrow sense in terms of arena of activity in the modern
world. It has a narrow meaning when defined in relation to the state. Thus, Aristotle’s dictum
that man is a political animal, in a way, connotes a narrow definition of politics because he said
this in connection with the state, the polis in Greek, res publica in Latin, which means ‘affairs of
the state’. Taken in the context of Aristotle’s time, however, relating politics to the state is to
give it a broad meaning because the polis during this time was the encompassing political unit
and everything revolved around it. It would only be when we directly translate polis to mean the
modern state that Aristotle’s concept of what is political becomes narrow.
To some thinkers of modern times, like Michael Oakeshott, having ‘affairs of the state’
implies that there are affairs which do not belong to the state, and are not political. There are
personal affairs, like relationships between lovers, among siblings, among friends. There are
social affairs, like birthday parties, weddings and meetings of a Rotary Club or a Lions Club.
The state does not get involved in them and ordinary people do not want to be and are not
involved in politics. Politics is reserved to the statesmen and stateswomen (note the
emphasis)(Oakeshott 1962).
“Politics in the modern world obviously happen for the most part in nation-states—that is
to say, in communities with a certain past, with a certain social makeup and with a certain set of
arrangements for making political decisions.
David Easton (1959) further refines the meaning of politics as state affairs by defining
politics as the authoritative allocation of values in a society. To Easton, an allocation of values
that is not authoritative is not political and in society, it is the state that has the authority to
allocate values.
On the other hand, Robert Dahl (1984) defines politics as any activity involving human
beings associated together in relationship of power and authority where conflict occurs. This is a
less inclusive definition than that of Easton, in the sense, that the use of power and authority is
political only when there is conflict. But in another sense, it is more inclusive because the use of
power and authority is not limited to the state. Still a narrower definition of politics is one that
relates it to government: “Government is the arena of politics, the prize of politics, and,
historically speaking, the residue of past politics” (Miller 1962, 19). This definition is narrower
than the definition that relates politics to the state because government is only a component of
the state. The definition excludes many things, such as the electorate’s behavior, civil society,
political education, interest groups, and many other aspects we now consider as political.
On the other hand, the definition includes activities, which, ideally, should not be
political. Government normally includes making decisions and politics and implementing them.
Usually, decisions and policies are made through discussion, negotiation, compromise, and
promulgation of laws, rules, regulations, administrative orders, and other forms of expressing the
outcome of discussion, negotiation, and compromise. The laws, rules, regulations, and
administrative orders should be implemented. The implementation aspect should no longer be
political. It should just be a routine. It is, however, still very much function of government. It
usually belongs to the bureaucracy, which, ideally, should not be political. If, even this aspect of
government is still political, there will be a lot of instability and unpredictability. In fact, this is
one of the occasions when citizens complain about “too much politics.” There is too much
politics when there is still haggling, compromise; unpredictability is a situation when there
should not be, when there should no longer be politics.
Bernard Crick relates politics to the state, but he does not believe that there is politics in
all states. To him, politics does not exist in a tyranny, or in a totalitarian state. Neither does he
believe that it exists in a democracy where only the majority is heard.
Crick (1982, 141) says “politics is a way of ruling in divided societies without violence.”
By “divided societies,” he means societies where there are a variety of different interests and
opinions. Differences in interests have to be resolved not by force, but through conciliation.
Crick asserts: “Why do certain interests have to be conciliated? And the answer is, of course, that
they do not have to be. Other paths are always open, including violent means. Politics is simply
when they are conciliated” (30). Crick does not believe that force or violence should be used to
settle differences.
To Crick, politics and totalitarianism cannot coexist. There can be politics only when
there is diversity. There can be no diversity when everything is political. There is diversity only
when there are political and nonpolitical activities. In a totalitarian state, everything is political
and because of this, politics is annihilated (151).
Democracy is compatible with politics, “indeed politics can now scarcely hope to exist
without it” (73). But it should not be that kind of democracy that Aristotle describes as mob rule,
or that kind of democracy against which Alexis de Tocqueville (1969, 246–76) warned us:
tyranny of the majority. It should be that kind of democracy where there is equality and liberty,
respect for differences, and a commitment to resolve them through compromises.
Politics means compromises, but these compromises “must in some sense be creative of
future benefits—that each exists for a further purpose.” Or at least, some purpose, like “enabling
orderly government to be carried on at all” (Crick 1982, 21–22).
Political Science and Definition of Terms
Intellectual debate will not progress if there is no agreement about which meaning of a
concept the discussants will adopt, at least tentatively, or for the limited purpose of examining a
clearly defined problem. To proceed with our examination of Philippine politics and democracy,
we have to agree on what to focus on and which meaning of politics to adopt. For the purpose of
this chapter and the succeeding ones, we will limit our use of the concept politics to that activity
that refers to the state, bearing in mind that this is not the only meaning of politics.
Politics is a relational, purposive activity that may occur in any arena—between two
persons, a family, an office, the government, or the state—but among these, the study of politics
on the level of the state is the most important not only because common people like our
journalist above, tell us that the state is the ‘pinnacle of political power’, but also because great
philosophers have said so.
Aristotle and the French political thinker of the Romantic period, Jean Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778) consider the state as the highest of all social organizations (Aristotle, Politics, in
Ebenstein, 75; Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, in Ebenstein, 447). This is true even
in our modern times. The state is the highest organization we can be born to, live in, and die
in/for. It is the highest not only because it is higher and larger than family, village, province, and
so on, but also because it is the organization that molds us and gives us character. Man and
woman, being human, need some kind of order or authority that will help them tame their
instincts. The state does that. Human beings need to express their rationality and creativity, some
have to channel the urge to rule; others are inclined to cooperate; still others need to feed their
soul. All these, according to Aristotle and Rousseau, are made possible only in the state. A life
that is truly human is possible only in the state.
St. Augustine of Hippo (A.D. 354-430), a medical Christian scholar, believed that the
state was a necessary evil. The human being had original sin and he needed the state to help him
lead a normal life. If only man had remained an angel, he would not have needed the state.
According to St. Thomas, man is by nature a social being, and he needs the state to guide him
towards perfection. To St. Augustine, the state is like medicine; it is needed because man is sick.
To St. Thomas, the state is like food: it is needed for a man’s nourishment.
In modern times, G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831), a German philosopher, explains the nature
of the state in this way: From one point of view, the state is a necessity that is higher and outside
personal life, family life, and social affairs. Persons, families, civil society are subordinate to it
and dependent on it. From another point of view, the state is within them; state interest of
individuals.
In other words, studying politics, studying the affairs of the state, is studying about us. If
we study politics, we may understand why some are poor, others are rich. We may find solutions
to problems like unemployment, crime, (and) pollution. And, if we successfully act on our
findings, we may be able to improve our lives. Other modern thinkers agree that the state is the
apex of power, but they do not agree that it has positive impact on our lives.
Karl Marx (1818-1883), another German philosopher and his collaborator Friedrich
Engels (1820-1895), for example, called the state the instrument of the exploitation of the
proletariat and predicted that it would wither away. Anarchists, however, believe that individuals
and communities can exist without any authority ruling over them (Curtis 1981, 34–38).
But even Marx, Engels, and the Anarchists did try to study and understand the state
before they concluded that society did not need it. If, to Marx and the Anarchists, the state was
the cause of suffering of humankind, it must, indeed, be a worthy thing to study, if only to find
out how to get rid of suffering and how human beings can lead a good life.
Therefore, we will be safely within the ambit of common sense if, out of so many
meanings of politics, we decide to focus on a definition that relates politics to affairs of the state.
Of all the possible arenas of relational and purposive activities, it is the arena of the state that is
most pervasive and has impact on most of the citizens most of the time.
State is defined as a “political association that establishes sovereign power within a

defined territorial area and possesses a monopoly of legitimate violence” (Harrison and Boyd
2003, 17). By focusing on the state, we indeed define politics as an activity that involves the use
of threat of use of power. The political question, therefore, is how power and the threat of using
it are shared.
Retrieved from Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Reader, First Edition, 2016
June 19, 2018
I.Objectives:
At the end of the session, the students are able to:
a. Explore the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and the method of
inquiry (Political Science/ Political Inquiry);and
b. Identify whether political science is a science or an art.
II. Subject Matter:

Topic: Introduction of Politics and Governance (How can Politics be Studied: Political
Inquiry)
References:
Joven, A. (2018). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. C &
E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
Valenzuela City.
Roskin, M. et. al.(2010). Political Science: An Introduction. Pearson
Education.Glenview. IL.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
.
1. How can Politics be studied?
Politics is usually studied by employing the steps of a scientific method. The
employment of steps used in such method, in order to seek information
regarding a political phenomenon, is called political inquiry.
The general process of scientific inquiry, consistent with the three principles
above, include the following steps:
1.Articulating a clear and focused research question (RQ);
2.Researching the background of the RQ through an extensive literature
review;
3.Conceptualizing a theory that explains a plausible answer to our research
question – and constructing appropriate hypotheses to test the theory;
4.Test the hypotheses through empirical observation of the relationship
between variables contained within the hypotheses;
5.Analyze the results of these tests and draw an appropriate conclusion; and
6.Report results.
2. Is political science a science or an art?

3. Discuss Political Science both as an art and science, as well as the methods and
techniques usually applied in researching or studying it.
POLITICAL SCIENCE AS AN ART AND SCIENCE

Political Science is both a combination of scientific method and art. Firstly, it
cannot be an exact science like physics, chemistry and mathematics. But it is a
social science like sociology, psychology and economics. It can legitimately claim
to be a science, in so far as it shares with the natural sciences the use of the
scientific method. Most principles of this discipline are obtained using the said
method.
Secondly, art being referred to as the practical application of knowledge for the
achievement of a particular end; thus, political science it is considered an art,
because it is a body of systematized knowledge which can be applied in drafting a
constitution, in day to day administration, in legislation, in foreign policy and
above all in bringing about all around development of the state.
It will suffice in conclusion that political science is mainly an art. Its knowledge is
utilized for the good of all. However, due to the significant use of political
inquiry, that manifests similar steps/approach from a mere scientific method,
political science is becoming a science.
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN STUDYING POLITICAL

SCIENCE
a. Observational/empirical method-treating political institutions such as local
government units as “laboratories”, where they experiment on the workings of
such, studying every change in their operations and structure, every method in
the formulation and determination of their laws and policies, and every new
system of administration, through observation and recording.
b. Historical method-delves into the historical origin and evolution of state and
its institutions, through the dependence on the evidence of past experiences of
a state.
c. Comparative method-drawing similarities and differences in the structures and
systems of the governments of countries, their laws and constitutions, judicial
systems, in their local government units, electoral processes, political parties,
and even in the culture and customs of their people.
d. Analytical method-making a detailed study of the political institutions,
evaluating their interrelations in the exercise of their powers and performance
of their functions, and in their relations with other functional groups in
society.
4. Distinguish a political scientist from a politician.

POLITICIANS vs. POLTICAL SCIENTISTS
Fond of power Skeptical of power
Seek popularity Seek accuracy
Think practically Think abstractly
Hold firm views Reach tentative conclusion
Offer single causes Offer many causes
See short-term pay-offs See long-term consequences
Plan for the next election Plan for the next publication
Respond to groups Seek the good of the whole
Seek name recognition Seek professional image
The systematic study of politics is distinguished from the practice of politics.

The student of politics, or political scientist may serve as an adviser to the
political practitioner. The political practitioner is a politician. But of course,
the same person may at the same time be a political scientist and a politician.
However, a political scientist as contrasted from a politician is deeply
involved in the study of politics. He endeavors continuously to observe
political phenomenon and does researches on political activities.
Consequently, he strives to become a scholar on political studies.
4. What are the different branches of Political Science?

a. Political theory – political thought which explains the political ideas and
beliefs of a group of young people, a body of concepts they live by at a
certain period.
b. Public law- constitutional and legal principles/rules governing states,
governments and individuals in their relationships with one another.
c. International law – body of generally accepted principles that governs and
regulates the relationship and conduct of nation-states.
d. Comparative government- study using descriptive analytical or
sociological method in seeking the similarities and difference among
states as regards their executive, legislative and judicial bodies, their
constitutions, laws, administrative organizations, foreign policies, political
parties and processes, economic, social and political functions and their
cultures and traditions.
e. Political dynamics – studies in political sciences which are concerned with
the interplay of different societal forces that influence political decision
and action.
f. Political economy – studies certain subjects like welfare states, the budget,
fiscal management, government regulation of business, business functions
of the government, and, generally, the economic conditions of the state,
including full employment, price stabilization, inflation and economic
growth.
5.What is the relationship of political science with other studies?
The relationship of political science with other branches of learning, especially

the social sciences, makes it more meaningful and significant as it draws strength
and energy from them.
A. History – Political science depends on history in knowing its origin, its growth
and development. An analysis of the causes and factors that influence the
state’s growth and development makes it necessary for political writers to rely
on historical facts. Thus, knowledge of historical foundations of the state will
help political thinkers to analyze and describe present political phenomena,
and consequently to enable them to provide, through the lessons of the past,
direction and meaning for the future.
B. Economics-Political science receives energy from this economics, because the
latter provides an insight into the economic conditions of the state. A
researcher learns how the government shapes and determines economic
policies on the use of resources in order to achieve the best of national goals-
the economic welfare of the people.
C. Sociology- It enriches political science by its contribution to the study of
social problems, which are also problems of the government.
D. Psychology-It delves into the mind of a politician, trying to understand what
factors affected the formulation of propagandas, establishments of pressure
groups,etc.
E. Anthropology-It gives leeway to understand how a state evolved from the
family, and from the clan into bigger or more extensive groupings; and finally
the nation.
F. Geography- This talks about the external problems, frontiers or boundaries,
national power, and trade relations, which affect certain political phenomenon
and regional arrangements or associations.
6. What are the importances of Political Science?

a. It educates students for citizenship, providing them information about their
rights, duties and obligations as a citizen of the country.
b. It teaches how people should properly govern a country—knowing which
steps/decisions is for good or for bad.
c. It prepares students for careers in law, foreign services, public administration,
politics, teaching, economics, etc.
C. Generalization
The students will give a summary of what they have learned.
June 21, 2018
I.Objectives:
a. Differentiate governance from government
b. Identify the different forms of government
II. Subject Matter:

Topic:Introduction of Politics and Governance (The Meaning of Governance)
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
B. Development of the Lesson

1. What is a government?
a.It refers to the formal body or organizations of people tasked with the control
and authority within a state.
b. It is the essential instrument or machinery of the state that carries out its will,
purposes and objectives. Through government, the state maintains its existence
and carries on its functions.
c. It is the institution by which society’s needs for social services are satisfied and
by which men’s conflicting interests are reconciled.
2. What is the difference of government from governance?

Governance is the act of governing or ruling. It is the set of rules and laws framed
by the government that are to be implemented through the representatives of the
state. On a similar pattern, the government is a body of elected representatives
which is headed by a single person.
3. What are the different types of government?

a. According to Plato
No. of rulers Good Bad
By one Monarchy Tyranny
By few Aristocracy Oligarchy
By many Democracy Mobocracy
b. According to number of rulers

Rule by one
 Monarchy-where the ruler is a monarch who comes from the royal family
-Limited monarchy-The monarch is willing to part with some of his powers and
delegates them to some government agencies
-Absolute monarchy (tyranny) – All powers are given and exercised by the
monarch. No participation of his constituents in the formulation of his rules.
 Dictatorship-ruled by a person who comes from military or civilian class.
-Totalitarian-It becomes one when the ruler controls everything.
Rule by few (2-3 rulers)

 Aristocracy – government is formed by the “best” members of the
community—those who possess the highest intelligence and integrity; or
come from a prominent or wealthy family.
 Oligrachy-ruled by few but member do not have the nobility of aristocrats
Rule by many (More than 3 rulers)

 Democracy-emphasizes the participation of people in governance
-“a government by the people, of the people and for the people” –
Abraham Lincoln
 Mobocracy-rule of the mob/majority of civilians or revolutionaries
c. According to structure
 Unitary-governmental powers in one organ, the central or national
government to which the constituent or local government units owe their
existence and by which they derive their powers and functions
 Federal-government processes are divided between the central government
and its local government units as specified in the constitution of the state
 Presidential-headed by a president and is constituted by executive,
legislative and judiciary. The president is elected by popular vote and can
only be removed through impeachment.
 Parliamentary-headed by prime minister. The prime minister is appointed
and selected from the majority party; and can be removed anytime by the
cabinet, when they lose trust and confidence.
d. According to legitimacy
 De jure-established in accordance with its Constitution and enjoys the
support of the people. It is a government established by authority of the
legitimate sovereign.
 De facto-not established in accordance with the Constitution of the state
and is maintained against the rightful and legitimate government. It is
established in defiance of the legitimate sovereign.
C. Generalization
IV. Evaluation
Quiz No. 1: Political Science and Government
INSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions carefully before answering briefly. Do not add
your own facts; provide only what is being asked. A mere yes or no answer without
explanation will not be credited.
1. According to Plato, governments by a person, the few or many may be “good” or

“evil”. Each form of government has its evil counterpart. Name the good governments
with their evil counterparts. (5 pts.)
2. What is political science, both in its traditional and modern definitions? Discuss
briefly.
3. Marion Gumawid served as secretary of the Republic of Squishy Toys for many years,
and in diplomatic missions to popes, emperors and kings. After that period, she ended her
career in the government and wrote two masterpieces: The Politics of the Republic of
Squishy Toys and Rheginaex the Magnificent: Behind the Mask of the Dictator which
made her popular up to this day. Analyzing this situation, was Gumawid a politician or a
political scientist or both? Substantiate your answer. (5 pts.)
4. How is the presidential system of government distinguished from the parliamentary

form? Explain briefly their features. (5 pts.)
5. Enumerate the branches of political science. Which of these fields refers to political
ideas, beliefs or thoughts of experts and thinkers on political phenomena which are
brought together to indicate the influence that one man has upon another? (5 pts.)
6. After 50 years of authoritarian rule from 1972 to 2022, the Filipino people’s patience
snapped to the point of waging what is acknowledged world-wide as the “mob power” or
Resngit Revolution. The success of this peaceful revolution that culminated on February
14,2022 led to the downfall of the Joker administration which forced Joker and hiswife,
Trisha to flee to Zimbabwe. On the other hand, the new democracy that was restored after
the revolution, although battered by communist insurgency and coup attempts from
rebels, survived these destructive forces. It continued to go on its way despite many woes
that threaten its steady growth and development. Despite being an instrumentality for the
state to effectively carry out its wills, a democratic government is still criticized. Point
out why it is considered as the weakest form of “good” government under Plato’s
enumeration. (5 pts.)
7. Is political science a scientific study? Support your answer. (5 pts.)
8. Mr. Steven Ong writes books on political science: government, comparative politics
and political parties and interest groups. He teaches subjects in these areas in college. He
makes researches to gain as much as possible reliable knowledge about facts and politics.
Is Mr. Ong a political scientist or politician? Give your reasons. (5 pts.)
9. What are some of the social sciences that could be related or integrated with political
science? What is the relation between political science and economics? Explain. (5 pts.)
10. The 1987 Philippine Constitution provides for the formation of regional autonomous
regions in the Philippines. This led to the establishment of the Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). The operation of its government may be the subject of
aresearch study, for if it succeeds, this regional government may be the beginning for the
formation of more autonomous regions in the Philippines, and which may gradually
change our unitary into a federal system.Kristienne, a student of political science wanted
to have the opportunity to be part of the said study. What kind of research study should
she adopt in this situation? (5 pts.)
Rubric for Scoring of Essay
Highest Possible Score for each item: Description
5
5 Has complete explanation, clarity of ideas and good organization of thoughts.
4 Has clarity of ideas, good organizations of thoughts but lack important details.
3 Answers that are not so much related to the question.
0 No answer.
V. Other Suggested Activities/Quizzes:
1. Quiz: Introduction to Concepts of Politics and Governance:Meaning of Politics &
Political Science
ESSAY. Answer the following question in NOT more than ten (10) sentences.
1. What is Politics? (5 pts)

2. How is Politics related to Political Science? (5 pts)
3. How is government formed? Cite examples. (5 pts)
4. Differentiate governance from government. (5 pts)
5. Why is Political Science important? (5 pts)
6. What does it mean to have good governance? (5 pts)
2.Written Work: Good Governance

Write a composition about your idea of what does it mean to have “good governance”.
June 26, 2018
I.Objectives:
a. Recognize how a government is formed; and
b. Identify the concept of good governance and its eight tenets.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Introduction of Politics and Governance (Formation of Government and Good
Governance)
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall

1.How is a government formed?
It is formed according to what is prescribed or mandated by the constitution,
organic laws or traditional customs of a state. It is formed as soon as a scheduled
election. These official immediately “form a government” as soon as they have
been ceremonially inaugurated in their offices and start working in their elected
posts. Other means is through: military coup d’etat, seizure of power and other
violent means.
2. Concept of Good Governance

It is the processes for making and implementing decisions, not about making
correct decisions, but the best possible process for making those decisions.
3. Eight Tenets of Good Governance

 Participatory-Participation by both men and women, either directly or
indirectly or through legitimate representatives, is a key cornerstone of
good governance. Participation needs to be informed and organized,
including freedom of expressions and assiduous concern for the best
interests of the organization and society in general.
 Consensus oriented-Good governance requires consultation to understand
the different interests of stakeholders in order to reach a broad consensus
of what is in the best interest of the entire stakeholder group and how this
can be achieved in a sustainable and prudent manner.
 Accountable-Who is accountable for certain projects or decisions should
be documented in policy statements. In general, an organization is
accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions as
well as the applicable rules of the law.
 Transparent-Information should be provided in easily understandable
forms and media; that it should be freely available and directly accessible
to those who will be affected by governance and policies and practices, as
well as the outcomes resulting therefrom; and that any decisions taken and
their enforcement are in compliance with established rules and regulations.
 Responsive-Good governance requires that organizations and their
processes are designed to serve the best interests of stakeholders within a
reasonable timeframe.
 Equitable and inclusiveness-The organization that provides opportunity
for its stakeholders to maintain, enhance, or generally improve their well-
being provides the most compelling message regarding its reason for
existence and value to society.
 Effective and efficient-Good governance means that processes
implemented by organization to produce favorable results meet the needs
of its stakeholders, while making the best use of resources-human,
technological, financial, natural and environmental-at its disposal.
 Follows the rule of land-Good governance requires fair legal frameworks
that are enforced by an impartial regulatory body, for the full protection of
the stakeholders.
C.Generalization
IV. Evaluation:
Written Work: Proposal Making
Instructions: Compose an essay, explaining your proposed program or policy that can
address a particular issue in your barangay. Integrate the eight tenets of good governance
in your program or policy.
Rubric for scoring:

Syntax – 5
Total: 30
V. Other Suggested Activities/Quizzes

Activity: Integrating Good Governance and Resolution Making
Instruction:
Create a program or policy that can address any of the social issues currently present (health,
education, national defense, etc.) Give a name to your program and discuss its objectives and
the processes involved.Integrate or utilize at least four (4) tenets of Good Governance in your
program and explain how it can be operationalized in your program/ policy framework. Each
group will be given ten (10) minutes to present their output in class.
Format:
Scoring Rubrics:
Title Content/Relevance – 40
Rationale Structure/Form – 20
Body Syntax – 10
Conclusion/Enactment Clause Organization/Clarity of Ideas – 10
Delivery – 20
Total: 100
July 3, 2018
I.Objectives:
At the end of the end of the session, the students are able to:
a.Identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism,
conservatism, etc.) e session, the students are able to:
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Introduction of Politics and Governance (Formation of Government and Good
Governance)
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall

1.Major Political Ideologies
 Liberalism-emphasizes individual autonomy, equality of opportunity and
the protection of individual rights, originally against the state and later
against both the state and private economic actors, including businesses.
 Social Democracy-supports economic and social interventions to promote
social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and a
capitalist economy.
 Socialism-states that everyone in a society equally owns the factors of
production.
 Anarchism-advocates society based on voluntary cooperation and free
association of individuals and groups-a state of society without
government or law.
 Neoliberalism-bridges politics, social studies, and economics-that seeks to
transfer control of economic factors to the private sector from the public
sector.
 Conservatism-emphasizes the value of traditional institutions and
practices.
 Reactionism-characterized by the belief that society and government
should return to the past.
 Fascism-against democracy and prepares the nation for armed conflict,
and to respond to economic difficulties.
C. Generalization
IV.Assignment:
The class will be divided into five groups. Each one will be assigned with a political
ideology to discuss/present for 3-5 minutes next meeting.
July 5, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of
political communities;
b.Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves as a
political community; and
c.Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of
Filipino.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Relationship between Ideologies and Configurations of Political Communities
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall

1. Which do you think do our government embrace as our political ideology? Is it
effective?
Officially none. Mostly because we most Filipinos are not educated about
ideologies at school. Most Filipinos rather look up for a strong personality and
relatable backstory; and it does not matter whether he or she is conservative or
liberal. Almost every leader here in this age are populists—taking power from
popularity.
2.How does this affect the lives of the Filipinos?

3.What is a political community?
According to Aristotle, every community “is established for the sake of some
good.” This is because “everyone does everything for the sake of what they
believe to be good,” though they of course can be wrong about what “the good”
is. It follows that a political community must also be established for the sake of
some good.
4. How can an ideology affect a political community?
C. Generalization
IV. Evaluation:
Activity: Political Ideology Discussion/Presentation
Class will be divided into 5 groups and each one will be assigned an ideology to
discuss on.
Scoring Rubric:
Content/Relevance- 25
Quality of Voice/Presentation - 10
Organization/Clarity of ideas-5
Total: 40
July 10, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Define power;
b.Recognize the nature, dimensions, types, and consequences of power; and
c.Analyze the nature, dimensions, types, deployments, and consequences of
power.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Power, Its Nature, Dimension and Types
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall

1. What is power in the context of politics?
Some dislike the concept of political power. It smacks of coercion, inequality, and
occasionally of brutality. Others, believe that power is a connection among
people, the ability of one person to get others to do his or her bidding.
2. The Nature and Dimensions of Power

Power-the ability of a person to carry out his or her will.
-ability to exercise control or impose restrictions over individuals, as well as
compel other people to do certain tasks.
Authority- right to exercise power in society.
3. Classification of Power according to their Bases (John French & Bertram

Raven)
a. Coercive
b. Reward
c. Expert
d. Legitimate
e. Referent
4.Classification of Power based on Different Types of Authority (Max Weber)

a. Charismatic Authority
b. Traditional Authority
c. Legal-rational Authority
5.Influence vs. Legitimacy

Influence- ability to entice or convince through persuasion and other non-coercive
means.
Legitimacy- acceptance or recognition of the right to exercise power.
C. Generalization
July 12, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Assess how power is exercised in different situations.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Power in Different Situations
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
1. Discuss the following:

a.Power and Governance
-Inherent Powers of the State:
 Eminent Domain-power of the state to forcibly take private property for
public use upon payment of just compensation.
-Basis: Necessity of the property for public use
 Police Power-power of promoting public welfare by restraining the use of
liberty and property. It is an inherent and plenary power of the state which
enables it to prohibit all that is hurtful to the comfort, safety and welfare of
society.
-Characteristics: pervasive, the least limitable and most demanding power
-Justification:
a. Salus populi est suprema lex.-The will of the people is the supreme law.
b. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas.-Use your property so as not to
injure other people.
c. Dura lex sed lex-the law is harsh but it is the law.
 Power of Taxation-power by which the sovereign, through the law-
making body, raises revenue to defray the necessary expenses of the
government. It is a way of apportioning the costs of the government
among those who in some measure, are privileged to enjoy its benefits and
must bear its burden.
-Scope: It covers persons, property or occupation to be taxed within the
taxing jurisdiction. The state is free to select the subjects of taxartion.
b.Power and Citizenship-Citizenship is the membership in a political community

(country) which is personal and more or less permanent in character. It provides
the citizens the protection of their rights, as well as corresponding responsibilities,
as accorded in the country’s constitution.
c.Power and its Effects
d.Abuse of power
C. Generalization
IV. Suggested Activities/Quizzes:
Long Test in Philippine Politics and Governance

(50 points)
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the BEST answer.
1. This seeks to establish a society that provides opportunities for economic growth to all
individuals.
a. Neoliberalism b. Social Democracy c. Anarchism d. Liberalism
2. How a government formed?
I. Through military coup’detat or revolution
II. By the process of election
III. colonization
IV. through protest and rallies
a. I and II b. I, II and III c. I, II, III and IV d. II only
3. What kind of authority does Queen Elizabeth of England holds?
a. Charismatic b. Traditional c. Legal-rational d. Legitimate
4. What is the difference between government and governance?
a. Government is the process of doing politics while governance is the instrument
through which the will of the people is known
b. Governance is the ability or the process of doing politics while government is the
instrument through which the will of the people is known
c. Government and governance are two separate concepts without any relations
d. They are the same with goals and method
5. Your mother always offers a reward whenever she asks you to do something for her. This
type of power refers to:
a. Coercive b. Referent c. Reward d. Expert
6. This refers to the ability to exercise control over individuals and compel people to do
certain tasks.
a. Influence b. Authority c. Legitimacy d. Power
7. Set of beliefs, attitudes and behavior that define political processes and governance.
a. Ideologies c. Political Ideologies
b. Political Culture d. Political Compass
8. The ideas and principles espoused by political ideologies become the bases of state
policies and principles that define the laws and political traditions.
a. False b. Sometimes c. True d. Maybe
9. Branch of the social sciences that deals with the systems of government and the analysis
of political activity, political behavior and political theories and practices.
a. Sociology b. Anthropology c. Archaeology d.Political Science
10. Which among the following authority has the highest degree of stability?
a. Charismatic b. Progressive c. Traditional d. Legal-rational
11. Yassi Pressman is a celebrity and endorser. One of her advertisement is the use of Silka
for whitening. A teenager wants to get white and so after watching this in the television
she buys the item. What power was wielded in this situation?
a. Referent b. Legitimate c. Reward d. Expert
12. Sec. 9, Art. 3 of 1987 Constitution states that: Private property shall not be taken for
public use without just compensation. This justifies the national power called_______.
a. Power of Taxation c. Eminent Domain
b. Accountability d. Police Power
13. Identify what ideology is described in this statement: Communities are the best political
institutions since they manage their affairs through the cooperative efforts of its
members
a. Anarchism c. Conservatism
b. Liberalism d. Fascism
14. All except for one is the function of political ideology:
a. It explains how society and politics are organized and how various aspects of
politics work
b. Provides program or plan of action that will bring about political change
c. Provides ideas on how to counterattack the other countries in order to prevail in
territories
d. Evaluates if a certain action is good or bad
15. Which of the following BEST describe the rightist?
a. Government control over the essential services and economic activities
b. Emphasis is on the welfare of the state or the common good
c. There should be balance between extreme views and ideas
d. Envisions an egalitarian society
16. This refers to the acknowledgment of responsibility for an action and consequences.
a. Accountability c. Transparency
b. Equitable and Inclusiveness d. Participatory
17. What is the difference of authority and power?
a. Power is the ability to entice or convince through persuasion and authority is the
right to exercise power
b. Power is the exercise of authority while authority is the acceptance or
recognition of the right to exercise
c. Authority is the right to exercise power while power is the ability to exercise
control over individuals
d. They are the same
18. This refers to the ability of the state to use police force to ensure law and order in the
society.
19. Private property must be abolished, and the government should take control of all
economic resources and activities.
a. Socialism c. Liberalism
b. Anarchism d. Capitalism
20. Power that allows the government to impose and collect taxes from its citizens.
II. ESSAY. Answer briefly each question.
1. What is the relationship of Political Science and Politics? Cite example(s). (5 pts)
2. What makes a government a good governance? (5 pts)
3. Which ideas from the various ideologies do you believe are applicable in the Philippine
Politics? (10 pts)
4. Cite examples or situations where you evidently observe the implementation of various
national powers in our country. (10 pts)
Rubric for Essay Writing

If Highest If Highest
Description
Possible Possible
Score: 10 Score: 5
Has complete explanation,

10 5 clarity of ideas, and good
organization of thoughts
Has clarity of ideas, good
8-9 4 organization of thoughts but
lacks important details
Answers that are not so
7 3
much related to the question
0 0 No Answer
July 17, 2018
I.Objectives:
a. Define nation and state ; and
b. Differentiate nation from state .
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: State and Its Elements
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall

1. Discuss the following:
1. State- community of persons more or less numerous occupying a definite territory

completely free of external control and possessing an organized government to
which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience (James Gamer)
-human society composed of individuals bound together by an order of normative
rules, which defend the rights and duties which they have toward one another, the
end which they may pursue, and the ways in which it is legitimate to pursue them.
(Benn and Peters)
-an idea that extends through time, and so its characteristics are drawn from a
long history of governments marked by a series of crises and accomplishments.
2. Theories of State Origin

1. Divine Right Theory-presents the view that the state was created by God. The
authority to govern the people was ordained by God upon rulers (i.e. kings and
queens) who were regarded as of divine descent.
2. Social Contract Theory-holds that the state was formed by means of a social
contract of men who lived in a state of nature.
a. According to Thomas Hobbes-Man in a state of nature is despicable, nasty
and brutish. Thus, man’s desire for self-preservation, order and peace could
only be attained if they surrender all their natural rights and submitted their
will to an absolute sovereign monarch, the great Leviathan (mortal God).
b. According to John Locke- Men are rational beings and could make use of
natural law for their own good. But, they needed a state to maintain peace and
provide them with essential services and settle their quarrels and conflicts.
c. According to Jean Jscques Rousseau-The contract to be agreed upon by the
people should foster a free government where a direct democracy is
promoted-citizen participated in a town meeting to perform the functions of
government.
3. Force Theory-State came into existence out of conquest, force or coercion. Strong
and mighty are the rulers of the state.
4. Natural Theory-State is a natural institution that unified its citizens, that has the
capacity to grow, develop and attain a fully civilized life.
5. Patriarchal Theory-State originated from the smallest unit of society-the family.
6. Instinctive Theory-Because of natural inclination of men towards political
association, and being a social being, man established the state, to associate
himself with other men for self—preservation and security.
7. Economic Theory-State was developed out of man’s economic wants. Man in
isolation could not procure all the necessary things he needed.
3.Elements of the State

1. People-inhabitants or the population of the state. The number of people
comprising the state is not definite—may be big and small depending on the size
of the territory.
2. Territory-consists of the land within the boundaries of the state (terrestrial), the air
space above the land (aerial), the inland waters (fluvial), like the rivers, the
springs, lakes bays, mineral and natural resources, and the twelve miles of the sea
beyond the sea’s coastlines.
3. Government-institution by which society’s needs for social services are satisfied

and by which men’s conflicting interests are reconciled.
**Branches:
Executive-executes/implements laws
Legislative-proposes,enacts,repeals and amends laws
Judiciary-interprets/construes laws
**Principles:
Checks and balances-One department is allowed to resist encroachments upon its
prerogatives or to rectify mistakes or excesses committed by the other branches to
make the three co-equal branches as balanced as possible.
“The water cannot rise against its source.”-Laws or institutions cannot rise against
the state, as they get their power/authority from the latter.
4. Sovereignty-supreme and final legal authority of the state to enforce its will on its
members by coercive sanctions, if necessary, which must not be subject to any
like power.
5. International recognition-newest element; not essentially needed. Recognition

coming from other countries and international organizations is needed in order for
a state to be called as one, having an international personality.
4.Nation- large group of people who share common characteristics such as language,
traditions and ethnicity
5.What is the difference of the nation and the state?

A state is a political concept, a legal fiction. It has perpetual existence as long as
its four elements-people, territory, government and sovereignty. A nation, on the
other hand, is an ethnic concept, a sociological collectivity of individuals who
possess in common certain non-political characteristics, such as common racial
experience, a common cultural and social tradition, or common beliefs and creeds.
There must be among them a common unifying bond that holds them together
emotionally, spiritually and socially. They must demonstrate a spirit of national
unity.
C.Generalization
July 19, 2018
I.Objectives:
a. Identify the purposes of state.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: State and Its Purposes
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall

1. Purposes of the state
a. To achieve the maintenance of domestic order and tranquility by providing
laws, that regulate the people’s conduct, and an effective law enforcement;
b.To defend itself from external aggression by building a strong armed force for
common defense;
c.To secure for the people the blessings of liberty and justice by protecting their
rights;
d.Promoting general welfare by performing service functions; and
e. Promoting public morality by setting a conduct of moral code for all.
C. Generalization
IV.Evaluation:
Quiz No. 2: Political Ideologies and States
INSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions carefully before answering briefly. Do not add your own
facts; provide only what is being asked. A mere yes or no answer without explanation will not be
credited.
1. The Committees on Constitutional Amendments and Revision of Laws of the Senate and the
House of Representatives of the Philippine Congress have been conducting public hearings with
the different sectors of society to find out their views on (a) whether they would shift from the
presidential to the parliamentary form of government, and (b) whether they would want to
propose amendments to the 1987 Constitution. What are the powers of the legislature that can be
exercised in this situation? Explain each power briefly. (5 pts.)
2. Provide the functions of political ideologies. (5 pts.)
3. Differentiate the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques
Rousseau. (5 pts.)
4. Section 9, Article 3 of the 1987 Constitution states that: Private property shall not be taken for
public use without just compensation. This justifies the inherent power of the state called
eminent domain. Explain the concept of eminent domain. (5 pts.)
5. From the biblical point of view, under the divine right theory of state origin, what made the
rule of kingship legitimate? Explain. (5 pts.)
6. The despicable world was seen and observed as always in a state of war during the ancient and
medieval periods. Men living in it were afraid of each other because men were brutally mean and
aggressive. These conditions were the reasons for the state’s beings. This is still true today in
modern contemporary world since nations war against nations using nuclear arms. People kill
each other in war with the most sophisticated weapons. Man’s inhumanity to man is a daily
occurrence in many countries. Hence, only the strongest and mightiest power can hold in check
men’s violent impulses. Thus, in developing countries, there are sovereign rulers who emerge as
exercising absolute powers which people cannot restrain or limit. They cannot wage a revolution.
Instead, they surrender their natural rights to the Leviathan. But to keep the peace and security of
the people by the sovereign ruler in a civil society whether he be a king, emperor or dictator,
whose authority is inalienable, indivisible and undefeatable, is absolutely necessary for the
protection and promotion of the welfare of his subjects. Whose version of the social contract
theory of the state’s origin is described above? What is the reason why people surrender their
rights and submit to the rule of a government? (5 pts.)
7. What is checks and balances? Explain how important it is to the government. (5 pts.)
8. Jethria Cayanan is a celebrity and endorser. One of her advertisement is the use of ‘Chakah’
for whitening. Nillicent Bautista is a teenager who wants to get whiter and so after watching the
said advertisement in the television, she buys the item. What power was wielded in this
situation? Support your answer. (5 pts.)
9. Explain briefly the conceptof dura lex sed lexin relation to the principle ofsalus populi est
suprema lex. (5 pts.)
10. The Palestinian people are fighting for a homeland to settle in permanently. At present, they
are living in small groups in Arab countries sympathetic to their cause and in Israeli territory.
Recently, those living in Jerusalem and Gaza Strip were ejected by the Israelis. Can a group of
people who do not have a homeland of their own claim to be a state? Give your reasons.(5 pts.)

5
0 No answer.
June 20-30, 2018- Suspension of classes due to harsh weather conditions

August 2, 2018
I.Objectives:
a. Identify the types and characteristics of sovereignty; and
b. Explore the concept of separation of powers.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Sovereignty and Separation of Powers
References:
Valenzuela City.
Jovellanos, J. et. al.(2011). Notes in Philippine History and Government. Chrizam
Printing Press. Dagupan City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
1. Sovereignty-supreme and final legal authority of the state to enforce its will on
its members by coercive sanctions, if necessary, which must not be subject to any
like power.
a. Types:
- Internal sovereignty- supreme or absolute power of state to enforce its will
on the people within its territory
-External sovereignty-independence of a state from control by any other state.
b. Characteristics:
-Absolute-The exercise of the state of its sovereign powers is absolute in the
sense that the state is not subject to restrictions by any other power.
Comprehensive-The sovereignty of the state is comprehensive for its legal
authority extends to all-citizens, aliens, associations or organizations within its
boundaries.
-Permanent-It is perpetual in the sense that as long as the state exists,
sovereignty also exists.
-Indivisible-Sovereignty is indivisible as it is required to be respected in terms
of agreements and political obligations.
2.Separation of Powers-The three fundamental powers of the government,

namely, the executive, legislative and judiciary branches—the executive
power is vested to the executive branch, the legislative power to the legislative
branch, and the judicial power to the judicial branch. Moreover, under this
principle of co-equal and coordinate powers among the three branches, the
officers entrusted with each of these powers are not permitted to encroach
upon the powers confided to others.
C. Generalization
IV.Consultation Time:
The teacher will be telling the students his or her suggestions or comments regarding the
feasibility of their proposals, telling them in the process that they will be making their own
ordinances from such proposals.
August 7, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Explain meanings of globalization; and
b.Evaluate how globalization influences nation-states.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Globalization as a Context of Relations Among Nation-States
References:
Joven, Arnel E.,Ph.D.(2016). Philippine Politics and Governance. C & E
Cruz-Calilung, Froilan, (2016). Politics and Governance. Books Atbp. Publishing
Corp, Mandaluyong City
III. Procedure:
2. Recall

1. What is Globalization?
- Refers to the gradual process of political, economic and cultural integration
brought about by the increased exchange of products, ideas and technology
throughout the world.
2. Dimensions of Globalization:
a. Political globalization
b. Economic globalization
c. Cultural globalization
3. What are the positive and negative effects of globalization?
4. Three Pillars:
a. Liberalization-loosens the restrictions concerning imported goods like
quota and tariff
b. Privatization- government should release the industries they have and
allow the private sector to handle it.
c. Deregulation- loosens and put the intervention of the government to
minimum and let’s “law of Market” run the economy
C. Generalization
IV.Suggested Activities/Quizzes:
Quiz:States, Nations and Globalization
I. True or False
1. The state gains legitimacy when it is recognized and respected by the people. TRUE
2. The sense of nationhood is a feeling/idea among like-minded individuals who share the same
background and identity. TRUE
3. Sovereignty is a source of political integrity and is used as a means to call on citizens to
support government actions. FALSE, nationhood
4. In international organizations, sovereign states are not limited in exercising powers and
interests when entering into agreements or alliances. FALSE, limited
5. A government cannot exist without a state. FALSE, state cannot exist w/o a government
II. Identification
1. A large group of people who share common characteristics such as language, traditions, and
ethnicity. – NATION
2. This is a state that has no legitimacy but exercise sovereignty. – DE FACTO
3. Gradual process of political, economic, and cultural integration brought about by increased
trade and communication. – GLOBALIZATION
4. Refers to freedom from outside influences or foreign intervention. – EXTERNAL
SOVEREIGNTY
5. This theory asserts that the state developed out of man’s economic wants. – ECONOMIC
THEORY
6. A community of persons more or less numerous occupying a definite territory completely free
of external control and possessing an organized government to which the great body pf
inhabitants render habitual obedience. – STATE
7. According to this theory, that state arose through the process of evolution from family to clan,
clan to tribe, tribe to nation, nation to state. – PATRIARCHAL THEORY
8. In the constitution, what article tells us about our territory? – ARTICLE 1
9. According to this theory, “the state is man writ large” – NATURAL THEORY
10. This is a dimension of globalization that is evident in international cooperation and dialogue.
– POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
August 9, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Identify the causes of globalization.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Causes of Globalization
References:
III. Procedure:
A.Preliminary Activities
1.Attendance checking
2.Recall
B.Development of the Lesson

1.Causes of Globalization
a. Rationalism - secular global consciousness; anthropocentric view of world as home of
human species; belief in scientific “universal” truths; pursuit of efficiency
b. Capitalism - global markets, goods, production, global banking
c. Technological Innovation - air, electronic, digital; ecological change caused by
technology
d. Regulation – standardization; liberalization; property rights; international law
C.Generalization
IV.Application:
Activity:Sing me a Song of Globalization
Instruction: Compose a song or rap about the impact of Globalization and perform it
after.
Scoring rubric:
Content/Relevance -40
Quality of Voice/Presentation -25
Organization/Clarity of ideas-15
Creativity/Originality -20
Total 100
August 13-17, 2018- Suspension of classes due to harsh weather conditions
August 21, 2018-Ninoy Aquino Day/ Eid al-Ad
August 23-27, 2018-Suspension of classes due to harsh weather conditions

August 28, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Relate the evolution of Philippine politics and governance;
b.Describe the different stages in the evolution of the Philippine politics and
governance;
c.Analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and governance;
d.Assess the effects of the colonial experience on Philippine politics and
governance; and
e.Appraise the influence of prior stages of Philippine political developments on
contemporary Philippine politics .
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Political Background of the Philippines
References:
Corp, Mandaluyong CityInstructional Materials: Whiteboard and marker
III. Procedure:
1.Attendance checking
2.Recall
1. Evolution of Philippine Politics
 Pre-Colonial Era
 Spanish Period
 First Republic
 American Period & Commonwealth Period
 Japanese Period (Puppet Government)
 Third Republic to 5th Republic
2. What is the effects of the colonial experience on Philippine politics and governance
today?
3. For you, which stage has a great impact on the present Philippine Politics?
4. How can you show your appreciation to the contributions of the past stages to the
current Philippine political setting?
C. Generalization
IV.Evaluation
Quiz No. 3: Globalization and Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance
INSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions carefully before answering briefly. A mere yes or no
answer without explanation will not be credited.
1. Is globalization a process? Support your answer. (5 pts.)

2. Differentiate political globalization from cultural globalization. Substantiate your answer. (5
pts.)
3. Identify and explain the different positions in the line authority of the government officials
during the Spanish period. (5 pts.)
4. What are some of the challenges usually encountered by international organizations? (5 pts.)
5. What are the aims/purposes of the La Liga Filipina? (5 pts.)
6. Is there already an existing proper procedure for the administration of due process during the
pre-colonial period? Defend your answer. (5 pts.)
5
\3 Answers that are not so much related to the question.
0 No answer.
V.Assignment:
Current Philippine political setting
Students will write an essay expressing what they have observed in our country’s current
political setting.
Scoring rubric:
Content- 40
Structure- 20
Syntax- 10
Clarity of Ideas – 30
Total: 100
VI.Suggested Activities/Quizzzes:
1.Timeline: Evolution of Philippine Politics
Instruction:
Create a timeline showing the development of our political structure, affairs and other
events related to the evolution of our democratic politics. Highlight also the development of
the constitution.
Scoring rubric:
Criteria Description Points

Content/  All content throughout the 35 points (Highest Possible
Accuracy timeline is accurate. There are no Score)
factual errors. Shows correct
sequence of events.
Visual Appeal  Background does not detract from 20 points (Highest Possible
text or other materials. Neat, Score)
looks attractive and excites the
viewers.
Creativity  The materials used were odd, 15 points (Highest Possible
novel and different to make the Score)
timeline. Utilize an original or
creative concept to present the
project.
Text  Font or the size the letters have 10 points (Highest Possible
been carefully planned to enhance Score)
the readability and content.
Effectiveness  Project includes all material 20 points (Highest Possible
needed to gain a comfortable Score)
understanding of the sequence of
events.
Total: 100 points
2. Summative Test on Political Background of the Philippines
I. True or False. (15 pts)

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not.
1. The First Republic failed to gain recognition of foreign states despite diplomatic
efforts. TRUE
2. In the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, Aguinaldo agreed to exile himself, together with the
revolutionary government in Hongkong. TRUE
3. During the Japanese period, Filipinos are free to control all the government affairs in
the country. FALSE
4. For Marcos, Martial law is a prelude to creating the “New Society.” TRUE
5. Political legitimacy in barangay was based on blood and religious ties.” FALSE
6. Pueblos are the basic political unit during the Pre-colonial period. FALSE
7. Since there were no formal legislative body in the Philippines during the Spanish
period, many laws were created and enacted by the Spanish Cortes. FALSE
8. During the US government, Filipinos were gradually provided opportunities to
participate in governance. TRUE
9. Hare-Hawes Cutting Act is the final basis for the establishment of Commonwealth.
FALSE
10. During the Commonwealth government, the Philippine was given the opportunity to
govern itself but foreign affairs were controlled by the Americans. TRUE
11. In the 1973 Constitution, the form of government which was Presidential was
changed to Parliamentary which extended Marcos’ term. TRUE
12. Malolos Republic was considered as the first Republic in Asia. TRUE
13. During the Spanish colonization, Maharlika or the nobles of the barangay were not
integrated in the colonial society. FALSE
14. Early revolts initiated by the natives did not succeed because they lack sense of
nationhood. TRUE
15. Barangay are virtually considered as states. TRUE
II. Identification (25pts)

Direction: Identify what is being asked in each item.
1. What law set the Philippines under Martial Law? PD 1081
2. Highest position a Filipino can occupy during the Spanish colonial period.
GOBERNADORCILLO
3. This act is known as Philippine Independent Act. TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAW
4. What was the constitutional draft that was adapted as the Malolos Constitution?
CALDERON’S DRAFT
5. Malolos Republic was inaugurated on __________. JANUARY 23, 1899
6. Who opposed Bonifacio’s appointment as the Director of Interior during the Tejeros
Convention? DANIEL TIRONA
7. Refers to the “enlightened ones.” ILUSTRADOS
8. This faction of the Katipunan wanted to change the government because they believe
that it (Katipunan) already served its purpose. MAGDALO
9. This law was passed as a condition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the
US. BELL TRADE ACT
10. This law was recognized as the second organic law which transformed the
Philippine Commission to a bicameral legislative. JONES LAW
11. In order to foster collaboration with Filipinos, the Japanese established a group
called ___. KALIBAPI
12. When was the Tejeros Convention held? MARCH 22, 1897
13. How did the Spanish-American war ended? SIGNING THE TREATY OF PARIS
14. First Supreme Justice for Supreme Court. CAYETANO ARELLANO
15. This refers to the governor generals power to suspend or ignore laws from the
Crown if he considers them inapplicable. CUMPLASE
16. This is an economic and political ideology that believes that the power and influence
of a country is based on the number of territories it conquered and colonies
established. COLONIALISM
17. He is believed to the first one to established sultanate in Mindanao. SAYYID ABU
BAKR
18. This refers to relocation of local inhabitants into pueblos. REDUCCION
19. First act signed under the Commonwealth government which secures a reservist
citizen army for the defense of war. COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 1
20. What paved the way for the establishment of the Fifth Republic? 1987
CONSTITUTION
21. -22. Institutions that monitors the Governor General. RESIDENCIA and VISITADOR
23. Refers to the practice of powerful state using economic, political and cultural
influence to control a developing country. NEOCOLONIALISM
24. -25. Two main bodies that assisted the Governor General during the Spanish
colonial period. JUNTA AUTORIDADES & CONSEJO DE ADMINISTRACION
III. Constructing Timeline (10 pts)

Draw a timeline showing the development of the Philippine democratic politics. (10
pts)
August 30, 2018
I.Objectives:
At the end of the end of the session, the students are ableto:
a.Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine president;
b.Analyze how contemporary Philippine presidents exercised their powers critique the
Philippine presidents’ exercise of power;
c.Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of
Representatives;
d.Assess the performance of the Philippine Congress;
e.Appraise the impact of Congress’s performance on Philippine development; and
f.Discuss the constitution as the fundamental law of the land.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Executive and Legislative
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
1. Executive-single leader or group of officials in the executive department who
are authorized by the Constitution to enforce laws of the state-to see to it that
these laws are efficiently and effectively carried out and faithfully observed for
the common good.
2.Types of Executive
a. Titular Executives-monarchy that declined in power and influence, forcing
them to play minor roles of the functions of the state.
b. Real Executive-The modern day executive and the actual head of the
government. Real executives perform governmental functions like the
maintenance of peace and order, promotion of health and sanitation,
safeguarding of national security and creation of public and essential
services for their people.
c. Collegial Executives-exists in parliamentary states. In the collegial system,
there is no single person that serves as the executive. Executive power is
in a group of leaders who are collectively responsible in the operation of
the government. The collegial executive may consist of a Cabinet, a
Council, or a Commission.
3. Presidential and Parliamentary Executive Systems Differentiated

The essence of the presidential system is that the executive power is vested in a
real or working chief executive who is also the ceremonial or symbolic head of
the state. He is elected directly by the people or by an electoral college for a fixed
term of office. He may be impeached by the legislature with any of the offenses
mentioned in the Constitution, but the legislature cannot shorten his term by any
other means.
On the other hand, the parliamentary system features two executives-the

ceremonial or symbolic chief of the state and real executive, who have distinct
and separate functions. The ceremonial chief of state may be a king, a queen or a
president, and the real executive is the Cabinet headed by a prime minister. The
Cabinet consists of the leaders of the political party or a coalition having a
majority of the seats in the more popular chamber of the legislature. Moreover,
the prime minister is the leader of his party and the spokesman of the Cabinet in
the Parliament. He can be removed anytime, when the members of the Cabinet
lose their trust and confidence on him.
4.Qualifications and Terms of Executive

a. Qualifications-The qualifications of the executive as described in the
Constitution are:
-He must be natural-born citizen in the Philippines;
-He must be a registered voter;
-He must be able to read and write;
-He must be at least forty (40) years of age on the day of the election; and
-He must be a resident of the Philippines for at least ten (10) years immediately
preceding such elections.
b.Term-The term of office of the executive varies in different countries. In

presidential democracies, the executive’s term may be limited to four years with
one reelection, or to five, six or seven years without reelection. In some, the chief
executive may be eligible for reelection indefinitely. And in others, the term of
office of the executive may even be for life as it is in monarchies and
dictatorships.
5.Powers of Executive
a.Power of appointment-Power to designate or delegate power to an
individual who is to exercise the functions of a given office.
b.Power of removal-Power to remove an executive official from his post.
c.Power of control-Power of an officer to alter of nullify or set aside what
a subordinate officer had done in the performance of his duties and to
substitute the judgment of the former for that of the latter.
d.Military power-The President, as the commander-in-/chief, has the
power to call out the armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence,
invasion or rebellion.
e.Pardoning power-This power is also known as the executive clemency
and its is granted by the President for the purpose of relieving the
harshness of the law or correcting mistakes in the administration of justice.
f.Borrowing power-Power of the President to contract or guarantee foreign
loans on behalf of the country with the prior concurrence of the Monetary
Board and subject to limitations provided by law.\
g.Diplomatic power-Power of the president to be the spokesman of the
nation on external affairs.
h.Residual power-Power that includes th Congress to special session, to
approve or veto bills, etc.
6.Legislative-personality in the government bestowed with the authority to make

laws and to alter or repel them.
7.Functions of Legislative
a.Lawmaking-power to propose, enact, amend or repel laws.’
b. Election function-Most legislatures elect certain national officials. As
per our Constitution, the legislature can call for a special election that will
elect a President in case the previous one is incapacitated due to sickness,
insanity or imbecility or if she dies or resigns.
c.Power of appropriation (Power of coin purse)- The Legislature may
propose the annual budget plan of the country. In line with this, the
legislature may also abolish useless or corrupt administrative offices by
eliminating their appropriations.
d. Executive power-The legislature may reject the appointments made by
the executive officer.
e.Investigative power-The legislature may, through its investigating
committees, brings into light the abuses, anomalies and graft and
corruption committed by administrative officials.
f.Judicial power-The legislature may impeach constitutional officials like
the President, members of the Supreme court and other high officials for
certain designated offenses.
8. Structure and Organization of Legislature-The Philippine Constitution provided

for a bicameral structure of the legislature. In here, there are two houses: upper
house, the House of the Senate; and the lower house, the house of
Representatives.
9. Composition of Legislature-The House of Senate shall consist of 24 senators; and

the House of Representatives shall have 250 members—either voted by district or
as a party-list representative, unless otherwise fixed by law.
10. Qualifications of Members of Legislature

a. House of Senate-Must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, must be at
least thirty-five years of age on the day of the election, must be able to read
and write, must be a registered voter, and must be a citizen of the Philippines
for not least than two years immediately preceding the election day.
b. House of Representatives-The members are classified as district
representatives, who are each representing one congressional district, and
party-list representatives, who are elected through the party-list system. In the
case of a district representative, he must be a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines, must be at least twenty-five years of age on the day of the
election, must be a registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected,
and must be a resident of that district for a period of not less than one year
immediately preceding the day of the election. In the case of the party-list
representative, he must be a natural-born citizen of the party-list
representatives, he must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, must be a
registered voter, must be a resident of the Philippines for a period not less than
one year immediately preceding the day of the election, mist be able to read
and write, must be a bona fide member of the party or organization which he
seeks to represent for at least 90 days preceding the day of the election, and
must at least be twenty-five years of age on the day of the election except for a
nominee of the youth sector who must be at least twenty-five years of age but
not more than thirty.
11. Tenure of Legislature-In the Philippines, members of the House of
Representatives have a term of three years, but not more than three consecutive
terms, while members of the Senate have a term of six years, but not more than
two consecutive terms.
12. Process of Lawmaking

a. First Reading. Any member of either House may present a bill, signed by him, for
First Reading. The principal author of the bill may include additional authors thereof.
The bill is read by its number and title together with the name(s) of the author(s).
b. Referral to the appropriate committee-After the first reading, the bill is referred to the
proper committee/s for study and consideration. If disapproved by the committee, the
bill dies a natural death.
c. Second Reading-If the committee reports the bill favorably, the bill is forwarded to
the Committee on Rules so that it can be calendared for deliberation on Second
Reading. At this stage, the bill is read for the second time in its entirety together.
With the amendments, if any, proposed by the committee. The reading may be
dispensed with by a majority vote of the House.
d. Debates after Second Reading-After the Second Reading, a general debate is held in
the House. Amendments may be proposed by any member of the House. After that,
the House may either pass or “kill” the bill.
e. Printing and Distribution-If the bill is approved on Second Reading, it sis ordered
printed in its final form and copies of it are distributed among the members of the
House three days before its passage except in case of bulls certified by the President.
f. Transmittal to the Other House-If approved, the bill is then transmitted to the other
House where substantially the same procedure on three separate readings takes place.
g. Submission to Joint Committee-Differences, if any, between the House’s bill and the
Senate’s amended version, and vice versa, are submitted to the bicameral conference
committee of both Houses on the “disagreeing provisions” thereof.
h. Approval of Consolidated Bill by both Houses-The representatives of each House on
the committee will submit their report of their consolidated bill for approval by both
chambers. The sponsor of the bill which had already been approved on third reading
will move for the consideration of the bill as embodied in the bicameral conference
committee report.
i. Submission to the President-A bill on Third Reading by both Houses shall be printed.
After its authenticated with the signatures of the Senate President and the Speaker and
the Secretaries of both Chambers, it is forthwith transmitted to the President for his
approval or disapproval.
**FOR REINFORCEMENT:
Constitution- widely understood as fundamental law of the land. The Philippine Constitution is
defined by Malcolm (cited in Nachura, 2006:2) as that written instrument enacted by direct
action of the people by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited
and defined, and by which those powers are distributed among the several departments for their
safe and useful exercise for the benefit of the body politic.
a.THE PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
and humane society and establish a government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of
truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.”
Preamble serves as the preface of the Constitution. The preamble is not really an integral portion
of the Constitution. However, according to Father Joaquin Bernas (2002: 1), a member of the
1986 Constitutional Commission, it identifies the origin, scope, and purpose of the constitution
and it serves as a source of light in ascertaining the meaning of ambiguous constitutional
provisions.
b.Classifications of Constitution
A.According to Form
1.Written
2.Unwritten
B.According to the Difficulty of Changing the Constitution

1.Rigid Constitution
2.Flexible Constitution
C.According to Origin
1.Conventional
2.Traditional
3.Granted
c.Important Qualities of a Written Constitution

1.Brief
2.Broad
3.Definite
d..Essential Contents of a Written Constitution (Nachura,2006:3)

1.Constitution of Government
2.Constitution of Liberty
3.Constitution of Sovereignty
C. Generalization
August 30, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine president;
b.Analyze how contemporary Philippine presidents exercised their powers critique the
Philippine presidents’ exercise of power;
c.Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of
Representatives;
d.Assess the performance of the Philippine Congress;
e.Appraise the impact of Congress’s performance on Philippine development; and
f.Discuss the constitution as the fundamental law of the land.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Executive and Legislative
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
1. Executive-single leader or group of officials in the executive department who
are authorized by the Constitution to enforce laws of the state-to see to it that
these laws are efficiently and effectively carried out and faithfully observed for
the common good.
2.Types of Executive
a. Titular Executives-monarchy that declined in power and influence, forcing
them to play minor roles of the functions of the state.
b. Real Executive-The modern day executive and the actual head of the
government. Real executives perform governmental functions like the
maintenance of peace and order, promotion of health and sanitation,
safeguarding of national security and creation of public and essential
services for their people.
c. Collegial Executives-exists in parliamentary states. In the collegial system,
there is no single person that serves as the executive. Executive power is
in a group of leaders who are collectively responsible in the operation of
the government. The collegial executive may consist of a Cabinet, a
Council, or a Commission.
4. Presidential and Parliamentary Executive Systems Differentiated

The essence of the presidential system is that the executive power is vested in a
real or working chief executive who is also the ceremonial or symbolic head of
the state. He is elected directly by the people or by an electoral college for a fixed
term of office. He may be impeached by the legislature with any of the offenses
mentioned in the Constitution, but the legislature cannot shorten his term by any
other means.
On the other hand, the parliamentary system features two executives-the

ceremonial or symbolic chief of the state and real executive, who have distinct
and separate functions. The ceremonial chief of state may be a king, a queen or a
president, and the real executive is the Cabinet headed by a prime minister. The
Cabinet consists of the leaders of the political party or a coalition having a
majority of the seats in the more popular chamber of the legislature. Moreover,
the prime minister is the leader of his party and the spokesman of the Cabinet in
the Parliament. He can be removed anytime, when the members of the Cabinet
lose their trust and confidence on him.
4.Qualifications and Terms of Executive

a. Qualifications-The qualifications of the executive as described in the
Constitution are:
-He must be natural-born citizen in the Philippines;
-He must be a registered voter;
-He must be able to read and write;
-He must be at least forty (40) years of age on the day of the election; and
-He must be a resident of the Philippines for at least ten (10) years immediately
preceding such elections.
b.Term-The term of office of the executive varies in different countries. In

presidential democracies, the executive’s term may be limited to four years with
one reelection, or to five, six or seven years without reelection. In some, the chief
executive may be eligible for reelection indefinitely. And in others, the term of
office of the executive may even be for life as it is in monarchies and
dictatorships.
5.Powers of Executive
a.Power of appointment-Power to designate or delegate power to an
individual who is to exercise the functions of a given office.
b.Power of removal-Power to remove an executive official from his post.
c.Power of control-Power of an officer to alter of nullify or set aside what
a subordinate officer had done in the performance of his duties and to
substitute the judgment of the former for that of the latter.
d.Military power-The President, as the commander-in-/chief, has the
power to call out the armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence,
invasion or rebellion.
e.Pardoning power-This power is also known as the executive clemency
and its is granted by the President for the purpose of relieving the
harshness of the law or correcting mistakes in the administration of justice.
f.Borrowing power-Power of the President to contract or guarantee foreign
loans on behalf of the country with the prior concurrence of the Monetary
Board and subject to limitations provided by law.\
g.Diplomatic power-Power of the president to be the spokesman of the
nation on external affairs.
h.Residual power-Power that includes th Congress to special session, to
approve or veto bills, etc.
6.Legislative-personality in the government bestowed with the authority to make

laws and to alter or repel them.
7.Functions of Legislative
a.Lawmaking-power to propose, enact, amend or repel laws.’
b. Election function-Most legislatures elect certain national officials. As
per our Constitution, the legislature can call for a special election that will
elect a President in case the previous one is incapacitated due to sickness,
insanity or imbecility or if she dies or resigns.
c.Power of appropriation (Power of coin purse)- The Legislature may
propose the annual budget plan of the country. In line with this, the
legislature may also abolish useless or corrupt administrative offices by
eliminating their appropriations.
d. Executive power-The legislature may reject the appointments made by
the executive officer.
e.Investigative power-The legislature may, through its investigating
committees, brings into light the abuses, anomalies and graft and
corruption committed by administrative officials.
f.Judicial power-The legislature may impeach constitutional officials like
the President, members of the Supreme court and other high officials for
certain designated offenses.
13. Structure and Organization of Legislature-The Philippine Constitution provided

for a bicameral structure of the legislature. In here, there are two houses: upper
house, the House of the Senate; and the lower house, the house of
Representatives.
14. Composition of Legislature-The House of Senate shall consist of 24 senators; and

the House of Representatives shall have 250 members—either voted by district or
as a party-list representative, unless otherwise fixed by law.
15. Qualifications of Members of Legislature

c. House of Senate-Must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, must be at
least thirty-five years of age on the day of the election, must be able to read
and write, must be a registered voter, and must be a citizen of the Philippines
for not least than two years immediately preceding the election day.
d. House of Representatives-The members are classified as district
representatives, who are each representing one congressional district, and
party-list representatives, who are elected through the party-list system. In the
case of a district representative, he must be a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines, must be at least twenty-five years of age on the day of the
election, must be a registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected,
and must be a resident of that district for a period of not less than one year
immediately preceding the day of the election. In the case of the party-list
representative, he must be a natural-born citizen of the party-list
representatives, he must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, must be a
registered voter, must be a resident of the Philippines for a period not less than
one year immediately preceding the day of the election, mist be able to read
and write, must be a bona fide member of the party or organization which he
seeks to represent for at least 90 days preceding the day of the election, and
must at least be twenty-five years of age on the day of the election except for a
nominee of the youth sector who must be at least twenty-five years of age but
not more than thirty.
16. Tenure of Legislature-In the Philippines, members of the House of
Representatives have a term of three years, but not more than three consecutive
terms, while members of the Senate have a term of six years, but not more than
two consecutive terms.
17. Process of Lawmaking

j. First Reading. Any member of either House may present a bill, signed by him, for
First Reading. The principal author of the bill may include additional authors thereof.
The bill is read by its number and title together with the name(s) of the author(s).
k. Referral to the appropriate committee-After the first reading, the bill is referred to the
proper committee/s for study and consideration. If disapproved by the committee, the
bill dies a natural death.
l. Second Reading-If the committee reports the bill favorably, the bill is forwarded to
the Committee on Rules so that it can be calendared for deliberation on Second
Reading. At this stage, the bill is read for the second time in its entirety together.
With the amendments, if any, proposed by the committee. The reading may be
dispensed with by a majority vote of the House.
m. Debates after Second Reading-After the Second Reading, a general debate is held in
the House. Amendments may be proposed by any member of the House. After that,
the House may either pass or “kill” the bill.
n. Printing and Distribution-If the bill is approved on Second Reading, it sis ordered
printed in its final form and copies of it are distributed among the members of the
House three days before its passage except in case of bulls certified by the President.
o. Transmittal to the Other House-If approved, the bill is then transmitted to the other
House where substantially the same procedure on three separate readings takes place.
p. Submission to Joint Committee-Differences, if any, between the House’s bill and the
Senate’s amended version, and vice versa, are submitted to the bicameral conference
committee of both Houses on the “disagreeing provisions” thereof.
q. Approval of Consolidated Bill by both Houses-The representatives of each House on
the committee will submit their report of their consolidated bill for approval by both
chambers. The sponsor of the bill which had already been approved on third reading
will move for the consideration of the bill as embodied in the bicameral conference
committee report.
r. Submission to the President-A bill on Third Reading by both Houses shall be printed.
After its authenticated with the signatures of the Senate President and the Speaker and
the Secretaries of both Chambers, it is forthwith transmitted to the President for his
approval or disapproval.
**FOR REINFORCEMENT:
Constitution- widely understood as fundamental law of the land. The Philippine Constitution is
defined by Malcolm (cited in Nachura, 2006:2) as that written instrument enacted by direct
action of the people by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited
and defined, and by which those powers are distributed among the several departments for their
safe and useful exercise for the benefit of the body politic.
a.THE PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
and humane society and establish a government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of
truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.”
Preamble serves as the preface of the Constitution. The preamble is not really an integral portion
of the Constitution. However, according to Father Joaquin Bernas (2002: 1), a member of the
1986 Constitutional Commission, it identifies the origin, scope, and purpose of the constitution
and it serves as a source of light in ascertaining the meaning of ambiguous constitutional
provisions.
b.Classifications of Constitution
A.According to Form
1.Written
2.Unwritten
B.According to the Difficulty of Changing the Constitution

1.Rigid Constitution
2.Flexible Constitution
C.According to Origin
1.Conventional
2.Traditional
3.Granted
c.Important Qualities of a Written Constitution

1.Brief
2.Broad
3.Definite
d..Essential Contents of a Written Constitution (Nachura,2006:3)

1.Constitution of Government
2.Constitution of Liberty
3.Constitution of Sovereignty
C.Generalization
NOTES
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
A. Nature of the Executive Department

The President
Art. VII, Sec. 1 entrusts the executive power in one person alone – the
President of the Philippines. He/She is therefore, the Executive, not merely Chief
Executive. The President is, however, referred to in practice as the Chief Executive.
The Executive Power

Executive Power is the power to administer laws, which means enforcing
them and insuring that they are duly observed. The “laws” include the Constitution,
statutes passed by the Congress, executive orders of the President, and decisions of
courts.
Qualifications
Art. VII,Sec.2 provides for the qualifications of the President which are also
the qualifications of the Vice President (Art. VII, Sec. 3) to wit:
 A natural born citizen of the Philippines
 A registered voter
 Is able to read and write
 At least 40 years old on the day of the election
 A resident of the Philippines for at least ten (10) years immediately
preceding the election
The Cabinet
Collectively, the heads of the executive departments appointed by the
President, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments (Art. VII, Sec. 16)
are known as the Cabinet. This group is an advisory body to the President.
B. Powers, Duties and Prohibitions of the President
1.Executive Power
2.Military Power
2.Judicial Power
3.Foreign Affairs
4.Legislative Power
5.Political Power
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
A. Nature of Legislative Department
Legislative Power refers to the authority of Congress under the Constitution to

make laws, and to amend or repeal them. It is entrusted by our Constitution to a national
lawmaking body called the “Congress of the Philippines.” General legislative power is
granted which means that it can approve any law as long as it is not specifically prohibited
by the Constitution.
Law refers to the rules or regulations enacted by the legislature which govern the
relations of the people among themselves or between them and the government.
Bicameral lawmaking body

Congress is a double-chamber body composed of the Senate and the House of
Representatives. Thus, a bicameral body has been created in place of the unicameral
legislature provided in the 1973 Constitution. Each house governs itself by its own rules of
procedure (Art. VI, Sec. 16(3) but they have to work together because no measure can
become a law without the approval of both Houses.
B. Composition of the Legislative Department
The Senate
1. Qualifications – A candidate for Senator must have the five (5) qualifications
provided in Art. VI, Sec. 3 namely:
a. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
b. At least 35 years of age on the day of the election
c. Able to read and write
d. A registered voter
e. A resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately
preceding the day of the election
The House for Representatives

1. Qualifications – A candidate for Congressman must have the five (5) qualifications
provided in Section 6 namely:
a. A natural-born citizen of the Philippines
b. At least 25 years of age on the day of the election
c. Able to read and write
d. A registered voter on the district which he shall be elected, except for a
party-list representative
e. A resident thereof for a period of not less than one year preceding the day of
election (De Leon: 2002)
Party-list system
The seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled from the labor,
peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth and such other
sectors as maybe provided by law, except the religious sector.
C. Powers and Duties of the Legislature

The legislature’s power may be classified as follows:
 Legislative Power
 Constituent Power
 Financial Power
 Executive Power
 Judicial
 Electoral Power
 Investigatory Power
Officers of Congress
a. Senate President
b. Speaker of the House of Representative
c. Deputy Speaker
d. Majority/Minor floor Leader
e. Secretary and Sergeant at Arms
Quorum – refers to the number of members in an assembly or collective body which is

enough to competently or lawfully conduct its business. Ordinarily, a quorum is present
when there is a majority; i.e. at least one-half plus one of the members of a body.
September 4, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Identify the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary;
b.Discuss how the Judiciary exercises political neutrality and fairness; and
c.Evaluate the performance of the Philippine Judiciary as a dispenser of justice
and a protector of constitutional safeguards to freedom .
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Judiciary
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
1. Judiciary-branch of the government which interprets the laws of the state and
upon which devolves the application of the law for the settlement of conflicts
arising from the relations between persons and between government and persons.
2. Nature of Judicial Department
It protects the poor and the weak against violations by the government of by an
individual or group of individuals. It is in-charge with the interpretation of the
laws of the state resulting from conflicts of men within the bounds of law.
Judicial Power – Is the power of the courts to apply the laws to contests or
disputes concerning legally recognized rights or duties between private persons;
between private citizens and the government or between agencies of the
government.
Duty:
Adjudicatory power – the power to settle actual controversies involving rights
which are legally demandable and enforceable.
Power of judicial review – or the power of the courts to declare any legislative
and executive act invalid for lack or excess of jurisdiction because of grave abuse
of discretion.
3.Classification of Courts in the Philippines

1. Regular Courts
Supreme Court. At the apex of the judicial structure is the Supreme court (SC). It is
composed of the Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The qualifications of a
member of the Supreme Court are:
a. He must be a natural-born Filipino citizen;
b. He must be at least 40 years of age;
c. He must have been for fifteen (15) years or more a judge of a lower court or
engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines;
d. He must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity and
independence.
The powers of the Supreme Court are, to wit:

1. Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls, and over petitions of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus,
quo warranto, and habeas corpus
a. CERTIORARI
b. PROHIBITION
c. MANDAMUS
d. QUO WARRANTO
2. Review, revise, reverse, modify or affirm on appeal or certiorari as the law or
the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower courts.
3.Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest
may require. Such temporary assignment shall not exceed six months without the
consent of the judge concerned;
4.Order a change of venue or people of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
5.Promulgate rules of court. This concerns the protection and enforcement of
constitutional rights, pleading, practice and procedure in all courts, the admission
to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the under-
privileged.
6.Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the
Civil Service Law.
Court of Appeals. This court reviews cases decided by the trial courts brought to it for
an appeal. It determines whether a miscarriage of justice is committed in the judgment of
the trial court. It may affirm court’s decision. It may also return to lower courts for retrial.
The Court of Appeals (CA) is composed of a Presiding Justice and 68 Associate Justices.
Regional Trial Courts. These courts are charged with the adjudication of criminal and
civil cases which do not fall under the jurisdiction of quasi-judicial bodies and agencies.
There are 720 Regional Trial Judges in the thirteen regions of the country.
Municipal Trial Courts. These courts adjudicate legal controversies which include
criminal and civil cases not cognizable by the RTCs. MTCs could be a Metropolitan Trial
Court, a Municipal Trial Court, or a Municipal Circuit Trial Court.
4. Judicial Independence
This means that judges are free to decide cases impartially based only on facts and
law. It also means that judges are protected from political pressure, media pressure or
even public pressure.
C. Generalization
September 6, 2018- First Quarter Examination

September 11, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Examine how decentralization affects governance; and
b.Examine how decentralization affects governance.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: The Concept of Decentralization and Local Government
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
1.Decentralization- pertains to the transfer of power and authority from central
institution to lower or local levels of a government system.
2.3 Major Forms of Decentralization

a. Deconcentration
b. Delegation
c. Devolution
3.a.Political decentralization-emphasizes the need for the general purpose officers

living in a specific area to coordinate activities there because they are in closer
touch with the resident and can modify programs to meet area priorities.
b. Administrative decentralization-occurs when a political independent unit
delegates some of its powers to subordinate levels within its organization.
4.Regionalization-The country is divided into administrative units called regions.,

which are composed of provinces that share common territory and whose people
have common cultural and historical ties. It is intended to promote greater growth
and development throughout the country by identifying significant concerns and
problems within each region, and formulating development plans that address
them.
5.Local Government – is the lowest division of the executive branch
Philippine President
Autonomous Region
Provinces Cities
Independent
from a Province Provinces Cities
Independent
Component Municipalities
Cities from a Province
Barangay
Component Municipalities
Barangay Cities
Barangay Barangay
Barangay
Barangay
6.Characteristics of Local Government Units

A,It must exist as an organized entity. This means that it must have both organization and certain
basic minimum powers such as the ability to make contracts and own property.
2.It must possess governmental authority accountability to the public at large, with its officials
either elected or appointed by elected officials.
C.Generalization
IV.Assignment:
Introduction: Students will write a position paper on this issues: discuss their views regarding
federalism.
EVALUATION (For the Position Paper)

1(NOT 2 (NEEDS 3 (MEETS 4 (EXCEEDS
Criteria VISIBLE) IMPROVEMENT) EXPECTATIONS) EXPECTATIONS)
(80) (85) (90) (95)
Depth of Learners Learners Learners Learners provided
Reflection demonstrate a demonstrate a demonstrate a new and creative
(Content) lack of minimal level of sufficient level of insights resulting
understanding understanding of understanding of the from a profound
of the lesson. the lesson. lesson. understanding of the
lesson.
Structure Learners did Learners complied Learners complied Learners complied
(Form) not comply with the structure with the structure with the structure
with the and format provided and format provided and format provided
structure and for the position for the position for the position
format paper but the paper and the paper and the
provided for thoughts were thoughts were thoughts were
the position expressed in an expressed in a expressed in a
paper and the incoherent manner. coherent manner. coherent manner.
thoughts were Writing is vague Writing is Writing is very
not expressed and disorganized. sufficiently clear clear and organized.
in a coherent and organized.
and logical
manner.
Writing is
vague and
disorganized.
Grammar, The learners The learners made The learners made The learners made
Spelling made more no more than five more than two no more than two
(Syntax) than five spelling and spelling and spelling and
spelling and grammar errors. grammar errors. grammar errors.
grammar
errors.
V.Suggested Activities/Quizzes:
1.Written Work: Federalism
Read the article entitled “Federalism: What Filipinos need to Know”by Levi A. So of
philstar.com. Write a critique paper about this.
Format:
a. 8.5 x 13
b. TNR or Arial
c. Single spacing
d. 1 inch margin
Parts:
 Introduction
 Body
 Conclusion
Rubric:
EVALUATION (For the Critique Paper)
1(NOT 2 (NEEDS 3 (MEETS 4 (EXCEEDS
Criteria VISIBLE) IMPROVEMENT) EXPECTATIONS) EXPECTATIONS)
(80) (85) (90) (95)
Depth of Learners Learners Learners Learners provided
Reflection demonstrate a demonstrate a demonstrate a new and creative
(Content) lack of minimal level of sufficient level of insights resulting
critique and critique and critique and from a profound
internalization internalization of internalization of critique and
of the given the given material. the given material. internalization of
material. the given material.
Structure Learners did Learners complied Learners complied Learners complied

(Form) not comply with the structure with the structure with the structure
with the and format provided and format provided and format provided
structure and for the critique for the critique for the critique
format paper but the paper and the paper and the
provided for thoughts were thoughts were thoughts were
the critique expressed in an expressed in a expressed in a
paper and the incoherent manner. coherent manner. coherent manner.
thoughts were Writing is vague Writing is Writing is very
not expressed and disorganized. sufficiently clear clear and organized.
in a coherent and organized.
and logical
manner.
Writing is
vague and
disorganized.
Grammar, The learners The learners made The learners made The learners made
Spelling made more no more than five more than two no more than two
(Syntax) than five spelling and spelling and spelling and
spelling and grammar errors. grammar errors. grammar errors.
grammar
errors.
September 13, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Examine how decentralization affects governance; and
b.Examine how decentralization affects governance.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: The Philippine Local Government
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
1.Local government unit vis-à-vis central government
a.The Central government is the official face of a country or state while local
government is the lowest tire in the administration system.
b.The Central government is the name of complete government while local
government is, in fact, the name of public administration system.
c.Central government makes the policies for all departments, institutes or
provinces of the country and local government is bound to follow the
legislations and decisions made by the higher level of government or central
government.
d.Local government works as a helping tool for the central government and
make it possible for the central government to worked efficiently at lower or
local level.
e.Matters relating to national security, international affairs and diplomacy
and economic decisions are decided by the central government while local
government is assigned to look after its specific town, district or division.
f.The Central government is the policy maker while local government carry
on the policy and ensure its implementation.
**Try recalling the discussion about unitary and federal governments.
2.Organization of Philippine local government

The local government units of the Philippines are:
a.The Province-comprises a cluster of component cities and municipalities.
-has an average annual income of not less than P20 million or a continguous
territory of at least 2,000 km. or a population of not less than 250,000
inhabitants
-enacts ordinances and adopts resolution for the general welfare of the
province.
b.The City-consists of more urbanized and developed barangays
Component cities-subject to general provision by the province; their
respective charters for not prohibit the qualified votes of the city to vote for
elective provincial officials.
Independent cities (ICCs)-charters prohibit their voters from voting for
elective provincial officials; and are subject to the direct supervision of the
President.
Highly urbanized cities (HUCs)-cities with population of at least 150,000
inhabitants and an annual income of at least P30 million.
c.Municipality-primarily serves as a general purpose government for the
coordination and delivery of basic, regular and direct services and effective
governance of the inhabitants within its territorial jurisdiction.
-adopts and enacts resolution for the general welfare of the municipality and
its inhabitants.
d.The Barangay-serves as a forum wherein the collective views of the people
may be expressed, crystalized and considered, and where disputes may be
amicably settled.
3.Local Government Code of 1991 a.k.a. RA 7160

- is enacted to “provide a more responsive and accountable local
government structure” instituted through system of decentralization
with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and referendum,
allocate among the different local government units their powers,
responsibilities, and resources and provide for the qualifications,
election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers, and
functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to
the organization and operation of local units
Importance:
1. Helps alleviate the bottlenecks in decision making that are often caused by
central government planning and control of important economic and social
activities.
2. Help cut complex bureaucratic procedures and it can increase government
officials’ sensitivity to local conditions and needs.
3. It can help national government ministries reach larger numbers of local
areas with services
4. Allow greater political representation for diverse political, ethnic,
religions, and cultural groups in decision-making
5. Relieve top managers in central ministries of “routine” tasks to
concentrate on policy.
C.Generalization
IV.Assignment:
Worksheet in Expressed and Implied Powers of Federalism (45 pts.)
Objective: To be able to further their understanding of the expressed and implied powers of a
federal government.
WORKSHEET IN FEDERALISM
CONCEPT NOTES
Before you proceed, read these notes first:
FEDERALISM. The central government deals with issues that affect the entire country. Each
state also has its own local government that only handles the affairs of that state. This division of
power between a central government and state governments is called federalism.
The central government gets all of its power from the Constitution. In order to keep the central
government from becoming too powerful, the Constitution says that any power not given to the
central government is a power the states or the people keep for themselves. These powers are
said to be reserved to the local governments. There also a few powers that both the local
government and the central government share. These are called concurrent powers because
concurrent means happening at the same time.
EXPRESSED POWERS. These are powers that are vested by the Constitution to a certain
governmental branch or unit. For example, Congress has the power to coin money, declare war,
and establish immigration laws. Some of the president’s expressed powers include negotiating
treaties with other countries, nominating justices to the Supreme Court, and pardoning people
who have committed a federal crime.
IMPLIED POWERS. These are not expressly stated in the Constitution. The basis for these is
the Necessary and Proper Clause, which states that the Congress may make any law that is
“necessary and proper” for carrying out its expressed powers.
DIVISION OF POWERS IN FEDERALISM
THE POWER OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. The central government possesses

three types of powers: expressed powers, implied powers, and inherent powers. Its expressed
powers include the power to coin money and the power to regulate interstate commerce. These
powers also include making treaties and appointing certain federal officeholders. While in terms
of its implied powers, the necessary and proper clause is followed. The Congress is given the
power to make laws which shall be necessary for the execution of the expressed powers.
The central government also enjoys its inherent powers-powers which the government should
possess to maintain its integrity and survival as a political unit. These powers include—police
power, eminent domain and taxation.
Furthermore, the central government is prohibited from undertaking certain actions, such as
imposing taxes on exports, and from passing laws restraining certain liberties, such as the
freedom of speech or religion. Additionally, it is also implicitly prohibited from exercising
powers, including the power to create a national public school system, that are not included
among its expressed and implied powers.
THE POWERS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS. Powers that are not delegated to
the national government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the local governments are
reserved to the central government respectively, or to the people. Numerous powers are vested to
local governments, including the power to regulate commerce within their borders and the power
to maintain a state militia. In principle, each local government has the ability to regulate its
internal affairs and to enact whatever laws are necessary to protect the health, morals, safety, and
welfare of its people. These powers of the states are called police powers. The establishment of
public schools and the regulation of marriage and divorce have traditionally been considered to
be entirely within the purview of state and local governments.
CONCURRENT POWERS.Thesecan be exercised by both the local governments and the

central government. Generally, a local government's concurrent powers apply only within the
geographic area of the state and do not include functions that the Constitution delegates
exclusively to the central government, such as the coinage of money and the negotiation of
treaties. An example of a concurrent power is the power to tax. Both the states and the national
government have the power to impose income taxes-and a variety of other taxes. Local
governments, however, are prohibited from imposing tariffs (taxes on imported goods), and as
noted, the central government may not tax articles exported by any state. Another is the exercise
of the inherent powers of the State that can be shared by the two.
EXERCISES
I. Instructions: Identify whether each statement is true or false. Write TRUE if it is correct. If
there is an error, write FALSE.
________1. Federalism is the division of power between states.

________2. Powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people.
________3. Powers that states and the federal government share are called concurrent powers.
________4. Implied powers are stated in the constitution and expressed powers are not.
________5. A unitary form of government does not divide power between a central government
and lower governments.
II. Instructions: Classify the following powers in the chart. Take the time to consider which
category would be the most appropriate fit based on the description.
declare and engage in war set traffic standards

conduct elections print and coin money
govern marriage laws regulate interstate and foreign commerce
regulate intrastate commerce punish lawbreakers
levy and collect taxes protect the rights of citizens
admit new states provide for public safety
borrow money establish and maintain schools
negotiate treaties with foreign countries protect public health
determine the qualifications of voters set up a post office
set rules for immigration maintain the country’s military defense
POWERS RESERVED TO CONCURRENT POWERS POWERS RESERVED TO

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS
III.Instructions: Read and choose the best answer to the following questions. Encircle the letter
that corresponds to your answer.
1. Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so that __________________.

A. both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people.
B. power is centralized in the national government.
C. power is centralized in state and local government
D. central and local governments have separated powers over different areas and people.
2. A Unitary system is a way of organizing government so that ________________________.

A. both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people.
B. power is concentrated in a central government.
C. power is concentrated in state and local governments.
D. central and local governments have power over different areas and people.
3. Enumerated powers are those that are ________________.

A. stated in the Constitution C. reserved to the states
B. implied in the constitution D. reserved to Congress.
IV. Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
4. A ________________________ form of government consists of one level of government at

the national level in which all formal authority is vested.
5. The _______________________ states that powers not delegated to the national government
by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states or to the people.
V. Instructions:Read the questions carefully before answering briefly.
1. The many small children who live on your neighborhood street love to play outdoors.
Unfortunately, the traffic on your street moves too fast, creating a safety hazard. You would like
to have a sign installed warning drivers to slow down and watch for children at play. Which level
of government would you contact that will solve this matter? Defend your answer. (5 pts.)
2. You served in the Philippine Navy for eight years and are planning to attend college on the
Shonga Bill (a college scholarship provided by the government to military veterans). Which
level of government would you contact to make sure you receive your Shonga Bill benefits?
Reason. (5 pts.)
3. You have just moved from Lingayen, Pangasinan to Bulakan, Bulacan and you need a driver’s
license. Which level of government would you contact? Substantiate your answer. (5 pts.)
Rubric for Scoring

5
0 No answer.
V.Suggested Activities/Quizzes:
1.Written Work : Local Government units
Direction: In one sheet of intermediate paper, answer the following: (30 points)
1. What are the different levels of the Philippine Local Government? (Draw a diagram
that shows the different levels)
2. Discuss the basis for the creation of local government units.
3. What are the powers and functions of LGU?
4. What created the CAR and ARMM?
2.Written Work:The Barangays

The class will be divided into two (2) groups. The task is to interview a barangay
official regarding his/her duties and responsibilities as a government official. Ask about the
problems he/she encountered in governing the barangay and the solutions which were
taken to address these problems. Report your findings in the class.
Prepare a narrative report of your interview. Include the following:
pictures/documentations (with caption), your questions, narrative report. Format is:
TNR/Arial and size 12. Place it in a long folder. Thereafter,the selected students will give a
summary of what they have learned.
Rubric for Oral Presentation

Content  The content of the report is 35 points (Highest Possible
substantial enough, it Score)
isengaging and there’s
insightful presentation of
thoughts and supporting
details
Organization of Ideas  Clearly and logically 20 points (Highest Possible
organized report with an Score)
engaging introduction, a
logically sequenced body
with appropriate transitions,
and a clear and convincing
conclusion.
Delivery & Language  A combination of 10 points (Highest Possible
appropriate and effective eye Score)
contact, clarity and
projection of voice and used
consistently the chosen
language.
Cooperation  Teamwork is evident, all 15 points (Highest Possible
members participated in the Score)
accomplishment of the task.
Presentation&  Utilize conventional or 20 points (Highest Possible
Effectiveness unconventional means in Score)
presenting the report.
Speakers are enthusiastic
and engaged the audience to
the performance.
Total: 100 points
3.Activity: Philippine Political Topics

The students will be divided into pairs. Each pair will be given a topic that they will discuss
for an oral presentation. The following are the topics assigned to them:
a. Electoral System
b. Political Parties
c. Citizenship
d. Civil Society and Social Movements
Rubric:
Content  The content of the report is 35 points (Highest Possible Score)
substantial enough, it isengaging
and there’s insightful
presentation of thoughts and
supporting details
Organization of Ideas  Clearly and logically organized 20 points (Highest Possible Score)
report with an engaging
introduction, a logically
sequenced body with appropriate
transitions, and a clear and
convincing conclusion.
Delivery & Language  A combination of appropriate 10 points (Highest Possible Score)
and effective eye contact, clarity
and projection of voice and used
consistently the chosen
language.
Cooperation  Teamwork is evident, all 15 points (Highest Possible Score)
members participated in the
accomplishment of the task.
Presentation&  Utilize conventional or 20 points (Highest Possible Score)
Effectiveness unconventional means in
presenting the report. Speakers
are enthusiastic and engaged the
audience to the performance.
Total: 100 points
September 18, 2018

I.Objectives:
a.Identify the difference between a resolution and ordinance;
b.Recognize the parts of a resolution and ordinance; and
c.Create a resolution and ordinance.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Resolution and Ordinance Making
Reference:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
1. Recall the role of the barangay officials in making resolutions and ordinances.
2. Definition of resolution and ordinance
3.Difference between resolution and ordinance
4. Parts of resolution and ordinance
5.Rules in writing a resolution and ordinance
C.Generalization
Students can ask questions to the teachers regarding their proposed projects that
will be the basis for the ordinance, that they are about to prepare.
V.Assignment:
Students shall start preparing the resolution of their ordinance, that is to be passed
next meeting.
September 20, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Identify the difference between a resolution and ordinance;
b.Recognize the parts of a resolution and ordinance; and
c.Create a resolution and ordinance.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Parliamentary Procedure
Reference:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Submission of resolutions
1. Tell the students that usually, the barangay officials follow the parliamentary
procedure during their meetings.
2. Parliamentary procedure defined
3. Parliamentary procedure rules established
C.Generalization
IV.Election:
Students shall start electing the members of the parliament. These officers shall
lead the defense of the ordinances.
September 25, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Identify the theories regarding the exercise of suffrage
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: The Origin of Suffrage
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
1. Suffrage defined
2. Theories of suffrage
a. Suffrage as an attribute of citizenship-Suffrage can only be exercised by the
citizens of a polis.
b.Suffrage as a vested privilege-Only the elites coming from noble families
and possessing high positions in the government can exercise suffrage.
c.Suffrage as an abstract or natural right-Suffrage is an inherent right
endowed upon man by God.
d.Ethical theory-Suffrage can be exercised by man, regardless of his stand in
the society, making him an asset to his community.
e.Suffrage as a government function-Government is the one responsible to
conduct the elections and to prescribe qualifications for voters.
f.Individualistic theory-Suffrage is conferred upon an individual for his own
good.
h.Collectivist theory-Suffrage is not a right but a function that has to be
exercised by the voter for the interest of the whole community.
i.Dualistic theory-Combination of individualistic and collectivist theories.
3. Scope of Suffrage:
o Election
o Plebiscite
o Referendum
o Initiative
o Recall
C.Generalization
The teacher shall give his/her comments or opinions on the resolutions and
proposed projects by the students.
September 27, 2018
I.Objectives:
a. Identify the qualifications of suffrage as per Constitution; and
b. Identify the types of electoral systems.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Qualifications of Suffrage
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
B.Development of Lesson
1. Qualifications of Voters:
a. At least 18 years old by the day of the elections (SK voters must be 15-30
years old)
b. A resident of the country for at least a year
c. A resident of the place where he or she will be voting for at least six months
d. Not disqualified by the law
A Filipino may be disqualified to vote if he or she is found to have:

a. Been imprisoned for at least one year without pardon or amnesty
b. Committed crimes against national security
c. Been deemed mentally incapable to vote
2.Equality and freedom of suffrage-Suffrage should be exercised by all qualified

persons regardless of sex, race, creed, religion, language, economic status,
education, etc.
3.Election defined-An election is an act of expressing a voter’s choice among

political candidates for a public office.
Types of Election:
1. Regular – refers to an election participated by those who possess the right
suffrage not disqualified by law and who are registered voters.
2. Special – one held to fill in the vacancy in office before the expiration of the
term for which incumbent was elected.
Most Common Electoral Systems Practiced Throughout the World:

1. Plurality
2. Proportional Representation
3. Run-Off System
4. Primary System
C. Generalization
IV.Activity: The remaining time will be allotted for the preparation for this activity:
LIGHTS, CAMERA..ACTION!
Direction: Create a short documentary about the electoral process in the Philippines. Be able to
include in your document the following: 1) comparison of the past and present process of
election, 2) qualifications for candidates and voters, 3) Scope of suffrage, 4) Political parties, 5)
issues regarding election. Be the hosts for this documentary, use pictures or videos that shows
electoral process in the PH.
Rubrics:
Criteria Points
Content 40
Creativity 30
Cinematography 20
Teamwork 10
Total: 100
October 2, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Identify the qualifications of suffrage as per Constitution.
b.Describe the nature of elections the Philippines;and
c.Assess the implications of the type of electoral systems on politics and
governance.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: The Philippine Electoral System
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
3. Submission of output
1.Nature of Philippine electoral system
2. How voters are registered
3.Election day balloting (Election day)
4. Other institution of democracy

a. Initiative-used to overcome the indifference or apathy of the members of a
legislative body for refusing to enact legislation which is popularly endorsed by
the people
b.Referendum-used by people to prevent the implementation of an unwise or bad
law.
c.Plebiscite-employed by people to ratify or reject constitutional amendments or
proposed laws.
d. Recall-wherein an elective official is removed by popular vote before the end
of his term.
5. How can elections and other institutions of democracy affect our society?
C.Generalization
October 4, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Identify and analyze the nature of Philippine political parties.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: The Philippine Political System
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
a. Concept of civil society and social movements
A civil society is comprised of groups or organizations working in the interest of
the citizens but operating outside of the governmental and for-profit sectors.
Organizations and institutions that make up civil society include labor unions,
non-profit organizations, churches, and other service agencies that provide an
important service to society but generally ask for very little in return.
Civil society is sometimes referred to as the civil sector, a term that is used to
differentiate it from other sectors that comprise a functioning society. For
example, the United States is made up of three sectors: the public sector, which is
the government and its branches; the private sector, which includes businesses
and corporations; and the civil sector, which includes the organizations that act in
the public's interest but are not motivated by profit or government.
b. Role of civil society organizations and social movements
c.Political Party- is one relevant component of a democratic government and it is

the central figure of democracy. It is an organization of people aiming to acquire
political power. According to Weissenbach (2010), the basic purpose of political
parties is to nominate the candidates for public office and to get elected as many
of their party members as possible.
Three Components:
1. Party System
2. Party functions
3. Party Types
Party System – concerns the system of government of a political party in a
democratic country. This party system is described by Sartori (1976) as the
“system of interactions resulting from inter-party competition.”
Types of Party System:
a. One-party System is a system wherein only one dominant political party

with uniform ideology has the right to form the government.
b. Two-party System is a system wherein there are only two political parties
who dominate the field of politics.
c. Multi-party system is a system wherein more than two political parties are
relevant to the political parties are relevant to the political view of the
citizens and voters.
d. Dominant-party system is a system wherein particular political party
dominates a series of election which makes elections look like it is just for
formality.
Functions: (Diamond and Gunther, 2001)
1. Candidate nomination wherein the candidates in each party are assigned to

run for office.
2. Electoral mobilization, in which the parties sponsor and support the
candidates throughout the campaign.
3. The political parties use issue structuring, wherein these parties provide
alternatives and choices for every issue.
4. Political parties represent various social groups, whether in specific
interest or in a form of a symbolism called societal representation.
5. Interest aggregation, in which the interests of every group, are melded into
broader appeals.
6. Forming and sustaining governments, wherein the success of the party in
forming and sustaining the government plays a key role in enhancing its
performance.
7. Social integration, in which they allow the citizens and voters to
participate in the electoral process.
Other Functions (Ayson, 2001):

1.Politcal parties educate people.
2.Political parties perform the basic role of providing leadership in the
government.
3.Political parties serves as potential sources of public policy.
4. Political parties act as an effective communication link between the
government and the people.
5. Political parties perform the function of critics and fiscalizers.
6. Political parties help promote unity among people with great language
and cultural differences.
Types of Political Party (Dolan, 1991)
According to sociopolitical objectives:
a. Conservative parties are those that want to retain or restore the pre-
existing order. These parties are skeptical of change and innovations.
b. Liberal parties advocate the right to freedom of individuals and stress the
democratic disposition of society.
c. Social Democratic parties surfaced with the rise of the labor movement
and promote social equality.
d. Extreme rightist parties advocate ideologies that are nationalistic in nature,
which may or may not be laced with unclear ethnic ideology and possibly
racist notions.
e. Communist parties propagate proletariat dictatorship.
According to Social Classes:
a. Popular parties regard the welfare and needs of social groups and attempts
to involve citizens of differing social origins within their ranks.
b. Parties of Special Intent feels that it is their duty to guard the interests of
various groups – may be social, confessional or regional.
Figure １. History of Political Parties in the Philippines
Federal Party was the first established party in the Philippines in 1900. It
was then followed by the Nacionalista party and Democratic Party but not
accepted as an effective two-party system because the Nacionalistas were in a
loyal opposition. An effective two-party system emerged and develop when the
Liberal party was established. The Nacionalistas and Liberals have alternated
power with each other in early 1990s. Both parties did their best to be flexible in
image and appeal to all social classes whether rich or poor.
After having a two-party system, many parties were organized like New
Society Movement, People Power’s Movement, and many more. In 1982, a
coalition known as United Nationalist Democratic Organization was formed.
Many parties today are formed because of different interests and advocacies
within the people.
Issues Hounding Political Parties in the Philippines
1. Absence of strong and credible political parties is still a major issue that
needs attention in the Philippines government system.
2. Election anomalies:
a. patronage system
- allocation of favors or repayment to a person like public office,
contracts, jobs, or other benefits generously doled out by a
patron, most commonly a public official to his client, who may
be a sponsor or contributor in return for the aforementioned
services such as financial help for the electoral campaign.
b. politically motivated incident
- is a blanket term for occurrences planned by a person or groups
of people to influence or alter election results.
c. electoral fraud
- illegal intervention with the election process via the
manipulation of results, whether by increasing the votes of one
party or dropping the vote count of the opposite side.
d. vote buying
- a form of illegal interference in the electoral process. This is
the distribution of any reward – material or financial – in
exchange of support for a candidate by a voter.
e. black propaganda
- employed during the electoral campaigns to damage the
reputation of a candidate by defamation.
3. Over budgeting in campaign
Reference: Cruz-Calilung, Froilan, Politics and Governance 2016. Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City
4. Kind of party system in the Philippines
5. Current dominant party organizations in in the country
6. Personal Organizations-personal machines that are very active during elections

in helping the political party mobilize electoral support for its candidates.
C. Generalization
The remaining time will be allotted for the consultation time on the ordinances
being prepared by the students.
October 9, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Identify and analyze the nature of pressure groups and pressure politics.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Pressure Groups and Political Parties
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
3. Evaluation
Philippine Political Parties and Groups
INSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions carefully before answering briefly. A mere yes or no
answer without explanation will not be credited.
1. At the advent of postwar period in 1946, a political party sprang into the political scene which
challenged the Partido Nacionalista, which was overly dominant over other parties during the
whole period of the American regime. This party was the Liberal Party which was formerly a
faction of the Partido Nacionalista. Its ideology and platform in its early years was for
progressive reforms and changes in the existing social order. Its birth brought about emergence
of a party system in which two major parties were alternately in control of government- a very
important development in the postwar period. What is this party system called? Explain briefly
this party system by describing its characteristic features. (5 pts.)
2. What are the characteristics of a local government? Explain each characteristic. (5 pts.)
3. The twin problems confronting the process of devolution in the Philippines are financial and
the ability of local units to handle government units, particularly the 4th, 5th and 6th class
municipalities, refuse to accept the devolved functions and personnel because of lack of funds.
Other local units seem reluctant to accept personnel of national agencies for the reason that these
personnel allegedly enjoy salaries higher than the Mayor. If you are the national official in-
charge of devolution under the Local Government Code of 1991, how would you solve these
twin problems? (5 pts.)
4. During the May 11, 1992 Philippine elections, several parties-traditional as well, as new ones
put up their candidates for President, Vice President, Senator and Congressmen. They put up also
candidates for local positions. Some of these parties formed alliances with respect to national
candidates. The same arrangement took place in the 1987 senatorial and May 11, 1998 general
elections. What type of party system were these alliances of parties made possible? Reasons. (5
pts.)
5. Why is there a need to establish local governments? (5 pts.)
6. The party system whether it be the multi-party system, the two-party scheme, or the single-
party state model, produced great leaders of the government: presidents, premiers and prime
ministers. Others, after having accumulated tremendous powers became authoritarian leaders.
Which of the functions of political parties fits this case situation? Explain your answer. (5 pts.)
7. What is decentralization? What is the difference between deconcentration and devolution?

What is the difference between political and administrative decentralization? (5 pts.)
8. How are local governments organized? (5 pts.)
9. What is a party system? What is the party system that now prevails in the Philippines?
Substantiate your answer. (5 pts.)
10. What is the composition of the local government units in the Philippines? Explain each. (5
pts.)

5
0 No answer.
1. Pressure groups-private organizations in the democratic society that aim to
express themselves politically
2. Pressure politics-political action which relies heavily on the use of mass media
and mass communications to persuade politicians that the public wants or
demands a particular action. However, it commonly includes intimidation, threats,
and other covert techniques as well.
3.Kinds of Pressures and Pressure Politics

a.Group pressure in legislature
b. Group pressure in administrators
c.Group pressure upon judges
d.Group pressure upon political parties and candidates
4.Functions of pressure groups

a.Potent force in making democratic government work
b.Identifier of various interests in the group
c.Give representations of interests
d.Support political candidates
C. Generalization
IV.Suggested Activities/Quizzes:
Summative Test on Decentralization, Election and Political Parties
I. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Write True if the underlined word or phrase makes the statement
correct, if False, write only the word or phrase to make it right. (10 points)
_____1. A voter must have resided in the Philippines for at least one year, and in the location where
he proposes to vote for at least 3 months.
_____2. Suffrage is a right and a privilege.
_____3. According to the Constitution, the local governments “shall enjoy local autonomy” and in
which the Philippine president exercises “direct supervision.”
_____4. Independent cities are not governed by the province.
_____5. Elections empower the people and enable them to exercise control over the democratic
government.
_____6. A voter may still be qualified even if he was charged with a sentence imprisonment of at
least a year or more.
_____7. Elections are held every six years.
_____8. In a plurality electoral system, a clear winner is only declared once he or she wins over the
majority, or over 50% of the voters.
_____9. In an autonomous region, only those provinces or area which voted in favour of the
creation are the only ones included in the region.
_____10. Vote buying is a form of illegal interference in the electoral process.
II. IDENTIFICATION. Give what is asked in each item. (15 points)

__________1. Pertains to the transfer of power and authority from central institution to lower or local
levels of a government system.
__________2. This law paved the way to the creation of Local Government Units.
__________3. This system is also known as “winner-take-all.”
__________4. The name given to a vote of the people expressing their choice for or against a proposed
law or enacted submitted to them.
__________5. The agency that heads the election in the Philippines.
__________6. On what year was the first automated election in the Philippines?
__________7. A method by which a public officer may be removed from office during his tenure or
before the expiration of his term by a vote of the people after registration of a petition
signed by a require percentage of the qualified voters.
__________8. Highest level of local government.
__________9. Barangay is the smallest unit of the Local government but it can be further divided into
two: _______and ________.
__________10. A form of decentralization that is often considered as to be the weakest.
__________11. What article in the 1987 Constitution provides the provisions for local government
units?
__________12. A type of majoritarian electoral system that involves preferential voting wherein voters
may rank the candidates or political parties according to their preference.
__________13. This is the major election which will yield the final results on who will ultimately take
public office.
__________14. How many days are given to Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates to
campaign?
__________15. The process whereby the people directly propose and enact laws.
III. ESSAY. Answer the following question in not more than five (5) sentences.(10 points)
1. Why was the minimum age requirement lowered down from 21 to 18 years old? (5 points)
2. What is the rationale for decentralization? (5 points)
IV. Multiple Choices. Read carefully the items given and choose the best answer. Write only
the letter that corresponds to your answer. (10 points)
_____1. A system wherein only one dominant political party has the right to form the
government.
a. One-party system c. Multiparty system
b. Two-party system d. dominant-party system
_____2. Advocates the right to freedom of individuals and stress the democratic disposition
of society.
a. Conservative parties c. Liberal parties
b. Extreme Rightist parties d. Popular parties
_____3. Refers to an illegal intervention with the election process via the manipulation of
results.
a. Electoral Fraud c. Patronage system
b. Vote buying d. Black Propaganda
_____4. What was the first established party in the Philippines?
a. Nacionalista party c. Democratic party
b. Liberal party d. Federal party
_____5. This is a system wherein a particular political group dominates a series of elections
which makes elections look like it is just for formality.
_____6. Which of the following is/are the functions of political party?
a. It represents various social groups, whether in specific interest.
b. Candidates in each party are assigned to run for the office.
c. They sponsor and support the candidates throughout the campaign.
d. All of the above
_____7. What type of party system is followed by the Philippine government?
a. One-party system c. Dominant-party system
b. Multiparty system d. Two-party system
_____8. Which of the following is the political party of Pres. Rodrigo Duterte?
a. United Nationalist Alliance
b. Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino
c. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
d. Partido Demokratiko Pilipino – Lakas ng Bayan
_____9. Is a special voting participated in by registered voters residing outside the
Philippines, government employees, military personnel, and media workers.
a. Special election c. Primary election
b. Absentee voting d. General election
_____10. Refers to a system wherein a particular political party dominates a series of
elections which makes elections look like it is just for formality.
October 11, 2018
I.Objectives:
a.Explain citizenship;
b.Assess the various avenues for citizen participation; and
c.Illustrate the value of citizenship.
II.Subject Matter:
Topic: Citizenship
References:
Valenzuela City.
III. Procedure:
2. Recall
b.Development of Lesson
Citizenship – it is the constitutional or legal identity of a person that he or she belongs to

certain state.
- it enables the individual to enjoy certain rights exclusive to the state, such
as the right to vote in elections, and the right to work in the country.
Ways to obtain Citizenship:
1. by blood (jus sanguinis)
2. by place of birth (jus soli)
Natural Born Citizens
Naturalization – is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may
acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done by a statute, without any
effort on the part of the individual, or it may involve an application and approval by legal
authorities.
Dual Citizenship – is involuntary and arises when, as a result of the concurrent
application of the different laws of two or more states, a person is simultaneously
considered a national by the said states.
Dual Allegiance – refers to the situation in which a person simultaneously owes, by some
positive act loyalty to two or more states.
Citizenship Retention and Reacquisition Act of 2003 (RA 9225)

- that natural-born citizens of the Philippines who become citizens of another
country shall be deemed not to have lost their citizenship. To qualify to apply
under this law are the natural-born citizens of the Philippines who have lost
their Philippine citizenship by reason of their naturalization as citizens of a
foreign country may retain/reacquire their Philippine citizenship.
C. Generalization
IV.Evaluation:
Quiz No. 5: Citizenship
INSTRUCTIONS: Read the questions carefully before answering briefly.

1. Mrs. Malou Wang is an illiterate. She never had any formal education. Thus, she does not
know how to read and write. Despite this handicap, she was allowed to vote in the May 11, 2016
synchronized elections with the aid of a nephew. What theory of suffrage is applicable to this
situation? (5 pts.)
2. Mr. Callah Wang is a college professor in one of the universities in Manila. He boards his
brother’s house in Quezon City during school days and spends weekends in his hometown,
Calamba, Laguna.
a. As a voter, he possesses all the qualifications for the exercise of suffrage. During the local
elections, can Mr. Wang register and vote either in Manila, Quezon City or Calamba? Explain. (5
pts.)
b. What qualification for the exercise of suffrage does Mr. Wang need to possess to qualify to
participate in the electoral process? (5 pts.)
3. Define suffrage. What is meant by equality and freedom of suffrage? (5 pts.)
4. What are the qualifications of an individual for the exercise of suffrage? Discuss them briefly.
(5 pts.)
5. Why is an election necessary for the existence and preservation of a true democracy?

5
0 No answer.
V.Assignment:
WORKSHEET IN CITIZENSHIP
CONCEPT NOTES
Before you proceed, read these notes first:
CITIZENSHIP. The idea of citizenship came from the Greeks during the golden age of Plato
and Aristotle. As understood by the Greeks, citizenship was membership in the political
community – the city-state – of a body of individuals who were entitled to participate in public
affairs. Membership in the city-state was a privilege attained by birth, for a Greek remained a
citizen of the city to which his parents belonged. Moreover, Greeks did not consider their
citizenship as a material possession; rather they viewed it as similar to membership in a family.
In Aristotle’s view, citizenship was a membership of an individual in the assembly and was
eligible for jury duty, a definition based on Athenian principle. Citizenship, therefore in
Aristotle’s thinking, was a privilege to participate in the government and hold public office.
Today, citizenship is defined as membership of an individual in a political economy

enjoying political and civil rights. The individual who enjoys these rights is called a citizen of
the state. In line with this, the membership of an individual implies a duty of allegiance on his
part to the state, and in turn, the state has the duty to protect its citizens.
For instance, to be a Filipino citizen, a person must belong to any of the classes of
citizens as enumerated below:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the 1987 Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship
upon reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with the law.
MODES OF ACQUISITION. There are several ways by which an individual acquires his
citizenship. The most common of which are: by birth and naturalization.
Citizenship by birth. An individual acquires citizenship at the time of birth under two general
principles: jus sanguinis literally means “law of blood” and jus soli, “law of the soil”.
According to the principle of jus sanguinis, a child possesses from the time of his birth a
citizenship which is the same as that of his parents, or one of them, regardless of the place in
which he was born. Thus, a child born in the United States of Filipino parents is a Filipino citizen
under jus sanguinis.
Meanwhile, under the jus soli principle, the citizenship of the child is determined by the
country in which he was born regardless of the citizenship of his parents. This may bring about
dual citizenship, which could lead to conflicting jurisdiction in matters of military service, tax
obligations, political activities and protection in foreign countries.
Citizenship by naturalization. A person may acquire citizenship also by naturalization. In a

broad sense, naturalization is the formal adoption of an alien into the political body of a nation
vesting upon him most of the rights and privileges of a citizen. In its strict sense, naturalization is
the conferment by law of citizenship to a foreigner after ha has fulfilled all prescribed conditions.
There are four classifications --- the (1) individual whereas an alien wishes to acquire
citizenship of a country other than his own; (2) group which is done collectively; (3) through
judicial process where a foreigner is required to possess certain prescribed qualifications based
especially on age, residence in the state where he seeks citizenship, willingness to obey the law
and the constitution, good moral character, literacy and other requirements; and (4) through the
lawmaking body.
Distinction between natural-born and naturalized citizens. A natural-born citizen is one who
is already a citizen of the state at the time of birth. He does not need to perform an act to acquire
or perfect his citizenship. On the other hand, a naturalized citizen is one who is a citizen of one
country and who through an intervening act which in naturalization, becomes a citizen of another
country.
LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP. When a citizen gives up or loses his citizenship, the act is called
expatriation. There are several ways by which a citizenship: (1) naturalization in a foreign
country; (2) by expressed renunciation of citizenship; (3) service in the armed forces of another
country; (4) declaration by a competent authority of being a deserter from the armed forced of
his country; (5) cancellation of the certificate of naturalization for cause; and (6) by subscribing
to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and laws of a foreign country upon attaining
21 years of age.
REACQUISITION OF LOST CITIZENSHIP. Lost citizenship may be acquired through

repatriation by any of the following means: (1) by naturalization; (2) by repatriating one’s self
and taking an oath of allegiance to the state; and (3) by direct act of legislation.
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN RELATION TO CITIZENSHIP. In relation to the role of

government in the life of its citizens, the promotion of general welfare of the citizens and that of
their individual welfare.
Promotion of the general welfare. It is the main task of the government to promote the general
welfare. The promotion of the general welfare means the provision of such essential services as
infrastructure development, health care and sanitation, education, and economic progress and
stability and other equally important services conducive to general welfare.
Promotion of individual welfare. Democratic government recognizes the dignity and worth of
the individual. Thus, it seeks to provide him with the most favorable environment in which the
individual can attain those intrinsic good that will make him improve himself. The following are
some of the rights that should be protected in process:
1. Right to life, liberty and property – To enjoy life means that the citizen has the right to be
protected and safe from bodily harm. While, to enjoy liberty means that an individual is free to
govern his own actions free from external restraints imposed by other individuals, groups,
society and government. Moreover, a citizen also enjoys the right to own property and protect it
from anyone who attempts to encroach upon his right of ownership.
2. Freedom of speech and the press – It is the right of an individual to express his opinion on any
subject matter without fear of punishment.
3. Freedom of association – This gives a citizen the right to form, support or join any
organization for purposes not contrary to law.
4. Freedom of assembly – This is the right of the citizen to attend a meeting or gathering
peaceably either for social, economic, cultural or political purposes.
5. Freedom of religion – It means that a man has the right to worship his own God and practice
his own religion without undue interference from anybody, groups, or even from the
government.
6. Freedom to petition for redress of grievances – Every citizen in a democratic state has the right
to petition for redress of grievances. Complaints may be filed with the courts or any
administrative body as a means of righting a wrong to relieve grief suffered by the aggrieved
citizens.
ROLE OF CITIZENS TO THE STATE. Citizenship of an individual 0demand the

performance of certain duties and obligations:
1. Loyalty to country – Every citizen must owe unswerving loyalty or allegiance to the state of
which he is a part. Loyalty to one’s country implies that the citizen must have faith and
confidence in his government.
2. Defense of the state – in the fulfillment of this duty, citizens must render military and even
civil or personal service.
3. Participation in the development and welfare of the state – A citizen should possess discipline
and willingness to develop his potentialities to the fullest so that the contribution that makes to
the development and welfare of his country will be real, and not illusory.
4. Upholding the Constitution and obedience to the law – To uphold the constitution and obey
the law, all citizens must conform to the supremacy of the Constitution and other laws.
5. Exercise of suffrage and participation in elections – Responsible citizens consider their right to
vote for responsible as essential in a democracy. This duty must be performed with utmost
independence to guarantee the exercise of freedom of suffrage. Good participate in the electoral
process by seeing to it that the elections are conducted in a clean, orderly and peaceful manner.
Case Situations:Read the questions carefully before answering briefly.
1. Mr. and Mrs. Sixto Gonzales went to the United States on a working visa. After a year of stay,
their child Fey was born. Mr. and Mrs. Gonzales are natural-born Filipinos. What is the
citizenship of the child, Fey at the time of birth. Is it American or Filipino citizenship, or both?
Qualify your answer by citing the supporting principle or principles. (10 pts.)
2. Cris was born in the United States of a Chinese father and a Filipino mother. His parents never
applied for American citizenship. Applying the principles of jus sanguinis and jus soli, how
many citizenships did Cris have at the time of birth? Explain. (10 pts.)
3. Mr. Jim Chua, a Chinese resident in the Philippines for eight years. At the age of 21, he
married a Filipina and this was before the 1987 Philippines Constitution was ratified on February
2, 1987. Also before the adoption of this Constitution, the Filipino woman renounced her
citizenship to follow the citizenship of her Chinese husband. A year after the ratification of the
1987 Constitution, a child was born of the couple. What is the citizenship of the child at birth?
Under what principle did he acquire said citizenship? Substantiate your answer. (10 pts.)
4. The Philippine Supreme Court ruled that members of a religious sect called “ Jehova’s
Witnesses” are exempt from saluting the flag, singing the National Anthem and reciting the
pledge of allegiance to the country during school and other similar ceremonies. The Court
affirmed the claim of the sect’s leaders that the mentioned activities constitute an act of worship
which their religion prohibits them from giving to anyone except to God.
The ruling reversed the Supreme Court’s decision in 1959 not to give credence to the very same
arguments raised by the Jehovah’s Witnesses, thus, they were required to render the above
mentioned activities because they do not involve any religious ceremony.
a. On what aspects of religious freedom was the recent Supreme Court ruling based?
b. Constitutionalist and lawyers say that there are certain risks or problems created by this ruling
which favors the Jehova’s witnesses. What are these risks or problems?
Rubrics for Essay Writing

If highest
possible score Description
is 10
10 Has complete explanation, clarity of ideas and good explanation of thoughts
9 Has clarity of ideas, good organization of thoughts but lacks important details
8 Has clarity of ideas but lacks good organization of thoughts and important details
6 Provided limited ideas related to the questions and lacks details
4 Answers that are not so much related to the question
0 No answer
October 16 & 18, 2018
Activity: Parliamentary Procedure (Simulation of government sessions)/Defense of

ordinancesInstructions: Students are going to submit and present their completed ordinances.
They shall defend their ordinances before the class.
PERFORMANCE TASK
I. Rubric for oral presentation:

Category Score
Content The content of the 35 points (highest
report is substantial possible score)
enough, it is
engaging and there is
an insightful
presentation of
thoughts and
supporting details.
Organization of ideas Clearly and logically 20 points (highest
organized report with possible score)
an engaging
introduction, a
logically sequenced
body with
appropriate
transitions, and a
clear and convincing
conclusion.
Delivery and language A combination of 15 points (highest
appropriate and possible score)
effective eye contact,
clarity and projection
of voice and used
consistently the
assigned language.
Presentation Utilized conventional 10 points (highest
or unconventional possible score)
means in presenting
the report.
Effectiveness Speaker is 20 points (highest
enthusiastic and possible score)
engaging during the
performance
Total: 100 points ______________
II. Rubric for written ordinance
Category Score
Content and Content is 35 points (highest
development comprehensive, possible score)
accurate and credible.
Major points are
stated clearly and are
well supported.
Content and purpose
of writing are clear
and interesting.
Supporting facts/ Major points are 20 points (highest
basis thoroughly addressed possible score)
and well supported by
evidence.
Depth of solution 2 or fewer major 15 points (highest
questions; covers all possible score)
necessary information
needed to understand
implementation and
evaluation.
Constitutionality Clearly constitutional; 15 points (highest
does not violate any possible score)
provisions of the
Constitution
Format Contains only 1 or 10 points (highest
less structural errors; possible score)
follows format
recommended.
Grammar, punctuation 2 or fewer major 5 points (highest
and spelling grammatical and possible score)
spelling errors.
Total: 100 points

______________
October 23, 2018-SECOND QUARTERLY EXAMINATION

REFLECTION
Many find politics toxic and distasteful, and maybe, they are right. Politics may be inherently
immoral, or at any rate, neutral. Misuse of power, influence peddling and outright corruption,
that destroy so many effort made by students and could also wipe out a whole society, are just
normal events in the world of politics. Then, why are some people still studying this discipline if
it is only known to bring destruction to a civil society?
Let us begin with this --Never ever in the history of the Philippines will people forget the after
effects of the Martial Law during the Marcos era. Many were protesting against the
government’s so-called totalitarian rule. Riots and protest are happening every single day after
the proclamation of the military rule. The protests quickly took on a deeper significance,
transforming apathetic civilians into nationalist. By February 25, 1986, the Filipinos were freed
after several demonstrations were conducted by the Filipinos. This event served as a catalyst that
led to the creation of a new Constitution—that we know now as the 1987 Philippine
Constitution.
As such, many lawmakers decided to consider the political events that transpired from back then,
in formulating the new supreme law of the land. This is where studying and understanding the
world of politics comes handy. They will decide if election should be the central importance, or
they will either focus on shaping a new democratic. Which is more important—the nature and
quality of democracy, or the rules that will affect the electoral system? Many factors are needed
to be considered, or tried; lots of dizzying array of choices in how they should design the
political features of the government. However, no political pedestal is too high, as long as people
are knowledgeable of politics. The first reason, as to why politics should be studied, is for
everyone to avoid the past disastrous events; and to make better laws and to establish an even
more improved government for everyone.
Next, in studying politics, everyone should know that everything matters. If one does not take
interest and participate, others will, and their chances of understandings things much better, will
never reveal themselves again, and they will influence the decisions that govern their life. Will
they take us to war in a foreign land? Will they alter the tax code to favor specific citizens? Who
will have to pay in taxes what others avoid paying? You. Will they set up government programs
whose costs escalate far beyond what anyone had foreseen? Who will then pay these costs? You.
Another reason for someone to study politics is that for one to know how the law works; and so
that they can look for themselves, and prevent others from using the. Always remember this, that
the ignorant are manipulated.
Therefore, considering all the reasons just mentioned above, it is a must for everyone to study
politics, even for the youngsters. To be specific, for this subject, the Senior High School students
of the HUMSS strand. In order for them to know politics better, they have to take up Philippine
Politics and Governance.
In Philippine Politics and Governance, students study and understand the realm of politics
through a naturalistic method, like a scientist. They do not despise the effects that are brought
out, rather, they try to understand how and why something happens—power, political theories or
anything that could significantly affect a society.
To reiterate, many find politics disgusting. All they do is post their opinions and commentaries
on social media sites, without having the proper knowledge about a certain event. While others
are apathetic, no care at all about the events surrounding them. This is one of the challenges that
the instructors have to face while teaching this subject. Thus, before teaching the subject, the
instructor must establish the necessity of studying the subject. Never presume that the students
are taking the course to become professional political scientists. You are teaching this subject,
not just because it is a requirement for this strand, but you are teaching and imparting knowledge
them, so that they can better citizens of the country. Let them develop their interest in the subject
on their own. You can start by asking them, “ What kind of country do you want? You’d better
start developing your own logical and rational perspectives now, because sooner or later, you
have to make political choices.”
It is also undeniable that this subject will require lots and lots of memorization and reading, as
this includes learning several complicated concepts. Give students quizzes and activities, that are
objective in nature from time to time. They do not need to memorize every single word of a
definition or provision of a law. What important is that they have a full understanding of the
concept.
Also, try, if it can be done, to correct the exaggerated belief in “you can change everything you
believe in”. In the world of politics, no one is ever right or wrong. No one has the correct choice.
No one can be considered a sinner. It all dwells on what kind of circumstances are present,
depending on what events are happening. No one can easily change a society that has been built
since time immemorial, without the equipping the proper machineries. This is why, people who
lack knowledge should not try to give comment, if they are not in the correct position. As such,
being the instructor, relay to the students that, in this world, nothing can be changed overnight, as
it needs to be changed gradually using the correct machineries and techniques. This is not to
discourage them not to believe in their principles, but to show them that the real world after they
graduate is harsher than what they know, read and hear about. You can do this by giving true-to-
life examples in every lessons, subtly removing the exaggerated belief. Do not only stick to the
books.
Furthermore, in relation to not sticking with the book examples, what I am trying to imply is that,
there are many sources of knowledge. Do not box your teachings to what the portfolio only
contains. Teach more. Supplement your lessons, but remember to comply with the course
syllabus.
Lastly, is the instance when students are always bored out by the lengthy discussions. However,
it cannot be denied that discussions are very important in deepening or reinforcing the base
knowledge of the students. I recommend that lectures be done in an exciting manner by
conducting debates and film-showing as ways of introducing or supplementing lessons.

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KINGFISHER SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE

Senior High School

IRISH ARIANNE P. ROMERO

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

June 26, 2018 k. Manner of Formation of Governments Interactive Discussion

June 28, 2018 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Interactive Discussion

July 3, 2018 d. Major Political Ideologies Interactive Discussion

July 5, 2018 e. Relationship between Ideologies and Interactive Discussion

July 10, 2018 POWER Interactive Discussion

July 17, 2018 STATES, NATION AND GLOBALIZATION Interactive Discussion

July 19, 2018 c. Elements of State Interactive Discussion

July 19-30, 2018 Suspension of classes due to harsh weather conditions

October 2, 2018 h. Registration of Voters Interactive Discussion

October 11, 2018 CITIZENSHIP Interactive Discussion

IRISH ARIANNE P. ROMERO

II. Subject Matter:

b. Politics extends to “any activity involving human beings associated together

c. To some political scientists politics in a broad sense, as the “distribution of

3. Introduce the classical and modern definition of political science.

CLASSICAL DEFINITION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

MODERN DEFINITION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

4. Why do the media cover much attention to politics?

Political Science and Definition of Terms

State is defined as a “political association that establishes sovereign power within a

II. Subject Matter:

2. Is political science a science or an art?

POLITICAL SCIENCE AS AN ART AND SCIENCE

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN STUDYING POLITICAL

4. Distinguish a political scientist from a politician.

The systematic study of politics is distinguished from the practice of politics.

4. What are the different branches of Political Science?

5.What is the relationship of political science with other studies?

The relationship of political science with other branches of learning, especially

6. What are the importances of Political Science?

II. Subject Matter:

B. Development of the Lesson

2. What is the difference of government from governance?

3. What are the different types of government?

b. According to number of rulers

Rule by few (2-3 rulers)

Rule by many (More than 3 rulers)

1. According to Plato, governments by a person, the few or many may be “good” or

4. How is the presidential system of government distinguished from the parliamentary

7. Is political science a scientific study? Support your answer. (5 pts.)

1. What is Politics? (5 pts)

2.Written Work: Good Governance

B. Development of the Lesson

2. Concept of Good Governance

3. Eight Tenets of Good Governance

Rubric for scoring:

V. Other Suggested Activities/Quizzes

B. Development of the Lesson

B. Development of the Lesson

2.How does this affect the lives of the Filipinos?

B. Development of the Lesson

2. The Nature and Dimensions of Power

3. Classification of Power according to their Bases (John French & Bertram

4.Classification of Power based on Different Types of Authority (Max Weber)

5.Influence vs. Legitimacy

B. Development of the Lesson

1. Discuss the following:

b.Power and Citizenship-Citizenship is the membership in a political community