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Overview
Wire drawing
application
deformations, drawing speeds and forces
equipmentm dies and die materials
Tube drawing
tube drawing processes
Strain and drawing force
Drawing tools
Lubrication
Defects
Wire drawing
Application
wires and rods with smooth surfaces and low tolerances.
Material Application
Low-carbon steels Wires, wire meshes, barbed wire, pins, nails, screws
C 10 – C22 and bolts, rivets
Cu and Cu alloys Wires, wire meshes, screws, bolts and shaped parts,
parts for the electrical industry
Al and Al alloys Screws and bolts, shaped parts, electrical lines, etc
Deformations
Permissible deformations
8 to 21
1200 0.5 – 2.5 12 – 15 120 – 150
soft 8 – 10 40 – 50 350 – 400
alloy
Cu
200 – 300 5 to 13
250 1 – 3.5 18 – 20
250 – 300
soft 12 – 16 20 – 25
Al alloy
5 to 13
150 – 200
80 1 – 3.5 15 – 20
Deformations
sizing pass:
Bundle Drawing:
Drawing many wires (hundred or more) simultaneously as a bundle.
The cross section is polygonal, rather than round.
Drawing force
𝜇 2𝛼
F = 𝐴1 𝜎𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜑 + +1
𝛼 3𝜑
F drawing force
𝜎𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 mean flow stress
𝜇 friction coefficient
2𝛼 cone angle
single
tandem
single tandem
Drawing tools
three zones
• cone-shaped intake
(entry angle 2β and approach angle 2α)
• bearing land
• cone-shaped back relief (relief angle 2γ)
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 1
Limit
The limit for the deformation
comes from the required
drawing force
𝐴1 𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜑
𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝜂
Wet drawing, in which the dies and the rod are immersed completely in the
Lubricant.
Dry drawing, in which the surface of the rod to be drawn is coated with a
lubricant by passing it through a box filled with the lubricant (stuffing box).
Metal coating, in which the rod or wire is coated with a soft metal, such as
copper or tin, that acts as a solid lubricant.
Ultrasonic vibration of the dies and mandrels; in this process, vibrations
reduce forces, improve surface finish and die life, and allow larger
reductions per pass without failure.
Defects - wire and tube drawing
stress-corrosion cracking