Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Facultad de Ciencias
Departamento de Geociencias

GEOLOGÍA HISTÓRICA
2015501 Grupo 01
Primer semestre 2019

EL ORIGEN DEL UNIVERSO

Basada en Levin (2013), Greshko-NG (2017)
Hawking (2010), entre otros.
Universo, sa (RAE 2019)

Del lat. universus.

1. adj. universal.
2. m. mundo (‖ conjunto de todo lo existente).
3. m. Conjunto de individuos o elementos cualesquiera en los cuales se consideran una
o más características que se someten a estudio estadístico.

Cosmology (Bates & Jackson 1987)

The study, both theoretical and observational, of the space-time structure of the
Universe as a whole.

Cosmogony (Bates & Jackson 1987)

A scientific theory or a cultural mythology regarding the origin of the Universe, either
as a whole or in more limited scope, such as the solar system of the Earth.
The Origin of the Universe Levin (2013)

Earth’s origin is part of the Solar System’s history, and the Solar System’s origin is part of the
Universe’s history. Thus, the story of Earth also includes the story of the Universe.
Several hypotheses for the Universe’s origin have been offered.

Doppler Shift
Before we discuss these hypotheses, it’s important to know that every hypothesis must conform
to an astronomical observation called the Doppler shift. To understand it, recall that the
“white” light we see really is a blend of all the colors—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
and violet.

The wavelength of each color is different, so when white light passes through a prism, each
color is bent (diffracted) at a different angle, spreading out the colors in a display we call the
spectrum. Falling rain can act as a prism, displaying the spectrum in the sky as a rainbow.

The spectrum for light from any star varies with Its composition. But it also varies with
the star’s movement and speed. For example, if a star is moving away from Earth, wavelengths
of the light from the star effectively lengthen and shift toward the red end of the spectrum. (If
the star is moving toward Earth, its wavelengths are effectively shortened, shifting toward the
blue end.) The greater the velocity of separation, the wider the observed Doppler shift.
 Levin (2013)
Big Bang and the Expanding Universe

Early in the 20th century, researchers had found a dozen galaxies that clearly exhibited
Doppler shift, rapidly moving away from each other. In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that
the Doppler shift increased with increasing distances of the galaxies, indicating that the more
distant the galaxy, the higher its receding velocity. Thus, Doppler shift indicates that the
Universe is expanding.

If we made a video of the galaxies moving apart as indicated by the Doppler shift and played
it back in reverse, all the galaxies would merge at a single location, the birthplace of the
Universe. The density of this galactic mass was incredible, and it exploded in what
astronomers have dubbed the Big Bang.

Calculations based on the amount of expansion that has occurred indicate that the Big Bang
happened 18–15 billion years ago. It marked the instantaneous creation of all matter in the
present Universe.

The initial temperature reached over 100 billion degrees Celsius. During the first second, the
Universe cooled to about 10 billion degrees (still a thousand times hotter than the center of
the Sun today). Atoms could not exist at such high temperatures, so all that could exist
was radiant energy, very light particles called neutrinos, and electrons.
The formation of protons and neutrons quickly followed. After about 1.5 minutes,
temperatures dropped to about 1 billion degrees Celsius. A few simple atomic nuclei
formed by fusion (hydrogen and helium). During the subsequent million years or so, the
Universe continued to cool as it expanded. Atoms began to form when the temperature fell to
a few thousand degrees.

By about a billion years after the Big Bang, stars and galaxies had probably begun to
form. In the interior of stars, matter reheated, nuclear reactions started, and synthesis of
heavier elements began.

Not So Fast . . .

The Big Bang hypothesis sounds pretty incredible, but it is supported by certain evidence and
calculations. However, some astronomers are uneasy about a cosmic evolution that starts
with a Big Bang and ends with galaxies hurtling toward the edges of the Universe. They
support the steady-state cosmology of a Universe that will continue to expand forever.

As expansion progresses, new matter, initially hydrogen, form from combinations of atomic
particles in the space between galaxies at about the same rate that older material is receding.
This maintains a uniform density of matter in the Universe.
Levin (2013)
 Levin (2013)
An Oscillating Universe?

Another possibility is to combine the Big Bang and steady state hypotheses into
a single concept that says, “for every big bang, there is a big crunch.” According to
this oscillating Universe cosmology, after the Big Bang, gravitational forces begin
to prevail and draw matter back to its place of origin.

The expanding Universe thus becomes a contracting one for awhile. In the last stages
of contraction, matter would hurtle in at enormous speed, compressing the returned
particles into an infinitely dense mass for the next Big Bang. They estimate a
complete cycle to take 100 billion years.

To summarize, the Doppler shift indicates that the Universe is expanding. Without
this knowledge, there would be no basis for the Big Bang or steady-state hypotheses.
Even the oscillating-Universe hypothesis insists on an expanding Universe, at least
until a future contraction occurs.
Gran cantidad de información bibliográfica disponible en el SINAB, y en la red.
 dkimages.com (2007)

Big Bang - Origin of the universe.


Major events since Big Bang (berkeley.edu)
 nasa.gov

This image highlights some events in the history of the Universe as it evolved from the Big Bang.
The Big Bang Theory
Greshko-NG (2017)
The Big Bang Theory (Cont.)
Greshko-NG (2017)
The Big Bang Theory (Cont.)

Greshko-NG (2017)
The Big Bang Theory (Cont.)
Greshko-NG (2017)
The Big Bang Theory (Cont.)
Greshko-NG (2017)
 The Big Bang Theory (Cont.)
Greshko-NG (2017)

Created the second element hydrogen Atomic clouds)

The Big Bang Theory (Cont.)
Greshko-NG (2017)
The Big Bang Theory (Cont.)
Greshko-NG (2017)
Hawking & Mlodinow (2010)
 Greshko-NG (2017)

“While countless questions about the origins of our

universe remain.

It is only a matter of time for some long sought answers

to emerge”.
A continuación: Documental.