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Abstract
Issues relating to the rights of women across the globe are a major focus of contemporary
scholarship. Quest for women emancipation has been on the increase in religious, political
and economic spheres. This is premised on the fact that women are always at the receiving
end. This however has been discovered not to be true in its entirety as women in every society
enjoy some inalienable privileges. This paper therefore discusses the status of Yoruba women
in traditional Africa from a holistic perspective, with emphasis on how culture has impacted
negatively on their well-being, although there are benefits derive from their status in society.
Thus, it recommended that cultural practices that are harmful to women should be discarded,
while caution must be exercised in the quest for the liberation of women so that African
cultural values can be retained, and thus not destroyed under the guise of civilization.
Introduction
Discourse on the rights of women in Africa has been a major focus of contemporary scholarship
in Africa. Many scholars of feminist studies have been largely unanimous that aspects of African
culture are hostile to women, hence the need for a paradigm shift so that the supposed hitherto
marginalised woman will be emancipated, this paper discusses the right of African women in a
Yoruba context with emphasis placed on two divides of culture as possible agents of women
oppression and therefore, its relevance in promoting rights of women. Hence, this is a way of
correcting misconception about culture in relation to the gender question.
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Immediately a child is born, the question that will be posed will centre on sex, not minding of
health of the mother. If the baby is a female, the mother will be scolded and treated as a lazy,
good for nothing woman. On the other hand if the child is a male, praise will be showered on the
mother, not considering the fact that Biology has shown that it is the father who determines the
sex of an offspring.
300
Inheritance
Inheritance as a cultural practice among the Yoruba is not women friendly. Traditionally the
issue of will was non- existent. Thus after the burial of the deceased, the oracle was consulted to
fix a time for the sharing of the property (human -wives, offices and material). Sharing of offices
is male centred as women cannot be made the head of the family. No matter how young a male
child is, he is superior to female children in this regard no matter how old they may be. However,
it is not impossibility for female children to inherit property especially when they are single, but
this is not always the case for married women because of the belief that they in their entirety
belong to their husbands. Of course, it is not dignifying for a married woman to claim any right
regarding inheriting her father’s property. What obtains in Igbo land is more hostile to women
as they do not have any right to inherit anything from their fathers. (Oke 2001:52) If a man dies
without having a son, his belongings go to his brother or uncle, and his name is believed to have
been lost. This is why having a male child in the area is sacrosanct and the relevance of the
name Ahamefula- My name is not lost.1Hence, it important to note that while a woman may not
inherit, she could be inherited, thus, traditionally wives of the deceased were part of his property.
In such a situation, she could be inherited by somebody too old for her or somebody who may be
younger than her own son.
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There is a proverbial joke that further buttresses the perceived irrelevance of women. A male
child populates the family while the female one depopulates it. This belief has occasioned this
saying “Adekunle ni oruko okunrin, Adetule ni oruko obinrin” In the Yoruba society, when a
woman is married she move to her husband’s place and becomes a member of the family. Given
this reality, a male child who will bring a woman or women in is preferred to the one (female
child who will leave her parental home after marriage. This is why the male child is
metaphorically referred to as the pillar of the family opomulero while the female one symbolises
a seasonal stream. The view is largely responsible for why parents in the past were not
favourably disposed to sending their daughters to school. We shall discuss this in detail later in
this work. The list of proverb that so portray women as not as important as men is long. What
we have attempted to do in this piece is an analysis of some of them.
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1. A menstruating woman must not participate in the sacrifice to Obatala- Yoruba divinity of
fertility and other religious activities. Obatala is renowned for whiteness and this symbolises
purity (as menstrual period is believed to be a time impurity or defilement). Also, they are
forbidden from entering into any sacred places because they could render all objects there
ineffective. This taboo apart from depicting women as being unclean equally reduces their
relevance in religious activities.
2. Women are forbidden from watching Oro. Oro religious activities are is an exclusive preserve
of men. In order to prevent women from having its knowledge, they are traditionally not allowed
to see or get involved in it so as not to see its nakedness. A defiant woman risks sanction, hence
the saying ‘boobinrin ba foju kan oro, oro a gbe, that is, if a woman watches oro, it will deal
with her. (Olabode 2009:135; Tiamiyu and Olaleye 2009:122) Also there is a limit to the
involvement of women in the Egungun cult. Like the Oro, Egungun is mainly for men and it
involves an element of secrecy. Even if a woman knows the secret, she must not tell anybody.
This literally explains the saying ‘b’obinrin mawo ko gbodo wi. The masquerades that come out
in the night are believed to be naked. Thus they must not be seen women if the need arises for
women to go out in the night during Egungun festival, such must be announced so that the
nocturnal masquerades will disappear. In contemporary time, these taboos infringe seriously on
the freedom of movement of women.
Sexual Fidelity
Chastity before marriage on the part of the woman was essential. A woman who was not virtuous
at marriage was a disgrace not only to herself, but also to members of her family. (Idowu
1982:157) It follows that virginity was a cherished virtue in Yoruba society. The first a couple
spent together was a very special one; members of the bride’s and bridegroom’s family were to
sleep outside the married couple’s room and strain their ears to catch the exclamation of pain
coming from the new wife during what was supposed to be her first sexual experience.
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A Yoruba proverb says "A k ii moko omo tan, ka tunmale omo" meaning it is not proper to know
one’s daughter's husband and her concubine. Nothing is said about knowing one's son's wife and
his concubine. This might not be a crime in a patriarchal society. While adultery is an adulterous
woman is seen as a murderer, adultery is construed as proving the valour of men. (Olademo
2009:104) Lending credence to the foregoing Edewor 2006:375-376 says that:
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Morality
Immorality of all forms is detested among the Yoruba that immoral people are treated with
ostracism. Given this people try tom abide by the norm of society. This however does not
suggest that moral rules are not flouted. Immorality as a matter of fact is not gender based. In
other words, both the man and the woman could be guilty of unethical conduct. In line with the
status of women in traditional Yoruba society, women are believed to be agents of moral
ineptitude. This is why they are blamed for their children’s bad behaviour. As reflected in
Yoruba oral tradition, several moral vices are perpetrated by women. It is a popular saying that
obinrin koni gogongo, that is,women do not have Adam’s apple. This suggests that they cannot
keep secret and that theymust not be confided in. An ijala2 verse says:
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Western Education
Before the introduction of western education, traditional Yoruba people had always transmitted
their cultural values from one generation to another. Therefore, there is Yoruba concept of
education, which is aimed at character development, development of intent and physical skills,
inculcation respect for elder and leaders, understanding, appreciating and promoting the cultural
heritage of society among other. (Lawal 2005: 129) Western education was received with
disinclination in most places and the few who were willing to send their children to school did
not consider it wise to send the female ones. Therefore those who had initial exposure to this
form of education were largely men. This is attributable to the fact that a woman is seen as
property and beast burden at the mercy of the pleasure of the husband. In the past, some parents
felt that if girls should acquire some formal education and were privileged to work, they would
surrender their pay packets to their husbands and not their parents. (Adebisi 2009:153)
According to Adetunji, the African woman is not encouraged to avail herself of educational
opportunities, rather she is encouraged to tom go into such an institution where functional
education is acquired to prepare her for motherhood. (Adetunji 2001:106) It should be noted
though women now go to school; their enrolment in some places is very low. The point being
made is that Yoruba culture was not favourably disposed to educating the girl child, which was a
way of entrenching patriarchy. The current clamour for increased participation of women in
Nigerian politics could be traced to this factor. Since initially they were not exposed to
education, a factor that gave rise to participation in politics and nationalism, it may be difficult
for them to compete favourably with men.
306
This proverb confirms the practice of not bath, but it may be an alibi for a dirty woman who was
not bathing regularly when her husband was alive. Although she could not as a matter of right
inherit her husband’s properties, she could be inherited by a member of her husband’s family.
Widows are forbidden from attending social functions and no adornment of any kind is allowed.
They are made to wear black attire or other dull colours. A widow surrounded by hostile in-laws
is vulnerable to inhuman treatments that are not necessarily cultural. She could be accused of
having killed her husband and she may sent out of her matrimonial home while those inherited
could be exposed to unhealthy rivalry with the wife or wives of the new husband. It apposite to
remark what obtains in Yoruba land is mild compared with cultures like Igbo in Nigeria
(Ukpokolo 2005:124) and Luo in Kenya. (Ressy-Mamo 2005:53) There is no specific mourning
period for the widower. In fact, he may remarry shortly after the death of his wife because of
domestic care. There is no rule binding on those who have more than one wife. (Familusi
1999:63)
The woman in Yoruba culture has been understood so far in this work as less privileged and
largely endangered species. However the negative impact of culture has limits as women in their
own right are influential and at times enjoy some rights. Therefore, the question of their being
marginalised must not be blown out of proportion. In Yoruba ethics, it is the responsibility of
men to give protection to women as weaker sex. When they walk together, the woman should be
allowed to go in front while the man follows her so as to afford her protection ad defence in case
there is and danger. The woman as a matter of necessity should be sheltered and afforded the
first chance of escape when the need arises. (Idowu 1982:164) By virtue of this privilege, the
woman cannot be said to be a second class human being. Implicitly, she is more cherished in this
regard. Up till today, it is considered imperative for a Yoruba man to protect his wife or wives.
(Dopamu and Alana 2004:164)
Women are not in any way insignificant in specific religious activities, their prohibition during
menstrual period notwithstanding. Traditionally they were assigned roles in religion as
priestesses and functionaries and in spite of the fact that many are male dominated, some give
room for women participation and such may be led by either a man or a woman.
307
It is not surprising that they are sober and well organized. They are cool
and well refined, knowledgeable and reserved in their occult artistry…
Women virtually make the deities. Annually they re-enact past events,
advertising a hero of their choice to the community for communal
acceptance as a deity. They cement their confirmation of deity through
ceremonial praise poetry rendered in honour of the deity oral recitation.
Their body decoration is enough to attract the men folk thereby forcing
them to listen to the message of their recitation… In fact the role of women
in perpetuation of religion can not be overemphasized. Just as religion
itself, women are a mystery; but they are also the conspicuous second
aspect of the binary system of complementarity, which has to be
comprehended and appreciated for peacefulcoexistence in this universe in
order to maintain a permanent cosmos.
What about Ayelala, a goddess among the Ilaje and Ijo Apoi people in Okitipupa area of Ondo
State.? The offering of the enslaved girl (who later became deified) to appease the gods of the
land following a crime of sexual immorality should be seen as a form of sacrifice, on the part of
women. Although she was forced to die, she is today worshipped and this is to the credit of
women. Another example is Queen Moremi of Ile-Ife, who offered to be captured by invading
Igbo warriors and through this she was able to liberate her people.(Fatokun 2010:136-138) Can
it be controverted that a woman did what men could not do? Women are not in all cases
unrecognised.
Apart from related religious activities, women participate actively in community affairs. This is
why in every Yoruba community there are female chiefs who are deeply involved traditional
governance. For example in the old Ibadan kingdom, the title of Iyalode was created in the 1850s
to reward Madam Subuola who used to assist the warriors. The Iyalode must possess qualities
similar to those of the Baale. She is described as:
308
Ojo (2004: 238) does not in any way agree that women are inferior to men as she highlights
various roles played by them both in the home and society. According to her “Yoruba women are
very intelligent, lively, expressive, courageous, devoted to family, enterprising and versatile.”
Women are known to be protective of their families and on several occasions they sacrifice
personal interest even to the point of death for their children. When men are reluctant to finance
the education of their children, women have always faced the challenge of shouldering the
responsibility. Their contributions to the upbringing of the child should not go unnoticed. In this
era of civilization and acculturation, women are now both seen and heard in Yoruba land. Some
of them have become bread winners of their families because of economic reality of the day. The
relevance of the saying “Behind every successful man is a woman” is now. Many professions
that were no go areas for women in the past are now also dominated by them. In modern day
politics women have launched themselves into prominence. In the South-Western Nigeria, apart
from being members of Houses of Assembly and the National Assembly, there are at present
three female deputy governors and a Speaker. This is good starting point and efforts are being
made towards having more representation. The fact that the mother is described as gold
Iyaniwura while the father is mirror dingi suggests to an extent their relevance and value.
Economically and socially speaking gold is more expensive and cherished that mirror. While
paternity of a child can be in doubt, maternity is incontrovertible. Bayo Adegboyega, a gospel
musician is right to sing in an Album titled ‘Dear Mother’ that:
309
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Notes
1
This name is often given when a long awaited male child comes or when a man who happens to
be the only male child of his parents has a male child.
2
Ijala is the poetry that is sung and performed by hunters, blacksmiths and all who deal in iron
work, in honour of Ogun, the divinity of iron.
313