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FDGCOMM/ECE 151
Telephone is demonstrated
1876 The Harmonic Telegraph was based on the
by Alexander Graham Bell
principal that musical notes could be sent
simultaneously down the same wire, if
those notes differed in pitch.
Amplitude and frequency modulated radio
waves used to transmit voice and music.
An Italian inventor,
Guglielmo Marconi proved It all started with the discovery of radio
1887
the feasibility of Radio waves—electromagnetic waves that have
Communication the capacity to transmit music, speech,
pictures, and other data invisibly through
the air.
Transmission of images and sound using
short wavelength microwaves.
SOURCE CHANNEL
SOURCE MODULATOR
ENCODER ENCODER
CHANNEL
SOURCE CHANNEL
DESTINATION DEMODULATOR
DECODER DECODER
SOURCE ENCODER
The Source encoder ( or Source coder) converts the input i.e. symbol sequence into
a binary sequence of 0s and 1s by assigning code words to the symbols in the inputsequence.
The important parameters of a source encoder are block size, codeword lengths, average data
rate and theefficiency of the coder (i.e. Actual outputdata rate compared to the minimum
achievable rate).
Aim of the source coding is to remove the redundancy in the transmitting information, so
that bandwidth required for transmission is minimized. Based on the probability of the
symbol code word is assigned. Higher the probability, shorter is the codeword.
CHANNEL ENCODER
Error control is accomplished by the channel coding operation that consists ofsystematically
adding extra bits to the output of the source coder.These extra bits do not convey any
information but helps the receiver to detect and /or correct some of the errors in the
information bearing bits. There are two methods of channel coding:
The Modulator converts the input bit stream into an electrical waveform suitable for
transmission over the communication channel. Modulator can be effectively used to minimize
the effects of channel noise, to match the frequency spectrum of transmitted signal with
channel characteristics, to provide the capability to multiplex many signals.
CHANNEL
The Channel provides the electrical connection between the source and destination. The
different channels are: Pair of wires, Coaxial cable, Optical fiber, Radio channel, Satellite
channel or combination of any of these. The communication channels have only finite
Bandwidth, non-ideal frequency response, the signal often suffers amplitude and phase
distortion as it travels over the channel. Also, the signal power decreases due to the
attenuation of the channel. The signal is corrupted by unwanted, unpredictable electrical
signals referred to as noise.
The important parameters of the channel are Signal to Noise power Ratio (SNR),
usable bandwidth, amplitude and phase response and the statistical properties of noise.
DEMODULATOR
The extraction of the message from the information bearing waveform produced by the
modulation is accomplished by the demodulator. The output of the demodulator is bit
stream. The important parameter is the method of demodulation.
CHANNEL DECODER
The Channel decoder recovers the information bearing bits from the coded binary
stream. Error detection and possible correction is also performed by the channel decoder. The
important parameters of coder / decoder are: Method of coding, efficiency, error control
capabilities and complexity of the circuit.
SOURCE DECODER
At the receiver, the source decoder converts the binary output of the channel decoder into
a symbol sequence. The decoder for a system using fixed length code words is quite simple,
but the decoder for a system using variable length code words will be very complex.
Aim of the source coding is to remove the redundancy in the transmitting information, so
that bandwidth required for transmission is minimized. Based on the probability of the
symbol code word is assigned. Higher the probability, shorter is the codeword.
3. In what ways is a digital communication system advantageous over its analog
counterpart? What are its disadvantages? Briefly Discuss each.
As the signals are digitized, there are many advantages of digital communication over analog
communication, such as −
The effect of distortion, noise, and interference is much less in digital signals as they
are less affected.
Digital circuits are more reliable.
Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than analog circuits.
The hardware implementation in digital circuits, is more flexible than analog.
The occurrence of cross-talk is very rare in digital communication.
The signal is un-altered as the pulse needs a high disturbance to alter its properties,
which is very difficult.
Signal processing functions such as encryption and compression are employed in
digital circuits to maintain the secrecy of the information.
The probability of error occurrence is reduced by employing error detecting and error
correcting codes.
Spread spectrum technique is used to avoid signal jamming.
Combining digital signals using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is easier than
combining analog signals using Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).
The configuring process of digital signals is easier than analog signals.
Digital signals can be saved and retrieved more conveniently than analog signals.
Many of the digital circuits have almost common encoding techniques and hence
similar devices can be used for a number of purposes.
The capacity of the channel is effectively utilized by digital signals.
4. What are the different transmission media or channels that can be used to transmit
information? Give a brief but concise discussion on each.
Copper cable
Wireless
Fiber optics
Fiber offers enormous bandwidth, immunity to many types of interference and noise,
and improved security. Therefore, fiber provides very clear communications and a
relatively noise-free environment. The downside of fiber is that it is costly to
purchase and deploy because it requires specialized equipment and techniques.