Writings from the Ancient World

Society of Biblical Literature

Simon B. General Editor
Associate Editors
Jo Ann Hackett
A. Jr.
Peter Machinist
Patrick D. Jr.
William J. Murnane
David LOwen
Robert K. Ritner
Martha T. Roth

Volume B
and

Edited by Susan Tower Hollis

Hymns, Prayers, and
Songs

An Anthology of Ancient Egyptian

Lyric Poetry

by
John L. Foster

Edited
Susan Tower Hollis

Scholars Press
HYMNS, PRAYERS, AND SONGS:
AN ANTHOLOGY OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN LYRIC POETRY
1995

The of Biblical Literature a grant from the National

Endowment for the Humanities to underwrite certain editorial and research
\Af ... t-u"'y,,, from the Ancient World series. Published results and

neices,salwy represent the view of the Endowment.

ant:nolo~:y of ancient !-',0',,,nt1!ln poetry

Susan Tower Hollis.
p. cm. IWrtt'If'Hl'o;z from the ancient world no. 8)
Includes blt)hc)graplrucal references and index.
ISBN 0~7885~0157~7 : alk. -ISBN 0~7885-0158~5
alk.
'-,0"",>1,,'" poetry - Translations into I. Foster,
,!lUTrpnC'PI 1930- . II. Hollis, Susan T. HI. Series.

893',1 dc20 95~38539

Printed in the United States of America

on acid~free paper,
 Contents

Series Editor's Foreword xi

cnlrOJ101o£llcal Table xiii

of xvii

J::!,xlPlalnatlon of xviii

INTRODUCTION 1

TRANSLATIONS 13

I: The lta:nstlguratJLOn of the

from The Texts 15

1. 15
2. 19
3, 21
4, 21
5. 22
6, 23
7. 24
8, 25
9. 26
10. 26
11. 27
12. 28
v
vi Contents

13. 29
14. 29
15, 30
16. 30
17. 31
18. 32
19. 33
20. 35
21. Archaic 36
22. 38
23.
39

41

24. 41
25. 42
26. 44
27.
45

III. 1-1","" ..,,:, and V ..... 'uA1rc to Osiris: The Earth KeJll£J.on 48

28. The Great of Amenmose. Louvre 48

29. TT 53

IV. t-i urn 1'"\(1 P1'"'.:1'1'P1·C to Amun-Re: The of Ancient

55

30. To Amun as Sun God the Stele of and HOI.

BM 56
i. To Amunas 56
ii. To Amun as Aton 57
iii 57
31. The Cairo 1-1, ........... 58
32.
65
Leiden 1350V'.:1r,"1'"11C 68
vi. The Gifts of the Creatures to God 68
vii. The Goddess and Thebes 69
ix. at Sunrise 69
 Contents vii

x. The 70
xx. to Amun-Re as HOlralchty 71
xxx. Defeat of the Enemies of Amun-Re 71
xl. The Self -Creation of God 72
I. The Power of God 72
lx. God's 73
lxx. God's 73
lxxx. 74
xc. The Creation 75
c. The Birth of God 76
cc. The Forms of God: His UnrmlPre:sellce 76
ccc. The 77
d. God as the Divine Warrior 78
dc. for God's Nature 78
dccc. the Place of Truth 79

V. H'Il'rn.,.,C! and "'f"",{T"'1~c! from The Book Dead 80

34. Intlrod1uctcory 80
35. Intlrod1uctcory 82
36. Intlrod1uct4orv 84
37. lntlrodluctcorv 85
38. Intlrod1uctcorv 87

89
91

95
42. 97
43. IntlrOQiuctcory 98
44. 99

VI. Amarna: The Heretical Interlude of Aton 102

45. Akhenaton's to Aton of 102

..... " .. r ...1"C! to Other Deities: The Riches of

108

46. tJ!lrIVf'll~ Harris I] 108

47. ~aI(hnlet, rra;n-~)OI<:ar. and Osiris
110
viii Contents

48. of Horemheb in New 111

49. of Horemheb in New 112
50. to Thoth and Maat 113
51. 114
Us'tra(:on Deir el-Medineh
118
53. ofAununatp·_·~'n.,~ 122
54. to Hathor as Goddess of Love fP'3n,r'!"l1C

Chester I] 123

VIII. The Nature of the KA'tr........ rt. The Pr!lVp1·~ of 125

55. 125
ii. for Life in the Afterworld 127
m. Ve:SC1~lblln2' the Afterlife 128
iv. ~utcoblog1raphy: His Claim of Rectitude 129
v. 130

IX. I-inT'n'-'c ""~'3"."'''C and Praises to Pharaoh: The Divine 132

56. Ode to Senusert I The Tale oj 132

57. of the Princesses for L.lf~mc:!n(:y The Tale
134
58. to Senusert III "'~1""'l' ..tH! Kahun 134
i. The 134
ii. A 135
iii. The Greatness of the 136
136

137
60. his First IUDtUeie} 138
61. In Praise of Ramesses II as a Warrior
Anastasi II] 139
62. In Praise of as a Warrior
Anastasi 140
63. In Praise of MC!relnp1tah 140
64. A Letter of
141
Anastasi "'~1""U'-t.C 142
66. In Praise of the Delta Residence of Ramesses III
P~1""'I.T"llC Anastasi 143
 Contents ix

X. From the ;::'CI10QIIDC)¥ Miscellanies: "'!1C~C1n,0' on the

KeJl,2UlUS Tradition 145

67.
145
146
147

147
71. 148
149

150
74. 150
75.
Anastasi 151
76. In Praise of Amun f P!1n'tT1rnc Anastasi 151
77. In Praise of Amun Anastasi 152

XI. In Praise of Life 154

78. From the Tomb of 154

79. From the Tomb of Inn.erl!~na'wy 156
80, Three H!1'r"n",'r'
157
157
158
iii, Third 160

XII. Love In Praise of Love 162

81. 162
82. 163
83. f P!1n'tTrnc 163
84. 164
164
165
Ua~ughte~r. ii I J.,l"tr.u,.... .,

Harris 165
88. of the Birdcatcher's UaLughte~r. iii IP'2n'tT1r"l1C
Harris 166
89. of the Birdcatcher's lJaLu,2.hte:r, vi
Harris 166
x Contents

XIII. Other Poems 167

of Weni Museum Stele 167

the Battle of Kadesh. 1275 168
in Praise of the Teacher 170

Sources 172

178

184

Indexes 204
 Series Editor's Foreword

\Nrd'U''\t'YC! from the Ancient World is defngrled to Dr~c)VJ,ae UD-IO-Q<3lre. read-

hn,glJ,sh translations of 'UTrfh ..,t'YC! recovered from the ancient Near East.
The series is intended to serve the interests of geller,al r."<:JI'1.-rC! stllde:nts,
and educators who wish to the ancient Near Eastern roots of West-
,u.....~«~,UJ.>l, or compare these earliest written of human
'.lrr"'lnr'u with from other of the world. It should
also be useful to scholars in the humanities or social sciences who need
clear, reliable translations of ancient Near Eastern materials for compara-
tive purposes. in areas of the ancient Near East who
need access to texts in the and of other areas will also
find these translations Given the wide range of materials translated
in the different volumes will to different interests. But these
translations make available to all readers of J:.Dlglllsn the world's earliest tra-
ditions as well as valuable sources of information on tu C!r"""T reli-

etc. in the world.

The translators of the various volumes in this series are sp.eClau:s:ts in the
l.atn2:uaJ~es and have based their work on the
n!1 ... r11'· . . . ." ..

the most recent research. In their translations

much as of the texts in a
Int:rOtClutctllons. notes, maps, and ChlrOfllOl()glCal aim to
nr,,",'U1il'1.- the essential information for an of these ancient docu-
ments.
from the invention of UTr'lrt1"l,cr 3000 down
co'nquests of Alexander the Great the ancient Near
East northeast Africa and southwest Asia. The cultures repre-
sented within these limits include '-''''I-.I,-,'''J.CUJ.
Hittite,
\Nrtru,CJ'c! from the Ancient World will trans-
xi
xii Series Editor's Foreword

lations of most of the many different genres attested in these cultures:

letters-official and law col-
re(:or'Gs. to
mention but a few.
The prepar,aticln in a generous
I:'rc)gr,amls of the National Endowment for the
Humanities. the
"''''''~''''~''U of Biblical Literature. In aO<lltlOn, those involved in prc:~panng this
volume have received financial and clerical assistance from their re~~pe~ctllve
institutions. Were it not for these of confidence in our
the arduous tasks of translation. and could
not have been or even undertaken. It is the of aU who
have worked on these texts or this work that from the
Ancient World will open up new horizons and the of all
who read these volumes.
Simon B. Parker
Boston In"lTPl"C;:ttv School of
 Chronological Table

When of When
rulers ove:rlao rnT1''\.:l1011r'lT there was a co~regency.

I. LATE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD 3150-3050 S.C.E.

Narmer

II. ARCHAIC PERIOD I-II

I 3100-2907
II 2907-2755

III. OLD KINGDOM III-VIII

2755-2680
2737-2717
2680-2544
2680-2640
2638-2613
2603-2578
2578-2553
2544-2407
2544-2532
Sabure 2532-2516
Vnis 2428-2407
VI 2407-2250,
Teti 2407-2395
I 2395-2360
Merenre 2357-2350
II 2350-2260
VII 2250?-2230
VIII 2230-2213
xiii
xiv Table

IV, FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD IX- XI I~..G~.J- "'V~VI

IX
n.1'n~ll;!r"l1' 2213-ca. 2175
nr.... '."r'"X 2175-ca. 2035
Merikare ca. 2075
nr.... '."ru Xl 2134-1991
2061-2010

V. MIDDLE KINGDOM nT~""'T" XII-XllI

·."'r.. ' XII

l" .... 1963-1782
Amenembat 1 1963-1933
Senwosret I 1943-1899/8
Amenembat II 1901-1866
Senwosret II 1869-1862
Senwosret III 1862-1843
Amenembat III 1843-1795
Amenembat IV 1795-1786
1786-1782
LIVlrlaSl[V XIII 1782-1668

VI. SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD }u.... ,u!r"lr XIV-XVII

1720-1665
1688-1560
1610-1569
& Middle 1665-1565
1668-1570
:SeCl(mell~re Ta 0 1591-1576
Kamose 1576-1570

VII. NEW KINGDOM XVIII-XX

XVIII 1570-1293
Abmose 1570-1546
1551-1524
Tutbmosis 1 1524-1518
Tutbmosis 11 1518-1504
Tutbmosis III 1504-1450
1503-1483
Ilm4mbcJtep II 1453-1419
Tutbmosis IV 1419-1386
Ilmcmbc)tep III 1386-1349
 Table xv

IV 1350-1334
Smenkare 1336-1334
Tutankbamun 1334-1325
1325-1321
Harembab 1321-1293
XIX 1293-1185
Ramesses I 1293-1291
Seti I 1291-1279
Ramesses II 1279-1212
1212-1202
1185-1070
Ramesses III 1182-1151

VIII. THIRD INTERMEDIATE XXI-XXV

XXI 1070-946
946-712
946-912
local 828-772
760-712
772-656
753-713

IX. LATE PERIOD XXVI-XXXI

XXVI 685-525
Psammeticbus I 664-610
XXVII 525-404
525-522
Darius I 521-486
Xerxes I 486-466
Artaxerxes 465-424
XXVIII (in 404-399
XXIX 399-381
XXX 381-343
Nectanebo I 381-362
Nectanebo II 360-343
XXXI 343-332
Darius III 335-332

X. ALEXANDER THE GREAT 332-323

xvi nrOfnOIIOQ!ical Table

XI. PTOLEMAIC PERIOD 323-30

1Jtr./,/:>""l\l I 323-305
Ptl'll,l"ffl'\1 I 305-282
Ptr.I./:>",,1\1II 285-246
Ptr.l.t:>fflI\JIII 246-222
Ptl'\l."'""I\I IV 222-205
Lle()patra VII 52-30

XII. ROMAN PERIOD 30 B.C.E.-330 C.E.

30 B.C.E.-14 C.E.
Diocletian 284 c.E.-305

Last text written in hiero~:lYJ:)hs: 'H."'''''' 394 C.E.

 Mediterranean Sea

Lower

Middle

THEBES {Theban Nec:rooolisle-:

MEDINET

Nubia

from map of
1<l1.l.:l.UU:;U

Oriental Institute apl=>ear'inR

Oriental!nstitute
Institute Communications

xvii
 Explanation of Signs

brackets [ ] enclose restorations.

A row of dots (..... ) indicates gaps in the text or untranslatable words.

xviii
 Introduction

The and prayers of a are its conversation with the

Sometimes there were many sometimes, as in later there
was one. Over the span of their recorded hH!rnT"IT
with many
chc~a(:~I·s,andJurlsalct:lOn$.

was not supreme. and among

the other of all He was
called Amun-Re in the New but in the mind of the individual per-
son, the best translation would be our word "God." The
for the interlude of Arnarna Akhenaten in
the mid-fourteenth never felt it necessary to move De,rontO
did not need to reduce the richness of the many
one; for that would have done to the and t"u
'U<:1t' ....

God's creation.
When an or wrote down. his or con-
versation with his of attitudes and emotions could
exhibit in the creation and over the of
human or it could express a for a sim-
of a thankfulness for divine or it could
for or for divine interference in the
course of human as a
Q,J,J,Q,"''''.:it, for the favor-
for aid in court of the weak from the hands
1
2 and

of the for aid with with advancement in a

pr()tessl1on, or for of heart and power to serve the well. In other
words, the entire of emotions and attitudes seen in the
and prayers of later or there
in the poems.
What was the The answer to this sets that civi-
lization from all the others of its time; for the looked for-
ward to a afterlife in the presence of and under the of the
Death had to be to be sure; and sometimes death was an
enemy. But the literature shows an almost oV4ervvh.elnling
faith in the of in the presence of
communion with him while vis-
whose beams lit the faces of
tllfO'U2n the underworld toward his new birth
lC\Ylfrn,,,,",rl"n

at dawn. The ancient were not a somber IJ'-',JIJJ.'-'. as mlSCClnc:et)-

tion has it. life could be
Imlpre~SS].on stems more from what has been from those ancient
times than from built their tombs of mate-
rials because those tombs were their "houses of and their souls
would dwell there. as well as in the realm of the afterlife
would tend to call "...."'''''';rl'Ort
have a purpose-a
house-were built of more friable r"",,_,0'1:"'''' .,rn,":.JTHV mtlO-IOrtCK:
evcem:uauv turned to dust. what has endured to our own time are the
stone tombs and the where God was to be forever. The
ovrarmClIS at the rock -cut tombs in the Theban ... UJ, ... £\oj, ........ ,

the coffins and the endless mummies-all

eXlpe<:ta't!on of eternal
The time span ancient in the of civilization
was from before the turn of the third millennium 3100 down
to the classical world of Greco-Roman times. flourished and was a
center of civilization from about 3100 to 1100 B.C.E. _ ...'.. AU"'"
it reached three of culture and the and New
after the eleventh century B.C.E. did it its power
and to other, younger civilizations. endured for the better
of another but a diminished role. The details
of this span can be read in the histories of some of which
appear in the at the end of this volume. The prayers,
and songs were all in this earlier world: David of Israel
came to his throne about 1000 but in this volume (eXCel)t
 Introduction 3

for poem No. his and some of it

nium or more. The and prayers from the of
and 6 were cut into the walls of who lived twelve or thirteen centuries
before David. And those written to celebrate and assist
in the can still be seen on the walls of their tombs.

n
Ancient civili2:ations, was a one. The
secular state of the modern reJ1L~1(mS are allowed but not subsi w

oel~celDtl()nS of lite
a young itinerant scholar could see
as he down the Nile on the
boat tor Mc~mlPhlS; or the Ramesside to the Nile" could end
in the small of verse known as "the
Quc:st).onm~ of the and lite after
nu ..n''' .... is not clear since appear otten in COJrlJUlnctlon
with material the traditional In some ot the
-pc~sslmlst]lC literature" "The Debate Between a Man Tired of Life and
His the mood will sink to <lesp.ilr;
not The ot a . . . A'.. c>"".... "1
in the modern world is a result of the scientific re,'ollLltilon, which for
SUJ:r01un4::1mlg air of its invisible For the ancient
snlr1T~~-l[ne g04[1S--WI~re there .

.u,l'I..n;;\.,;',-,. one way to consider the ancient view ot his deities is

to think of them as one divine .. some of it materialized and some of it
Int:an,glt,le. When the creator Re,
the universe, he aooe,are:<l
and order, and IaSinu:>mng of the
world. But even Chaos itself was a an,'_I"-lllln
Atum as the Nine Great Gods of HellOl)OllS
Great Gods of NermopIOUlS-,UI
divine stuff.
The presence of this unseen divine stuff
the of become connected
into, the natures of -strorl~er, 'nu.f"tAI"u 'lITn"C1hiln""ti deities. VI'1g1.nal1Y,

before the unification of Menes about 3100 B.C.E. the CXI.JLaJtla-

tion the r"" ...... '~~'T was a series of more or less autonomous smaller
the of the Nile, each with its local or
4 and

As the or cultural units became over time. the local

deities came into conflict with each and the weaker the ..,'"'..., .."......."
was subordinated to the The lesser often became
absorbed into the nature of the str.;)ni~er. but his name would become an
epl,tnc~t or alternate name for the latter Thus Tatenen. an ancient
of the became an of the
M4em,pflllS, Ptah. Or Khentiamentiu, a at
became absorbed into the nature of
of the con-
nected with the luc:!-eJOn,am::lng "f ......... '~ 4 ......

the the an1CastOnlst; Isis is seen with the of com-

pafiSlcm and ae'llot:l0J1. whether to her husband or child. Amun is the "hid-
but he is often a of power and CO:OQlue:n
Uo·we:nn~. On the other hand, the terlaf~ncy amlalJl:aIIla1:JlOn can be seen
eSI)eclalllv in the creator or supreme For instance. in
most accounts the solar Atum is the author of creation. But in time. as
the Re became more and more the supreme was
called the ultimate A similar con-
Hation occurred in the New visible Re was fused
with the Hidden into the supreme a
COlmr:'OUlno name.
of course, were invisible, not present to human appre-
hension. But on occasion the wished to appear to human and
would become manifest to human The would materialize from
the invisible divine
human eyes. The ~rr'tTnt-'''n
The first of these terms is ValrlOlUSlV as
-a-,:.pearClLnce," or "form." It would perne:lp.s be best to use the word "incarna-
tion" for this process. The "'..........n,""· his invisible divine
essence in a that can be appr(~nfmClea human eyes; and the spe-
cHic form chosen is ............. 41117 many incarnations.
The Re chooses to appear as the sun disk but he can
1-I"" .. "ll"h+,. the Falcon of the Two Horizons, or of Atum as

an old man to his rest at the end of All three are of the
sun Horus in the Re himself the
sun goes to rest. The kbai of a refers more to the SplenCJOr
that appearance than to the of the at that time.
The could appear to human in various that
1nS,lstIU which is called vision. or in a dream. or a statue or
icon invested with the power and sometimes carried in a reJJL21()US
 Introduction 5

"the appearance of the or 'un'~!lIl'T by means

of an oracle. Ramesses II, as he prays to his "" ....".......... describes

how the came to save him in battle and to him as if stanatn~
behind him Or the man from el Kab whose tomb a
detailed of the who is within the
human breast In these several ways the powers of the invisible
divine realm made contact with the human world.

m
nXlcern: for the interlude of monotheism under Akhenaten in the
second half of the fourteenth S.C.E., the rell£l.on of the ancient
.... 0".Tn,i'"1!llnc:: was pOlytneJlStlc. and of all of
prc::>m.lnc:mc:e and power. "lesser" gOi(]S--CC:lUIO be hunted
and eaten in the communion meal ettectin~
Yet in the same there is mention of a
so awesome that his name cannot be named.
The of has been but the did de\relclo
pe:rcePtllon of their many deities. Not all fit
a or cosmogony. The of several
have not been made clear to there is a central
of and there are two The is the
nnneaa, the Nine Great Gods of the most
wide.splrea.d ... ,...... 7'1',f".~ view of the creation and de'velopmc:mt
.....

JSe~~lmrun,g, a hillock out of the surg-

wateriness of Chaos and on that hill the
.. ., •• ",11", called Atum. He then the universe either thI'ou£h
cOllghlng and

tence. The result was the first divine ...v,...... I1. ..... ,

dess Tefnut in turn Pf()dllCed as

the next Nut and Geb were then re~;pCmS;lDJ,e for Isis.
Neohth,rs and Seth. in a distinct Osiris and Isis have the child
Horus.
This Helllot:)olltan par~tnc~on SUl:l-S;!'OO as the

ret:>Jac:ea Atum as creator it was

Atum. But when
the in the
Ptah was substituted
6 and

the Mc:!mpnlte tn4:!OloglaI1lS as the creator the universe

ljeglIlnl.ng was the 'Jlf~._""'··\. he had the idea in his
and it came to be.
The second cosmogony, .....,J:::U"-"a.u of is
different and offers a quaSl.~S(:lelrlt1t1c ev()lutlolnar'Y account of the creation
nrl.[J'lnlll disorder-there were four

male-female of deities. Nun and Naunet the nr1trn~"'U;:l

ocean; Kuk and Kauket Huh and Hauhet rpt',rpC1P't,f"
J)ouna1C~ssness. and Amun and Amaunet ret:)re:serlt air. These divine "ele-
ments" in the disorder set themselves in motion and created the
UU]I(Uldl hillock mentioned in connection with the cosmogony.
with the appearance of the where the stands to
the cosmogony takes over.
.... c ...-.",,,.,, there were two

with the Re as its focal

of resurrection and the blessed as its central
terns were but the
to harmonize them into a Re was the creator
snlnln:g down from the heavens and Osiris was lord of the afterworld
and a eternal Hfe.
Outside of the of creation and the formation of the J::!.nneaa, the
C01'lCf:rnmg Re dealt with his ","u, ..",,,,...
the sun disk. His incarnations as HClrraJent:y
been mentioned. He was also of as a pu:ShJflg the sun
across the heavens much as the scarab-beetle pmme:a over
the Re would cross the Bark then sink
to rise once more in the east at the next dawn. This
was as the the realm of darkness-the after-
world of the blessed dead "the upon the
faces of all those them with the rays which had
shone upon them while on earth. this the
Bark-the Re who had into Atum at sunset was rejlL1Vf~nated
the Divine Child or Divine Youth of the new
1A111'nA'tT Re and his encountered the cosmic of chaos or
disorder called or and a battle between order and disorder
.... n· ....... r The followers of Re had defeated

the issue had never been

new dawn was a miracle. a of the forces of
and the matins of the of
renewed in Splen(lOr
 Introduction 7

re1Jl~l()n--ln
a cOI'oll,a.ry that does not harmonize with the earth rellgU)n--t.hle
blessed dead his
the and ar~lWJtn2 his
rel1g1Io n,-a still earlier strand of almost lost in n.,.~-n1'!o:.
Impulg1ng upon the of historical times-the dead went
to be with the Orion and Sothis and became stars in the
Remnants of this subordinate theme and lTT'1!Hl''''''''U can be seen in

relIgion centered on Osiris. Like whose resurrection each

a sense of recurrence, and renewed
eX.i:1lml)le, defeated death and demonstrated that all persons
into a new and eternal life. the New
of ancient
......., .......... ,. ...,41,,.. civilization-the
n'lT1'"\C+'"'''' at death had become "an osiris." The individual emu-

eXclmlPle of the death and on into con-

of Osiris is seen in its most
articulated form in the stele of Amenmose
of con-
and scattered the
m()Urnulg. searched for
reunited and her power to work miracles breathed life
back into his Because he had Osiris could not return to this
world: but he was made of the ruler of the otherworld. He
also Isis with Horus the Child. When Horus was Isis
took him into seclusion to raise him and also to escape the Seth.
When Horus came of age, Isis took him to the conclave of the Ennead
in the hall of so that Horus could be from Seth and be
as his inheritance from Osiris and Geb. The
divine tribunal him "true of voice" -that is. his claims were vindi-
cated--and Horus was for his as the heir of
Osiris.
This of death and resurrection fuses with another
~Q'V01[-lme rule of the land. For was a He was
ac(:or 0lf112' to the dictates of Maat (a fusion of
i

felt to be divine the !-in':1",,"''''''

ac(:o~alnlgtothe ButhenNUlnn~lv

he had become "an osiris" or been arrlal~~arna1:eo

the next world; and at his death his eldest son, the crown V"'J.~'-''-', became
the new to his father's ot>:seQruu~s and aS~mnll1n,g the leader-
of the Two Lands. In this way the of resurrection became a pow-
8 and

erful for the proper succession of power in

also goes back in written sources to the PV11"!1n"ltti in the
in which Horus __ O. ____ J

services for his father,

IV

The deserve the resoec:t need to

for us to aP1pre:neno the richness and
C""T'H-"!ICI'T of the
ancient rell~lion, Modern monotheistic too often look down on the
various pOlYl:ne:lSlns nrl!n'l'"''l''''' and and this does a dis-
service to what is --~-----r there and to be savored from the ancient
ian sources, Part of the is an arrogance in toward
humankind's earlier att:eIIlpt:s to and the cosmos; but
also is the lack of readable translations of the ancient literature, The
become more unaerstanaa,b!e:-t:nc.u~:n alien to us-when their
stories. and activities come down to us in a form which our Im_:lgl1oa-
tions can grasp. A third of the is the of the
ancient as in the belief that deities had animal heads or were
divine animals. This is not true. deities were with
animal heads or as animals: their their were repre-
sented thus so that the behind the could be 2rasoe:d
the visual But the or the statue was not the
even it could have the power of the it. God is
unseen; and no one knows God's as in the
later monotheistic rell~10ns. lIl0c:!e(l,
rell~l;on. there are
the character and attributes of the ancient I-i .....'rnh <:In
Amun-Re of the New In aO(11tlon.
we read the individual or prayer from
an sense that there is no other besides the one
addressed. These poems merit close with the and
prayers of the tradition.

v
The authors of these prayers, and songs are unknlC)W]n: have
become anonymous after the millennia. l.:Jene:raIJly, the authors of the
 Introduction 9

wisdom of ancient maxims and moral-instruction texts-had

names to their work: Kaires. and
many others. But with the one must be content with the
result alone. We can say that these authors were from and rrulrrl'1T
ClClCles; "',....''' ... :r..... Havnril!ln literature is not a folk literature but rather
CY

exhibits the many intricacies of a craft in the le,U'n,mJg.

And the writers were all almost male. There is very little overt evi-
dence for female it must have existed to some
among the at court and the in the teIlnp),es.
The audience also was constituted of members of the court and
as we add the institution of the scribal where
young training in and hieratic
form of the written laIllguag4:J and were introduced to the
the tradition. In the scribal schools
nected to the and staffed the most slgmtllcallt
and best-loved were nr"·Qpr'lTP·l'1 ....u .. J;:;,.~ sttl<llJe<l, and
.. t

the ap'prc:mtlce scribes. We have innumerable of their

and ostraca, and with many
misSl)ellmgs. On one ostracon the teacher's corrections are written in red
ink over the student's copy; on a papyrus formed characters are
prtoperly drawn the teacher in the The "classics" were nr''''"t::!,,'r'l1Pl'1
because someone of them to write them down and pre-
serve them for small of but
even so, among the remains there are the author's
name be the or prayer or song is an eXlpre:SS1.on
ual's of view-his of his with its dreams and
uuagluauons. And we can still the human voice and be moved by
it after four millennia and a transformed world.

VI

The literature of ancient belles lettres, as we would say in order

LY'ITt"\r __ 1rc.<

to this uT1·.h ..... CY from more utilitarian material like historical

m~;crlp1tlons, , . . . "".......
0;).accounts, and such-is written in verse, as
nn.F"f-r'IT· and it took three fundamental or fell into three basic genres-
narrative, and and structure were used for
stories and a broader range and
were constituted of instructional and material such as malXllns,
and testaments. This genre the wisdom or
10 and

-PtlllC)SOPh'y" of the culture. The third main genre was the

the of prayers •
..........r ...•..."r of the sur~

torav4erst or
ter'mlnOl0Sl~Y can sometimes be C01UU,sInl}1;
-~~--~" rather than -",y _ _ ,_n'"

extensive of secular

Ancient
all genres-are written in of verse lines that tOi!tetller
up a sentence or a of a sentence. The
structure of the verse is each COlllst:ltllttll':l}1;
one line of verse, make up the sentence; and of those both can be
lnClepenj\lerlt (a or one can be on the other
COJUpleX serltelllcc:~). 4 ""V"'JO.£~ there are some variations and qua-
trains to vary the sentence and this is the basis of ancient
In there is a marked attention the author
to matters of likeness and difference-in
terns and clause constructions. in sound ret)etJ.tlons.
is the familiar to students of biblical nn,F'tr"U"· it is a
thousand years older. The flavor of ancient can be
hinted at to the rhetori-
without the meter or
on the other, to the free-verse of Walt Whit-
The result is what can be called the
ancient
A word should be said about this translation. The
been what is called "a smooth literal translation." One reason ancient
ian literature is not well known is that so many of the current translations
are too literal: are intended for and both cOllltlnu:tty
and overall are sacrificed to word-for-word accuracy. It must
be understood that these are not but are not at all
h ...... and their
?' .....·" rebuffs both the curi-
inteUige:nt, and in other fields who are not in the
At the other end of the
1"1 .......... '>t'1'A of translation is the lit-
 Introduction 11

erary OD1DOfjea to translation. This is where the translator

reinvi~c'ra1te the words in all the rich anna-
IF..,.,,.....'''''I'''',-I ....... of

ti~urc:lti,re um~:ua~e, word

Imagllna:uv'e aura of the
.t:.nJ~l1sn. The literal

that was never there in the "Ft.""""""

r.rllglllSll VI.

as used
1.1.4,UOI.41.1..\J".t. to be a sort of middle way.
But what translator and reader alike need to remember is in the
mind of the ancient these prayers. and songs were
meant to be poems.
===== Translations = = = = =
 The Transfiguration of the King
Hymns and Prayers from
The Pyramid Texts

...",.,.. "".,,,,trlTexts are the world's earliest substantial of rellgUJUS

were carved and in the chambers of the last
5 and several of the of 6

a
As one reads the
uo'waJ~d thrust
of ancient reH-
as the location of the afterworld the
is felt to be somewhere in the is
cOlmp'leted, aided the cosmic the
renewed life with his peers for """"" ..nHr'!.T

1. The Resurrection of King (lnas

VHr;;Hnln Texts

Heaven stars Ols;ap1pe~tr,

celestial bowmen are shaken, bones of the eaJrrn-~c.as tremble.
are all
for have looked upon Unas, the
Whose soul shines forth as a among his ancestral
fathers;
he is comforted ancestral mothers.
15
16 Vr#!I\Is:l>ICC;; and

ii
This is Unas, the possessor of secret unC!rl.~rn
whose very mother knows not his hidden Namel
The of Unas the heavens,
smenS~tn the cm:lmlg

and once he had borne him,

was the son more than his father.
Unas's masculine powers hover about him,
his feminine powers at his feet;
His

unleus-~oaaet)s p:reCieac;~s
him:
"Watch over his SouU Be effective, 0 Oner
The powers of Unas all are pr()te(:t1nl~ him!

This is Unas. the bull of heaven,

with in his heart,
Who feeds on the incarnation of each
who eats the organs of those
Who come-their bellies full of power-
from the Island of Fire.

iv
This is the renewed.
reJ()tnm~ his blessed
Unas shines forth as this Great owner of !lrc\'U'1"p

he sits, and his back is toward earth.

v
This is Unas, the beside One whose Name must be
hidden
on that Slau2Jt1terml2 the firstborn.
This is Unas, the nrC\U1t"'fpr of nti'""r1,"n

who ties the rope. himself the sacrifice.

This is Unas, the who eats men, feeds on
possessor of tribute victims, swift }uCllgrrlen,t.
 The rarlstlQUratllon of the 17

vi
It is Seizer of ~c.ami-IOfCKS. llUV"'I'\..CHdILl.

who lassoes them for Unas;

It is He of the Head who hobbles them for him,
,rr them in to
rt ... ' .....

It is He who oversees Blood Rites who binds for him;

and Wanderer overpowers these divinities
To slit their throats for Unas,
rAf'YU'\ltn ... their vitals-
,C1'

this is the Unas sends for the execution.

It is of wine, who butchers them for Unas.
cooks for him the of them
in his kettles for the meal.

vii
This is the who eats down their .. p.,........"'.. power.
swallows their vital force:
Their ones are for his .......
1"1...... " ... 11'

their middle~sized are for .... u .....' .. ,

Their small ones for his meal at ni~httall,
and their old men and women-sticks for his K:InlaUn~1
The Great Ones of northern skies his fires
under the SH~W*1001:S oonltaU1In,g them, the
of their eldest.
Those in the heavens about I:!AI"'\l1n,a
cot' . .• ... .." .... his kettles with of their women.
All the Two Heavens revolve round about him
and the Two Banks of serve.

viii
This is Unas. the a
power of powers among those with
This is Unas. the as a
fiercest of forms of the Great Hawk.
he finds in his way,
he eats him down without palLlSlnlr.
His proper is as CnlleI1CaUl.
before aU the eminent in the K,n,,, ... ,r1

This is the a
18 Vr;:i!'\I~lrc and

older than
""",rU1nIr him,
on:enng to him.
citation as "Great God"
the father of

ix
Unas has risen into the heavens,
his shines as Possessor of heaven!
He has shattered the bones of the vertebrae.
seized on the hearts of the
He has dined upon blood,
swallowed down the fresh
Unas is nourished of the wise ones,
content with the life from their hearts
power as well.
up the
""lr,Arlln broth,

The divine flesh thrives-

their power is within him!
No more shall the honors of Unas be from him-
he has swallowed the

x
The time of
his limits, are forever,
this power of his to do what he likes,
not what he does not,
Within the realm of the Land of the Blessed
for and forever.

xi
in the of Unas,
their sut>jec:t to
nrc'u'<1'1"\ this his communion of
cooked for the from their bones.
So, their souls are to Unas.
and their Shades are gone from their forms.
Unas is free from them a1ll
 The of the 19

Risenf Risen I
Evil-doers no have power
to the beloved house of Unas
among the on this our earth
for ever and ever more.

2. Archaic Prayers to Nut

In behalf of King Pepi
V\/1~;,.nr\l1'l Texts

o Nut, out over your son, the osiris

that you may conceal him from Seth.
Protect 0 he who comes to you;
may you conceal your son. who comes to you InClleejCl,
may you this Great One.

ii

o bend over your son. the osiris

o
this Great One who is among your oUsp:nn2.

Geb:
o the is yours,
And the power was yours from the of your mother,
before ever you were born.
you to life and dominion-
and thus he cannot die.

iv
Powerful is your heart.
you move back and forth in the of your mother
in your Name of
20 and

You are the da1ugltlte:r, ...."u1Acrtnl

you transltlglJre within you;

and thus he cannot die.

vi
o Great One who came to be in the
since the power is yours. and the is yours.
you have filled with your loveliness.
All earth is under your sway;
take it for your ownf
You have the world in your em.braLce,
all He within your arms;
And you have this for your sake
as an indestructible star within you.

vii
Sel)arare:Q you from Geb in your Name of
1 have united all earth to you.

viii
Be above earth!
Yours be the zenith of your father, Shuf
Be him!

To enstar them all among the

never to be driven away from you among the distant stars.
o let not be tar from you
in your Name of One.

ix
lam the the haven at the zenith for osiris
 The of the 21

for the Horus beloved of the Two

for the of the
For the Two Ladies, beloved of the
for the Golden Hn.rl1'CPCl
For the heir of Geb. and one he
for the beloved of all the
"'....., ..... I ...
'[T dominion. health. and
forever.

3. Prayer to Nut
Text
V'\lll":annlt''l

Hail, 0
who strews the 2re:enstone, malachite. and tUI'QUOlS~e
of the starsf

ree:O-I)JallI greens and flourishes!

4. Prayer of King Onas to Nut

....u'r:a ...nll''l Text

I come to you, 0
Un as comes to you, 0 Nut.
I have my father to the
and I have left Horus behind me.
grow like the of a
my double is like the hawk's.
soul has brc,u~l:lt me,
and my power as a has renewed me.

You shall take your seat in the amidst the stars of heaven,
for you indeed are the Lone COlnpanllon of Hu.
You shall look down on Osiris
as he governs the tra,nS1t12111re:C1 souls-
22 DT'l'l,"",lrc: and

it is you srano:m,R there above him.

You are not down there among
nor shall you ever be with them.

5. Prayer to the King to Rise Up

V1./lr"",nnU"l Text

Ohol Oho!
Raise '('1"\111r<:'""lt Teti!
Take back your
your bones;
Collect your limbs.
shake the earth from your flesh;
Receive your food which does not stale,
your drink which does not sour.

You shall stand at the which bar mere ..... "',r"'1lc

and ___h.,e_L:lC:ynlermt4et shall come to you
To grasp your hand
and take you to the to your father.

And Geb will in your COlffiUtl,R;

and he will stretch out his arms to you.
And kiss you.
and hold you.
And he will you first among transjtl,Rl:Jre:Q
and stars,
and those from hidden seats will you.

The Great appear that

the ,RWUOlan
is threshed
andemmer
Served at your mCtntJtlly t""ctnl''.llc
served at your mid-month feast
All this as ordered your father Geb.
Rise up, Tetil You have not died!
 The of the 23

6. Triumphal Hymn of Ascension

.....urAI"nII'1 Text 5111

Geb shakes with lau~hlter, Nut shouts for before me,

go forth to heaven!
res;ounos, earth l.J.vJlIU..hlv'::>,
and hail rains down for me
as I roar out like Sethi

The of open the of heaven to me

that I may stand on Shu, the air.
For me the stars are blotted out the laIlUlllJ;t of
that I may cross the heaven like an arrow;
Sothis has three times the tnt'ones,
and I have OIl'l"1t1IPi1 of dawn.

The Cow who crosses the waters

prepares my
To me toward the Great Throne which the made,
which Horus created and Thoth
Isis take me, may me,
that I may sit on the Great Throne which
the

Let the Dawn come to me with rel()lCllng

and the with veneration;
Let the Horizon-dwellers come their faces
and the stars in obeisance.

Let me receive the altar-stone

and attend upon the sacrifice.
I have shouldered the means of life
and sustained the earth with
This arm of mine holds the
my left sustains the earth ... "''''' .... ,..•• naoomt:~ss.

Let me find a fare

to summon the Guard at the Gate of Osiris-
One who hates to any
who is cannot pay pa:)sa~e-m()fle:v:
24

Let me breathe in the breath of life

that I for my own sake breathe
be overfilled with abundance of
And I have indeed breathed air!
bathed the north
content among

shall be skilled as the greate.st of Skilled Ones

foremost before the twin shrines of
I shall strike with the staff
and rule with the rod;
I shall the memory of me before the
and love of me among the

that which should be SOC)i{e'n.

and do not what is not true;
for God detests words:
you not misname mel
I am your sonl
I am the Heritorl

7. Hymn of Triumph on the King's Ascension

VUlr::::lnrur1 Text

Geb is in uproar;
The earth has been hacked and the A1'I· ..... , ..... O' prc~se:nte:d

before me-who am immortal!

I shall betake
.. "'....,.. v ... '" of life and dominion,
Traverse the ne~lveinlV
and ae~;trc,y

I shall betake
upon feathered
I shan be cleansed within
be wr'ilO[)ea embalmed Osiris.
 The of the 25

I shall betake
among the indestructible stars;
sister is my is the star;
and hold my hand as we go toward the Field of

with its
its feet like the hooves of the Great Wild BulL
I shall raise up on my throne
in the space between the two
my papyrus in hand,

And I shall lift my hand toward the SUI1l101k,

and the shall come to me bO'Wl1112':
shall be watchful beside them
find me among the Two Enneads r.H·..... i' .... Judlgnlertt.
l"T

of all thus of me;

ott:enng to me among the

8. Hymn of Ascension to Re
V\Flr~l'"1n"'l Text

I. Teti,
let me take my sacred in the
I,
let my beautiful endure.

Let me take my sacred station

in the bow of the Bark of
The sailors ..r.""I.H~,ty Re are
and it is who will row me also.
It is who convey Re about the I-In... "',........ ,
and will convey me also about the Horizon.

mouth is unsealed I
nose is un~cloggledl

command a
26 and

Re cleanses me and me
from any who would do evil me.

9. Hymn to the Risen King

V'\I,r:::.nntl'1 Text

"Chaos in heavenl We have seen a new

so say the and the Ennead.
"Horus the shines like the sun!"
thus those with divine natures him.
The two Enneads serve him
who seats himself on the throne of the Lord of AU.

takes heaven for his own.

the vault of the
He is,.. ........ "" ....
then rests alive in the
and those below attend him.

Then he £leams, renewed. in the

and the envoy of chaos comes to him nA'll1.-"n

Give 0 to the older than the Great

he is the power behind his throne.
He assumes is him,
and wisdom sits at his feet.
Praise be to him!
He has taken heaven for his own!

to. Hymn to the Risen King as Osiris

V,\llrRnnlrT Text

shouts. earth tembles.

in terror of you. Osiris, as you ac(:onlpllsh resurrection!
o you cows here.
you cows
 The ral1lsti(luratic>n of the 27

Circle about himl for him!

Shriek out for him! Mourn for him!
As he his resurrection,
as he arrives in the among his brothers. the

11. Hymn to the King as a Primordial God

Text

Hail. n1".rn/:l'u<l1 waters. which Shu n1"t'ultlrhr forth and the

twin spI'mji~S
where Geb PUI'111(~a
While hearts were n ... 1"''4T~'t'1'''.t'1 fear
and minds were numb with terrorf

was born in that Chaos

Before there were ne,lVelnlV

of Horus,

of Great Ones
ago in Hel1oo0US,
Who are not carried off because of a
not taken away before m41LRilstr.ates.
Not with death,
not found

punUine:Q with
Not carried off because of a
not taken away before maLRi~)tr.ates.
enemies shall not be victorious.
I shall not be poor;
nails shall not grow
nor the bones in me be broken.

Should 1go down to the 1J,I,,I,,U1Q,1,,,",lH1Vi>.

Osiris will raise me up. the Two Conclaves of

will shoulder me,
28 and

And Re will me his hand to take me

wherever a may dwell.
And should I go down into
Geb will raise me up. the Two Conclaves of
will shoulder me,
And Re will me his hand to take me
wherever a may dwell.

12. Prayer to the Celestial Ferryman

V\f,r",n""rt Text

you awake in peace,

o you of the back~turned in peace,
o you who watch in peace,
o of the in peace,
o of
in peace.

I, Unas. have come to you

that you may me in this t ....... ul"r.c't-
in which you the
I have come to your side
as a come to your side;
I have come into your presence
asa come.

There are none alive who

none of the dead accuses me;
No creature denounces me;
no four-footed beast "'VjlUi-'·'AJ,J;I~.

Should you vO!un,elt fail to take me.

of Thoth-
and he will r ...,rt-!1lnl,r take me across to the other side!
 The of the 29

13. Hymn of King (lnas

Ferrying across the Sky
.....vlr~ I'1rnt1 Text

14. Song of the Royal Menial

""111"l2""""" Text

lam
30 and

I sit before
open his boxes,
Unseal his decrees,
seal up his .................,
l,)lsp,atcn his never weary.
I do whatever he tells me to do.

15. Hymn to the King

As a Flash of Lightning
Text 261]

This is the who startles the

far-stretched across the a Dllnollng
This is the a flame before the wind.
to the limits of heaven, the ends of
until his Dla.ztn.2: bolt is gone.
The treads the air. strides over
kisses the waters of the hilL
Those at the zenith open their arms to him;
and he stands on the of the eastern
He has reached the end of his 1ru,.r1"'lPUI
This is the the messenger of storm.

16. Prayer of the King

As a Star Fading in the Dawn
Text
L'UlrgnnlrJ

I have come to you, a I'\,J.,. .... hrh,TC'

I have come to you, Sun Bark of

I have come to you, You who are in the l(ejldc~nln2:;
I have come to you, Stars of the Northern
remember me.

Gone is Orion, the nnrlp'f"UJ'n'f"lrl

yet cleansed and alive in the KP't1r.,r>r1·
Gone is the unrlp'f"UIArlrl
 The of the 31

cleansed and alive in the Kt'!'V'Olnl1.

Gone am I. the I1nnp'ruT,nrln
yet cleansed and alive in the Ke'lfOI1a.

It is well with me, with

it is for me, for
Within the arms of my
within the arms of Atum.

17. Prayer of the King to R6

V\nr::lnnirl Text

Awake in peace, 0 pure one, in peace.

Awake in peace, 0 Eastern in peace.
Awake in peace, 0 Soul of the East, in peace.
Awake in peace, 0 Horus of the in peace.
in the

For you are the one who watches over the

and there is no to watch over you.

o father of take me to you,

with you to live with your m()tner,
Who for me will open the of heaven
and throw open the doors of the firmament.
Let me come to you
to make me live forever.
Command me to sit at your side
or him who from the Horizon.
o my command Meskhaat beside you
to a for me
at the Great Staircase under the
Commend me to Him who has the son of
to forme,
for he has pn)mtsed me a seat in heaven.
Commend me to the ::>nJnlfl2 One.
beloved and son of
To on my behalf
32 Vr;:::ti\/""I~Q and

that he maintain my ntt'pr1lna upon earth.

For I indeed am one from these four
uuamute:t,andveoellsene'weI

and who watch over

-out of your grasp, mankind, and up like a bird.

In the of a falcon I tear my hands from your power;
of a kite I break free of you.
t am safe from any who would fetter my feet to earth;
I am free of all who would hold me.

18. Prayer of the King

As He Offers Incense
V\llr;:tnnu1 Text

fire and fire brtgh1tens;

incense on the fire and incense

tragrtilfic:e comes to me, 0 incense;

tragnmc:e come to you.
Your aromas come to me, 0
let my aromas come to you.
I be with you all. 0
and may you be with me.
I live with you, 0
and may you live with me.
The loves you, you
love him.

The wafer is and the is " " \ . I I ReI:H¥'

which came from the knee of Horus.

He who had gone away comesr He comesf
He who has risen comesr He comesl
He who has flown up comesl He comesf

I ascend upon the of Isis;

I climb up upon the of Neon1tnvS:
 The of the 33

And my father Atum takes my hand

to
inte1l1,geJlt and wise, the Iml)erlSnaOJle Stars.

19. Prayer of the Royal Son to his Father

VUlraMnirf Text

Rise up for me, 0 Fatherf Rise up for me, Osiris!

It is I. Your son. I am Horus.
I have come to you to cleanse you,
to make you pure, to you
To up your
to preserve your moisture,
and to you what has been severed.

lam
and I have struck down the one who would strike you;
I have shielded you, 0 Osiris the
from him who would cause you
I have come to you as envoy of Horus,
for he has you, 0 Osiris the
the throne of Re-Atum
that you may the sun folk.

Betake 'tTnc,. . . . .,·""lt into the Bark of Re

Merenre has gone down into itf

He is Re himselH

You are seated upon the throne of Re

that you may pronounce the of the
For you indeed are
come forth from who bears the Sun each
reborn like Re each

Take to the of your father Geb

before the Nine Great Gods of He:llopOl1S.
34 and

"Who is like him?" say the two Enneads

who stand before the Souls of nel1OPOl1s.
conclaves you-
pre~slcle in the Field of Reeds-
upon the throne of whom fathered.

have Shu on your eastern side

and Tefnut on your west,
Nu on your south
and Nenet on your north
To you toward their thrones, so beautiful and pure,
which had made for Re
him there.

o let them cause you to liver

you reach the years of 1-I,.,...... lrht·u
created his Name
in the far over the
utter for you these chants
did for who shines each

on their thrones
precedlmsz all

his throne!
come into
in this his Name of He who Becomes.
you arise for them like Re
in this his Name of the Sun.
you turn aside from their faces like Re
in this your Name of Atum.

The Two Enneads 0

in near to you, 0 Osiris the
"Our brother comes to us!"
say the Two of Osiris the 0 Father,

"One of us comes back to usl"

say the Two of you, 0 Osiris the
"The eldest son of his father comes back to us!"
 The ranisfl~:Juratl(>n of the 35

say the Two of you, 0 Osiris the

"Eldest son of his motherl"
say the Two Enneads, of you, 0 Osiris the
"The one hurt his Seth. comes back to usf"
say the Two Enneads. of you. 0 Osiris the
you up for ","",.r.... t"",

so say r.nlnealOS. of you. 0

Osiris the

Raise YOlLlrs:eu up. 0 Osiris the

You are alivel

20. Hymn to Geb

V'\flranr\lri Text

o son of this is Osiris the

Your mother's heart trembles for you in your Name of Geb.
eldest of Shu, his firstborn.

Atum has you his

to you the Ennead entire.
With Atum himself among those
his eldest twin children
He has looked upon you, splencuo. grf~at··ne:ar1:ea
in your Name of Clever of ............,..,."...,.
Guider of you stand upon earth
to make before the Ennead.
Your fathers and mothers are more eminent than
and you are above any
Come to Osiris the
to him from his enemy.

Gebl Clever of "'v .....,"".C<.

36 and

Make him live means of the K111gfml1P.

health and in him-
For you are lord of all earth.
among the Ennead and all

drive off each evil from Osiris the

Nor let it ever return to him
in your name of the Horus who never rej:lealCS his actions-
for you are the of all
them to vo'unieU
so that you may preserve
And as you cause them to
cause Osiris the to live.
You are

The came forth from your head

as Great of the Crown of the South;
The came forth from your head
as Great of the Crown of the North.
Horus has been your COlmt:'anlOIl,
he has loved you
As you shone forth as
r\l',",upr'tnl among all the

21. Archaic Hymn

To Egypt as the Eye of Horus,
Horus being the King
.... "'r""nrnn Text

Hail to you, Atum!

Hail to you, who came into on his own!
You are exalted in this your Name of HPtO't'I,'"
You show in this your Name of He who Becomes.

Hail to you, of Horus.

which he has restored with his own two handsf
He will not allow you to listen to \Npct'",' ..n,"'rc
nor listen to na:S1:e][nc::rs,
 The of the 37

Nor listen to Southerners,

nor listen to NOfrtrlernel~S
Nor listen to those in the middle of the earth-
thus you will listen to Horus.

It is he who restores you,

he builds you up,
he for you-
So do for him all that he told you
in every where he appears:

You shall offer him the waters which are in you

and the waters which shall come to be in you.
You shall offer him all the trees which are in you
and aU the trees which shall come to be in you.
You shall offer him the food and drink which are in you
and the food and drink which shall come to be in you.
You shall offer him the which are in you
and the which shall come to be in you.
You shall offer up to him all that is in you
and all that shall come to be in you;
And you shall take these to him
to every his heart desires to be.

The upon you are like the Pillar of his Mother:

there is no them for the Westerners,
No them for the ~aste:rn4ers
openJln~ them for the "t..,..... ,.,"" ..'.... "",.. '"

no openJLn£ them for those in the middle of the earth.

But open for Horusf

It is he who created
raised them up;
Protected them from P<'u;", ..,,'th1,nO' harmful
which Seth them.
For it is he who settled you
in this your Name of Settlements.
It is he who comes and goes you
in this your Name of
38 vr~,\f"'lrlC and

It is he who PfC)telcted you from every sort of ill

which Seth would have done you.

Go back, go back. 0 Nutl

Geb has commanded that you go back
in this your Name of

all tbe verses above to astbe Horus.

You shall listen to the It is he who created you.

You are not to the Wicked One.

22. Hymn to the Sun·God, Re

Vu,r::on",.rt Text

Hail to you.
Great One and son of a Great One!
The walls of the Shrine of the South are eager for you
and the Shrine of the North attends you;
The doors to the windows of heaven open for you
and the ways of the are loosened.

Hail to you.
\..IUl\..lUI~ One. who continue steadfast each
Horus comes! The far~strider comes!
The Powerful One comes from the reS!lorlS Kev(:ln(1.
fTU.Tht'Uamong the

Hail to you,
o Soul within that firef
one rnln"I"rC;:1Ina
wise one who counsels
Who takes his throne in the of
in the where your heart dwells at peace.
You stride across the to your
enCOlmplaS:Sln.j:! both North and South in your pr()CeSSl~on.
 The of the 39

He who knows this

who acts upon these ~lnJ'1nCr~
He will be known to Re
and be a comrade to

The is one who knows this

he follows these ~!:nJr1n(JO;:
Thus he will indeed be known to Re
and be indeed a comrade to Ho'ra}~hty.
o take the the hand and up to heaven
entiour,age of ReI

23. Prayer to Atum

To Bless the King, His Pyramid, and His Pyramid City
""fir", "'..... n Text

o you who came into on the hill of creation

with a blaze like the Phoenix in the Benben Shrine at

C01LlgClea out
You your arm round about like the arm of a
and your was in them,

o your arm thus about

about this about this n'T'r~nr'.. rt
So that the to
An.rt.l,... ncr for ever and ever.

o Atuml Place your over this

over this over this work of
Let no evil to him for ever and ever
as you gave your to Shu and Tefnut,

o
Isis, Ne:phth"s
Children of Atum. stretch out his heart to his child
in your Name of the Nine the Stretched Ones.
40 Vr;;!iUI"lrc;: and

Let the turn from you and toward Atum

that Atum this
Protect this of
and this work of his
From the hands of the from the hands of the
and evil from him for ever and ever.

o Horusl This he is Osiris I

This work, it is Osirisl This Osiris!
Reveal to himf

in your Name of Kemwer.

Thoth has under your lurtS(llctllon neclltl1tV and
and Demaa.

And Horus is your

in his Name of
Horus has the
he has made them mount on stone
to your face in the Palace of :SCf~ote~rs.
 Hymns and Prayers to Re
The Sky Religion

The four in this section, taken from a tomb at Thebes and a tomb
at Mc:~ml)hlS, to the end of 18, reflect the beliefs of the
solar religllDn, rp1'ltprina focus on the

Horemheb was a
Akhenaton. He became pnara.on
""'C!f'r.'r'.t"Icr order to the land after the Amarna interlude and n ..I"''',rl ....,tT

"n'"T""'''''''''"' of 19, the first Ramesside <HIT> """TU

24. Hymn to the Rising Sun

of TT 1

Praise of Re in the mClrnlLng as he rises in the horizon of the the

mayor. confidant of Horus, Lord of the steward of the estate
of the chief herald of the V1fl014cat,eO, who
says:

Hail to
Re in your concealed as Amun in your to rest,
You shine down from your mother's back.
o:l1'l1"'\Po:l,"1'M,a £JlorlLouSly as of the Ennead.
Nut at your appearance;
the arms of Maat you and
41
42 and

You traverse the with

and the Lake of the Two Knives is at peace;
For the Rebel is his arms fettered.
hacked with knives, his backbone broken,
Unable to
your enemies are down on their field of slaughte~r.

The hearts of the Bark.

and you shall have a breeze;
the Bark has delstn)ved him who attacked it.
You traverse your two heavens trt1tJmlpn.ant!
with the Nine Great Gods ac<;:ornpan'VU1l£ you;

UOUflSnJLng wherever you have been.

steward of the
Justlueo, who says:

Let me you, with your in my heart.

and may your Power grow fruitful in my breast.

25. Hymn to the Setting Sun

of TT 1

\J\Ir.r<!l.... l" of Re when he goes to rest as one alive in the western horizon of

the the nobleman, mayor, and sole who draws near his Lord.
who is in the heart of Lord of the Palace, First Herald,
scribe, steward, Kheruef. Vlrldllcate<l, who says:

Hail to you, lord over forever!

You have with the horizon of the
Glorious in the West as Atum of evc~nln~.
come in your power, freed of the LAULAlJ.V.

You rule the as

rea,cnllng both your heavens with in your heart.
You have driven away the douds and ter:np4est
to go down within the of your mother.
 and VrJ'll\I""lrc: to Re 43

While your of the Western

Mountain
and those in the Underworld without ce'lSlltl£.
For see their lord of the wlide··stIlollnj:t to()ts1:eps.
Amun-Re, ruler of all mankind.

Welcome in 0 you who tread the Two Landsl

You have gone to the arms of the Western Mcmntailtl.
And your has the allotted time
moored to custom,
With the arms of your mother a pr()tectlon about you
and the £U':lfOlans oeleatmg

The Western Souls draw you the in the Sacred Land

to Underworld
To hear the of him in the
and raise up those on their side in the grave.

You feed on Truth beside the one who it,

refresh your nostrils with what is in it,
and are raised it to a throne.

You care for those who become

their vital fires renewed COlnpletielY
'-''-''U.U,.u);. as ;:)UltlOl.SK, Controller of Heaven,

yet nelplI11£ to rule in the realm of the dead.

Splen4JOr thIOUliZh()ut the ...... ,;.....·u'.....,.. lrl

You reach out to them in your of

who the
At dawn reborn as the Divine
the colorful Easterner amid his creaHon.
Who appears from his mother's womb without ce,iSlltl£,
to rest within her until his time ....
44

Hail. you who are Re in his

Atum to rest.

as I watch your
Let me take the to..,;vrc,oe
sail with you each

26. Hymn to Re
the Tomb of MI'"l,rAI'"'nn,A"

[. .] Horemheb, who says:

I have come to you that I may UTi"'... " " " ....

and honor your

you take the Horemheb. to you in heaven.

him with those honored in your
his name be read the
the lector of the Lord of
he be in that company
which draws Re to the West;
he rise and may he set
while he watches Re's h"",n,r'tT·
he be with Him in heaven and in the Underworld
when Re's mother birth each morfllnS:!.
Present as one of the Ennead in Kosetau,
among the blessed atten,:JlnS:! Him.

Let me enter and go

tnl~ou:)m the entrance of my tomb;
Let me sit in his SUllUJ~nt
wanaennS:! the banks of the lake each forever.
Then my soul shall flutter down upon the branches
of your trees.

The Foremost of the Westerners. Lord of the Sacred Land.

aSS:1J~rlea you all your duties while you were on earth.
conSlllmpn,on of upon the altar before the
 HlIrnr,'" and IJr!:l"/lI:>lr'''' to Re 45

while you are there in the at the altar of

And all your while upon earth,
the entry to the at the Sacred
While you are there within your of heaven
nellololflg Re.

Your heart will to the of your desire

as when you were on earth.
Your soul will be refreshed in your
you will Re from dawn until his ... _ .........,....
as you serve in his retinue.
You will take the of the
as Re in his descent
With the Westerners "Welcomef Welcomer"
as he opens up the Underworld:
And then he shall the aarKnc~ss,
and those who will up at his aplprOtaCl[].

For the heI'edlltary com}:)anll01[], master of the secrets of the

supreme of the "",,",0, 0......

the osiris Horemheb, ,ustlIJ.eo.

27. Hymn to Re, Thoth, and Maat

the Tomb of ..... ,....:,...::> ....' n ... r>

'UTC1,r~I'\tn of Re to him at his

says:

Hail to you, you who are and ,. ..."."t"""r4

o
As you rise from the horizon of ne,lven.
prc:llSC:~S
are yours from the mouths of everyone,
tse,aut:Ullll, fresh as the sun disk
from the arms of your Hathor.
Rise in splen<lor ..." ......""u71.......'...
with your heart

The Two Shrines of come to you in obeisance

to offer at your
46 vr;!I"Plrc:.: and

How beautiful you are on the horizon of heaven-

and the Two Lands are suffused with tUI'ouoisel

This is
the Divine
who pI()creat:eo nmlSeJll,

chief over desert and realm of the dead;

Who came to be in the waters. drew himself forth from Nun,
b[()u~~nt himself up made his illustrious.

who
the Nine Great Gods at your
The whole world is
!lnl,,\p!:ltr1rI0' for them.

Glorious
lord of ""r"' ..n ...·u
The Horizon-dwellers row you,
those in the Bark sail you,
The Souls of the East invoke you,
and the Souls of the West you

You are the who neJu:!nterlS the beautiful

of this world.
who tints the Two Lands and
A a lord weal-i.ov,ea.

o ariser from eastern horizon,

OlSpeJ:ler of darkness from far ends of earth,
Each eye is filled with awe
as it offers at your appe.anln~,
As it watches the Primal One with reJ()1Cln~;
and those who accompany you kiss the earth.

You who go to rest in the western nonz1on,

spJ:ea,ClU1lg darkness over all
is born at your COInU1l~
earth darkens when you go down to your
 and VI";::!,"""lrc;: to Re 47

whom Ptah created,

dlstmj~U1snc:~a above all the
You came forth as the Falcon, commander,
with the two , .................
t"C!

of forever.

Oellovea. and your eyes enJtl$!j'lten the earth.

And you are Re-aU all Oeltni1"S-

all come to exalt you:
Your mother Nut awe in the Two Lands
that double their of you.
to the far end

Bark,

the nODle::~m.an, tic.relllneD, who says:

Let me you. with your in my eyes,

and may your fill my breast
ch.almt:)lOflS Truth
each
 III

Hymns and Prayers to Osiris

The Earth Religion

The earth centered on Osiris, murdered

revived his sister-wife and installed with honor as
Lord of the Afterlife. The theme in this strand of ancient
ideas is death and resurrection. The
for a eternal a COln.C~~Pt among the ancient civiliza-
tions. The stele of Amenmose, nrrl'.lCY"U 18 and now in the
the most extensive
nrl"'\'{T1t;PC of
Osiris and his son, Horus. This a in the suc-
cession to the of became Osiris, and his son
took the throne as the Horus, and the nn.ru....F'n'
ruled land of The from the tomb of Kheruef is an eX<lmlPle
rather than narrative, to this

28. The Great Hymn to Osiris

of Amenmose: Louvre

the Overseer
Born to the

He says:

Hail to you,
lord of "'f'"......... f',' of the

48
 MUrY\r\C1 and vrJ:ll,U","lrC1 to Osiris 49

With names, with awesome visible

A SPlc~nOIO

Receiver of in the ancestral home of

first in in He:110POIIS;
Who remembers down in the Hall of Two
a secretive yet lord of the underworld caverns;
Sacred in White-Wall, Soul of the
whose remains rest in Heralcle'OP,Oll,S;
Lavish his from the Tree
which sprang into life to lift up his Soul:
Lord of the

tor~eve:rf
first in r" "vu" ""-
distant his throne in the Land of the Dead:
nn,aurm,~ his name in the mouths of the
of time, to all mankind-
foremost of the Nine Great
most among the divinities.

ii

It was for him Chaos JJV'I.JJ.'I,.''-' forth its waters.

for him northwind blew UP,strlearn;
would make breeze for his nostrils
so that his heart could find peace;

of heaven were openeo:

Receiver of
adored in the northern ne,lveln:
The stars were under his gUloanc,e,
and the unwe:ar,V"in,Q" stars were his

And he went forth in peace the of

and the Nine Great Gods gave him
Those in the underworld kissed
50 Vr::::l,U""lr<:: and

those in the desert bowed.

Past geltlel~atllonlS fC!!jO:lcea when saw him.
those in the were in awe of
And the Two Lands united offered him adoration
at the advent of his
Effective leader. foremost of the honored ones,
whose endures, whose rule is est:abllsltle(j,
Beneficent power of the Ennead.
loved any who see him;
Who awe of himself among all the nations
so

Whose memory is dear, whether of heaven or earth;

unenllm,g the at festival-
the Two Lands as one.

iv
First-ranked of his divine brothers.
noblest of the Ennead,
Who made order tnr'Oll:i2:n()ut the Two Banks.
a son upon his throne,
Praised his father. Geb.
beloved of Nut. his m()tner:
With hand. he threw down the rebel.
with arm, he slew his opponent,
Put the fear of himself on his enemy.
reached the far borders of evil.
with heart, he tralmplea their forces.

v
He inherited from Geb the KU1lgsinlp of the Two Lands
when Geb saw his mastery.
He gave him his kUl2:(ioIn
to the world to a successful future.
And he delivered this land into his hand-
its waters. its air, its and pa~itUl~es,
All of its creatures. all who up, all who
its creepers and crawlers, and its wild desert tnln~s-
All were to the son of
and the Two Lands were with it.
 M\JrTlT\ct and Vr",,,,,,.,.. ,,, to Osiris 51

vi
And he rose upon the throne of his
like Re when he shines from the '"'''',... '7,,.........
He on the face of darkness
after he had the sun with his double
And he flooded the Two Lands with abundance
like the sundisk at break of dawn.
His crown the
became a brother to stars.
He was a for each
effective at gover'n11ng;
Praised the Nine Great
whom the Lesser Ennead loved.

vii
His sister served as his pf()te~ctort
drove off the enemies, a to the misdeeds;
Removed the power of her
~Olae:n-ltOl'1l~tllea, her

beneficent Isis. who rescued her brother.

She searched for him, would not in to her weariness,
wandered about this land in m()urnung,
Would not take rest
until she had found him,
She made him shade with her ~"""'f",",,"'''C''
made breeze
Danced the Dance of Last MC)Or:ln2 for her brother.
ternpl~rea the weakness of Him who was weary of heart;
She received his an heir.
on)Us;mt up the child in solitude
could not be
Introduced with his arm grown
into the court of Geb.

viii
And the Ennead relCIlced,
we:lC()m,e, Horus. son of
Firm-hearted and true of voice.
52 and

son of Isis and heir of Osiris!"

The Tribunal of Truth assembled for
the Nine Great Gods and the Lord of
The Lords of Truth were 2at:ne:rea there.
those who turn their backs upon evil.
sat themselves down at the court of Geb
to offer the to its owner
and the to whom it beJ.on2ecj.
And determined for Horus, his voice was true;
and his father's was to him.

ix

And he went forth the mace of Geb.

and he took the sce:pt(~r of the Two Banks,
and the crown was firm on his head.
The earth was allotted him to be his po:sseSSl,on,
heaven and earth were under his care;
Entrusted to him were the pe4)Ple,
and nobles, and sunfolk.
The dear land of the middle ISlC:lmaS;
whatever the sundisk circles was under his tT£\,[y"",.'1"\11nnt._

The northwind, the River, the flood.

the and all veJ~etahc)n.
And

and
And everyone was hearts were sweet,
tnC)Ulln1:S were and each face showed

all gave for his 2010aJles,s:

"How sweet is the love of say wef
His kindliness, it has encircled the
is the love of him in every person.
And offered this song to the son of Isis:
"His is fallen because of his otl:en.se,
for evil acts the
He who commits retribution comes upon him-
as the son of Isis, who his father.
 .... " . T U '. . . and vr::!.UPlrc: to Osiris 53

Hallowed and exalted, his name!

are open;
pe'llce:!U! are the Two Banksl

In),ustlce is paliSlrl,g
The land is at peace under its master;
Truth stands firm for her lord;
the back is turned on l1"ut'YI11f"ul"

xi
Good health to your you who were
the son of Isis has taken the crownl
t\ctJuCl,ge:ct to him is his father's
within the court of Geb.
Re Thoth wrote it
and the Divine Tribunal was p1t::as ect, 1

your father Geb in your favor(

And did as he said,

29. Hymn to Osiris

of TT

to Osiris. the earth for we:nn~e!c~r

man, mayor, sole friend of the Lord of the Two Lands. trusted
chief
.., .....' . .J ..... , steward of the wife,

of the Sacred
exalted in the are:I ~c:ro'wn
dreaded. master of s:>r&........ 't"u
lord of Maat, relc::nc:tn,g
Comfortable upon the
one the when see him.
To whom those in the Underworld come rejlOlClOjZ.
and Sunfolk kneel foreheads to the eYrr........ ""
54 and

your heart be in your KUljtsnll),

your rule the throne for your son,
your successor upon earth
after he seized the Two Lands in trilJmlph.

The overseer of the estate. ""u""", ...n",,>, vlru::ll1catect. who says:

Hail to you, Wennefer,

son of Nut. heir of
M,lgnuhcellt and Ulelll,",'::'!,.l\,.
in the hearts of mankind. the redeemed. and the dead.
One who mSipllres
nnuTI'l'rhll in

Let me come and go among the

who are in the of your
And let me feast upon the of your table
as is the custom of each
Hymns and Prayers to Amun-Re
The Apogee of Ancient Egyptian
Religious Thought
56 and

i. First

The of Amun when he rises as the Overseer of the

Herds of Amun. and the Overseer of the Herds of Hor.
say:

Hail to you, Re, beautiful each

one who rises every dawn and does not cease,
o wearied with toil-
Your rays shine upon the face are not understood.
finest nO!fll.n2: to your .vL~UI<l'1n.,-"
Fashioner of you molded your own
U,,",1. . . . . , ' A I t

the Procreator who was never

One without paralJlel,
who oversees the million

Your sPlerlo()r is the sp,lenloc,r

your features are more than the colors of the
You across above with each face you,
you leave as one who hides himself from
You offer at dawn each
the voyage which bore your has been su(:ce:ssltul;
.fhrm:l2:h the short you cross unnumbered and rivers.
and each moment is within your care.
itself passes and you go to rest;
and you endure the hours of as well-
You make your way measllnrlg them all.
nor is there ...:"", ........"'" from your labors.

All eyes see means of you

and cease not when you go to rest;
You are up to shine upon the morrow-
is your opens the creatures' eyes;
And you go to rest in the Western Mountain
that may a as calm as death.
 57

ii. Second To Amun as Alan

Hail to you, Aton, Sundisk of

who have fashioned all and made them to

Who came to existence all born,

Elder Horus in the midst of the
Offered shouts of
who created and formed the earth;
Khnum who fashioned lU(l"U",,'U'~'
who seized the Two Lands and small;
most blessed of
Craftsman with
Great One grown weary cre:a'[]ln~
-and are eniCUe:ss;
Brave Protector who tends his
who is their ,)l ....~L\.
...,L.

Runner who measures the course,

alstmJ~Ul:sne:a of birth-
of

Primeval One who created nunsc~u,

who oversees all his creation.
Who reaches the ends of the earth each
in the of all those who walk on it;
Who shines from the whose visible form is the sun
to make seasons and mcmtns,
With heat as he wishes and cool as he 'UT1,cn,,'C
and he makes bodies weak in order to nurture them.
Each land is at his each
in order to him.

iii.

The overseer of and the overseer of who say:

I was in of your U . . . "<1.,,,",

58 ........""""":.'r"C1 and

Made for you your son, whom you love,

Lord of the Two life.
lord gave me the keleplln~
for he knew that I was
And I exercised firm control over them,
one who did
Because I knew that you were Please~a
and that you advanced the one who pr,lctlce:Q it on earth.
it and you advanced me,
me favors upon earth in IDe=I-S,UL
While I was in your
whenever you ap1pe.llre,Q.
I was a man who detested wrong
with no in evil words or Spt~aK:tn~
-As for my one like took ple:aS1Jre
in his C01Jnf;:el,
for he had come from the womb with me on the same

The Overseers of the Herds of Amun in the Southern Harim. and

I in of the western side and he of the eastern side, both
of the monuments in foremost of the
Amun.

you to me an old age in your

that I may see your Splen(lor
may the earth in the of content.
I be to the honored ones who f1"""\;)f"t".f1 in peace;
and may you me the sweet breeze at mc'on.n£
and on the of festival.

31. The Cairo Hymns to Amun-Re

In Praise of Amun-Re,
Bull in the heart of He:llo'pOllS. aU1tnc,nty over all
the

and to all the beautiful creatures.

 .... "fTlr"'" and Vr~l\l&>,rc: to Amun-Re 59

"~l.-r','L..
Lord of the Throne of the Two Lands.
Ine:£-~JuLthe of~~~~ ...~_,
IVl()tnler. first in his
~r"~r!·tn,"'r foremost in Southern
T

lVl~;UIc:LY and ruler of Punt,

eldest of heaven, firstborn of earth,
Lord of what is, who established all
unpalrauelf:O among the

Handsome Bull to the nnne,ao,

"' ...·n....,......" over aU deities.
Lord of Truth, father of
who created formed the creatures,
Lord of what is, grower of U}(}(]-DI';;ln£s_
who created that cattle live.

Handsome and one fashioned

divine Child handsome to love.
To whom the
who created the lower and upper heavens
as he first gave to the
Who ferries across the in peace,
of and Lower Re the Trj.unlptlanlt.
ru over the Two Lands.
'lt1t· .... " ....

chief who created the entire world;

\Vhose counsel is res:pecre:a
at whose 20,Oali1e~iS
To whom followers make in the Shrine of the South,
who appears in in the Shrine of the North;
Whose the love
as he comes from Punt.
Chief of when he sends out the ''''I£''-;''11'.1,(T

handsome his face when he comes from the God's Land.

----'---1 as their Master;

60 vr:::','\IAlr<:: and

ovc~rvllhc~lnling. CY.lnrfnltC in his ..... £."'..,....

Praises to you, who created the

raised up the laid the 2'r()uftd.VIlOI'k of earth,

ii
Be wakeful and be ne~Uttlly
lord ev~erlast:mJit. who created ·.rnft'u p ....

Receiver of WClrSlllO as foremost one in Karnak.

with horns and handsome
Who wears the crown of and t'nUllPrin{'f
double plUmes,
sPlenlCUd dla,oern, exalted in the White

these £Oddes~)es are at his brow.

the nemes, and the kn,epJ~eSjl1.

Handsome as he receives the a[f~r -c:ro'wn
beloved of the crowns of South and North;
Master of power as he takes the mace,
lord of the bearer of the
Glorious ruler, in the White Crown-
Lord of the sunbeams, who created

One to whom the songs of

whose arms embrace the one he
Who sends the enemy chieftains to the
for his fells those who rebel ""F.~U""'"'' him-
She strikes her spear in him who tries to drink Nun
torClnl2' the to up aU he swallowed,

Be 0 Re. Lord of
the Amun hid in his shrine Lord of the
master in the sacred
. " . • • " " ...... I.,

who ordered that be when first apIPeaLre(],

who formed uu;•• u ..... uu... ,
 H\f ..... r.~ and VI""',\/AI'~ to Amun-Re 61

d15ftU1lgullstled their natures, made them

made their features differ one from the other.

Who hears the prayer of the one in dls:tre:ss.

is kind to whoever calls on
Saves the fearful man from the hand of the .u.""v..,,-, .... ,
between the wretched man and the affluent.

Lord of the Mind and Utterance, who makes his pr<)n()UI1Cf~mjent:s­

comes forth for love of
Pleasant and sweet, with Iar'-reaclrunlg love-

for each creature made from the

who bro1u£'Jlt Splen(lOr of

In whose
their hearts come alive when see him.

iv

who has established the .:"l.U:£fl,·aav and LWlce-mOntnJV

prosper, be ne.altJtlVI
who gaze at him in the world "",,,,,,,rnfl,('1
chief over mankind and the realm of the
Hidden his name more than his oUSOJnn2-
that is, in his name of the Hidden.

v
Praises be yours, who dwell in contentment.
lord of in power.
Possessor of the Crown, with double pl'tlmes,
with tall in the White Crown.
The of you is cherished the
the Double Crown firm on your
With love of you the Two Lands
in the eye.
62 vr"'UIi->'"'" and

Mankind is beautiful at your

and beasts grow in your beams,
Your love the southern
your sweetness aU the northern heavens.
Your takes the heart,
your love the arm,
Your of appearance makes hands use:less,
the mind all else at of you.

Sole Perfection who made all that is.

""rrnTIT" who forth all existence,
From whose eyes mankind came
at whose command the
Who creates the for the animals
and for",~,uu'4H'w,
Who for fishes in the River
and for birds who mount the
Who offers breath to all who are unborn.
life to the oUsprm.g of the worm,
Provides for
insects and fleas as
:'Ulc>pl1es the fieldmice in their burrows
and cares for all the in the trees.

vi
Praises to you, who created all this I
alone, the
the wakeful for all who must
sec~Klng out what is for his creatures.
"0 Amun, who established all
Atum, Horus of Two Horizons-
Praises to so aU of them say;
tlo,mc':tge to you because you are wearied for us.
We reverence you because you have made us.

vii
Thanks be to you from all the creatures,
pr<iuse:s to you from every land
To the of to the ends of earth,
 and VI"::l,\I;::>'lr<: to Amun~Re 63

to the of the Great Green Sea!

uvIIJI.Jc,l"

Gods bow down to your countenance.

to the one of power who made
in the nearness of him who them.
to you, "Welcome in

Father of fathers of all

who raised up the and laid down the
Who created what is and fashioned existence.
prosper, be and chief of the
Let us power inasmuch as you have

creation is yours for you have us;

let us offer you thanks because you are wearied for us.

viii
Praises to you, who made all
Lord of Truth and father of
Who created mankind and fashioned the anllffic:llS,
Lord of the
nrclvlc:tes for the creatures of torel~:n
bull with the handsome countenance.

rrlr,r1ru,c in House of the tselnb.en.

With many fillets in tieuopous,

who between the two Enemies in the broad
Chief of the Great Ennead.

Hel101DoJ.1tan, at the head of his Ennead,

HOlflz;on-cs,,velJer, Eastern Horus.

For him the lands of silver and were crc~atlea,

and lazuli for love of
Balsam and frankincense from the land of the Mp·rt1!li'{T
fresh for his nncrr.lc.
Handsome of face when the come,
He is Lord of the Throne of the Two
64 and

Sole
... V L <"'''-Ai names, that cannot be distinstuished.

ix
One who rises from the eastern "r",-o'7,"\",

goes down content in the west,

Who overthrows his enemies
ac(:or,ctml2 to his custom:
Whose eyes have raised up Thoth
that he may him peace tnl'OU2n power,
In whose peflectlon
whom the baboon exalts in his reJOl(;mj~.

Lord of the Bark and the

which carry you across the floods of Chaos
With your OlS;UI1lguISI1leO crew eXll.lltllnst
as watch You fell the Wicked One-
His limbs are cut to with the knife
and fire has eaten
tn()rOlustnl~ than his
~ntast(:ml:st are controlled.

is safer

the enemy of Atum has gone downl

is safe
lDe~t~;::)ut

and He.lloJ)olJLS re~lOH:esl

The her heart is well at ease-
the enemy of her Lord has fallenl
Gods arms in the field
and those safe in their shrines kiss the earth
when see his flood tide of power.

x
Power behind the the Lord of Karnak leI1[lOle-
in your Name of Maat, Creator of
 H\lrTlrlC: and Vf'~,"&>lrc: to Amun~Re 65

Lord of abundance.

hr{,\lH,ht aU that is into oeJ.n2'-

in your Name of
Great Falcon. with ornamented
with handsome face and ",,,,o,,,,,,,,,,.u ..,,,,,
Perfection of creation.
with crest. uraei at his
To whom the hearts of aU mankind are drawn,
for whose return the sun folk """",.4."''',
at his Loml:n~:-

Be Lord of the throne of the Two

beloved of his when he shines.

32. Hymn to Amun-Re

(Credo of a High Priest of Thebes)
Cairo

This Lord of all

Lord of the thrones of the Two
::>pJlenl\lld Soul who came to be in the tse:~U'1ml1ng,
God who dwells in
Primordial God who en:~e]lac::!rea
tnl~OUl£n whom every
Most n_."".,._ of the UU.ll"lU!!;">,
the world back in the First
Whose features are ............""""'. his appearances.
and there is no vn'","UT1,nn how he flowed

to the world at the creat:l01rl,

Sundisk who the sunbeams;
Who offers himself so that all men may
about above without wearied;
66 VrZ'li\l~I'<:: and

riser whose ways endure,

one who rises at dawn with the
Reaches the ends of circles about the
traverses the Below to the world he had created.

The God who fashioned himself on his own,

who created heaven and earth to his
Eldest of old ones, most eminent of the eX(lLlte,d,
(Yr"''3t'~''r than all the

Virile Bull with the

at whose Name the Two Lands tremble;
arrives under his power,
who reaches the far end of tnt'AUAr.
Great God who Existence.
who seized the Two Lands his strlen~~tn.

lord of a his enemies;

Ancient Nun who revealed himself in his own time
to to life what came forth from his wheel;
Who across the traverses the underworld,
at dawn his of the before.

in power, sacred in ...... ~..A'~,."r

1Vl1.rYl"\"·U

secret the contours of his

His eye and his left eye are the sun and moon,
heaven and earth are united his SntnlI1lg .....
,:>'31111"'1'·

Beneficent
or ... _ .... u ••"".

From whose sacred eyes mankind came

and the very are from his sp4:!a1i~mJ~.

Who food and ordered sustenance,

created all that master of ~"~!rn''''',
Who leads forth the years,
and yet there are no limits to his
Old one grown young who reaches At'''''rn1'!'U
one his
 r U I n I I .... and Vr;:!,'\li<:>I'Q to Amun-Re 67

With thousand eyes and ears,

who the millions when he shines;
Possessor of Life who offers his
who encompasses the world within his care;
Who ordered forth creation. and not one amiss-
nO[nln~. of all he has pel Hill.eu.

With name and "'" ... "'t",. .... ,{T

all men are up to pray to

Yet terrible and awesome. in str'en~tl1.
and every goes in the tear of
Bull who grows young subdues his ad'ver'srurle:s,
whose arm strikes down his enemies;
This the universe his oeC::lSl,ons,
the Soul ot the world shines forth from his two
which took on
the sacred one with none who knew him.

This is the who created

and united the lands the commandments he had
Gods and bow to his Power
thrloujl~h the of his ~. __., ___ ,
One who came first, he endures to the
the
Whose Form is there is no Irn,"'\'UT1Incr
who conceals himself from all the
Who hides himself in the there is no cOlrnr:1relhelldJng
who masks himself even from those who em,erJ:~eo

Fire in the »UJLUJ'__ G.J.U"" .........""".. ,,,..,.. bngh1tne~ss.

whose what is nlCloen;
Who without
and at dawn prays to
Glorious when he appears within the tnneao,
his is like every
Waters flow north and northwind blows uDstrealn
from the of this mv'stc:~ri()us
Who his orders to the
what he has laid down shall not be reInOVe(l;
With resonant voice and excellent COlrIlI1naI10,
68 and

without failure in his

Who a term on doubles the years of one he
harbors for one who him in his heart,
and builds for all pt"p'rn1'tu

33. The Leiden Hymns

Leiden 1350

vi. The the Creatures to God

is in awe of you,
even those in the Underworld your ...... ".1'"'[,.
<l.....

Your name is exalted and your power ........ ,rvhf·u

hu:phlratc~s and the ocean dread you;
makes to you when he arrives on earth
and among the islands in the Great Green Sea.
Deserts and mountains descend to you,
and land lies in fear of you.

The of Punt come to you,

and the land blossoms for love of you;
Dfln£JIn£ gums and resins
t"prnnllp t]ra£rarlt with aromas of festival.

And incense trees. and abundance of

which waft to you sweet odors to t"n1'nO'IP

with baked and nonev-

Oils and aromatic roots mixed with resins

to distill the which are put about your
for your countenance.
and ladanum for your brow.

Cedar trees grow tall for you. . . . .

to decorate your Userhat
Mountains of stone flow down to you
to elevate the your saIlctuairy I
l'llle-;SnllDS and of the open sea are out on the waters
laden and headed for your presence.
 and V"'~'\1.::.,rc to Amun~Re 69

the entire is your domain.

The Goddess and Thebes

She is the one who removed the affliction from Thebes-

SUll-~iOa(leSS, mistress of cities.
who takes Two for her own;
Effective for the Lord of
the of of Re.
Who makes Thebes victorious over every
that she may offer this earth to the one Lord
tnl:-OUl2n her
grasps the arrow-
no occurs near her because of her C'f" ..,"", ........ f"A

Each grows in her name-

it is she is their Ruler. than

rest is

Ix. at Sunrise

The Nine Great Gods are come forth from Chaos

to to see you, 0 of n"\~'t... (!r·\F._

Lord of who fashioned himself

Lord of the Goddesses-He is the Lordf

Those who were dr(~anlln.g, he shines for them aU

to their faces in another of his
21c~arrlmlg:, his ears are Ils1ten.lnJg:,
is clothed in

The is like the fl1"1f'1"1l"'V!li waters are lazuli

and the Southland is as he rises among them.
The their ternp.les are open.
and n ....r.nll'" appear, to marvel and look at him.
70 and

The trees sway their bodies before

turned toward the One. their arms wide with bIOtssc:>ms;
The ones dart about in the water,
come out of for love of
The small beasts
birds dance with extended

The creatures all know him at his loveliest moment-

it is life to them to see him each
are in his hand. with his seal,
and never a shaH open them for his I\A ~11"",~r'"
There is created without
the life of the Ennead.

x. The Thebes

Thebes is the for every

both waters and land came from her in the tseJgmnu1g;
Then sands came to underlie fields
and form her foundations on the helgh1ts become
And then faces within her
in its true Name-
A ac<:oridinlg to its purpose
"""nru".,.'u of Thebes, the of Re.

Her came down as the and nrt"'H:rIPr'lna

to the world her to the
At peace, alit to dwell in Isheru
in her form of Sakhmet. Mistress of the Two Lands.

"How she is. said about her.

"in her Name of Waset. Dominion. the
t'rclspercms in her Name of t'lrotc~ctmv
yyL. .... '£j,L.

divine in the Sun-disk before the face of her Lord.

gUJ,dlflg from her throne
ID(::[-~;U[-one without

Each carries her

to make itself like Thebes.
She is the n'3i'r"" ..
·1"\
 MUrnr\<;; and "",r:::>,UQ,rQ to Amun-Re 71

xx.

How sp.lellIOlICl1} you sail the skies.

your task of ye:ste:rd8lY
You who create the years, months tOii!~etller
and hours occur aC4colrclln2
reillve~na1ted far above yel,telrday.

en1terllng the darkness you '-'''''L ..... .,'....

Sole one awake-for you detest slumber-

who circles the world in a moment-no secrets are

from you:
Who sails across traverses the
the on each which moves among men,
All are in awe of your countenance
with mankind and "Welcome!"

xxx. Enemies

:::.elrpent, who falls to God's

those who wreak Slau2Ihte:r,
He death in the hearts of his enemies
so that as outcasts forever.
He has caused that their be
to his op,pOfne~ntS, his own heart eXUltlnJ~.

The shrine of God is the Mflrrht",r One cellebrates,

Re is there are no enemies of his;
The Bark of Millions of Years has
the divine crew reJiOlc:mJ~. their hearts filled with 2lclorless.
Felled is the of the Lord of
no enemy of his exists in heaven or on earth.

HelloPOilS, Underworld-
their inhabitants deJl12tlt in their aelLtles;
72 and

the sword!

xl. The

God crafted himself. none know his nature;

his features came into means of

He sn'1Pe:a

form
his
" ... nn,.nn into existence from the ....... I"'~~,'~
of the mystery;
And his Form came into pH:~aSltng at birth-
he finished himself to perlectIon. a Craftsman in ways.

I. The Power God

[...... J

The Sundisk's beams streamed from the because of your face,

from his cavern because of your
presence;
Earth was established because of your ne~lvelruy vo~va).l~mJ~;
and to you, all that Geb nurtures.
Your Name is I-'V'."' ..... your power pn~enrun:ent;
even mountains of iron cannot withstand your

Divine Falcon with extended

SelZlIllg in a second whoever attacks
Hidden Lion with war-cry,
who to himself whatever comes under his claws;
Bull over his lion over his I-''''''''''V'''-.
CUJ'.ctunn his tail at whatever annoys him.

Earth shakes when he forth his cry;

all that exists is in fear of his ...... 'u""",.",
 t-turnr\c and vr:::'",jO>lrc to Amun-Re 73

He is t:"n1.rrkt,,'lT there are none of his kind-

pe)~le(:tlo'n of for the Ennead.

Ix. God's Creation

To him De.lOfl£S the Southland as well as the

for he took them, alone, for his own, in his str4enSl~tn;
His boundaries were set while he was still upon
wider than all earth, than heaven.
From him the their necessities-
SU1:>plles from his stores.

Owner of arable and new land-

to him each title-deed in his t"",.,.1 C!1"1"'I"

From to end of the stretched cord

he measures all earth with his countenance.
For him the foundation-rite was
and to him the cubit for stone.
He stretches the cord over the of the e:n)UI1C1.
Or()Vl~c!mtQ' the Two Lands with his abundance of
houses and ternpJles.

Each lies in his shade

that his heart may walk about as it plc:~ases.
Praises to him come from every
each endures in its love for him.
For him consecrate the to te~;tnral.
and is awake amid the beauties of
His presence moves about over the ro()UOpS,
and his are the while it is dark.

The receive sustenance from his

God is one who pn)tects:-to

lxx. God's and

He is one who U1'."H,".~~", t:"nfCu::• .,',r drives off Clu;ease,

a who cures the eye without
74 and

Who opens the vision, aids the

[........ ]
'Vho rescues the one he loves he be down
in the Underworld
who from the hand of fate the one he would offer
his heart.

To God ,...... llnnrr eyes, and ears as

he is a face on his every for one who loves him;
He hears the of the one who cries out to
lOf;tantly comes from afar to the one who summons him.
He lets life be or wreaks havoc within it,
nevona compare to the one who loves him.

A is his Presence is over the waters of Chaos-

Death the Crocodile is when God's name is sP()ken.
The winds contend, a rebel wind blows back-
yet the one is content to remember God.
Words will work in the moment of terror,
and breezes are sweet for who calls upon him,
the Rescuer of the weary.

God is r n .....r t ' t . . 1 r .. """r,:nr. .. rh,u wise;

his is the one who bows to him while he is there.
Effective is he above millions for one who him in his heart;
brave one, sole one of his Name, hundreds of
thousands.
Who nt'r"r... ,('rc the in very truth,
effective, who seizes the moment, with none to oppose him.

lxxx.

The Great Gods were your first incarnation

COlmtHelCe this world, while you were one alone.
Your was hidden among the oldest pnm()rClllal . . . "".,,,.,.. ....,
for you had concealed as Amun from the face of
the

You fashioned your form as the

 F"lHlIlf'" and """'''''''0'1'''' to Amun~Re 75

to the first to birth back in your nr11T1p'u~1 time.

Your comeliness was honored as J:'l.c1I,UUil.\..;!., bull of
his mother;
you distanced VOlurs:elt to the midst of .... '"'~.. ""',u. remained as
the sun,
Came as the fathers who their sons;
and a inheritance was left for your OUSPJnn~.

You
there was no there was no Void:
The world was from in the tieJgmlnlltlgi
all other came after.

rest is

xc. The Creation

All the Nine Great Gods came from your

and your for each was based on your form.
You flowed forth when you ago,
as who concealed his nature from

Oldest of the

The toes of whose were

who rose shlnmlg as Re from chaos that he

Ibr~Du~:ht I Shu and Tefnut tOjl[etrler means of his Power.

himself to the Kmlgslt'up torieve:r.

to the end of "",h,,'...t'uiru sale Lord.

was his incarnation in the Jje,~ll1lntnjl[;

all existence was hushed in awe of him.
Then he screeched the cry of the Great Shrieker
above the districts which he had formed. alone.
76 and

He from within the .:;> ... u.u ....,,;,.:;>,

it see;
He sounds while the world was siIent-
and his encircled the earth.

f Ie gave birth to eX:lstlln£ offer them

caused all to know the
Their hearts live when see him-
for He is the ,...1£" .., ..." . ., One.

The Birth God

Creation with the First Occasion.

Amun came to be first of all-and none know his means
of ...... I".·lT...."'...
No became before him,
nor was other with him there when he forth
his
There was no mother to him that she have created his nature,
no father of his to the one who said. "It is II"

He fashioned the egg of himself all

sn':lpe~a his own .... "" .......".

Divinest of who came into on his own-

all came to be after he with himself.

The Forms God: His

He is one whose nature is and his

of wonders with forms.
All boast that come from him-
but to exalt themselves in his and holiness.

Re himself is in his
and he is the Fashioner dw'ell:ln2'
Whatever is said of Tatenen is to
and Amun who came forth from chaos-that is God's
above.
 77

His

His
appearances.

No ntr'f'111'p

ccc. The
78 and

for the of which cares for these

The divine are answered from Thebes.
and the oracle comes forth as if from the Ennead-
All that comes from his mouth is U"""''''''''''''
so the administer for him what is commanded.
The message is sent: it can kill or make live-
life and death for each one on it.

God reveals himself or

One the Three united.

d. God as the Divine Warrior

The rebels a2:,Unl)t him are down on their faces,

there are none who attack him;
The land in the midst of his enemies,
quarI'elc~rs cannot be found before him.

Fierce lion who rends with his claws.

drinks down in an instant the power and blood of attackers;
bull, with hooves
on the neck of his enemy, his breast;
Bird of prey on whoever attacks him,
who knows how to crush his limbs and his bones.

Who takes to battle his "'''''.'''1'''\'''''''"'_

mountains tremble beneath him when he rages:
Earth when he utters the war-cry,
all creation is in fear and terror of him.
Woe to the one who faces he who likes a taste of his victim-
for he is with his horns.

dc. God's Nature

His heart is Mind and his its tXPfC:!SS,10I1.

is all that exists because of his tOI:l2:1Je;
makes the twin caverns under his
nQU'\,.lJ,.l}:;.

and the Nile comes forth from the aelpre~SSllon beneath

his sandals.
 .... u r n r..' and Vr:::l,UA,r,;:, to Amun-Re 79

His Soul is space and his the moisture.

and he is Falcon of Twin Horizons in the midst of neclve:n;
His eye is the and his left the
and it is he who faces down every way.

His is Nun, and

birth to all
His hot breeze is the breath for every ••".,,"' .... J,••
and fate or fortune for all are under his care.
His wife is the fertile field which he Imlpre:gnates,
his seed is the his fluids the

is
who are in his presence custom;
Their faces are turned toward him
as mankind and both say. "He is unClersltancllng."]

dccc. the Place Truth

And so one moors as one of the in

district of of silence.
Worthless ones cannot enter there, the Place of
the boat.
It of
will not cross for the 1H',\1[J.1'"r1"I"\"(1'

How it is to moor within

then shall one become a divine soul like the Ennead.
Thebes-She Who Is Before the Face of Her Lord-is ennobled
to rest within
COrlCejiillrtg her
and

is the One in the his is

the faces of the ennobled dead in the
Underworld.

rest is
 Hymns and Prayers from
The Book of the Dead
(New Kingdom and Later]

The Book of tbe Dead is a collection of prayers. and

directions to the deceased on his or her .r......... "" .. to the afterworld. It
was, in effect, the successor to the VIIQ-l\.ln:golom 1-1'lF1f'!ln,,\frt
the use of which had been limited to the and the Middle-
Kllrlg(iorn Coffin a similar collection more disseminated but
still limited to the upper In the New anyone who could
afford it could have a Book tbe Dead. The Book was divided into ....... '... p""" .. ,"'.
and the owner of the
still alive, had his or her copy made to order, which of the many
PO:SSIJt>le selections were necessary or desirable. In the Book
tbe Dead can be seen the characteristic fusion of the of Re and
the underworld of Osiris. This is evident when
Ktnl)!:Olom of Osiris, the realm of the dead.

34. Introductory Hymn to Re

of

Praise of Re at the time of his from the eastern horizon of the

the osiris. scribe of the divine ntlf"" .. "nt1rc for all the Ani, who says:

Be you who are come as

who came to be as creator of the
You rise and shine down from the back of your mothe:r.
80
 The Book Dead 81

aplpeBI.nr1lSU~lOrJLOuslY as of the
Your mother Nut raises her arms to you,

The Western Mountain receives you in peace,

and Maat embraces you and

Re the power and strenjittn

COlnlrt2: forth as a

redeemed under Osiris.

And he says:

o all you of the lUT''''"1nO' of the

who

o one, who created TT'EII'-''''''''"V

o Enneads of the North, West, and East-

Give to Lord of the ne.ivens.
the prosper, and be who created

WClrSJ110 him in his beautiful

as he rises splencllCl Bark.

those who are above WOfrSlllO

may those who are below you;
Thoth and Maat write for you every
serpeIlt-c~nemy be to the

do not exist.

The House of the Ruler is

there is sound of reI4JICJ!n2:
and the of
For have seen Re apl)ealnnll!
his rays UOIOClJlnl!
The of this moves forward
and the land of Manu unites with him.
Earth with his birth each
once he has returned to his of ye1>telrday.
82 and

you be at peace with me,

and may I see your on earth!
Let me strike the
\'PClphlS as he actsf
aDI(]1Ul-u:sn. its moment come to be;
the bulti-fish its oec:onunJ'!:,
while gUJLOUlg I
For I have seen
and Thoth and Maat with him there;
And I have seized the of the Bark
Bark.

he allow me to see the sundisk

and the moon without every
And may my Soul come forth to walk about in every it
and may my name be called
that I may find the of ntt."'r1rI0'C;:·
sustenance be me in the presence of the Followers
of
maya be made for me in the Bark
on the when the ferries over;
And may I stand in the presence of Osiris in the Land of
the Redeemedf

For the soul of the Ani.

35. Introductory Hymn to Re

of

M/I"'... "'I"' ..... of Rt when he rises in the eastern horizon of u ....... v"""tL. the osiris,
the merchant who says:

Praises to you, Rt in
Atum in your brilliant Shllnllrlg!
Risel Riser Gleam! Gleam!-
at break of dawn aPlpetllnrlg
The of the OOUDlle-l)lUme grc:~etlln2 to you,

as you
 The Book the Dead 83

The Bark cte:)tf(}VS those who attack Him.

Re

o comer Your sacred bark is tfllUmtpntan.tl

And that vile causer of his head is se~,erled:
Their hearts are
for their Lord at the rebel's faIL
The crew of Re is at peace,
and HehOI)ollS n:~J01I:es.

And the merchant '-"""lUl,Q., vmcl1Cclte'l, says:

Let me come to you, Lord of the

Hc.rallc.hty let me rise up to Truth!
I know that your life is there:
let me be one of your favored ones
in of the Great God.

One's name is called out; he is

and he is commanded to ....].
The oar of the Bark is £f(lSplect
and the boat moves peclceJtuU
I see Re when he makes ottenng
his enemies felled at the
I see Horus as nellml)m,an,
the Oarsman .. with his arms.
IT"",,. . " " ' " LV

I see the aDlU-Illsn.

and may I gllInp~)e cOlnlflg to be,
while gUl.dlflg the canoe on its lone waterway.

Blessed is he who is free from evil acts

which him from the Lr'OSfnnlZ.
Who does not rend another man because of what he
who does not drive a man away to take his father's n"l'"\n", .. "'{1'

Who does not lie.

is the Blessed Lord of

And the merchant V""lHI.Q., v 1lllUil.... clLI.~\.J, says:

84 Vr~r\l"'I"<: and

Praises to you,

pre~errl1nc~nt.
with pal"twolore<l
with handsome face and the
you awake in pertectlon in the ti~'ITn1InO'
with the Ennead to you and all mankind
in the ev(:!mnQ".
Honor is yours in the Hall of Truth
from the divine stars who go to rest weary.
a watchful one, child who his mother each

Re lives. the serpent-<lelmO'n is deadl

You are your is down!
you cross the skies with life and power,
the Bark in and ti1£1'nft,,_
your heart sweet,
the Uraeus in at your bow!

36. Introductory Hymn to Re, II

of

\Aln... "t" .... of Re when he rises from the eastern horizon the the
osiris, the merchant vindicated. who says:

Praises to you, who rise out of Nun

and illumine the Two Lands at your r r . ....... ..,'iY forth.
The Enneads in unison in you,
the Two Ladies and the Followers have nursed you,
a beautiful divine beloved when you rise.

The common n"",,...nll""

Sunfolk
The Souls of him,
the Souls of Pe and Nekhen lift him
Baboons veneration to
and with one voice small creatures him.

Your Uraeus visits havoc on your enemies,

those in the Sun Bark in you,
your crew is victorious.
 The Book Dead 85

The Bark has united with you

and your heart is 0 Lord of the
Those you have fashioned offer you ad()ratlolll,
with Nut blue beside you,
And Nun with you
as you shoot your rays.

you likewise illumine me

that I may see your pelrte,ctl_0n.
I am the the merchant "-' ...........
Vlfldlc:::at,ed, pn)Sp1enU2 on earth:
WCtrsJh.lO to your beautiful countenance
as you rise from the horizon of the
And honor the sundisk when it goes to rest upon this its mountain,
caluslng the Two Lands to live.

Words sP()ken the merchant _"',HAL"", vmCllcc;ltecl, who says:

you shine and shinef

come forth from the chaos of Nun renewed,
as is your custom,
Divine who came to be of hlfnSc~lt.
without insemination
You have illumined the
your rays snl.nll1lg nun,gle:d
And Punt aromas of your sweet lra,gnmc:e
to the of your nostrlls;
And you shine like bronze in the
the two firm on your brow.

The Lord of the Two Lands has allotted all

and all nOilormg you.

The the merchant _ ..... ULQ,. vindicated.

37. Introductory Hymn to Re

of

\AI,.,... "' ........ of Re when he rises from the eastern horizon of the the
U4 ..U ... ':............. who says:
86 and

Praises to you, Re in your

Atum to rest.
Riser Risef Shinel Shine!
you who appear as

It is you who are lord of the lord of

who created the stars above and those who are
who came to be in the lSe;g-1I1lnulg.
Who created the fashioned humanIty,
created the nr'irn,p'lT,~l waters. fashioned the
Who created the caused those who are in them to
knitted the mountains, made men and beasts appear.

Heaven and earth

you traverse the above in of heart,

with the Lake of the Two Knives at peace,
The his arms cut away,
breeze.

the heart of the One in his shrine.

who appears as the Power of the
The Effective One come forth from chaos.
he is
LLl'UUlIIJ".a.ll'L.

heir of pr"'r""tru
",,,,,,,.,,t-t',,, .. who caused his own birth.

Sole one, who cares for creation.

of the world. ruler in He1l0POUs.
At'".r ..... t'", wise in the ways of forever-

the Ennead is because of your Sflllflling.

The horizofl~dweller ferries across,
the one in the Bark exalts you.

Praises to you, Amun~ Ref

...,..,'t'1rl,1"Ir in Maat as you across above.
"",.pr"t,rn",p watches you as you grow;

and your travels on with your rays in all faces.

There is no Kn,O~lln,Q'
to describe the likes of you.
 The Book Dead 87

you are
..,a.",,,,,,",.. , like [ . .]
so that honor to your name;
And swear oaths means of you
as the one to whom their faces turn,
You are the one who attends with your ears,
and you see millions across the
There is not an Asiatic there from whom you would draw
as you watch over them, in your heart.

The is beautiful because of your name,

your course is far-millions upon millions of milesf
you across it in tnlJmlPh,
bound for the waters at the of your desire.
You this in a little moment
and go to rest once you have COJmp~lel:ea the hours.

the osiris. steward of the Lord of the Two

who says:

We:lC()me. my who traverses PTI"rf"l1t"u

whose existence is
WeJlCOlme, 0 lord of the sun.Ugtlt.
You shine and everyone livesl
Allow me to see the Lord of the Dawn each

the osiris, the scribe. overseer of the 1"""'rn .... II"'" of Seti I. Hunefer.

38. Introductory Hymn to He

V:::"r'\H'~lU;' of

Wc>rsJl1P of Re the scribe and geller.al of the army, who says:

risen from the horizon of the

Praises are yours from the mouths of everyone.
beautiful renewed in the sundisk
in the arms of your Hathor.
88 Vr~I\lP,lrc;: and

foreverf
come in nomalge
£rc:~etlln£ at your

LJ14earmnlg from the horizon of the

you suffuse the Two Lands with turquoIse.

This is
the divine heir of p.rJ"rntr'tr
himself and bore nmlsen,

Chief over the districts of

who came out of the waters.
Drew himself forth from Nun,
nursed nunS4eu, and sanctified his birth.

o who loves every soul,

may you shine forth as of the
Nut has offered before your countenance.
and Maat embraces you both and
is yours from those who attend upon you,
bow to the earth at your aplDHJ'aCll."

who fashioned the

The Ennead rel()lCC~S
your rays.

to gaze on your pelrte~:tl()ns

As you across the to your custom,
safe and sound your mother, Nut
You cross the in of heart-
the Lake of the Two Knives is at peace,
The and his arms
tnlrOlJI2n his vertebrae-
and Re continues on Spjlen,01<lly.
 The Book Dead 89

The
it is finished r11"~IU.T1ncy
north. west, and east are you,
o of earth. who came to be himself.
Nephth'\'s honor you,
cause you to appear in in the two divine barks;
their arms you.
The souls of the Easterners follow you,
the souls of the Westerners for you.

The ser'oent-delmOln
and your heart is
Your mother Nut ac~~nc'wled!~es
you ... _', ........,"'"

39. Two Hymns to the Rising and Setting Sun

of

Adoration of Re in his from the horizon until he comes to rest in life.

Words the osiris, the scribe Ani:

Be pralse O,
i

nl"lrtl".r-t1{'\nc:: be with my eyes,

surlli~tht come to be within my breast.
pf()ce:ea in your own peace in the
breeze within the
rrClC::!l:1Incy of the skies among the

dead
with all your enemies fallenl
The stars to you,
the indestructible stars adore you-
You who go to rest in the horizon of the Western Mountains.
beautiful as the Sun each
De,aUl:lItU, ~.U}i;., as my Lord.
,-"LlU'""g
90 and

ii

Be 0 Re in your
Atum to rest.
You are beautiful as you shine from the breast of your m(}tnter,
~n1np~r1noin of the
•• v.u"."" ... before you,
and Maat embraces you both and

You cross the in of heart-

the Lake of the Two Knives is at peace,
The and his arms
the knife has cut thl~OUl2h
And Re continues on with tnlln'tllY .... rr breeze-
the Bark has those who attacked him.
Southerners and Northerners draw you
while Westerners and Easterners

Primal who ....... c'ht forth the forms of

£. . . . who raised
his voice
when the earth was flooded with silence;
Sole One who came to be in the midst of the
before there was or mountains;
~nepnera. sole Lord, who created all that exists,
whose fashioned the Ennead of his
Who nursed the seeds of all that is in the waters
whence you emerj:1~ea on the bank of the Lake of Horus.

Let me breathe the breath which comes from your nostrils

and the northwind which comes from your mother!
you my
make sacred the osiris. my soul!
Be in 0 Lord of the
be exalted in the midst of your wonders!
Pour your rays over my breast like the t1~\Tlt,crhtl

The osiris and scribe of accounts of the ritual .nt"l''''' .....·u'."

overseer of the Two Granaries of the lords of the district of Ta-wer. the gen-
uine whom he loves, vindicated and tri1umtphtant.
 The Book Dead 91

40. Hymns to the Rising Sun

Praise of Re at dawn when he rises from the eastern horizon of the

with those who are in his t ...... II ...... the osiris.
'1IT1rl• .,.vindicated.
who says;

Hail. 0 "" ... ,,,....,"'..... lord of the sunbeams.

who rises from the horizon each
you in the face of the Virldijcat.ed;
let him adore you at
let him

go forth with you to the

That he may command in the
endure in the
and the incles1trucW,le, umNe;'LrVling starsf
The osiris Ani and vindicated-
may he say that he honors his the Lord of "''-'''''''''1.-''

ii

Praises to you, 0 Horus of Two HOiflz,ons,

"'''.'''''1-''''',1" that is, who came to be himself,
How beautiful is your from the horizon
to illumine the Two Lands with your surUl~:nt,
With all the
when of the ne,!lvens:
With the
the at your brow-
she has taken her before you:
With Thoth ahead of your sacred bark
de:strjDvj,n2' aU your enemies;
With those in the underworld come forth to you,
to see this beautiful

I have come to you, and I am with you,

to see your sundisk each
Let me not be let me not be turned
92 and

let my limbs be renewed at your peJrte'Cti4e>n,

like all those you have nOlrlO['ea,
for I am one you treasured on earth.
Now I have reached the land of priO'rnfT'tr

I have the land of evc~rl.:tstln2;

and you indeed have commanded it for me, my Lord.

iii
the osiris Ani. vindicated and tfllUmaplllanct:, who says:

Praises be to you, when you rise from your horizon as

at peace in Maat as you cross the
With every face you
concealed from their
VOlurs:eU at the dawn and the aaJ~kentl'1l2
how fortunate are who voyage with your -----1---'
Your beams shine in the but there is no undelrst,in(lmg
the brilliance of fine is to your own.

have been described in the nrrfT1rHl'C

lU~:IU'UU.l::>
of Punt can be eXlplc'recj;
But you were concealed when you created.
one alone, for your Word.

Your first incarnation was Nun, the ocean.

and he would make his movements follow yours;
Nor does he make a like your
the is the lI''Ulrn,A't'

Millions upon millions of miles,

yet a little moment and you have it.

You have gone to rest.

and, same as in the you the hours of

to your custom.
acc:ol~aln2

once more as
over the horizon.

iv
The osiris, the scribe Ani. VlrtOllcateO, who SP(~aKS:
 The Book Dead 93

he you in your Snllnllng.

you be up for the of your visible

may you shine in the wealth of your 0 Traveller.
You fashioned your own without
as Re who shines down from the

o let me reach the heaven of pf'iO'rntrU

the district of those who are honored;

I the most favored in the of the

and let me go forth with them to see your pelrteiCtlc:Jn.

you shine in the I"'VI"'n1ncr
after you have traversed your m()tn,er, Na.unet:
you turn my face to the
my arms in adoration at your to rest as one

For you indeed created pr.:>,rn,rrul

Be as you go to rest in Nun.
Let me you in my heart,
o you without weariness, more divine than the
v
The osiris vtrldl1cated, who says:

Praises to you, who rise _'-',. __ ..

ugJntlng the Two Lands with because of your birth.
Your mother you forth upon her
and you illumined all the sun disk circles-
The who rose out of Nun.
who marshals followers from out the waters,
Who makes the districts of the cities rich with 1'... .,1'.'(1,'11.,
lord of pr()Ce~;SlClns,
prcltects ttlf01Jgh your pelrle(:tl()oS-
blossoms forth in food and sustenance;
strc:mi!:est of the oO'wertu!l.
who arms your throne agcun:st
Awesome in appearance in the
your is Iar-reacltlll1lg Bark.
94 Vr"",,r.,.,rC! and

you the osiris rescued from the grave,

and may you let him be there in the
You who are free of evil.
may you
Place me as a blessed among your ones
that I may the in the Sacred Land
And sail about the Field of Reeds
ac(:orIOIn:2 to command from the Lord of

the the scribe vindicated.

vi

You shall go forth to the

travel across the be brother to the stars.
Praises are offered for you in the SUI1811l10,
and you are summons to the Bark.
You shall see Re within his "'~~J'UJ.'''',
and you shall his sun disk every

For you have seen the bulti-fish in all its forms upon the
Sea of TUlrquoise,
and you have seen the time has come-
The evil one is fallen as toretC)lCl,
for I have had the knife cut thJ~ou:szh
And Re shall Ie\! t'l"nl"'l.T

the him who would attack it,

The heart of the Mistress of Life is glGlOClenlea

for the of her Lord is overthrown!

You shall see Horus with the T11IP'I"_'rnrIP

and with Maat in his arms,

For

the osiris, the scribe of otlterlnj;~S for the Lords of '" ..,,_'-' ' ' .... vindicated
with them.
 The Book the Dead 95

41. A Hymn to the Setting Sun

XV, of ,,\ut·notepet

Another 1"n'l"C!'-"''''1'''C! of the underworld: the lSS:U1I1i2

forth in secret from the realm of the dead to see the Sundisk when he goes
to rest in the the adoration of him and in
the underworld; and the of the soul in the presence of Re-to
to exalt it it its rltn'f'Ht''I'
it to be attentive
to()ts1tep,s. and to it learn to see when it is with the Great God,
which he has it shall go forth into the ri!l1IrlH:rht
in any form that it may wish, and it shall be among the of the
underworld so that shall it as one of them and so that it may
enter in all its power into the secret 0'>11'pur>1v.

Ml1t-JrlOltet:.et, vindicated:

for you,
\Alr,,,,C!I"tn

in your movements. beautiful and 21c.nc,us.

When you go in the sacred pn~Clltlct of the
western mountain
that you rest in your field which is in Manu,
your of the rushes you.

Praises to you as you go to rest in peace,

you are united with the of
The their about your flesh
as you touch down on earth.

You have ferried across the sunbeams

and the of heaven and earth come to you n£,\'\J.TI,ncr·
offer you adoration each
and the of the West in your pe:rIecuons;
you,
those in the Bark row you;
And the Souls of the East sink down at your
"Welcome, you who come in

There is for you,

o lord of heaven and ruler of the West I
96 Vr"',"AI"CC and

Your mother, Isis, has Of()tecte~d you

that she may see her son in you
As lord of awe, exalted in ......0 ..... " .... ,

when you go to rest, I:>e"on.a the threshold.

And your father lifts you up,
Tatenen
of

as you rest within the Western Mountain.

You have me as one honored before Osirisr

o come to me, Re-Atumf
Let me you; may you show love for me;
let me be vindicated the Ennead.

You are be,aut:ltllll, 0 Re, in your horizon of the West,

lord of exalted in awe,
you do,
SUl~palSsllng in your love of those in the underworld.
You illumine the faces of all those over there
and all who have withdrawn the horizon.
You the to Rosetau, of the underworld.
you have the way to Shu and
You the thrones within their terool,es,
and are as his household propers pe,aC(~tullY
when Re goes down.

o you of the West who 'tur... clr"ttn

and you who offer at his ap1Jr0 aCll, 1

hnlPI.OY the arrows of the fallen aJl'.,...u ••" .. seI'oent-enerrlv of

oppose him who would wreak destruction on Osiris!
The of the West
as take the of the
For have come in tfllum,ph
to voice the Truth of the
whose in the West are hidden.

o who vindicated Osiris a£,un:s[ his enemies.

vindicate Mtlt-ltl01te[let. whose voice is true, ag~un~)t
her enemies;
 The Book Dead 97

\pJ:>rO,ilcn the tribunal

Lord of life.
who is in the sundisk shall aPlOro.aCll1.
Protector of his Wennefer-re.
And Osiris shall go to rest
the souls Below.

Praise be to you, come as

come into as maker of the
Praise be to you, come as bun of
one within the horizonf
Praise be to you, more effective than the
who illuminate the underworld with your
Praise be to you, who voyage on with your transltlglLlre:(1
the Sailor in his sundisk.

42. Hymn to the Setting Sun

Dublin 4]

Adoration of e·tlor'akltlty in his to rest in the western horizon ot the

Praises to you, Re, in your to rest.

onme:val one, the first who came into

Praises to you, who created the
who raised up the that his eyes
Who created earth to be the broad hall for his SUfloeam,s,
each man to consider his ",""tX-.l.llU\,.;'J..

The Bark is the Bark shouts orallse-

have crossed Nun for you vic:to:rious,
and your crew is
The Effective One has felled your enc~mlles.
for you she the to()tslte1JtS
and she is beautiful as Re each

Your mother,
pelrlec:t in your
98 and

There is in the horizon of the Western Mountain,

and the illustrious dead are 2'la~aaenea.
You shine forth there for the
ruler of ....."'....... t-,'

And the in their caverns-

their arms are raised in adoration of your "''''''''C'L''\,''''
And offer you all their pel:1t1()nS
once you shed
And the lords of the ..... ri""'..uT,r. .. lri
for you have made clear the splen<lor
Their eyes are wide to look at you,
and their hearts when see you.

you hear the prayers of those in the grave-

remove their drive off their sadnesses'
And may you offer breath of life to their noses
that may take the foremost in your bark
in the horizon of the Western Mountain.
You are 0 Re, each
and may your embrace you.
The osiris NN. vindicated.

43. Introductory Hymn to Osiris Wennefer

of

att,alIllng millions of years as his duration;

First son of the womb of Nut,
whomGeb the
Lord of the double crown, ennobled the White
smrer,euzn of and men.
He has received the crook and flail
and the sce:ptt:~r of his fathers.

Glad is your heart. in the Western ~rCluna-

your son, Horus, is established on your throne.
 The Book Dead 99

While you shine forth as Lord of .&J ...."' ...... .;>.

as the ruler who is in

For you the Two Lands flourish in vindication
in the presence of the Lord of All.

He has ushered in the one who has not come to be

in his Name of
He has the Two Lands clean once more
in this his Name of he who Cleanf;es;
l\A"rYh~""T and matgnUl(:ent, IftSp:LnOt£

Praises to you,
and lord of
Who took the Two Lands for his own in the womb of Nut
and ruled the of the
With Tn"",,"_CT,rur.

now he is in the sacred Ktn,20,om

Let me be gl()r1()US in the

Tr'lve~lil1l{l downstream to Busiris as a

UPs1tre,ilffi to
""''''... n r..... as a
without hindrance
of the underworld,
a!:lf-p"UT!:I'T

water and OUier1l12S

A burial "'... ,......... ""'"
with emmer and there.
For the soul of the osiris. the scribe Ani.

44. Litany to Osiris

of

the Lord of Forever:

.UVLU"<U modes of numberless

100 Pr:::l'\l~lrc: and

Ptah-Sokar. Atum in HellOpouS,

Lord of the ""4.J.,t UJ.'''', who mer£e:a of Ptah-
who govern the I1n,rf~lru7l"rJ.rl·
Dr()tel:t you when you go to rest in Naunet

Isis wraps you in her peace,

the is driven from your
You have turned your face toward the West
that you may the Two Lands with fine
The stand to look at you
that may breathe the air. your
as the Sundisk from his nO:r1Z IDn,
their hearts are with what you have created.
For it is you who are eternal and ev~=nClL:sun~.

Praise be to
say the stars in the Sunfolk in ancient K-:>!....·ulinn

You are Wenti, diviner than the

the hidden one in tte:uopous.
Praise be to
say ancient deities of Iwn-des. You are the Great HO~raJ'nt:y
UT1.rt"" .• .,t-t't".,nrr when he crosses heaven-

You are indeed HorcU~ht'yl

Praise be to
You are the Soul of ......."'............., the Ram who dwells in ...................4 ... '

Wennete:r, son of Nut-

Lord of the realm of the dead!
Praise be to you,
in your rule of the Great Crown firm on your
you are the one who is his own prc::>tectlon
as you go to rest in Busiris.
Praise be to you,
lord of the nome, one who Sokar
on his
drives off the rebel who does
and the to rest where it ne:lOI1I,2S.
Praise be to you,
in your power. and rnt,rrhf·u
foremost in master of time and ... r.,...."'lr"·
it is you who are lord of He,calcJeopol1s.
 The Book the Dead 101

Praise be to you,
at rest in it is you who are lord of
who has the Sacred Land with your
you are the one who hates falsehood.
Praise be to you,
in the midst of your sacred you fetch from
his cavern,
one on whose dead
he is the one in H14era:KonpiOlllS.
Praise be to you,
creator of of and Lower Osiris,
vindicated,
who founded the Two Lands with his acts:
this is he. lord of the Two Banksf

you make mea

that I may pass on in peace.
I am one who is and true.
I did not
nor did I do an evil
 Amarna: The Heretical Interlude
of Aton

Akhenaton of was the first known

monotheist in He was a who abolished the traditional
of and substituted for it his
...... " h r i - ' h " ' .......... of the creator
and whom he called Aton. Akhenaton left Thebes to build and live
in a new called el-Amarna, where he could his with-
out the or of the other
Aton was a benevolent and not the creator of the cos-
mos but also the nurturer of aU creatures. His shone forth in the sun,
whose and warmth made life There are several to
Aton in the tombs of the courtiers of Akhenaton at Amarna; the finest of
them, from the tomb of is here.

45. Akhenaton's Hymn to Aton

of

In Praise of the who reJ()lCC~S

the divine which is in the Sundisk. and forever, the liv-
Great One who is in the "'""c,t'nr.,1 Lord of all the sundisk . . . U.'-l~i:).
Ne'ilvel!l. Lord of Lord of the Two

Mistress of the Two Lands, Nefer-neferu-aten f'l..IAt"A .. i-.i-,

necUUllY, UOUnSJnU1l~ forever and He says:

102
 Ama.rna 103

21ctrictus]fy in the horizon of the

Arisen from the eastern hOJrlZton,

you have filled all earth with your SpJlenaor;
You are exalted above each
your rays encompass the lands
to the limits of all which you have created;
There in the you reach to their D01Un(larleS

And you are your rays are over the

and you are in the faces of those who watch your

You go to rest in the western no:rtZ4;)n t

and earth is in a darkness like

With the in heads covered-
the eye cannot discern its co]m):>anll01!l;
All their be carried off-

lion comes forth from his ";"'''¥'UT'Cl'tT

insects and snakes bite and

Darkness earth is silent-
he who created them is at rest in his tomb.

iii

Dawn rises on the nOrlZl;)n,

~le:arrls
from the sun disk as
You scatter the bestow your sunbeams.
and the Two Lands offer thanKs~lvU':l~

for you have raised them up;

Their bodies are U"'\,~J.""'\"l, on their clo,tll1nR'.
their arms raised in at your ap1pe'!lfllrl2.
rhl~OU2h<)ut the land
take up their work.
104 and

iv
The herds are at peace in their meadows,
trees and the grow green,
Birds from their nests,
their wide in of your Person;
All the small beasts about on their
and all who up or settle to rest
live because you have shone upon them.
go downstream or as
each lies open because of your presence:
The fish in the River dart about in your
and your beams are in the Great Green Sea.

It is you who create the seed in women,

the fluids into human ..,...."..
JJ;. ....

Make the son alive in the womb of his mother,

soothe him, his tears.
Nurturer from the womb to those breath
to into life all that he has created.
He descends from the womb to breathe
on the of his
And you open his mouth, determine his nature.
and minister to his needs.

vi
The tleclgl:mg in the
so you him breath within it to succor him;
And you have to him his allotted time
so that he break out from the egg
To come forth Oele0102" at that time
and move about upon his own two feet
when he emerges from it.

vii

How various are the

and are all f'''''ir~r.''r1''''t
o sole God, without another of your
 Amarna 105

you created the world to your desire,

while you were
With mankind and cattle and every sort of small
all those upon land, those who go upon feet,
Those who are on upon their
the lands of Khor and Kush.
and all that to

viii
You each person his
and you for his
Each one has his sustenance.
and his lifetime is reckoned for him.
"lolt1gtleS are words.
the natures of persons as
And their skins are made different
so you can the pecJcpl.es.

ix
in the Underworld
at your desire, to nourish the Oe()Olle.
as you create them for 'U"t11"C~plt
Lord of them who is weary for
o Lord of all who shines for
awesome in
10rel~:n lands are far away,
you make their lives PO!SSll)le.
For you have a in the
that he come down upon them-
J.YU'I,l\.U,I}; waves upon the mountains like those of the Great

Green Sea
to water the fields in their

to the small beasts of each land who go upon feet.

And comes from Below to beloved as well.
106 and

while your rays are ..... rct ....... each meadow.

You shine. and
grow for you;
You fashion the seasons to make all your creation flourish-
the winter for COOUU2
and the heat which
And you have made the far off
in order to shine down from it,
to watch over all you have created.

xi
You are one
sn:mlng forth in your visible Form as the Aton.

You create the numberless visible forms trom 'trn'lrc,,,,lt

you who are one alone-
towns, the the River;
and each eye looks to you as its ShlnlIll$:t e:!(anaple:
You are in the sun-disk of
overseer of wherever you go and whatever shall
For you fashion their so that you may be COlmpflete-
celebrate with one your creation.

xii
And you are in my
there is no other who knows you
for your son,
Ne:telr-kheper-re Wa-en-re.
Let him be wise with your counsel, your ctr."".....CYth
that the world may your condition
as when you created it.
You have risen. and are alive:
you go to rest, and die.
For you are the measure of Time
one lives means of you.
shall be filled with until your setUn2;
all labor is set aside when you go to rest in the West.
Then rise I Let creatures of thrive for the
 Amarna 107

And let me hasten on with every to()tsl~ep

I since you founded the world.
And raise them up for your son
who came forth from your very

and Lower who lives on Lord of the Two

Wa-en-re. son of the who lives on Lord
llIc:::tlrne; and the Great
Nefer-neferu-aton ""IDo~""""'''' "who lives and
 Hymns and Prayers to Other Deities
The Riches of Polytheism

At the center of consciousness was the He1l01POll-

to Re and Osiris and their sto-
des. But there were many Hathor was a
201doc~ss with many aSl)ec:ts. sometimes as the mother of Horus,
sometimes as a and sometimes as the of love and
intoxication. Thoth was the of wisdom, scrivener to the preserver
of the and pf()tectc)r of scribes. Ptah was the creator
of
1"h."r..lr"YH than but he was
also the of craftsmen and artisans,
in flood. the energy that return of the waters each year. unseen and
without Maat is a case of she from the
head of Re as a values of
and Order.

46. Hymn and Prayer to Ptah

Harris I]

Usermaatre Meramun. the under his

South of his Wall, lord of the life of the
exalted in the double with
the Handsome of Face upon the Great Throne:
108
 M\JrY\r\C! and IJrlOl,\lS::>I'q to Other Deities 109

The

(jreet:lm~s to you. exalted ancient one,

o Tatenen, father of the
Eldest of the time,
snclpe:Q mankind and formed the
1:SeICOrnml)! as the first f'l1"1T'nP'UllJ
every event that occurred came after him.
Who created the to what his heart Imagllne:a
and raised it up like one lifts up a teatnc::r;
Who founded the world as his own creation,
circled it about with Ocean and the Great Green
Who made the for the
"11'..." ....... "'" Re to sail across below to comfort them

as Ruler of Lord of Forever.

Lord of who causes throats to Dn~atne,

who offers air to every ~"""""'''.Lj''',
who lets all live tnl:oU2:h his n ..,"''''T1C!H",.nC!

Time, and fortune are under his dominion-

we live that which issues from his mouth.
Who created the for all the
when he embodied himself as waters.
Lord of is under his care-
he breathes out life for everyone.
And the to his Throne
of the Two Lands.

The

I am your son, whom you installed as

on the throne of my father, pe'!lCe~IUJtlY;
And I am upon your waters,
your counsel is with me.
you double for me
while I am upon earth.
you draw me toward rest at your side in the West of heaven
as you do for aU the hidden of the otherworld-
A friend of your Enneads in your secret prC~Cllrlct
like your who is at your side.
110 Vrl'lI\I~lr<;t and

Let me swallow contentment from your nU"""'rl:nO'c_

the and wine.
within the Sacred Realm;
and let me see you as your two Enneads do.
But while I am Ruler upon earth as lord of the Beloved Land,
let me not my heart from zealousness for you-
.::>eleKln{! out all that is useful for your splencllO dViielljnllZ,
1!0'lermrll! well before you in your

tbe Ramesses I I I will

41. Prayer to Ptah, Sakhmet, Ptah-Sokar, and Osiris

of Horemheb in New

A of the to Ptah South of his Wall. ~a~mrrlet, beloved of

and lord of Rosetau:

you all allow my Soul to come forth in the

to see the Sun disk:
every
whom you made so er.n..... n.' • .,·
And may you have me follow you both and
as one of those you honor,
Because I am one who has been true to God
since first I was on earth.
Let me Truth, every
for I have turned my back on evil in his presence,
nor has there been occasion since my birth,

For I am one who is benevolent under

wise and who listens to the truth.
Let me be among the crew in the bark of Osiris
celeblratllng in the district of

of the het'edlLtary Sole Friend. riA'''''.'''' for the

scribe. t10~relnneD, vindicated.
 Hurnr"" and Vr::1I\ll'llrc::. to Other Deities 111

48. Hymn to Thoth

of Horemheb in New

Worsh.io of beautiful lord of appear-

the mayor. fan-
bearer on the commander in chief of the armies,
scribe. No.relnneo, vindicated. He says:

Praises to you, 0 moon.

bull of in its sacred pre~culct.
One who clears the way for the knows the relJL21()uS m}l'stf~ne:s,
writes down the statements of the
Who one from another like it
and evaluates each person;
Skilled to the Bark of Millions of Years;
courier for the Sunt()lk.
Who knows a man
and measures the deed a2~lln:S[ the doer.

Who attends on ascends to the presence of the sale Lord

to inform him of all that has nal:>pf~nea-
Each dawn he an aC(:OUlntl.n2
and he does not nej~le';t

Who the Bark ne,llttllV

and makes the Bark pe<;lCeJ[Ul,
His arms unhindered in the prow of the
Cle:ar·'selemlil when he has taken the rope of the
of the Bark
the celebration when it crosses the

Who overthrows the KeJ[)el-~C~rplen[

and calculates the .......... u,'F. on the Western 1"\£'10 .. 1'7""...

While the Ennead in the Bark offers

to him,
'HaiH Hail! 0 you whom Re favors
as you compose the paeans to the
re-echo what your wishes
as you open a to the destination of the Bark.
you sacrifice that cut his head
112 Vr~,\I"'lrc:: and

annihilate his soul. and throw his on the

for you are the who slau~llte:rs him.

There is done without your kn~DW1ng

as the Exalted
who came forth from her
Protector of Mc.raJCnty, with entree to the lore of HellOPol1s.
who created the of the
Who knows the sacred M,rstenes,
u",t-"",.,.,,.,,,,'t-,,,,,. of their words.

plllmoune which is true in the center of the oallance,

receives the one who does not lean toward crime.

Vizier who words, who uproars into peace,
scribe of records who the .;)'-LVU.;),

Who the the one in chains,

---------J of arm, wisest of the Ennead.
back all torl~otten
nel!PtlJl to one who has gone
Who recalls the moment,
who on each hour of the aaJrkfleSS;
Whose words will last forever-
who has entree to the Underworld.
"£,\1,171",,0' all those

and who records them. each ac(:or,ClUlLi! to his name.

49. Prayer to Thoth

of Horemheb in New

An of the to Thoth, lord of the sacred ur,..t-.r\O'C! lord of Her-

mc>pOrllS, who determines and who ferries Re in the Bark.
you cause that the .""'~..'.. ~~ words be accurate:

I am one tn .. t-hr',O'I',"
each prC)Dllem
and my tOfl$:!llte en()U2:n to set it
 ... " . " r.. ", and vrl'lIUPlrq to Other Deities 113

I am one who upnOlClS

who instructions to the 1"'''1'''''',,,,,,,,,,
wise in my of which I am 19n:orC:lnt.
lamonewho
who each man to know his way,
and I do not what is in my _AU_F._'
I am one who advises the Lord of the Two
who of
what my Lord has said.
I am one who .. 1~'"
D .... A ..

and I do not
For the
vindicated.

50. Hymn to Thoth and Maat

Museum Stele 551 ]

Praises to you, Lord of He:rmLop1011lS,

who came to be of not
Sole who governs the underworld.
who instruction to the Westerners-
Those who are in the retinue of Rc-
and who among the of all the lands.
H(llrelnnel), the to flourish at his
side
as you are beside the Lord of
as you nurtured him when he came forth from
the womb.

And to Maat. our of the ro...lrI........."u" ... ,-;

who opens the nostrils of the
and who air to the One in the midst of his bark.
Allow Prince Horemheb to breathe the breezes born of heaven
as the of Punt breathes her aromas from the Lake
of

you allow my from the Field of

and let me be OrC)VUlea there from the Field of UI:[erllngs,
114 and

and receive the from the altars of the Lords

of He,llOI)OllIS:
And let my heart be in the from the Ne'cf()p()l1S
to the pure islands of the Field of Reeds.
you open wide to me the blessed
and my road before me,
and may you me in the retinue of Sokar
before the of the fie'VOllCl.

No'reInneo, vindicated. possessor of

blessedness.

51. Khety's Hymn to the Nile

Praises to you,
one who from the earth, come to save
With hidden features. a darkness
to whom his followers
Who waters the created
to life to each kind of small creature;
Who satisfies the the the water's
and he is the very dew. as it falls from ne,lveln:
Beloved of the one who
who makes the crafts of Ptah flourish.

ii

Lord of the who makes wildfowl south-

and no birds fall command of the winds-

But let him be ",Iurrrrf",n up.

then every face is po,ve:rty'-stncKen;
If one the ottenn.e:'-ca.k:es
then millions are peJ~lSrleCl
 l"1"rnr\", and Vr""UA1~'" to Other Deities 115

Who creates the raf)aCI0tlS man to trouble the land-

But when he draws near,

when Khnum fashions him on his wheel.
Let him rise, then earth is
then every
Backbones have taken to laulghter.
each tooth is bared.

iv
Who food and abundant LlL'-J'V ...'U."-'Lh7.

who himself creates all his

.."....:1.1"".," . .'... , IJ~agrallt of aromas,
one is at peace when he comes.
Who to be for the cattle
OrC)v1(leS the sacrifices for each
He is in the heaven and earth are under his
and he takes the Two Lands for his own,
the the ,.,...........,........... ,

Who makes each desirable tree flourish

so that one shall never lack for it;
Who makes ShlPPln2 pOSsIJble means of his force
so the will not sink like a stone.
Bluffs are seized in his sUlrglll1g,
yet he cannot be seen.
Who works he cannot be 2:o'v-ernej:.1.
he is well-versed in the rC!f"~ I'\II .. .... ".C!

One cannot know the where he is

nor spy his source from the UTrtf"11"CfC

vi
Floodwaters cut thI:OU,2h the Vllla2eS·-H:lel:e stoppiln2 them-
wander and no gUl,amlg
of the young accompany
116 and

and him with honors like a

Whose ways are who comes in his season,
who fills both Lower and
eye is moistened him
who an excess of his

vii
Poised at the entrance. he comes forth
and every heart reJ10lces;
Who conceived Sobek, child of the tloC:1d,waters
J:.nneaa. which is from him,
sails over his u ...,....Hug."n...
..... r'...' " "'11"'1..... '" to all mankind:

Makes one man oo~.vel·tuJ

and there is no contt:=n<::un£ AJr;;.A","""~
He makes his own peace. will not be tnI'ealcenea,
lets no boundaries be set for him.

viii

Who illumines those who go forth in darkness

with the tallow of
AU that has come to be is rh.·".""",h his strc:!nj;!:tn,
no district of the
Who clothes mankind with
the weaVf!r-iJ'od to his work;
of orchards with his gu ms
so that Ptah can fasten with his
Who r ..... ] for !\.nc;!pn-
all workers come into
All to the words of God
papyrus.

ix

Who enters the underworld. emerges

r",,<'P,!!Ip, .. who comes forth with secrets.

But should he lie his are few-

the food of that year is de!~tf(}Ved.
Then one may see Thebans like women-
each man his Implc~m1ent:s;
 .... . , ........ r .." and Vr~I\/lf'>lrc:. to Other Deities 117

There is no thread for Pf()\l'llCt;s,

there is no cloth for clO tnln£, i

There is no the children of the rich,

no cosmetics for their
The trees have been ruined for lack of him-
there is no ""' .....h"rni, ... anyone. iY

x
Who firm in the hearts of mankind
would lies of the among
mIngles tOil~etller with the Great Green Sea
but does not try to control its waters;
Who to all the

crClsslln~ his
no man
One cannot eat
food comes before prc:>st:)erltv:

xi

songs to the
chantresses their
of the young shout for him,
a of retainers is for him-
And he returns decorates this
makes the features and flesh of mankind
Nourishes the tOC)Ugllts of women with child.
ae:Slflng multitudes of all creatures.

xii
He rises among CitIzens,
and are satisfied with his fruits of the fields-
Fresh greens for the u ..." ......,.... lotuses for the nose-
and all over the land.
Each

Good is strewn tm'ougn

this entire land is aaJ1Cln£1
118 Vr:::li\/l'>lrc;:; and

xiii
surges, and OIJ:enng is made to
for him cattle are slaughtc~rejd;
For him

For him lions are out in the

for him beautiful are nrf".'utrf""rl
And make to each
like what has been done for
Finest incense. short- and lOrl£-jnOlrnc;~o
burnt nttprlnO'_
and down in his secret cavern, is Do'wertu,l.
Yet his name cannot be known in the nnrl .... t"urr.rlrl
nor can the very reveal it.

xiv
AU mankind extols the Nine Great
who stand in awe of that ~'--"---T
Which aids his divine son. Lord of
to make green the Two Banks of the Nile.
o then you will come! Thrive. then you will cornel
thrive. then you will come!
Come back to 0 you who satisfaction and peace,
green the Two Banks of the Nile.
ULQAJe"'F.

Give life to mankind and the creatures

thl~OUi2h your from the T-A,,,,,,,t-..,,,,<,,'rl.,.1
o thrive, then you will comer then you will come!
o then you will comer

52. Ramesside Hymn to the Nile

l<:tt"r".,..',... ... Deir el-Medineh
 H\lrnr,,,, and """"""Ar", to Other Deities 119

Father of ......... .

And every heart rel()lCt~S

at this COlnp,en:satlOn for his years of hesitation .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . his

ii

He has come forth

from his rrn;r",r/~r1£...n'" cavern;
And he rages on his UTt'nrt1tnn
COInlI1l2 to rest upon the n12:ne:5t m .." n n r t . _
Wave
and earth is in chaos. like Nun.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . dread:
for he is like a lion who has sprung forthl
is awakened.
its is
All the creatures celebrate
when he greens the Two Banks of the
When he pours forth abundance
among the old and the young alike.

the lotus. whose blossoms dot the flood

that may tell the to come:
Each cre:epm£

dance on air
or buzz upon the banks-
announce the birth of cm.loren,
and the booms for nalPPlLne:ss.
Faces are
and take to cnieel~mJ~.

iv
To the ends of the land it grows green.
there is so much food one wearies to see it;
Good are strewn in the n"ih.,.""""",·
120 and

and abundance surfeits the stomach.

Teeth are sweet with dates
and comes
The back turns away from '-VI'UI-"lalJIUIJt~
and unbounded ha:ppmf~SS \.I1.::1'I-'\#,l'" tribulation.

v
All hearts fashion

The reeds and rushes are SPl,enlCl1O

and the
Blossoms are at their best
and all the trees are tln,11r'l..:t'I,lrtA':1'·
The staff-of·Hfe have offered their fruit
and cannot hide their Ira,graLnce,

vi
Ears breathe in OeICK()ntngs.
hearts receive messages.
The small do not curse the OlstmgUllsh,ed,
the low show tor the
The young offer
and the chasten the boastful.
The governance ot the Residence
is like what had been before in the oa,(ace-
with Maat in the mouths of the maglstra1tes.
The prc~211arlt with wine,
and teeth are to fine
The eyes ot the curious gaze
and limbs are clothed in red linen.

vii
The are splen lOlO with services.
otl:erllng:stake at the
Double doors wide tor the Lords of I-;+,,,,... ~.+,,,
 H\I ...... r'C! and Vr~I\ll'>lrc: to Other Deities 121

and the are content.

The torches flare on the
and the homes of the are brigh1tened.

. . . . . . . . . . . . the blessed dead.

viii
of the Audience Chamber is to
and the Book of has been found.
Crocodiles rage, about to their heart's desire,
and the waters are fresh with their
The fish are swollen with roe
which are set free in the flood.

ix
Wildfowl halt on the of the I-i!l1'tTl11rY"1 lakes
or havens on the earth-mounds of the
The Delta-Northland will become their ne:Stll12-1Place;
the feathers of the ro-geese
Fowlers snare,
their arrows catch

x
be.:trU1t2 their seeds.
are down with their stalks.
see their tnl'CKc:~tS.
young animals nurse at their mothers,
All of birth to
and are filled with cream,
The small beasts of the

The ostrich
his ott:sprin2

xi

The poor are like the of the

and the are like the nUmr)le;
attains to power
122 and

so that he

and the bees are

xii

do not be slow!
And do not be OODre~SSlve. les:seltUl1l1!

to his nose when you come;

do not sink into the 1!rCluno;
There are no . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . his prayers.
Your is here before us
that we may turn back to your Kec~plng;
and the are near.

53. Hymn to Maat

of Amun at ""I_t'"unlc!

A recitation Lord of the Two son of Re, who lives for-

ever: Maat to her fathers. Amun-Re and Ptah.

Praise to you, of
consort of whom Ptah
The one who adorns the breast of Thoth. who fashioned
her own nature,
foremost of the Souls of HellOPOUS;
Who the two falcon her
filled the Per-wer shrine with life and dominion;
Skilled one who forth the from herself
[)f()Usmt low the heads of the enemies;
nrr,\'utl"1pc for the House of the All-Lord,

oljtermj;~S for those who are on

M~l1!1111t1lcerlt her throne before the lUCIQ'es-
and she consumes the enemies of Atum.
 .-." . . u .... and vr:::',"Plrc;: to Other Deities 123

She is
and there is no in the Son of Re, who lives forever.
Shu with Thoth-
his is with mankind
which he offers to and Amun of Hibis.
And the Great Ennead is nr."IT....·tul
in the House of the Prince in HellopOl1S.

Rise splen<llOJly, a
how beautiful you are because of Maatf
As Maat shines from the heart of
so are you 0 Son of who lives torleve~r:
You too are beautiful because of Maat....
see her who comes to the Son of who lives forever(

o Maat, build your throne in the

of the Son of who lives foreverf
you make heaven and earth in Re his father
from whom I, the have come forth.
you rise from him on this beautiful
in this your divine Name of
She who appears in
And may your beautiful face peace
to this lord of the Two
son of the Sun and forever.

54. Prayer to Hathor as Goddess of Love

..... ,...-"n'rJ.'" Chester I}

Let me the Golden One to honor her -"--"1---J

and exalt the of HI'·~u.F"n·

Let me adoration to Hathor
and songs of to my nei:IVelruv Mistressl
her to hear my pet:1t1()ns
that she send me my mistress now!

And she came herself to see mer

What a that was when it nalPplenieOl
124 Vr:::::lUAI"C: and

re'~c)lcled,
I was
from the moment look at herr
here she comes!" -and the young men I"\"":.7O..,,f1'
tnI'OUQ'n their enormous for her.

Let me consecrate breath to my Goddess

that she me my Love as a
It is four now I have in her name;
let her be with me
 I I 1============

The Nature of the Beyond

The Prayers of Pahery

v~r"\Pt'''u' lived earlier 18 and was mayor of el-Kab and

Esna. The walls of his tomb at el-Kab offer the most extensive characteriza-
tion of the afterlife that survives from ancient From his prayers and
del5criotiorts we can see the function of his tomb and the of regu-
nt1~pr1fno'~ to sustain his soul. We also follow his vision of what life with
Osiris would be like and of the for back and forth
between this world an invisible
ous It is also mtere:sting to note the presence in prayers
of the of "the within" the human breast.

55. The Prayers of Pahery

i
to the Gods

An which the makes:- to Amun,

Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands,
of lord of t".. 'p",.", ..

double
beJtoretilmes. grealtef;t of Ancients of "",,,,,m,,.,,,,,>
without creator of men and
flame which rose out of chaos
in order to the :su:nlc)lk;
125
126 and

To Osiris, Foremost of Westerners.

Lord of in
To mistress of desert """.'I"1Al"'"
fearless among the
To Ptah~Sokar. lord of , n ,..rUT'
lord of Ko;setau~
J:mneaas. the Greater and Lesser:-

a thousand of bread, meat, and

ollter:tnjl~S of .... r.""ut"'."', .... '"
""fl'''''t'',rHlrct of every

which flourishes upon earth,

And a thousand of and pure
which is offered in the presence of the All-Lord.
And may receive the bread and drink which is before
the Lord of
and the milk which appears upon the onef),ng table.
And the water which forth from hle~ph,antme,
and the northwind which over the
At the festivals of the Month, the Sixth
the Great Procession, the of
The feast of of
of the First Birth of of Isis.
The Procession of Min, the Procession of the Fourth
the the of the River.
aC(:orIClm.£ to their

""",""'Tfl"1"" for you a sacred robe of finest linen

from those taken from the limbs of the
anoint you with sacred oil,
may you drink the water that is left upon the altar,
And may you receive from what is upon it,
as one honored among the foremost of the blessed.

For the Soul of the of el-Kab. the scribe

filled with devotion to his Lord,
 The Nature of the K""~dr\l"ln 127

if
in the

you come and go, while

with heart favor of the Lord of
With a fine burial in old age,
after your of years has come.
you take your in your sal~COPl1.a£USt

over
~tJ.o~,ertul

Which may take PJ1!oeJl1X or

as falcon or as you wish.

you across without hindrance

and sail upon the waters of the flood.
your life return once more-
your never your
your be among the tranSJ:tglJreICl,
and may the blessed hold converse with you;
Your likeness is there among them in heaven
while you are your on earth.

you have power over water, breathe air,

drink whatever your heart def;ires;
you be your eyes to see
your ears for whatever is
Your mouth for ..... ,~Q.A.u.}I;.,
and your feet to walk.
your arms move for you, and your shoulders.
your flesh be your muscles t'n ..
·1"(1'1 ........ •

you have of all your members

and count your whole and welL

No evil is accountable to you,

Your mind is yours as f'nrrnp'rl,,(T

as you go forth to the

you the afterworld

in whatsoever you shall desire.
128

And may you oIl:efllng;s in His presence

and the for the Lord of the Sacred Land.

For the Soul of the of

Counter of Grain from Denderah to ""L-o.,,"alLr.

The administrator free of wr'OnltrO()ln2:.

the scribe vindicated.

iii
the

you eat the loaves in the presence of God

the Great Staircase of the Lord of the i:'..nl:1eaOj
you turn from there to the where he is
in the midst of the tribunal of ,--'r.--'
you move about among
a friend to the Followers of Horus.

you come and go unhindered

and not be turned back from the doors of the otherworld;
the of heaven be to you,
and the very doorbolts unlock of thf:m~>el"es;
you enter the Hall of Two Truths
and the who is in it honor you.

you be at ease in the underworld.

travel about in the of
your heart have in your plc.u2:1Ufl2:
in your in the Field of
your reach what has been set for you
and the harvest arrive full of
the be taut in the ,."" ......"t,,"",1"_
Sail to your heart's desire I

you go forth from the tomb each dawn

and find your way back each ev~~mm!.
kindle a for you at
 The Nature of the M.P\JrU1,1'1 129

until the sun shines on your breast.

Let them say to you, -Wlelc4Dme,
to your of the p'I""'r_lnl1rHl'l'"

you gaze upon Re in the circuit of Heaven

and Amun when he shines;
you be mindful of each
may all that you be driven to
you in of heart
esteemed who is within you.
-Your heart is with you, it will never abandon you;
and your orlDV1Slc,ns endure in their

For the soul of the vindicated.

Iv
His Claim

He says:
I was a nODl(~m,an. effective for his
wise, not ne~~l1~~eI1lt.
orcDc<~eClea on the which I
and came to understand the
I reckoned up the farthest limits in those urrli-lr\cyC!
which dealt with actions of the
And all the affairs of the
were smooth as t'lr",xn'l"'tY to the Great Green Sea.

voice was skilled in lul~tnenng

1JGJ.D.U..... Ul.}:'. accounts:

pen made me talnous;

it made my voice heard among the mC:l~ll)tr'ltes,
And it enhanced my rep,ut"ltic.n
so that I outdistanced noblemen.
130 and

[. . . . . , ...J me in the rreSeI'llce.

and my character elevated me-
Summoned as one unbiased and in the UQ.I,All''''''''.
I as one esteemed and without taint.

I came and went

with my heart my sole co:m):)aI'lllOln,
I did not to another person.
who dwells in humankind-

and thus dlS,tln,gulsn from another.

I acted as COlnnlanloea,
did not confuse
I did not the langu.:tge
nor consort with those of little character.

I was one who attained oeln.e'V'OJence.

one who came forth favored from the womb.
The mayor of el-Kab.
be~!ot1ten of the Prince's tutor, the Scribe .rp"_T""'''' vtnCltCCUelCl,
and born to the Mistress of the

v
to the

He says:
listen, all you who have now come to
let me to you without eq1ulv'ocauonl
o ones. you who
nobles and commons who are upon the earth,
Servants of hallowed in their """',"<lUi,,,,
each scribe who bears the staff of
The one conversant with
each one skilled in ae,Uln,jt with subordinates.
the for his of the ........
0"17_

you all to Re, Lord of ht~~rnity,

and to Goddess of el-Kab.
And an of you effective in your varied •.n ............"',
may you live to endow your childrenf
 The Nature of the .....".."1"....,,,.. 131

so, may you recite the

in the manner found in the ulrt1"1r\0'(;!
And the invocation as those dead
as it came from the mouth of God.
who shall here bend his arm
shall grow in the counsels of nght(~Ollsn,es:s;
To act to tradition
is to bear witness before this gr.ivc:~st~Dne:
Your thousand of bread, your thousand of beer,
your hundred-thousand of true. and pure,
For the osiris. mayor of el-Kab. mayor of Esna,
treasurer on the southward voyage,
the scribe excellent at vindicated.

Let me to you all,

you to understand:
This is a recitation without excesses or ex,agJ~eI'at],On$-
there is no slander, no in it,
There is no with another person,
no some poor man in his

These are sweet words of consolationr

The mind cannot be surfeited with themr
The breath of the mouth can never be used up-
there is no no weariness in this.
Goodness is yours when you it
for discover it

While I was on earth among the

no toward were counted me.
and I became a blessed
Ohl I have furnished my house in the realm under
and my share is me in "'"u.....'urh.".. ....
Yet I shall not fail to answer a prayer-
a dead man is father to any who aid
He does not one who pours water to honor him.
It is for you to consider this.
 Hymns, Prayers, and Praises
to Pharaoh
The Divine King

Whereas the and prayers of the Texts were entln~Jv con-

cerned with the dead resurrection. the tollo'UJlna songs of
and prayers are directed to the The first several
poems reflect the era of the Middle KU1~(10rn,
the later New the Ramesside
taste the flavor of the adulation offered the y.4''''''' ..,'"'SL
apl::>ropnate for the to receive such

56. Ode to Senusert I

The Tale

He is a without an
no other came to be before
A master of wisdom. excellent in COlLlnliel.
brilliant in his use of words.
and are at his CO]nmlan~cJ.
and it is he subdues the Ioreuz:n
His father is within the
so he to him what he decides shall naJ,Jpt::n .

too.
.... rUIT"' ..·tttl with arm,
vi~~orous, there are none like him.

132
 and Praises to Pharaoh 133

He can be seen as he descends upon the 10I'elj~nc~rs

once he has entered
He bends the bow, weakens enemy
rebels cannot group for 0PPO:SltlOn.
And he is tprr1hlp Slmasnllng Ioren<~aas;

He is 1' ..... _<"1',... rt" .... ..., Sn()otlOg tU{lrttl'ves-

no is there for one who turns the back to him.
Steadfast at the moment of assault,
he faces never turns bis back.
Stouthearted he observes the mUllti1tudles.
allows no in his neJLghlbOirhloo~d;
Bold to fall on easterners,
Im1pat:leIlt to the Iorelgnelrs

Let him but seize his gear for "'V;"U_'A~,

he need not raise his arm a second time to
There are none who can flee his arrow,
none who can draw his bow.
t'olrell~nc:!rs scatter all before him
as from the angry power of the I\.Jh,rrt'\f'''u Goddess.
t'lS1:htJmg in his absence ends-
he cannot for the residue.

Yet he is full of sweetness.

of the land his attc:!ctlon;
Citizens love him more than their own
in him more than their own local
Husbands and wives pass in him
because he is
He took while still in the womb,
his face on the KII1tgSJrup since the he was born.

He ensures that r..1'1'·" ...·r."''''

he is one
This land in his dominion-
he is the one to broaden its borders.
He shall seize tor his own the lands of the
he need never think twice about the lands of the north.
134 Vr;;!,U","lrc;: and

He was born to strike down Asiatics

and to the desert wanderers into dust.

5 7. Prayer of the Princesses for Clemency

The Tale

Your lot is more than 0

who wear the emblems of the of Heaven;
The Golden Goddess offers life unto your "n"'''rfl",.
and the of the Stars you;
The White~Crown Goddess travels the Red goes south.
t()2etn(~r with the utterance of your M
1Af'r''lfnn !lI1PC!f"IT'

is upon your brow.

You have saved the poor from 1"n~.t:' r'lT. ...

you have Lord of the Two Lands-

or2lise~s to you, and to the Mistress of the World as welU

Slacken your down your arrow,

breath to one who suffocates I

~a·,mc:!n"I Son of the !'..11"1'''''''''''',nri

a bowman born in our beloved land.

He took to for fear of you,
he fled the land in terror of you.
But yet, no face should ever blanch at yours.
no eye should fear to gaze upon you.

58. Songs to Senusert III

Kahun LV. 1I

For the Horus. Ne~tCjnelrlUleJ)er'u the Two Ladies. Netchermesut. the

Golden Horus. ~"4"""""""'" and Lower Khakaure. son of
Senusert-who takes the Two Lands in tntlm'ph:

i. The Hero

to you, L'"U."'."'........
Lir,eetmSl~s
our Horus who embodies the
 t-Iurnr\c: v:r;:llu"",rc: and Praises to Pharaoh 135

Protects the widens its bo.rOf~rs,

and conquers Iorel~n
"-J~"LU.l~ the Two Lands thriOUll!h
I SUbOll1nJIZ I the tore12n

and shoot an arrow without nT~n.XT1nlY

Who instills the tribesmen in their lands with terror
and the Nine means of
Whose cause the deaths of thousands
among those tribes who try to cross his borders,
::>nootmill! arrows like ::>aJl(:nlnet,
ovc~rtnr()wmg thousands who

The of his overawes

his very words scatter the Asiatics.

Sole
over his bo:roe:rs,
Who does not allow his servants to weary
but lets the rest till dawn
While his young folk take their
his heart is their pr<)te~ctor;
His decrees have marked out his Dounaanes,
his word has the Two Banks toS:'!;ettler.

if. A

How are the

for you have maintained their oU:en,njtsl
How are your children.
for you have established their domain!
How are your fathers who were OJ ... , , " '.. '....

for you have increased their .... r.r~.," ... ,

How are in your strc;!n~:tn,
for you have the ancient ",,,,,.·.~"tyAI
How is mankind under your On'JPTn11"IO
for your power has received their lives unto itselff
How are the Two Banks in awe of you,
for you have increased their po.sse:SSllonSI
136 and

How are your young men of the army.

for you have allowed them to pf()spterl
How are the old and ve:neJratlle,
for you have caused them to feel young
How are the Two Lands in your "' ................
for you have their citadels!

Refrain: o Horus who broadens his bo.rd.f~rs. may you go on forever.

iii. The Greatness

How is the Lord of his

He is exalted a thousand times over; other persons are small.
How is the Lord of his
He is a dike which holds back the its flood
of water.
How is the Lord of his
He is a cool room which lets each man until dawn.
How is the Lord of his
He is a with walls of copper from Sinai.
How is the Lord of his
He is which does not lack his nelPlrl)! hand.
How is the Lord of his
He is a fort which rescues the fearful man from his enemy.
How is the Lord of his
He is a sunshade to cool in summer.
How is the Lord of his
He is a warm nook in winter.
How is the Lord of his
He is the mountain which blocks the storm in a time of

How is the Lord of his

He is Sakhmet the enemies who test his borders.

His Vr,-..tortin

He came to us to seize the Southland,

and the Double Crown was firm on his head.
 and Praises to Pharaoh 137

He came, he united the Two Lands,

he the and the Bee.
He came, he ruled the I-<O'1LT".'." ..\"
he the desert under his control.
pn:>tecte:d the Two
oajClIlteO the Two Banks.
He came, he nourished the .... 0"lTnt1!ln
he their troubles.
He came, he saved the ~"ViV",","',
he let the throats of the commoners breathe,
He came, he the tor,elg:ner's.
he struck down the tribes who did not fear him.
He came, he descended to his lro,ntller:s,
he rescued those who had been InJliJred.
He came. his arms
for what his power had 1:)!()U~mt
He came, us our \,,111,1,""',,",",
we have buried our elders

59. To Pharaoh Coming to Thebes for His Jubilee

Us.tralcon Wilson

Praises to you, 0 divine one who comes to Thebes

for her.
The districts celebrate with cries of satisfaction-
our prayers are heard the One who lUllmllnes;
The House of the her fame
and the son of Re rel 01ces.
1

The memorial stelae reach to the

because of this of him who is divine overlord;
The Great Gods are bowed, their arms bent in J.IVUJ.Q,J".'""
their mouths directed downward-
all their is for the One.

that you may be renewed

that you may forth more than np1-fp,"t
Praises are chanted for you in the Palace-
how beautiful is all that is ordered in your Name!
136 and

The Two Lands entire are bound to your person,

the Nine Bows are under your feet.

And say. "0 divine Ruler prosper, and be ne,altltlYJ

you who love you who love I klngshllp 1-
There are none who can
a consequence
oppre~SSI.on of falsehood:

there is no ",t- ... tr."...,.

o You who make the downstream lrnllrrH"'UC;: pe,icetul fivefold-

let health be to you,
Let life in abundance be yours.
and us also renewal each

60. Hymn to Ramesses II

his First ..... ... ,v ..",,,,

In Praise of the Great Inundation for the first of the Horus. User-
maat-re, son of Re. Ramessu life-when the Nile reached
cubits

The dikes cannot stand before

He reaches the mountainsf
Lord of the fish. abundant with
all his
rnc::>u'i!:n1CS are sweet.
and the very make celebrationf

We:lH)le.ase:(1 is the heart of in your timer

the Black Land shall offer sacrifice
There is no dearth of to satlstaC1:t0Il,
and the whole world has come to your throne.
The Ennead of has gat:nerea
I"\r",,,,,,t"., like the
 and Praises to Pharaoh 139

Incense and
your
It is like the mouth with cakes
that Father Amun bakes for

Your excellence is in His

and the heart of every and ~o~aClc~ss de:li~lh.ts in your

and rec:ount1n~yourac(;OrnpJ[lstlm!enlts,

their peace of mind rests in your 20jDCllles:s,

You are the who wields his """',rTh ..""
who knows how to use his hand.
in his power for those who follow him.

61.10 Praise of Ramesses II as a Warrior

Anastasi II)

A
in his power.
Divine who came forth from
child of the Bull of He.llOJ)OillS;

A
means of his
He made the Two Lands bow to his counsel,
and the Nine Bows are trodden under his feet.
All lands are drawn to him their r ... lr.., .1-",
aU nations on a
The chieftains of the rebel lands are
become like cattle in their terror of
He enters in among them like the Son of
and lie due to his breath.
slaugJhte:r. fallen to his
strlemnn is him for ever and ""'r.......... "r'trl
His power enfolds the mountains-
o Ramesses Mer-amun
lord of of his army.
140 """""',"""Irc:: and

62. In Praise of Merenptah as Warrior

""",",I,.,.HI"IIC:: Anastasi II]

.... ""llu".·tnl lions;

.... ~ .. '''' ...J" ..... encompasses each land.
He crosses mountains to seek out those who would attack
his war~cry in their hearts. fear in their faces.
Perfect effective in his counsel.
may he make his Name victorious the world
As of Lord of the Two Lands.
like the rn ~I1P<Z''''lT
The ones of the nations are bent to your fierce benevolence-
o Meramun.
Son of the at peace in Maat.

63. In Praise of Merenptah

Anastasi II J

The who lives on Maat,

smrerlelQ'n beloved of the
Precious son of
descendant of the Bull of He:l1opOI1S,
Falcon who enters in the
child of Isis. Horus,
The of sent to appear in
and the land faUs into its proper .. h,.th,rn

How very is Ba-en-rc~

how very his counselsf
Whatever he says is like Thoth.
all he succeeds.
He is like one the way before his army,
 vr;:!.\/S::>lr~ and Praises to Pharaoh 141

whose words are a wall.

How beloved is he who bends his back to him,
to Beloved of Amun

The victorious army has returned

after it has in and power-
_a,"" ..
AU" fire on the land of Isderektiw
bUI'nlrl2: the of the
The ;::,n~eroen, whom you carried off your arm,
pltlO(jlen~a the tribes of the lands.
r""tl1r." .... to Thebes-
,l'I'

your chariot is weu!'f1tea

Their chieftains are tied as in front of you,
and you shall soon send them on to your
Amun Bull of his Mother.

64. A Letter of Homage to Pharaoh Merenptah

Anastasi U]

With nr{'\l;1r,pr,r'\,and health! This is for information of the

Beloved of Maat, the two horizons of Re wherein he
dwells.

Attend to me, 0 ;::,nl,nlrlg

who the Two Lands with his loveliness I
Sundisk of the Sunfolk
who drives darkness from the Black LandI
You are like the of your
who shines down from the ne'lvens:
Your rays even the underworld
and no lacks your
The affairs of each country are told to you
while you are at rest in your
And you hear the of all nations
for you have millions of ears.
H.r.,n-ht",r your eye than the stars of neclveln.

for you can see more than the sundisk itself.

If one a voice from the underworld-
142 and

it reaches your ear;

If one does it is concealed-
your eye will still observe it.
o Ba-en-re Meramun
Lord of c.,;UllIl}Jla::>:Slun who fashions the breath of life.

65. In Praise of Merenptab

Anastasi

Ba-en-re Meramun is the foremost of the

a club for be,atlI112.

A
He came down from the was born in He:ll0pohs,
and he has led to u.r1"nr'u in every land.

How beautiful the is near you.

how welcome is your voice in spceal<:mJ~,
As you build the House of Ramesses Meramun
at the southern border of each L""'L"'''F.,''
at the far north of
With its beautiful windows and 21c;~anrunl£ balconies
of lazuli and LUJ,\.fU'V'i:)\'-.
It is the to drill yourrh""'.r'\f"f"'U

to field your armies,

To moor your seaborn bowmen
who you tribute.

Praises to you, as you a01DrC)aCn

with your of archers
with fearsome faces and hot ttn2eJrS
Who go out upon the ways of battle
after a Ruler who is to
The mountains cannot stand before him-
are terrified before your awful presence,
o Ba-en-re Meramun.
You will exist while exists.
and exists while you
 and Praises to Pharaoh 143

you dwell se<:urlely on the throne of your

the Horus of Twin Horizons.

66. In Praise of the Delta Residence

of Ramesses III
Anastasi II]

tsejglnnU1lg of the Recital of the Power of the Lord of

built himself a rA'f1n1r."'u mansion,

of Power its name;
It is between Phoenicia and the Delta
and is filled with food and Or()Vl:SclOns.

Its is like Thebes of

and it will outlast the House of Ptah in M€~ml)nlS.
The Sun rises over its horizon
and goes to rest within it;
All abandon their home districts
and settle in its
On its western side is the
on the south is the
Astarte appears on its east
and to the north.

The Residence within it

is like the two horizons of the
Ramesses Meramun dwells there as a
Montu of the Nations is his
Re of the Rulers is vizier-
and descends on
The one beloved of Atum is the mayor.
and the land has settled into its familiar ways.

The chieftain of Khatti writes

aa~lre:sSJngthe chief of V,"",'....n •• lU.
that we may hie to
to say. ·A miracle of has halPpc~n(~ar
144 and

And offer to User-maat-re

that he may the breath of life to those he loves."

Each land exists love of

Khatti is within his awful power-
God will not receive its ,.,.tlt"".. ,..... "r'"
nor can it spy the rain,
For it is in the power of User-maat-re
our bull who loves valor.
 From the Schoolboy Miscellanies
Passing on the Religious Tradition

cOJ.lectlvetv known as "the scrlOOIOC~V

i

r ... which seem to have been

'tU . . . H'Y",

intended for instruction of scribes in the schools. are indeed

a miscellaneous from proper Ipf'tpr_'UIr1i"llf'\a
to of the to accounts of how much harder life was
in aU other than that of scribe, to and prayers to
and like those in this section. Much of this material is hum-
much of it is the staff to the young stu-
pr()tesslon to which were
hmN'e~,er. often of school and
and at times the are of
Thoth in these poems is due to his role as of urr'tf'U"'Ifa of the
FoUAA,UA,Q,ll

sacred and of scribes and the scribal pf()te:ssllon.

67. Prayer to Ptah

"Longing for Memphis"
Anastasi

See how my heart runs

It flies to a it
upstr,ealu to see House of the of Ptah-
and I wish I were with itl
But I sit here my heart back
so it can tell me how it is in Mc:~ml;)h],s.
145
146 and

No work can be done my

my mind cannot concentrate.
o come to me, to carry me off to Mt:~ml}hlSI
Let me look about unhinderedf
I would the
but my heart is l1stless;
mind will not in my
and seizes all of my limbsl
eye is exhausted with ..... "".. U<,""
my ear, it will not be filled.
my voice is hoarse and words become tumbled.
o my Lord, be at peace with mef
me to rise above aU these

68. Hymn to Thoth

Anastasi III]

Praises to you, Lord of the Manor,

baboon with mane,

To him contentment-for he is Thoth

who overwhelms the earth with hp~Uf"'[rl

His headdress is red

his is caI~nellal[1;
Love out from his pVI"'nr'{'\,\l;rc:
as he opens his mouth to

is sweet
pn'trunT<lIU

since the creature entered it.

It has and is well furnished
since my Lord set foot therein.

you all be you of my ne:l2t1LDO,rnIOOeJI

for me, all my nelSZf1LDO,fSI
"'-vIV"''",v

Behold my lordf He made me what I am

and my heart to him.
o for me you are more than a charnlpilonj
I shall never fear what you do.
 From the ;::,cnoou:.ov Miscellanies 147

69. Prayer to Thoth

Sallier!]

Chief of the ~"""~""U"~J'<J of the archives, Ameneminet. of the UeaSl.lry of

u ...........v,.~.
writes to the scribe, Pentaweret. This letter is br()u~mt to you as
follows:

o Thoth, take me to HermloP'ol1s,

your where it is to live,
........,,,,'"1 ....... '" for my needs of food and drink
WBltCJ11nlg over the words I utter.

If Thoth would be near me tomorrowf

"Cornel" say-
And I go into the presence of the Lords of
I come forth vindicated I

o doum cubits
the one with nuts upon it.
With fruit within the nuts
and water in the fruit:-

o you who can water from a faroft

come, rescue me, a tn()U~~ntlUl manr
o a well is sweet
when a man is in the desert:
It is sealed to one who uncovers his mouth UnW1.SeIV
but open to the man.
Let the man come
that he may discover the well for the hot~headed man.
And you shall be filled.

70. Prayer to Thoth

For Wisdom in His Service
Anastasi
V:::'ln\lI", fC:

2:1()rlC)US sacred
148 and

Scribe of letters to the Ennead.

exalted in HellopOl1S!
Come to me that you may counsel
and make me wise in your affairs,

Your is C1nl.,.n,("11" above any other-

it makes for ~re~atlless;

to form a dls.ttrl~lllistled

I have seen the many men you ta\l'orled.

and officials, seated on the Council of the
because of what you do;
and it is you who gave them wisdom.
And it is you who counsel to him without a mother;
fate and fortune are in your hand.

o come to me that you may me wisdom!

I am a devotee of your domain,
Let me recount your deeds
wherever I may be,
Then shall the multitudes of
"Great are the

their children,
nrlnO'llna

them to your service.

The service of the Lord of Power is pelrIelCW[)nI
And he who is allowed to follow it.

71. Prayer to Re-Horakhty

Anastasi (I]

Corne to me, 0
so that you may me wisdom,
You are the one who aC(:onlpllsnes;
no one acts without your KnOWleCl2'e-
you act with him.
 From the ;,:,c:nOiOlDfOV Miscellanies 149

it is you are the Splenj::Uo

heart is gQne to He:l1QPQl1S;
my have fallen away,
my heart is and my are

Hear my prayers:
my entreaties of each
and my in the
pe1tltl()nS shall be increased in my mouth,
are heard this
o
no other here is like himf
Guardian of his nunorecl-trlollsanos,
prcltec:tQr 'Of any who shall call tQ himl

o Lord 'Of HeJllot)Oll,S.

I am a man whQ does nQt know hunsc;,U,
a persQn without a heart 'Or C'r",An,rrl-h
Who fQllows his own dictates
like an ox fodder.
As for my in [.....J
I take

rest is

72. Praise of Amun-Re

Anastasi II J

vizier of the PQQr.

He does not take bribes from wrongoioelrs
nor with 'One who bears
nQr him who makes easy pc<)mtses.
150 and

Amun-Re the earth with his

and his words shall rest in the heart;
He the and sends him on to the Place of Fire;
man goes to the West.

73. Prayer to Amun

Supplication in a Year of Need
"''''''''''"''''' Anastasi

Come tome,
preserve me in this year of 1'ntlt::pr'lll
The sun is up but does not
winter has come summer,
Months backwards
and the hours are IUI'l['lOI.ea.
The eminent cry to you,
the humble are you;
And those in the arms of their nurses say,
"Give us our air, 0 Amun!"
Amun find how to come here in peace
with the sweet breeze before him!
Or may he let me grow of on>tectlon
like those his ClrtT_c',\tn

-Thus the herders in i"nl!lni'ru<:!.t1""

74. Prayer to Amun

Anastasi

you find that Amun acts as you desire

in his hour of benediction
As you are praLlseO within the circle of the ma£lstrates
and well in the Place of Truth.

o your flood overwhelms the UVlAIIUi:)'-

o lord of with many birds-

and all the poor are fed.
 From the ;:,c.nO'DIO'OV Miscellanies 151

o the eminent in the seats of the eminent

and the in the seats of the
And the Scribe of the lreaSl.lry, . .,....1"'....., ....
before who is your Truth.

75. Prayer to Amun

Of a Man on Trial
Anastasi 111

Amun. your ear to one who is alone in court:

he is and without power.
The court extorts him
with silver and for the scribes
and for their followers.
that Amum transform himself into a vizier.
this humble man go forth free!
And let it be found that the humble man becomes a man,
and let the humble man surpass the . . . r.u7"'...+•• 1

76. In Praise of Amun

Anastasi II J

A who knows the waters, that is

a ste:entn£ oar for the
One who food to the one who has not,
who the servant of his house to prosper.

I do not take a man as pf(>te,ctolr.

with the men of means;
nr.'~""",,,, under the arm
household.
152 Vr:::li'll&>lrc:t and

Amun. who knows what kindness is

and hears the one who cries to
of the
Bull who in his power.

11. In Praise of Amun

Anastasi

Make the heart of Amun in your heart

that he may lead you to a fine old age.
And may you a lifetime of such service
until you reach the state of blessedness.
Your your limbs
Iar-gC:lZllrlg. and your fine.

You shall
a staff of within your grasp.
A chariot of your own with all new llttln$l~S
and to
With Southlanders you have aC'~Ullred
before you.

You shall embark and travel in your of cedar,

decked out from prow to stern.
rr1',,,ntT at your villa
which you 'l1("\'l1rC:plt

Your mouth shall be filled with wine and

With oxen outCf1ler4eO, wine

and sweet in your presence.
Your chief shall anoint with rich pelrtumes,
your chief of lands
Your overseer of farmers offer
and your fishermen fish.

Your shall return from Khor

laden with every sort of spI.enl010
 From the ;:,c.n010UJi OV Miscellanies 153

Your pens be filled with young,

and your weavers nounSnl.flR.

You shall prosper and your enemy fall,

the one who you be no
And you shall enter in the conclave of the Nine Great Gods
and come forth blest!
 Harper's Songs
In Praise of Life

The songs are difficult to in the ancient

tra~Cllt10n;
for diem theme, "seize the cele-
brate life in this ple~aSl.lre while one can; for the end of life is
the grave, not a blissful afterlife with Osiris. Their occurrence is puz;zJ.lnJ~,
not because of in the statement of their theme-that death is
the end is clear-but because are in tombs with other
and prayers which are traditional in eXl::>reSSlnj!
in the of The from Inter s tomb
tna,U£JU to go back to the Middle the
1\.Ul£(]Orn. The three songs from Nelerno'rep
tomb are palrtlCUlc:lrI} Neternotep CO!nplaU1S ..."...."' .. 1" of the

of the ":ArT''-'''''

78. From the Tomb of King Intef

U'''" ,n\ Harris
II" . .,'

in the tomb of vindicated. in front of the

with the

He is pf()spennj!,
death is a

154
 155

One passes, another behind-

such has it been since the men of ancient times.
The of ago rest in their PVlranlUlS.
and the and blessed likewise lie buried in their tombs.
Yet those who built mansions, their are no more.
What has become of them all?

1 have heard the words of ImlrlOtep, and Ho,rOJeOc:!l too,

in their narrations.
Where are their now?
Their walls are down,
Their gone.
like SOlnetntUir that has never been.

There is no return for them

to their pre~sellt
To say how it is with
to our hearts
until we hasten to the where have gone.

ii

let your heart be

fade from your tn()u~~nts.

and follow your heart's desire while you liver

Put

own pelrtumes,
up your nalDDJtne~ss.
and let not your heart become weary.

Follow your heart's desire and what you find

act on your own behalf while on earthf
And let not your heart be troubled-
that of for you must come;
And will not hear their Wal1l11rl2.
we:eo:tnQ' does not save the heart from the grave.
156 and

79. From the Tomb of Inherkhawy

Tomb

So a
that your name may encJUJ'e l)eC,lUs:e
Count up your
 157

Be not troubled at heart over all that nalPpeo,s,

let there be smgUllg
Recall not the
but

o and true,
fJo." .....4.' .. , j{:mCH14~artea
content with your lot.
not evil-
Let your heart be drunk on the of the
until that comes when you anchor.

80. Three Harper's Songs

From the Tomb of Neferhotep
Tomb

i. First

Chanted the with the for the God's Father of Amun, Neter-
vindicated:

o all you excellent eminent dead, 0 ~n.,o.u, 0

.L..r. . of Life
in the
hear what has been com}:)os:ea
To the of the God's Father in nononng his
what is neJlPtlLll for the excellent dead man
Now that he is a for ""h::..........."u
elevated in the West.
these words become a memorial in future
to anyone who passes

I have heard those songs in the tombs of ancient

and what say, Hfe on earth
and the of the dead.
is this,
which is
It loathes Cllsorcler;
and no one a,rms himself a nelgrlD()r
in this land without a rebel.
158 and

All our ancestors have come to rest within it

since the wastes at the of time;
And those who shall come to millions on millions,
aU go there.
There is no Itnap'r1na in our Beloved
not one fails to arrive
And the span of what was done on earth is the flicker of a dream
when say, safe and soundr"
to the one who reaches the West.

ii. Second

tleJ~innirlg of the song:

of ...... ,.,."" ............

in the minds of all who shall be buried!
it
none escape.
and weak are in the same condition:
whether travel up or down the River
it is there moor at last.

o God's Father, what a fine lot is yours

that you have the lords of p.h··rrutul
How is your name forevermore
as one in the Land of God.
The you followed when you were alive-
you have the entree to them face to
are to receive your preserve your honors,
mtlltl1Dlv the works of your
your
and maintain the altar to your person.
each with his .... A.· ... ,.,'n
And say to you,
"Welcome in peace, 0 to our
-For the God's Father I'-IPTPrnn'l"pn
be~wtten of the noble man, Ameneminet.

o God's Father, let me hear your ...... r •• C'~.'" before the Lords
of btermty:
 159

say, "He has drawn the bark of Sokarl"

you the halitelnmL2
and circle the shlnmlg breast.
"He has raised up the. "'
J"C.<-'--L"':tdl ....T>_.-.... ".. . " at his
taken the hoe on the
Recited the ritual of Busiris."
Blessed be your existence with the
You shall be remembered for your ac<:oflnpllisttmlen1:s;
and it is you who can enter Hel1opohs, Irr",",UT'lnO'
- For the who satisfies the heart of

o God's Father. your soul advances

and your coffin passes
Anubis seeks you out, his arms about you;
the Two Sisters embrace you;
The rites are once for you.
for you are now entrusted with the labors of prs:;....... 11''l''
the likeness of a
anointed the hands of Shezemu,
Clothed the labors of
with the Sons of Horus as your whole pr()te,ctijDn.
For you the Twin Kites sit at the Twin Gates
to cry out lamentations in your Name.
your life on earth is beneficial to your Lord
o God's Father of vindicated.

o God's the memory of you endures in Hellopolls,

your remains in Thebes.
Never can it be that you are lost all .,.1'"........1''1.
nor shall your Name be gone-
Because you are one who was in the House of
who could enter face to face at the Great
appearances,
one in the Irn,(">ul'lpc10'P of time and of prp·.. n1ru

Be raised up. 2Ic.nc)Us

o honored Neterlhot:ep.
whose enemies are overthrown for all pf:p· .. n1f:'l1'
160 and

iii. Third

the who is in the tomb of the osiris and

God's Father of Nf'l·tplrh{""'ltpn vindicated. He says:

How restful is this man(

What had to come has turned out well!

Generations have on since the time of the

and the young come into their
Re offers himself at dawn,
and Atum sinks to rest in the Western Mountain.
Men women conceive,
and every nostril inhales the breeze.
At dawn are born one after another.
then aU go on to the set aside.

Live 0 God's Father!

Take fine to your nostrils.
With lotuses, and berries at your breast.
with your who is in your heart, at your side.
Put and music before you;
turn your back on every sadness
Remember
until the of that wherein one moors
In the land that loves silence
where the heart of the Son who loves Him never wearies.
the vindicated,
o God's Father. excellent, with pure hands!
I have heard the nappenea to those of former
their homes gone.
As if had never been since the time of the
abandoned what are now your
OC(:UPles their posse:ssl.ons.
fi .. ' ....
I;,j"," their waters and reJ:re:snl,n~ your heart.

Offer bread to him who is without his land

that a name may be yours in future and pt",.rn·itu
The eyes of their look to you-
 161

Raise up their sacred to the throne of ReI

Their cry out in their fTlt,::!pr'lT'
cannot do while to their
and counts off his
Awaken situation-
the wretched man who must be servant to his Shade.

bere on tbe text is

 Love Songs
In Praise of Love

The love songs of the New are different in flavor from all
the other selections in this volume; for are secular. the
moods of and adulation are there; but in this case the is not
a but a sometimes a man or a woman. These

since the modern reader a {!:u:mtlse

attitudes of young lives full of pa~)Sl(m
love and sadness. These few love are
them-show another side of the voice of ancient
kind of to the of the ancient as
for could be further from the truth. The ancient
love the and the while a in the heart for
one or more human creatures.

81
Chester I,

to do to me?
about it?
me stand at the door of her house
.......,,"" . . . 11'..

while she herself insidel

162
 Love 163

Not even "Have a nice homef"

she dammed up her ears the whole

82
V;:or'\\lIrt Ie Chester I,

do you your heart?

After her! I say. Take her in your arms!
For it's me at you,
my tunic over my shoulder!

83
Chester I,

love is one alone, without her

beautiful above all women.
See like the of the ..... 1"1...... " ......... star in Splen(lOr
at the bej~mmr:lg year.

With c1az,zlulg
with
With that are sweet in Spl~aIianJ~,
and not a word too much;
:stI:al~~llt her neck and white her
and her tresses like
Her arms are more .........,............. ...
her like lotus bIClsSc)ms,
With l'11'nnna
bel.gbten her
Her is as she treads upon earth;
and she fastens my heart in her embrace.
She makes the necks of the young men
round about to see her.
164

is he who can embrace her-

he is first of all the young loversf
look at her as she walks
like that One alone!

84
Chester

heart was mtenlalI1t~ to go and see Nefrus

and sit awhile at her
But I found down the road
with his band of young men.
I did not know how to escape him
in order to him unhindered.
Oh lookl the is like the River-
there is no to my feet!

heart is so foolish:
avoid
Oh, if I go near him
I shall tell him my heart.
"I am 1 would say to him.
And he would shout out my name
And me away in the finest harem
of all those meant for his servants.

85. The Memphis Ferry

Harris

I am downstream on the
under the of the caCltalJO,
my bundle of old clothes on my shoulder.
 love 165

I am headed for Mf~mJ)his,

and I shall say to
"Give mea

The water is full of vej~etat1on­

Ptah is the reeds.
Sakhmet the lotus shoots.
The of dew is the lotus buds.
and Nefertem the Dlc.ssc,ms,
[. . . . . . .]

of berries
offered the of the handsome face.

86
Harris

I shall go lie down at home,

and I shaH sickness.
Then the will enter to look at me,
and my love will come with them.
She will force the doctors to leave defeated-
for she knows my ..... <31 <3r1"1

87. Songs of the Birdcatcher's Daughter, ii

Harris

The voice of the wild goose cries out,

his n!lt'r_'UTorrn'
And love of you ensnares me-
l do not know how to work free.
166 and

I must my nets;
but what in shall I tell mOitnC~r,
Keltuflnml£ to her each
loaded down with my catch?
I shall be sett:ln£
I am taken m\!rSeII-·nv

88. Songs of the Birdcatcher's Daughter, iii

Harris

The wild goose flies up. then settles,

into the np,rrf1,,\...,·
Birds scurry about like lizards.
and I calm
Deann£ my love for you,
for I am alone-
This heart of mine is to your own;
I shall never be far from your charms.

89. Songs of the Birdcatcher's Daughter, vi

..... ",''"'Ufl'. H;;' Harris

The voice of the swallow is .......... u ....... '

"Land is
cease your chattennQ:
for I found my love in his bed;
And my heart was r.'U~"1"li"...'rp·rt
when he said to me, "I shall never be far:
But hand in hand we shall
and I shall be with you in each
He me first of his favorite
-he would never my heart.
 II

Other Poems

This final section is' devoted to three small poems which do not conve-
fit elsewhere. The first is a song a rntl1r~lr'u 'utrrnr"U'
It appears in the 6 tomb of Weni and is because of its
verse structure (a and because it is one of the earliest
to have survived. The prayer of Ramesses II to his
is an from the "Battle of ...............,'u .. ,
poem in its own And there is the .. .-",rnT_''''',..
teCllcn:er, at the same time how different the ancient Fa'lTnt,2n
coJllell~e or

90. Victory Song of Wenl

Museum Stele

This army returned in trtlLlm,pn

after the land of the oe<lOl:l1n:
This army returned in trtlLlm,ph
after the land of the sallalan~rs;
This army returned in trilLlm,ph
after down its .." ............" ..
This army returned in trilLlm.ph
after down its
This army returned in tril11mph
after fire to all its aW'elllln,2s;
This army returned in fortl!',"",,""''''

167
168 and

after the tens of tn()Usanas;

This army returned in tnlJmph
after a multitude of the therein as

And I was prallsea

91. Prayer of Ramesses II

At the Battle of Kadesh, 1275 B.C.E.

What is this with you, my Father Amun?

What sort of father his son?
~o without you.
\"'Vl,la .. ....

Have I not gone and listened for your voice

that I the counsel which you
Lord of
.........r'Ynf... ,

IOI:el,~n(~rs encroach upon his landsl-

What is on your mind?
These Asiatics are scoundrels l£nlor.mt of

Have I not constructed for you many monuments?

Did I not fill your with my of war?
Did I not build for you my House of Millions of Years
and you all my as '£OCT">""'"
Did I not govern for you each land entire
in order to ""''1'''",.".,-1""
Did I not n'l"'P'C;!Pt",f"

in order to comJ,:Helce
Did I not raise you n"l1.[)'ht'tT
and set their
Did I not you obelisks from Abu?
And it was I who furnished workers skiUed in stoner
Did I not over from the Great Green Sea
in order to convey to you the work of lands?
 Other Poems 169

One consider then a small deed

in favor of the one who trusts himself to your counsel?
Do to him who counts on you;
then he you with a heart of love!

I have cried out to you, my father

amidst a multitude of enemies I do not know.
The lands assembled me,
there is no other with me.
has gone,
nor did a charioteer look back at me
as I cried out to
Not one heard me
as I called to them.

But then I found Amun for me

above a million soldiers, a hundred thousand ch.anotc;~er,s.
More than ten thousand men, comrades and children,
united in of heart.
not the work of multitudes of Del:lDle-
Amun is than
I learned these from your own U"'....'U\.I". 0 Amun;
and I did not exceed your counsel.

I at the far end of the world.

and my voice echoed thl:OU.gh . . .....~LJ"".;>,
And I found that Amun would come
once I cried out to him.
He his hand in mine
and I was
And he called as if behind me,
"Go forwardf I am with
I am your my hand is in
I am than hundreds of thousands of menf
I am the Lord of Lover of

And I found that my heart was Ste.aOlea,

and my mind was filled with
All I was turned out well.
and I attacked like Montul
170 v .. "",\l.... ,re and

92. A Litany in Praise of the Teacher

You have skilled hands the censer

before the Lord of the Gods each time he appears.
You are a God's Overseer of the M'lirc:t'I"r11"C:
r!:11"r'U111'\0' the fan in your hand and the linen
in your
with the Hand-of ~Shu in your grasp to your Lord.
You are an in the of Ptah,
one wise in all the secret of the House of the Prince.
You are of ,n.~.l1U..u..\;J.,
Greatest of Seers of Re at prc!si(jin,~ over his ouenn~s.

You are Wloe··stlrlomsz

one adlmlt:tlI1I.2 nan'.... la to your lord who bears
the flail.
Your arms are skilled at "''''~trn'''l'Y
ouen.fi.2libations, CetlSlln~,

first to invoke in the

You are the one who embraces the of Mut, Mistress
of Heaven,
on the first of tprrU1inO' her about within her pf(~CU1Ct
of Asheru.
You are the one who draws the water for Khonsu in
on the of the in the House
of the Prince.

You are wise in counsel, in spl~a~anj~,

100'KII1l2' ahead-and whatever you do succeeds.
of hearts-like the divine Ibis:
and Ear.

Nile.
You are rich in Or()VlSlons. l£1'\t"\Ul'I1'\O' Olspellse them
to all whom you love like a sw,elllnu sea.

You are an eminent, evc:!n-ternp4ered man, ottsprm~ of the

 Other Poems 171

beloved of all who bear the favor of the

You have been of station since your
and your hall is flooded with abundance.
You are rich in with wen~stocked XIC:Lnanc/);
has accrued to you since the of your birth.
You are blessed with horses, with sails;
your like red on the flood.
You have many crews wise in na'{1~,atl~C)n,
their words are 1-''''....',..'''.'''.... carry and load.

You are careful in your answers;

you have hated coarse since your birth.
You are nalno:sorne, pl(~asan'tly Iormeo.
and love of you fills everyone like a Nile.
You are in skilled in what is
whatever you say is accurate-and you hate
You sit ma~Jestlc,aUji
your servants answer "'I-"~"""'U)l
Those who pour the ale pour .. "".,n"" ........
and all who see you are festive with nalPPJLne~SSI

You serve your lord well, you

all that comes from your mouth is ple~aSl,n~
You are one when you the De~er-1IUQ'
beloved of Him who drives the cattle at the £'\t't'A ...........

And you direct the Festival for the Sovelrei!~n,-

He who the Nine Bows at his feet and cares for his army.
 Sources

l. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:205-16.

Translations: Faulkner 1969: 80-84; Lkhtheim 1973: ..L ....1\.J-Ju.

son, and Wente 1973; Foster 1992: 19-23.

2. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:426-32.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 141-43.
3. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:292-93.
Translations: Faulkner 1969: Lichtheim 1973: 1:41.
4. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:137-38.
Translations: Faulkner 1969: Lkhtheim 1973: 1:32-33.
5. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:358-62.
Translations: Faulkner 1969: 123-24: Lkhtheim 1973: 1:41-42.
6. Text: Sethe 1908: 2:142-49.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 187-88.
7. Text: Sethe 1908: 2:127-31.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 184-85.
8. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:387-91.
Translations: Faulkner 1969: Lkhtheim 1973: 1:43-44.
9. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:161-66.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 67.
10. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:280-81.
Translations: Faulkner 1969: Lkhtheim 1:40-41.
11. Text: Sethe 1908: 2:80-83.
Translations: Faulkner 1969: Lkhtheim 1973: 1:47-48.
12. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:199-202.
Translations: Faulkner 1969: Lkhtheim 1973: 1:35-36.
172
 Sources 173

13. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:181-83.

Translations: Faulkner 1969: Lichtheim 1973: 1:34-35.
14. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:253-54.
Translations: Faulkner 1969: Lichtheim 1973: 1:39.
15. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:174-75.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 70.
16. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:85-86.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 43-44.
17. Text: Set he 1908: 2:308-13.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 228-229.
18. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:195-99.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 76-77.
19. Text: Sethe 1908: 2:389-97.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 250-51.
20. Text: Sethe 1908: 2:358-60.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 243.
21. Text: Sethe 1908: 2:344-55.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 238-41.
22. Text: Sethe 1908: 1:474-79.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 151-52.
23. Text: Sethe 1908: 2:372-77.
Translation: Faulkner 1969: 246-47.
24. Text: The 1980: PI. 20.
Translations: Wente 1980: 38; Assmann 1975: 162-64
25. Text: The 1980: PI. 7.
Translation: Wente 1980: 30-32.
26. Text: Martin 1989: PI. 25.
Translation: Martin 1989: 33-34.
27. Text: Martin 1989: Pis. 21-22.
Translations: Martin 1989: and Daumas 1980: 122-124
and 352-53 Assmann 1975: 165-69
28. Text: Moret 1931: 725-30 and Pis. I-III.
Translations: and Daumas 1980: 91-97 Assmann 1975:
443-48 Lichtheim 1976: 2:81-86: Foster 1992: 40-46.
29. Text: The 1980: PI. 19.
Translation: Wente 1980: 37.
30. Text: Edwards 1939: 22-25 and PI. xxi; Sethe 1927-30: De
Buck 1963: 113-15.
Translations: and Daumas 1980: 187-91 Assmann 1975:
209-12 Lichtheim 1976: 2:86-89.
174

31. Text: Mariette 1872: 2: PIs. xi-xiii. Cf. G ......v,u ..... , Hieratiscbe Lesestucke
2: PIs. 33-34 (Sec:tlOJ1S
Translations: K'!llrnrrr and Daumas 1980: 191-201 Assmann
1975: 199-207
32. Text: Golenischchev 1927: 169-96.
Translations: K""'111""rr and Daumas 1980: 255-61 Assmann 1975:
308-12
33.
and Daumas 1980: 206-29 Assmann
J<.J.t:.,~"',"". selections Foster 1992: selections.
34. Text: 1910; 1:1-3.
Translation: Faulkner 1985: 27; Assmann 1975: 133-35
35. Text: 1910: 1:3-5.
Translation: In K!lrlllrrr and Daumas 1980: 168-69

36. Text: 1910: 1:6-7.

Translation: and Daumas 1980: 170-72 'TT'llL£-".H,

37. Text: 1910: 1:7-9.

.....""" .......... and Daumas 1980: 174-77 Assmann 1975:

38. Text:
Translation: None.
39. Text: 1910: 1:36-38.
Translations: Faulkner 1985: and Daumas 1980: 172-74
Assmann 1975: 135-37
40. Text: 1910: 1:40-45.
Translations: Faulkner 1985: 41-44; Assmann 1975: 139-44
41. Text: 1910: 1:45-48.
Translation: None.
42. Text: 1910: 1:48-50.
Translation: Assmann 1975: 150-51
43. Text: 1910: 1:12-13.
Translation: None.
44. Text: 1910: 1:38-40.
Translations: Assmann 1975: 137-39 Faulkner 1985: 40-41.
45. Texts: Davies 1908: 6: PIs. 27 and Sandman 1938: 93-96.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: Assmann 1975: 215-21
Foster 1992: 5-10.
46. Text) Erichsen 1933: 49-50.
Translations: oalrUC:Q
Assmann 1975: 414-15
 Sources 175

47. Text: Heick 1955-58: 2090-91.

Translation: Lichtheim 1976: 2:101.
48. Text: Heick 1955-58: 2091-94.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: Assmann 1975: 463-65
49, Text: Heick 1955-58: 2089-90.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: 2:101.
50. Text: Martin 1989: PI. lines 18-25.
Translations: Martin 1989: 31; and Daumas 1980: 352-53
Assmann 1975: vv. 69-93
51. Text: Van der Plas 1986: 2: Eclectic Text: Foster 1975: 1-29.
Translations: Van der Plas Lichtheim 1973: 1: Foster
1992: 47-52.
52. Text: Posener 1938-80: 3: PIs. 81-84a.
Translation: Fischer-EIfert 1986: 31-62.
53. Text: Davies 1953: 3: Pl. 12.
Translation: and Davies 1980: 461-64
54. Text: Gardiner 1931: PIs. XXIV-XXIVA.
K" .. ,,,r-rt and Daumas 1980: Lichtheim 1976:
~lnlPSOn, t<alJllkrler. and Wente 1973: Foster 1974: 54-55.
55. and Griffith 1894: PI. Sethe 1927-30: 1:111-23.
Translation: and Griffith 1894: Lichtheim 1976: 2:15-21.
56. Text: Foster 1993: 10-12.
Translations: Assmann 1975: 474-76
1:225-26; i::>lnlpSOn, t<aU1Kn4er Foster 1992:
89-91.
57. Text: Foster 1993: 33-34.
Translations: Lichtheim 1973: i::>lnlpSOn, ralJl1KIler, and Wente
1973: Foster 1992: 104.
58. Text: Griffith 1898: PIs. I-IV,
Translations: Assmann 1975: 476-80 Lichtheim 1973:
L"'..I~."'.i.U. ~lnlpSOn, l"'alJllkIler, and Wente 1973: 279-84.
..L •.

59. Text: Foster 1994: 87-97.

Translation: Foster 1994: 94.
60. Text: and Gardiner 1957: PIs. and Oriental Institute
·h'_~ ...." Ostracon 19265 (unlpubl1:sru;~d).

Translation: and Daumas 1980: 504-6

61. Text: Gardiner 1937: 13.
Translation: Caminos 1954: 40-43.
62. Text: Gardiner 1937: 14.
Translation: Caminos 1954: 43-44.
176 and

63, Text: Gardiner 1937: 14-15.

Translation: Caminos 1954: 44-47.
64. Text: Gardiner 1937: 15-16.
Translations: Caminos 1954: and Daumas 1980:
488-89 Assmann 1975: 497
65. Text: Gardiner 1937: 28-29.
Translation: Caminos 1954: 101-3.
66. Text: Gardiner 1937: 12-13.
Translation: Caminos 1954: 37-40.
67. Text: Gardiner 1937: 39.
Translations: Caminos 1957: Foster 1992: 60.
-L.Jlc.l-.JoL.

68. Text: Gardiner 1937: 25.

Translations: Caminos 1954: and Daumas 1980:
360-61
69. Text: Gardiner 1937: 85-86.
Translations: Caminos 1954: "'~.· and Daumas 1980:
.. rrY

359-60 Assmann 1975: 384-85 Lichtheim 1976: 2:114.

70. Text: Gardiner 1937; 60.
Translations: Caminos 1954: .L..JJ;;-.J'..,.and Daumas 1980: 362-
63 Assmann 1975: 356-57 Lichtheim 1976: 2:113.
71. Text: Gardiner 1937: 18-19.
Translations: Caminos 1954: 60-63; and Daumas 1980:
145-46 Assmann 1975: 380
72. Text: Gardiner 1937: 2, 16.
Translations: Caminos 1954: and Daumas 1980: 253
Assmann 1975: 379 Lichtheim 1976: 2:111.
73. Text: Gardiner 1937: 45.
Translations: Caminos 1954: and Daumas 1980:
N,!lrlltrrr

254-55 Assmann 1975: 382 Foster 1992: 59.

74. Text: Gardiner 1937: 45-46.
Translations: Caminos 1954: 174-76; and Daumas 1980: 255
Assmann 1975: 383
75. Text: Gardiner 1937: 17.
Translations: Caminos 1954: 56-58; and Daumas 1980:
253-54 Assmann 1975: 379 Lichtheim 1976: 2:111.
76. Text: Gardiner 1937: 17-18.
Translations: Caminos 1954: and Daumas 1980: 254
Assmann 1975: 380-81 Lichtheim 1976: 2:112.
77. Text: Gardiner 1937: 37-38.
Translation: Caminos 1954: 137-43.
 Sources 177

78. Text: Fox 1985: 378-80.

Translations: Lichtheim 1973: ~lIl1lPS()o 1973: 306-7.
79. Text: 1930: PIs.
Translations: Lichtheim 1945:
80. Text: Had 1985: PIs. XXVI.
Translations: Had 1985: i: pp. ii: pp. 14-15; iii; pp. Licht-
heim 1976: 2:115-16
81.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: 2:188
Wente 1973: 324-25
82.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: 2:188 ::smlpson, ralllKller, and
Wente 1973: 324 Foster 1974: 9; Fox 1985: 74
83. Text: Gardiner 1931: PI. 1-9.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: ........."............. , and Wente
1973: 315-16 Foster 1974: 45-46; Fox 1985: 52
84. Text: Gardiner 1931: PI. 4-9.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: :SlnlPson, ra1.UKIICr, and Wente
1973: Foster 1974: 50-51; Fox 1985: 53
85. Text: Fox 1985: 372.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: 2:189 :smlPson. ralUKIler, and
Wente 1973: 299-300 Foster 1974: 71; Fox 1985: 11-12
86. Text: Fox 1985: 372-73.
:SmlPson. Faulkner, and
Foster 1974:
87. Text: Fox 1985: 375-76.
:StnlPson . .t'alUKIler, and
Foster 1974:
88. Text: Fox 1985: 376.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: 2: 190 ::smlPson. l:'alllkJler and
Wente 1973: 303 Foster 1974: Fox 1985: 20
89. Text: Fox 1985: 377.
Translations: Lichtheim 1976: 2:190-91 ........................ , and
Wente 1973: 304-5 Foster 1974: Fox 1985: 23
90. Text: Sethe 1933: 103-4.
Translation: Lichtheim 1973: 1:20.
91. Text: Kitchen 1975-90: 2:34-44.
Translation: Lichtheim 1976: 2:65-66.
92. Text: Gardiner 1937: 112-15.
Translations: Caminos 1954: Lichtheim 1976: 2:173-75.
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 Glossary

Abdju-fish. Unidentified fish, mentioned in the context of Re's

1nnrnJ"u in the Bark and ac,;:ornpanleCi the int-fish bulti-
Watches for the appearance of
Abu. The town of in the far south of proper, near the

for the grave of whose

it is. Destination for both the and the dead.
Afterworld. Translation of word duat, the realm that the individ-
ual reaches at death. Also translated as "otherworld" or "underworld,"
Akhenaton [Akhenaten). One of the last of
ac(:or1dm,g to traditional

in Middle about
Akhenaton for the .. '''... '''1'' .....
Ameneminet. Official the end of
13th B.C.E. Several of his letters to Pentaweret survive on
V<1T"nrr.u' SaUier I.

Amenmose. "Overseer of the cattle of Amun." Lived 18.

Owner of stele known as Louvre Stele 286 on which appears the most
extensive account of the Osiris known from .... ~ .........'"'., .• _
Op'pOliea to times.
Amun [Amon). Chief of from the Middle KlflgClom
nates in Thebes and becomes prc:>m,lnc~nt

184
 185

pnnc(~s of unite a divided and become the pnaniLUIlL~ of

,yn,a~t.lCS 11 and 12. He is "the Hidden One."
Amun-Re (Amon"Rel. The supreme of
the as a fusion of the divine pe.rscmalUtles
Hidden and Re visible sun
AndjeU. "He of the town of of the Delta at Busiris.
Precursor of Osiris.
Ani .. Owner of one of the finest and fullest of The Book the Dead.
Lived at the end of 18.
Anubis. God of emballmlrl.2:
Apis. of Memp.nls.
of Connected with
Apophis (Apepl. Cosmic v .....'.........,t- of disorder. which attacks Re his
in the
l£UITnp,,\, ~p(J.pnlS and the follow-
ers of Re occurs he is defeated but cannot be anni-
hilated. Should he be victorious. the universe would slide back to
chaos. Hence the of the songs to the Sun.
Asiatics. General term for the east and northeast of Often

the New
KlIl.2:(lOIU and functions as a or()tectc)c
Atef. See Crowns.
Aton (Aten). The conceived of the monotheistic
A version of the traditional "'''''''T"r'<1n SUII-l!loa. mani-
testm,j! himself in the and warmth of the sun's disk.
Atum. The to the ........ """" ... of
yy

which constituted the central of ancient

Atum-Horakhty. Atum as he was identified and fused with Horus of the
Two the of the sun of the new
Cel)t14::>n. Re himself was the sun as seen the
and Atum was the or sun.
Atum..Khepri. Atum as he was identified with the cosmic scarab beetle

18. He became
the death of
I"",nnrr
to
its traditional ways. Amarna tomb contains the finest copy of
Akhenaton's to Aton.
186 and

asr'eclts of the human pel:SOlnallty, ac(:or1oml£ to the

19

Baboon. Animal sacred to who at times is "''''''''''':>u,"",rI as a baboon.

The creature is often shown with its arms raised wo,rstllplln£ the morn~
sun.
Babylon, Ancient. The town of 1-f1"~,I_n"n south of ancient HellOPOUS.
Not the Mc~sopotarntan
Bark of Millions of Years. Name of the Bark. Re's .,.1...,,, .... ".. '" in which
he traverses the underworld at to rise at the next
dawn.
Bark of Re. The Bark or the on the context.
Battle of Kadesh. Battle Ramesses II in his fifth year
ag,un:st the Hittites at the town of on the
Orontes River in It was, in effect. a defeat for the
but the valor of the was celebrated in a
TT'I1n1~pn'lr poem, "The Battle of Kadesh. which survives in

\..VIJJ,,,,.,. both on and on monuments.

The condition or process of into
notnltn$l~nc~ss. Often a materialization or appear-
ance of a The cosmos "becomes" when Atum creates it.
Bee. The heraldic creature of Lower the Delta.
Benben. A sacred stone in the obelisk in the at
Hel1opous.ltwasth()u~~ht ..""'.."..""' . . ""'' " .. the initial form of the sun
when he first rose out of chaos on the hillock from which he
created the universe.
Beyond. A translation for the of the afterlife.
Black Land. A for eSJ)eclall,v the black soil of its fertile
A reference to terrain. not to V'" ''''v 4 ....

Book of the Dead. The collection of rell£l()US and prayers

and divided into the cn,loters of a
k ....""n+'1 "' .., c who could afford it would select the

ters that to them. A copy was buried with them and used as a
to the afterworld.
Bull of Heaven. The and of the bun as a cos-
mic
Bull of Heliopolis. The Mnevis. ancient sacred bull of Heuopous. espe-
 187

prc)mln(~nt in the New Klltl~(JOIn and later. Mediator for the sun-
source of oracles.
Bulti-fish. Translation for the int-fish. See Abdju-fish.
Busiris. Ancient town in the middle of the "House of Osiris."
Ret)Utc~d to be the of the
in re1:l~l()US
texts. Known as prc:ml:stonc northern
K1nl~OtOm before the unification
Cartouche. The oval in which the fourth and fifth names
prenomen and of the are written.
Celestial Cow. A of the heavens who aids the deceased in
attj,un:m~ his proper
Celestial Ferryman. In the 1-"1:71,..,"'''Urt who is to row the
to his new life in the ne'VOltlO.
Chaos. The before creation
It was, in characterized as a darkness.
Coming Forth. The emergence of the deceased from the tomb after death
as an invisible but vital upon earth. In that resur-
rection.
Council of the Thirty. A high JUdtlCl.a1
Crocodile. The creature that often sl~n1l1es death.
Crowns. There were several worn on various occasions the There
was the White Crown of the Red Crown of
Lower the Double Crown, a combination of the
first two, which the union of the Two the a
version of the White Crown with two feathers at the first worn
the Blue Crown and others.
Darius. Persian 27.
Day Bark. The the

Day of Mooring. of death.

Debty (Djebaty]. "The in his coffin." ~plltnc~t of Osiris and other
Dedja. Unidentified or bUlllctln~.
Delta. Northern or Lower (esSetltl.11I~ that north of modern
where the Nile fanned out into several branches in antiquity.
Site of an times. With the south-

or DUlllOln~.
Denderah. tTly",,". ",n town t-I ,,"'rnr... whose
1""'",.... ""11'" there is one of the best nr"'·~".r'Vi"·rt in
188 and

Divine Tribunal. Name for the Ennead in conclave to administer

Divine Youth (Divine Child). Re as the dawn sun, after he has gone below
the horizon and been the so as to reappear
renewed and in the m()rl1ltnJg.
Djed .. pillar. A or of uncertain as a of
power. "endurance."
Djehuty. Name for the Thoth.
Djoser IZoser). 3 and owner of the
his famous architect

Duamutef. One of the four pnltectln£ the call1ODtC with the

deceased's internal organs. Duamutef the stomach.
Eastern Horus. Horus as the sun and thus of lands to
the east of
Easterners. Here, deities or the blessed dead who have gone to the in
death. and rise like Re to renewed life.
Eight Great Gods. The of of
male-female pr:mC:1PleS
re(:ec.ta,:le for the cosmos. space, and
n!3,.'lrnpl;:l;: motion.
EI .. Hibis. Locale in the Oasis in the western desert. Site of the
Hibis ~"'lJn""Jl"'"

Nekhbet.
Elder Horus. The ancient cosmic Horus, "whose eye is the sun and
whose left is the moon. Not Horus the son of Isis and Osiris.
Elephantine. at the south of near the of Aswan.
Enemy. for the cosmic of disorder.
Ennead. The Nine Great Gods of the the
creator formed Shu
united to Pf()OllCe
four deities of the Osirian
Enneads, Two. The Greater and the Lesser. The Greater consists of the
nine of the while the Lesser stems from
Horus, child of Isis and Osiris. When the two are of tO~:etrler.
all of the are meant.
Esna. south of modern Luxor. Site of the of Khnum.
Euphrates. The waterway of Mt~sOPo1tanlia.
 189

Eye of Mutt Eye of Atum, etc. as it serves various in a

11era}WflpC)US. Some-

Form.
appearance, or incarnation an
power,
Geb.
190 vr"IVPlr" and

Golden One. np:ltn.~t e:spc:~clc:Uly 2:ojaol:!ss of love.

np:lthcet of various gOdC1jeSses. In it is a
Wrt. "The Great One."
Great Green Sea. best understood as "the open sea." It seems to
have referred to both the Red Sea and the Mediterrean Sea.
Great Shrleker. The cry of the creator either as a divine falcon or as
the celestial goose who laid the egg of the universe.
Great Staircase. The locale in the Afterworld where the blessed congre-
to Re or Osiris. The foot of the throne.
Great Wild Bull. A celestial in the form of a
and power. Divine bulls in various mani-
festations were all over
Greatest of Seers. The Priest of a
Hall of the Two Truths. The of the deceased in
the where the heart was welQ'l1leO in the balance agcunl,t
the feather of Maat. or Truth.
Hall of Truth.
Hand-of-Shu. Ritual carried
Hapy. (1) The of the Nile River; pel:solilllication
made it rise each year to flood and fertilize
the Nile.
Hapy. (2) One of the four the caflOPlC cOIltal,nlflg the
embalmed internal organs of the deceased. re~;pcmSlDle for
the
Harper's Songs. A small group of poems found in IUrter,ary
which express the theme. "Seize the
life while it lasts and not
A'-",I"\U',nl'T of the Ine~Vll:aDU1t
death. All this runs t111".""rf"llu oc>n1:ral'y
ideas.
Hathor. Mc:mV'~Iacel:eo g04aoc~ss. Ua1ugtlter of

Heart, Will, Mind. From the t-<lJ'1lTnf"1~n ib. The seat of UllIrl1Ung, +..."', .....
,rY and
was the same for the ancient
U1'.III1.-.tT and it was the heart.
The brain was as no useful function and was dis-
carded at mummification.
Heliopolis. The earliest of ancient locale where the theol-
ogy of the flourished. northeast of Giza and !Sa(laaLfa;
now a suburb of modern Cairo.
 191

near the t-i!l1'1.FH1n'\ Center for the

LJyna,stlc~s 9 and 10 in a divided the First Inter-

who became Hermes in the Greco-Roman I-I ..." ..v .....

the source of the the Great Gods who rel)re:selnte~a
tnc:OlO£Y of from that of He:l1O'DOl1S.
Hlerakonpolls. Ancient on the west bank of the Nile in
ODIDm;tte el-Kab. Center for of the cosmic Horus, the
pe:rmtps the center of late pre-
........,.n"'" ,.."to",... civilization. The Followers of Horus seem to
from this locale.
HIli of Creation. The mound that rose of itself out of Chaos and
upon which the creator stood to create the universe.
Hor. Brother of and co-owner of a stele with a sun
Time of III
Horakhty. Horus of the Two HOlnz,ons,
of Re, the .,........ ",r."
HordJedef. 4. and

becomes the last

traditional ways of to the
Ramesside of
Horizon. ~upnerrusln One went to or over the Horizon at
death.
Horizon-dwellers. The blessed who often come to welcome new
arrivals in the Afterworld.
Horus. ancient Lord of the and pf()tect()r of the
This is the cosmic Horus and is sometimes fused cOlntlJlSejj) with
Horus the Child, son of Isis and Osiris. In either COlnCC:mt:l0Jl,
of

Horus of Two Horizons. HOiralchty.

House of Ptah in Memphis. The of which in its 11'-'YUC:I;Y was
than the of Karnak .

.He:110pOllS, used for J ......,"'... .l,.... proc:eelamt~s.

House of the Scepter. The that Thebes.
192 vr::::l,\ll'>lrc: and

House of the Spirit of Ptah. ve:Sl~~na.t1on for the

Hu. Here, an eplltnc~t for the SllIl-Q'loa. pelrson1tlcatl0,n of divine or

authoritative spc~ecn from the of a or
Hunefer. Owner of a papyrus of the Book of the Dead from
Thebes. Time of Sed I at the of
19. Overseer of Sed's tenl01e.
Hypselis • .... ,.n ............... ::'fJlrls/Jiotep. near Assiut in Middle Town of Seth.
laru. For "the Field of of the blessed dead.
Ibis. A bird sacred to whose form the someimes took. ,,,YT>n.,c'u of
Thoth's wisdom and JUCllcl0u:sn(~ss.
Igret. for the ne<:rOIc>ollS for the realm of the
dead.
Imhotep. Flourished the
nr'f"\!3<:!T"tl' 3. Architect of the

sage. author of a book of wisdom

so that he was deified in later OYlrlaS;nes.
Imsety. One of the four COJrlt8.1Olng the
embalmed internal organs of the deceased. responslDle for
the liver.
Imy-Kehau. "The " an otherworld
Inherkhawy. Foreman of one of the teams on the tombs in
the of the at Deir el-Medineh. Time of Ramesses III
and IV 20.
aD(J1U-IlSn aC:CQ1mJ)anJes and the
Bark of Re a~cun:sr
Intef (Inyotef). Name for 'vn.astles 11 and 17. The name is
attached to the fine aOIc>ealrtflt2 on Harris 500.
Ipet-Sut. H'<T,.rnr'!3n ,,"","..,'1,,", of Karnak, the center of
rellLQ"l()US consciousness and !3rr'.u.t"''t,
Isderektiw. Unknown land or .... .,.. . . ""''''''
Isheru. The of the lellnpJ,e COflIlPl(~X of t>Ul.lall:1~S
known as Karnak in Thebes.
Isis. The mother wife of Osiris and mother of Horus in the
HeUOPOJlltaln ccc>srnOJ,o~y, s,rmlC>OllC mother of the Has immense
SUI)erna1tural power. When Osiris is murdered she the
of his dismembered reunites them. and his
resurrection. He then her with Horus and goes to rule the
kUlgaom of the Dead. She is central to one of the of death
and resurrection.
 193

Island of Fire (Isle of Flames). The hillock or mound where

the came into and created fire
Itef-reri. Father of of el~Kab.
Iwn-des. A In the Eastern Desert?
Iwn-mutef. "Pillar of his Mother. of the young Horus as prc)tectc>r
of his mother. an of the
Iyty. "He is come." Pun on the function of the son. who attends on
his the now fused with Osiris.
Jubilee. The beb-sed festival celeblratl.n~ renewal of the power and
..IJ.,,, .....,,,"""'. ne •• "II'I1' first held after years on the throne and then
each three years thereafter.
Justice. Maat as the word is translated in JuClIICl,al or moral contexts. See
Truth.
with the

aeunea. tn()U2:n it seems to function as a kind of "double" of the

person, who as if it were for the
person in the next world.
Kagabu. A Scribe of the ueaS\Jry in which he has a
short prayer to Amun
Kam. Mother of
Kamutef. L.t1J,~",LJ,''''''' Bull of his Mother."
enl~erlae:rtl1t~ power of the person-
age is to be erntpnlaSllZej;;I.
Karnak, Temple of. The at constitut-
the center of "'O'1LTnt-.~n relllR:l()US ~rt-1nT1t-'u from the Middle KlJ['l~(:10In
on. Vital for two thousand years.
Kemwer. The Great Black One. The bull of Athribis in the Delta. Also an
eplltnc:!t of Osiris of Athribis.
Khakaure. Prenomen of Senusert HI hTn !:JC!t'u 12.

Khatti. The land of the Hittites, north of ~Ylna··t'a,lestlne, r(~ttc... ""I'T

Khayt. "She Who Rises in ~plenclor. a name for of Truth.

Khenty-menutef. A celestial who takes the deceased to Geb.
ep]lUlc~t of Horus.
or Golden name in the of Senusert
of ,'I,. . .,",,!.,' 12.
Khepri. The sun and creator in scarab-beetle of espe-
as the sun or as the divine beetle which the
194

Kheruef. Scribe and Steward of the Great \.mc~nl1l0te~p III.

Time of III and IV in 18.
Khety. Author of the to the Nile" and other hr&l·r'.:lr"u' works. A
Ramesside scribe calls him the of the writers. Lived
in 12.
Don:ejr~Q'~[)a. who forms creatures on his
wheel. He is in the cataract of the south and regu-
lates the Nile in association with at Ele~
Phan't1ne. he also has a at Esna.
Khonsu. Moon at Thebes. Son of Amun and Mut.
Khor. name tor
King of the Sedge and the Bee. of the his
fourth name in the the Nomen or nsw-bit name.
Kush. name for the countries to the south of that
is, Nubia.
L.p.h. Abbreviation for the nIlj~U::in translation of the
follows mention of the prosper, be nec;UtrlY
Lake of Horus. Unidentified. In his to the and .,el:Uflll:! Sun"
Ani as if or Horus. were out of chaos to cre-
ate the world.
Lake of Myrrh. \.PI,ar'ently a locale down the coast of East Africa in or
near the land of Punt.
Lake of the Two Knives. A DatUe2rC)Ufl.O in the lP()DJ:US is
aeltea1tea{) Also, a lake near He:rrrlot:1011lS.
Land that Loves Silence. The ne,crC)PC.llS and the Afterworld.
Lesser Ennead. A second group of nine with Horus at their head.
When the Greater and the Lesser Enneads are mentioned the
entire of is meant.
Libya. As now, the land to the west of
Litany. A or prayer with a refrain at intervals.
Lord of Abydos. Osiris.
Lord of All. The supreme Re, or Amun. on
the IJ'-Jl .. 'V·......

Lord of the Sacred Land. Osiris in his caJ)aclty as of the Dead.

Lord of Thebes. Amun or Amun-Re.
Lower Egypt. The Delta in the north.
Maat (Ma'at]. The word for the root corlcel:n:
IHz,at1 on, ret:)re:seI1ltiI1l~ a fusion of our corlCeptS
l
 195

Manu, Land of. The sun and, extension. the realm

of the dead.

domas
Mehenu. A snt]lke~.20iddess who, like Nekhbet and Buto functioned
as a uraeus to the
Mehy. Character aplpeCllnrl.2 OCCCllSl()nCllU:y in the New Kl1t1.2(jOln love songs,
nl'l!n··Dc~rn or a or arbiter for
lovers.
Memphis. The first southwest of prc~selnt-(lav
Cairo, It was the Kllt1,g<lOln and extended for miles
the west bank of the Nile.
Merenptah. Son and successor on the throne to
Ramesses II in ~C!l'"'T 19. With his
,'U.,." a candidate for of
the Exodus,"
Merenre. 6.
Mery-Amun (Mer-Amun]. "Beloved of Amun." An addendum to the
Nomen of both Ramesses II and of 19.
Meryna. Members of the rn1Hr~11'''\T
Meskhaat. Celestial who assists Re in for the
arrived
Min. God of
Min-Amun. Fusion of the sexual abilities of Min with the person of the
supreme
Miscellanies. New K1fl,go,om ant:holo,gles, ,geIlercllly or
scribes in tramllng. prayers. eUlo,glles,
and of ttC!~ .,.II'r with a decided slant to
•

"mlDrovc~" the young student's desire to enter the scribal prC)tesslon.

Mistress of Heaven. of various gOlooless,es. nOl~anllV
and Isis.
Montu. God of war, in Thebes with the appearance of the Middle
2040
.... " ..+" ...",1''''''' as a lioness or cat. Consort of

Amun and mother of Np·fpf'tp1"'n of the blue lotus. Has a

function as a m()ther-.2QiCld~ess prcitector of the
Mut..hotepet. Owner of a tUfler,ary
20.
Mysteries. Translation for sbetau. "secret ...... --~"" or "reli-
196 and

Nakht. XUfter,ary papyrus

Name"An Stg:ntl1lcallt than

or "character"; what oth~
ers think of one.
Naref. Unknown
Naunet. Female COlLln1terpalrt

the counter-heaven.
Nebmaatre. Prenomen of of 18.
Father of Akhenaton. His court was POSSl1t:>ly

Necropolis. Term for the cernetiery, "the

was indeed laid out with streets and "houses of _t-"........ 't-...
Nefer-kheperu-re Wa..en-re. The prenomen and nomen in the titu-
of Akhenaton
Nefer-neferu-aton. Name of Wife of
Akhenaton.
Neferhotep. Priest of Amun-Re and owner of Theban
Tomb 50 in the of Western Thebes. Time of Horemheb

6. almost one
hundred years.
Nefertili. and wife of Akhenaton of
the Amarna Period.
Nefrus. Girlfriend of the of the love poem.
Nehebu-kau. "He who awards distinction. of various divini-
ties, of the BUrl-gloa.
Nekhbet. Vulture of el-Kab. Mistress of the White Crown of
and of the
headdress or head-cloth of material
over the head and over the shoulders.
Nenet. Variant of Naunet. female of the counter-heaven.
Nephthys. :tOl102est 1!oClde:;s gelrlel:an,on in the Hell0'oollltan
and Seth. Functions rn '" I'u as a
f .....

with Isis.
An or a version
of Osiris.
Netcherkheperu. The or "Horus," name of Senusert III
of n:r""''''''~''lT 12.
 197

Netchermesut. The Ladies. name of Senusert HI

of

Nine Bows. Mc:~tonvlmv

the
Nine Great Gods. The Ennead of He1101:JOI1S created SUl!1-g'Oa Atum.

Nine Peoples. Those of as SuIJ1U2a1:eCl of

NN. for a proper name to be added nC' •• ",ll!u in either the

Book of the Dead or the Texts.
the

He:110POJllta,n c~OSrnOJlO~V. Consort to the

earth, and mother of the Osirian of
Ogdoad. The conclave of the Great Gods of HermlOp~O!llS. Conceived
as male-female the re<:eo1ta-
de for the cosmos, space, oalrKrless, tn(:1Plenlt motion.
Orion. The constellation pelrsonitleCl astral He is obsured
the dawn and reappears at
Osiris. One of the of the resurrection
after death. His reanimation. offices of his sister/wife
Isis. after his murder and dismemberment his brother
became the to all that would. after con-
tinue existence in a eternal life in the company of Osiris himself.
Osiris, An. As as the Old the that the
at
reenact the death and resurrection of the so, he
became an osiris.
Pahery. Scribe of the and in ear-
18 earlier fifteenth 1""".",..'....",
hT ....,"'''',.'" in
the fullest C::Ju''Ui,iTlnn rI,PCl"r1r\T1£'.n of what life in the next
world was to be like.
Pentaweret. with the official Ameneminet.
of late thirteenthth S.C-E. Several of
the letters between the two have survived in Sallier 1.
Pepi. There were of 6 with this name,
Both had Texts
carved in their tombs.
198 and

Peqer. The of Osiris at where the was tnl)uj~nt to be

buried and where his festival was celebrated.
Per..new Shrine. with pr-nsr. the national shrine of Lower at
Buto.
Per-nezer Shrine. with pr-nw. the national shrine of Lower at
Buto.
Per-wer Shrine. The national shrine of at el~Kab.
Phoenix..The benu-bird of He110POJl1taln n~li~~ioll1, connected to the SUI1-gOa
Re and the benben-stone in the there. Also identified with the
re~pr(;~Selltirl~ the
U ..... - L f H . U . Lo:ng··llvea. it reconstituted
itself from its thus oel:ornm,2 C!u..nn,"'ll of renewal and ............... ....
in the sed-festival or lut'l.lee.
Place of Fire. Unknown; the redness of the dawn of as
fire and a of the COJlte:xt).
Place of Truth. General for but the
ne,crC)PC)l1S of western Thebes and Deir el-Medineh.
Pomegranate Tree. The sacred tree honored in He~raJ:CleoPol1s.
Ptah. The creator of who out and
ation into existence. A to Atum and Re of He:llO'Po.llS
self the in both cases the remainder of the
COl)mIOlo.~v was the same. A cosmic universal but also of
crafts and craftsmen. He coalesces with Tatenen.
Ptah·Sokar. Ptah in his identification with the necropo-
lis.
Punt. A and romantic country south on the east coast of
source of exotic commodities times. Often invoked
in the love songs.
Pyramid Texts. A series of O1e:rOj~lVpnIC .... lflScrtP'tlOlns
,UJ;:;.4V ... '"

prayers,
the resurrection of the dead pn.araon.
Qebehsenewef. One of the four prc)te:ctln2the~Aj'lVI~l~
 199

at the beJ~tnmrlg o.f 20. Last

name o.f the SU1"1-P'OO thJ:o.U2h mo.st o.f

Re..Atum. Re as he co.alesces with the o.lder the o.nj~lnal

creato.r o.f He:Uo.oo.Us.
sundo.wn in his acro.ss the
Re..Horakhty. Re as he is co.nceived o.f as the sun o.f the
co..!l1esclng with Ho.rus o.f the Two. Ho.rizo.ns.
Rebel . .hO:ltn~et
site o.f the co.urt and

Saamu-plants. Unidentified soc;~cu~s

Sa..mehyt. "So.n o.f the 1\Jr..rrt"I"'lnc1 o.f the
in the Middle Klf12ao.m
Sacred Land. nelcrC)OC,llS o.f a to.wn; but mo.re
the afterwo.rld o.r nn,;p"'l:IT£'I,,.Ic1 ruled by Osiris.
gel[lel~aHy,

Sakhmet. "The o.f Re and in the fam-

llon-fleaaelC), with the fierceness o.f the o.ften

SOC;~CIC;~S
o.f beetle which is o.ften seen
o.f the co.smic
the sun acro.ss the Cut fro.m vario.us sto.nes, the served fo.r
use as amulets and the latter o.ften with hu::ro.JlT.IVPh:LC co.mmemo.-

for
czurnn,"\1

ae.Ull1l2 with the burial o.f the

12, The rel~~nlrlg

Senusert III. 12.

Serpent. The co.l)ra-2Ctaaess aOl)ealrlrll2 as the uraeus o.n the bro.w o.f the

Serpents, Two. The do.uble uraeus, oe:rn.lllOS (!U'J'ntt'lT1t"IO'

desses o.f bo.th and Lo.wer

czpr'lrtn,O' the same functio.n as the
200 and

Seth. God of confusion, the desert wastes, and lands. Son of Geb
and Osiris. Rival of Horus for rule of the
land of He is the loser the Grand Tribunal of the
Ennead, and Horus is awarded the Two Lands. Like
resents a prlLnClp.l.e
of an unknown desert beast with
upl~12rlt tail.

llan:>J,au:::u, but some·

like the shadow or
Shedeh. A kind of wine.
Sherden. A from the Mediterranean of the
ca. 1400-1200 B.C.E., from outside and later in
r ....~n"'.H.: connected with Sardinia.

Shetyt. The ore'Cln4ct of the Me:m"hl1te nlecr!DPCHlS.

Shezemu. A and of
wine and aromatic oils. on the other.
Shrine of the North. Per-nezer at Buto.
Shrine of the South. Per-wer at el-Kab.
t1eUOpollltan ODsrnoJ02'V: one of the first two deities
with created Atum, the creator
Sidelock·Wearers. Four male divinities of the eastern who aid the
in his resurrection.
Sinai. The desert east of across the Red Sea. In ph.ar'lOl'UC
times. a and site of copper mines.
Sinuhe. Title character in one of the finest ancient works of fic-
tion. A official who flees into exile under threat of
so'vel'eijt!n, Senusert I. he his life in
welcomed back into

Mc:~ml)hlS, hawk-headed. Seems to func-

syrnOOll:ZIn.2 the resurrection from death.
UC;:)1,K.U4LC;:) Seth rather than Osiris.

;:)opeiJU, a of the northeast Delta....."""'4"".. , in the

mid Texts, the child of Sothis and the resurrected
prc)tectln2' the embalmed internal organs of
the deceased: Duamutef. and l..leOeillsc:mewe:t.
Sothis. Goddess of Sirius, the Star. Its heliacal
of the Nile and the corn1f1t2' inundation
 201

Soul. In this t~ns.latllngthe~n'''~~'~~ cOlnponent of

the in addition to the
Souls of Heliopolis (of Iwnw). Deified nr"'rh1'n!1~:t-u'
relll2'l()US center of sun wafrsrUD.
Souls of Nekhen. Deified "".."'.1"1"........,... "" rulers of the southern KUlgclOnrl, the
ancestors as pr<)te,ctc.rs.
Souls of pe. Deified "" ...~r1 .. " .... rulers of the northern KlIlgclOnrl, the liv-

Southern Harim. lJ(~slJ~nC:lltlC'n

Spirit. In this
of the peJ'sollalit~ and name.
Staff-of-life-plants. UC:>lXlllal.:tVn
Sunfolk. The blessed th()Uiimt of as in the retinue of the SUil-flOG,
Suty. One of the Dr()tn~erSf with owners of a stele with a
to the sun which shows some palranelS of to the Amarna
of the next Time of
Syria. lJeslglnatlon
tine
Ta..cJjeser. "The Sacred Land" or the nelcrofpol1S. \,i.,!-,\,i'-.lA.l.l of
Ta-mery. "The Beloved that is,
Ta-wer. The district or nome of This and f'\OVOI[)S.
Tatenen. An ancient of the fertile land out of the
Nile coalesces with Ptah as a creator
Tayt. Goddess of for the cloth with which to wrap the
mummified
Tefnut. Goddess of moisture; one of the first with made
the creator Atum. She and her consort are the first to ret)re;serlt
COllcepts of male and female in the cosmos.
of 6 in the Old K1I1tgdc::>m.
sen ted a at ~a~:tq~u-a
Thebes. One of the two greatest with Mem-
the
... h ..·"' ...",.h," .....

of the
often as a baboon or an ibis. Connected with He:rrrlO}:'OlllS
and the '-""' .......,0."-".
Transfigured Spirits. the word the transllg-
202 and

ured or -erll1J!~htlenced" souls of the dead as appear in all their

in the afterlife.
True of Voice. The deceased is 1--.... -- "true of voice" or "vindicated"
once he or she has tJo.o".;,."" .... the Last before
where the heart is weultted
or Truth. If the the soul is allowed to pass on
into the afterlife.
Truth. One of the words used to translate the Maat. the root con-
civilization. It is a very and funda-
cto,nt'r'lnnn a fusion of our of "truth,"
oelpell01lnS?; on the context.

djerty, which means both "kite" and "female

mourner.'" The Twin Kites are thus Isis and as mourn,
Osiris and then any other deceased person.
Two Banks. for the two sides of the Nile
River.
Two Ladies. The heraldic go,jde~ssc:~s Nekhbet of
of Lower orc)tecct both
'Pf'1"'\pnt"c: of the double Uraeus.

seen as the union of the two prc~hlstclnc klflS?:CI:OltlS of

north and south and
Two Sisters. The 2:0(loe~ssc:~s Ne:phth,rs prmlartly in their ca.>actlY
as mourners for the oe~ce.:llSeICl. whether their brother Osiris or any
other of the dead.
Onas (Wenis). . ""... ..:.u-' ...:....
'LH 5 and the first

carved in n1f~rOQnrnrlS
Onderworld. Translation of
Opper Egypt. Southern
Or-god. for the of creation in the
various names at different times, but ~eIler.'Ulj known
as Atum.
Oraeus. The COjl:)r<Jt-~cJa,je~;s on the brow of the nr,)tectl.n2: him and
Oe:strl[,)Vl0Q' his enemies.
Oser-maat-re. Here, to Ramesses II rather than Ramesses Ill. The
former 1279-1212 S.CE. 19.
Oser-maat-re Mer-Amun. Prenomen and Nomen of Ramesses III
of 20.
Oserhat. Name for the Bark of Amun.
 203

Vindicated. Another translation for "true of the

deceased has the trial of the Last Juclgnlel'1lt.
Visible Form. A technical term the
manifestation or visible appearance of a an 11l\,~cl1jl1dl.1Ulll,
tleetln2: or more One of the incarnations of Akhenaton's
Aton. for instance. is the sun.
Vizier. The official who in power is second to the and who in
effect administers the country.
Wadjet. of Suto in Lower also as the uraeus-

UC:;::l)lXUdUUll for ancient palrtl(:ul(lri~ the western nJ'u-f'1l'!.n

Waters, Your. A a to announce to the

To be on his waters means to be under his pf()te,etlcon.
Weary-Hearted. for the murdered inert and weary in
death to his resurrection.
WedJat. The of Horus, that is, "The One." .... 'urnnr.l_
izes health.
Weni. An official of the of
l, and Merenre. His tomb hit"'\ar!lnhv survives and nr,(,\,U'lrI .. ·<C;!

source of information about the later Old KUlgC10I'10.

Wennefer. "He Who Was Good" or "He Who Was Perfect." lJesu!na-
tion of Osiris.
Wennefer-re. Osiris in his fusion of power and with Re.
Wentl. The name of a here to Osiris. "The One who Exists" or
"The Inumph,ant
West. the afterlife.
Western Mountain. setttn,g sun meets the hori-
zon and where the dead dwell.
Western Souls. The blessed dead.
Westerners. The blessed dead.
White Wall. of ancient Me~ml)nlS. enclosed in white walls at the
time of its establishment founder of a united in
I.
Winding Waterway. A ge()grapluc.ill feature of the afterworld.
Yonder. the afterworld.
 Indexes

(Ke:ter'enlces below are to text numr)ers, not

1. Deities
Advet'saI'V 33,xxx. 44 Crocodile. 33Jxx, 52,viii
All~Lord, 53, 55.i
Amun, XIII. 24, 33.dccc
3 Lviii. 33.lxx, 33Jxxx, Divine Child, 3 Li
33.cc, 33.ccc, 55.i, 55.iii. 60. Divine Falcon, 33.1
74. 76. BO.ii Divine Tribunal, 28.xi
Amun~Kamutef, 31.ix, 63
Divine Youth, 25, 38
Amun of Hibis, 53 74
Amun-Re, IV, 25, 3Li, 3l.viii, 31.x. 32.
33.xxx. 53, 72, Duamutef. 17
ru 28.i
i t JlC:'L L
Eastern Horus, 17, 31.viii
Anlta~:on.lst, 3Lix
Easterner, 25
Anubis, 7, 55.i, BO.ii Easterners, 33.cc
46 Great Gods, 33.lxxx, 33.cc,
Elder Horus. 30ji
Astarte, 66 25, 28.vii, 40.vi
Aton, IV, VI. 30.ii, 45.i, 45.ix, 45.xi Ennead, VII. 9, 20. 23, 24,26. 28.iv.
Atum, Lii, 16, 18, 19,20.21. 23, 25, 2B.viii, 3Li. 31.viii. 33.1,33.ccc,
3Uii, 3Lvi, 3Ux. 33.cc. 35, 39.ii, 33.dccc, 35. 3B, 41. 48. 51.vii.
41. 44,53, 66. BO.iii 66,70.BO.i
1\t\lm-Horaxmy 27, 3B, 39,i, 42 Enneads,19,36,46
Enneads, the Greater and Lesser, 55
Enneads of the South. North. West.
Bull of heaven, 1,iii and East. 34
Evil one, 40.vi
Celestial 12 20, 3l.ii. 33.x. 41. 44
Chaos, 9, 11. 2B.ij, 3Lix, 33.ix, 33.lxx of Atum. 33.vii. 41
Chaos of Nun. 36 of Horus. 11.21
Children of Atum, 23 of Mut,
Cow, 6 of Re, 33.vii, 33.x

204
 Indexes 205

Falcon. 4, 17,27. 30.ii, 3Lx, 35. 63 Iwn-mutef,21

Falcon of Twin Horizons. 33.dc 23
Falcon 52.vii
Fashioner. 33.cc Kamutef. 3U, 33Jxxx, 92
12 53
Followers, 36 herltyrnermte:t 5
Followers of Horus, 34. 55.iii 9, 19,21. 30.i, 30.ii, 3Uii. 32, 34,
Foremost of the Westerners. 26 35, 40.ii, 5Lviii. 63
Khnum, 30.ii. 5Uii
Geb. 2.iii. 2.vii. 2.ix. 5, 11, 19. 20, 21, Khonsu.92
23. 28.iii. 28.iv. 28.v. 28.vii. 28.viii.
28.ix. 28.xi, 29, 33.1, 43, 5l.i of Heaven. 54
God who dwells in humankind. 55.iv of Life, 3l.ix
God who is within you, VIII, 55,iii of the Uraeus. 40.ii
Golden Goddess. Lesser Ennead, 2B.vi
Golden One. 54 Lion, 33.1, 33.d. 45.ii, 5Lxiii
Great Ennead. 31.viii, 53 Lone Star, 4
Great of 20 Lord of 26
Great Shrieker. 33.xc Lord of AU, 9, 2B.viii, 33.vii. 33.xxx.
Great Wild Bull. 7 33.cc. 43. 5l.xiv
Lord of 27. 45.x
VII. 17, 3Uii. 33.vi. 33.1. 33.dc. 44, 3l.x
45.x. 5U. 5Lxiii, 5Lxiv. 52.i, 52.xii, Lord of the Sacred Land, 26
55.iii, 55.iv. 60 Lord of the Throne of the Two Lands,
Hathor, VII, 27. 38, 54. 55.i 3U. 3l.viii. 3l.x, 32. 55.i
Hel101Polita:n, 31.viii Lord of the Two Lands, 30.iii. 49, 53
Hidden God .. 33.cc Lord of Truth, 3U, 3Uii, 3l.viii, 41
I-il".r!lllrht'u 13.19.22. 33.xx, 34, 35,44, Lords of BO.ii
45.48 Lords of Truth, 2B.viii
Horus. III, VII. 2.ix, 4,6, 9.19,20,21,
22, 23. 24. 28.viii. 28.ix. 29, 34. 35. Maat. VII, 24, 29. 30jii, 34, 37. 3B, 39,ii.
40.vi, 41,43, 58.i, 58.H, 60, 61, 62. 63 40jii. 40.vi, 45. 50. 52. vi. 53, 62. 63
Horus of the Horizon, 17 Creator of Truth, 31
Horus of Twin Horizons. 65 Mehenu,3Ui
Horus of Two Horizons. 3Lvi. 40.H Meskhaat. 17
Hu. Goddess, 56
Min,55.i
Ibis, 70, 92 Min-Amun,3l.ii
Im]pertsh,abJle Stars. 18 Montu,66,91
Mut,30ji
U U y - . '• ..., ... au. 1
Indestructible stars. 7, 39.i Naunet, 25. 39.ii. 40.iv, 44
Indestructible, stars, 40,i Nehebu-kau, 13
!m:xtJlng:uif;hable stars, 5 Nekhbet. 3Ui. 55.i. 55.v
Isis. III. 6. 18.23, 28.vii, 2B.viii. 3B. 41, Nenet,19
44, 55.i, 63 !\J",nh·rh •• ", 6, 16. 18,23, 3B
206 Indexes

28.ix,51.i Sun. 24
Nine Great Gods, 19,24,27, 28.i. 28.vi,
Sakhmet, 33.x. 47. 58.i, 58.iii
33.ix, 33.xc, 51.xiv. 77
Seizer of Lvi
Northerners. 21
:Serperlt, 33.xxx
Nun, 19,25,27,32, 33.dc. 35, 36, 38.
:SeI'oellt-cleIIllon, 31.it 35, 37, 38
40.iii, 40.iv, 40.v, 42, 46
41
Nut. 2, 2.ix, 3.4.6.12.17,19,21.23,24.
19.21, 23
27, 28.iv, 28.v, 29, 30.ii. 34, 35, 36, 38,
42.43,44
Shezemu, Lvi. 80.ii
Shu. 2.viii, 6, 7.11.19.20,23. 33.xc, 41
,31.iv
'JJ;,.''''VQ,...
Sidelock-wearers, 13
Orion. 1, 16 Sobek. 5 Lvii
Osiris. III. V, VII, VIII. XI, 2.i. 2.ix, 4, 6. 7, Sokar, 43, 44,50, 80.ii, 92
10.11.19.23,26, 28.i, 28.xi, 29. 34. Sole God. 45.vii
36.37, 39.ii. 40.i. 40-iv, 40.v, 41. 42, Son of Nut. 61
43,44,47, 55.i. 55.v, 78. 79. 80.iii Son of Isis, 28.x. 28.xi
19.20 Son of Re,
Osiris. Sons of Horus, 80ji
Sothis,6, 13.16,17, 55.i
Primal 39,ii Souls of 19, 36. 53
Primeval One. 30.ii, 42 Souls of the East. 27. 41
Primeval 22 Souls of the West, 27
Primordial God, 32 Souls of Pet 36
Procreator.30,i Souls of the Easterners, 38
Ptah, VII. 17,27, 32.i. 33.xc, 33.ccc. 45, Souls of the Westerners, 38
47, 5U. 5 Lviii. 53. 67 Southerners. 21
Ptah-Sokar, 44, 47, 55.i of God. 33.x
BuU. 3U. 33.1
Sunfolk. 7.19. 28.ix, 3lx. 36, 44, 45.iii,
Uelt>ehsenewc~t, 17
48,55.i,64
of Heaven, 57
Tatenen, 33.lxxx. 33.xc. 33.cc. 34. 41. 46
33.vii 80ji
Ram, 44 Tefnut, 2.iii. 19.23. 33.xc. 41
Re, II, V, VII. 2.vii. 2.ix. 8.11,13.17. 19, Thoth. VII, 6,12.23. 28.xi. 31.ix, 33.ccc,
22.24,25.26.27. 28.vi. 28.xi, 30.i, 34. 40.H. 40.vi. 41. 48. 49,53, 55.i. 63.
3U. 31.iii, 31.ix. 33.xxx, 33.xc. 33.cc, 68,69.70
33.ccc, 33.dccc, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. 39,i, 41
39.ii, 40.i. 40jii, 40.iv. 40.vi, 41, 42, 46. Tribunal of Truth. 28.viii
48,49.50. 5U, 53, 55.iii, 55.v. 57,59, Twin Kites. 80.ii
61. 62. 64. 65, 66, 80.iii Two Enneads. 7.9,19,46
Re-Atum. 19,41 Two Ladies. 2,ix. 36. 58.i
l/p_J-InY!lvhru 27.30.38.42, 71 Two Sisters. 80,ii
Rebel. 24 Two conclaves. 11
Ke;oel-serpc:mr. 39.ii. 48 Two falcon 53
Red-Crown Goddess. 57 Two 27
 Indexes 207

One,3Lvi 33.x
15 Wennefer,29,43,44
Uraei,31.x Wennefer-Re, 41
Uraeus. 35, 36 Wenti,44
Ur,leuS-j!004;]es:s, Lii Western Souls. 25
57,66 Westerners, 21. 26.50
We.uV-He,uteo,78 Wicked One. 31,ix

2. Persons
Akhenaton, II, IV, VI. 45, 45.xii Neferkcue, 23
Ameneminet, 69, 80.1i Ne~Iel:-l{Jtlet)er-re Wa-en-re. 45, 45.xii
Amentlotc~p
III, II Nefer-neferu-aton Nefertiti, 45
Amenmose. III, 28 Nefer-neferu-aton,45.xii
Ani. 34, 39.H. 40.i, 40.iv, 40.v f"le.[erlrlOtep, XI, 80.i, 80.ii, 80.iii
VI, 45 Neferkcue, 23
Nptpr1rttv 45, 45.xii

Ba-en-re Meramun, 64, 65

VIII, 55.i. 55.ii, 55.iii. 55,iv. 55.v
Darius, 53 Pentaweret, 69
2,11,17
Hor. IV, 30j, 30,iii
HOI:die,det, 78 35,36
Horemheb, n. 26, 27. 47, 48, 49, 50
Hunefer,37 Ramesses II, IV, XIII. 60, 61
Ramesses III, 46, 66
Ramesses Meramun, 60.61. 66

Intef, XI, 78 ,;:')a-meinv£ 57

Senusert It 56
h4Jo:.a.vU, 74 Senusert III. 58
Khakaure, 5Ri Seti I. 37
Kheruef. II. 24, 25. 29 IV. 30.i. 30.iii
51
Teti, 3. 5
84 II
Meramun, 62, 63
Merenptah,62,63,65
Merenre.19 Unas, 1.1 4, 12, 13
Mutho1tepc::t.41 User-maat-re, 60
User-maat-re Meramun. 46
Nakht.38
Nebmaatre, 30.iii Weni, XIII. 90
208 Indexes

3. Places

Abu, 91 HeJrak.le01POl:LS, 2B,i, 44

7,2B.29,35,43,44,55.i Hel~mopoIls, 2B,i, 4B. 49, 50, 69. 70
Afterworld, I. 55.H. 79 Hle~rak:onlpOl1tS. 44
Amarna. II, VI Hill of creation. 23
Asheru. 33.x, 92 Horizon, 1, B, 31.ix, 34, 36, 39.i.
40.ii. 40,iii. 41. 45.i
J:SaJWlon. 44 House of Fire, 72
Beloved Land, 46. BO.1 House ot Ptah. 66.
41. 43, 45.x House of Ramesses Meramun, 65
uv,'vu!u.l.viii. 13. 16.22. 2B.iii. 31.iv. 50 House of the Benben.
Black Land. 60, 64 House of the Ka, 33.cc(
Busiris. 29, 43. 44, BO.ii House of the Prince, 92
Buto,31.ii House of the Ruler, 34
House of the
of the Wall. 46 House of the
HUf'I.;:,"I1.;: 2B.i

23
Delta, 52. 66
Demaa.23
31.viii. 31.1x,

Isderektiw.63
Island of Fire. !.iii
45.vii. 45.x. Iwn-des.44
65,66
EI-Kab. VIII, 55.ii Karnak, 3!.ii
bleph'lntj,ne, 55,i Khatti,66
Esna, VIII Khor. 45. vii,
bU1Phr'ate:s, 33.vi Kush, 45,vii

52.ix Lake of Horus, 39.ii

Field of Otter:tn~s. 50 Lake of 50
Field of Reeds, 19. 40.v, 50. 55.iii Lake ot the Two Knives, 24. 3B, 39,ii
Land of the Blessed, l,x
God's Land. 31.i, 33.vi Land of the Dead.
Great Green Sea, 31.vii, 33.vi. 45.iv. Land of Manu, 34
45.ix, 46, 51.x. 61
Lower and 5 Lvi
Hall ot Truth. 35 Lower and upper heavens, 31.1
Hall of Two Truths. 2B.i,
Heaven, 26 Manu, 41
Hell0pc:>l1S, VII, 11. 19,
31.viii, 31.1x, 33,xxx,
33.dccc, 43,
70.71. BO.ii Naref.44
 Indexes 209

Ne<:rolPoli$, 26, 50 Ta-wer.39.ii

Nekhen,36 of Amun.66
Nile, VII, 33.dc, 37, 45.ix. 51. 5l.xiv, 52, of Karnak, 3U
60 of Ptah, 44
Nubia.5B.i of Re.14
of Seth. 66
Ocean. 33.vi. 46 Thebes, 30.iii, 33.vii, 33.xxx.33.cc.
33.ccc, 33.dccc, 59. 62. 63, 66. BOji
Palace of 23 This, 55.i
47 Two Banks. l.vii, 2B.iv. 2B.ix. 2B.x, 44,
Per-wer shrine. 53 5l.xiv, 52.ii. 5B,i, 58.ii, 5B,iv
Phoenicia, 66 Two Heavens. l.vii
Place of Truth, 33.dccc, 74, 79 Two Lands. 2.ix, 25, 27, 2B,iii, 2B.v, 29,
Punt, 3U, 33.vi. 36, 40.iii, 50 30.ii. 3l.v. 31.x. 32, 33Jx. 36, 3B, 40.ii,
40.v, 43, 44. 45,iiL 5l.iv. 5B.i. 5B.iv, 61.
62.64

Realm of the dead. 25. 27, 41 Underworld, 25, 26. 27. 2B,iii, 29, 33.vi.
Realm under 55.v 33.xx. 33.xxx. 33.lxx, 33.cc. 33.dccc.
River, 2B.ix, 31.v. 33,vi, 45.iv, 45.xi, 55.i, 40.ii, 41. 42, 43. 44. 45.ix, 4B, 5Ux.
5B.iii, 73, BO.ii 55.iii
Rosetau, 26,41. 47. 55.i 17

Sacred Land, 25. 29, 40,v, 55.ii

Sacred Realm, 46 Waset. 33.x
Sea of 40.vi West. 9. 25,26, 30Jii, 3Ux, 33.cc. 40-iv,
40.v, 41, 44, 45.xii, BO.i
Shrine of the North, 22. 3U
Shrine of the South, 22, 31.i Western Land. 55.ii
Western Mountain, 25, 30.1, 39,i,41,
Sinai. 5B.iii
Southern Harim. 30.iii 42,BO.iii
77 White-Wall. 2B.i

1 a-4cuelser.43
92 Yonder. 25

l'\D,CI1U-I1s.n. 34. 35, 40.vi Bark of Millions of Years, 33.xxx. 48

Afterlife, VIII, 55.iii Bark of Re, B, 19
to the 55.v Bee,2.v
Ascension, 6, 7, B Be~tinJ1in.g. 32, 33.x. 33.lxxx. 33.xc,
Asiatics. 37, 56, 58,i 72
Atef crown. 27, 29, 3 Ui Benben Shrine. 23
u<::,"u,·..... VIII. 1.viii. 13, 16, 22. 2B.iii.
Ba,43 3Uv.50
Baboon. 3Ux. 36, 6B Bird of prey, 33.d
210 Indexes

Blessed 55.v Hand-of-Shu.92

Book of the Dead. V Harim.31.viii
Book of 52.viii songs. XI
Bull. 31.i, 32, 33.d, 41, 48, 52.x, 76 79
Bull of 61, 63 Hawk. 4
Bulti-fish. 34, 35 Heron. 43
Priest of Thebes. 32
diem. XI Horizon-dweller. 6, 27. 31.viii. 37
Car touche, 63
CiI'cumJ:~ol,lf stars, 28,ii Incarnation, 1.iii. 33.xc, 40.iii
Coffin Texts, V Incense, 18
,""ViIUUil};:; Forth, 34, Int-fish.40.vi
Communion, 1.xi
Council of the 70 59,60
Craftsman. 30.ii. 33.xl 30.m. 51.x
Creation. 32, 33.xc. 33.c. 45.xi, 46
Crown. 31.v Ka,23
Crown of the North. 20
Crown of the South, 20 and the Bee, 2.ix
Crown of 31.ii of the Two Lands. 46
Crowns of South and North. 31.ii of and Lower 20.
31.i. 44. 45.xii. 58.i. 62
Bark. 17, 3l.ix, 34, 35. 39.1. n.u"o"...p, III. 20
40.i, 40.v. 40.vi. 42. 48 Knee of Horus. 18
of 80.ii
Delta Residence. 66 65.66
IX lazuli, 31.viii. 33Jx. 43. 51.x, 65
UI(~(]-I)Ul'lf 80ji
IV, 33
Double Crown, 31.ii. 31.v. 43, 58,iv 45.i

Live. prosper. be 3l.iv.31.vii,

34.59
"-'Vll~Ul~ for Mc:~mlphjs". 67
Fire, 18 Love. 54
First Occasion. 33.c Love songs. XU
First Time. 32
Form. 32, 33.ix. 33.xl. 45.xi 31.i. 31.viii, 73
Formlessness. 31.m Millions of Years, 61
Mind. 3 Liii. 33.dc
Go forth into the 41 Monotheist. VI
God's Father, 80.i, 80.H. 80jii M",cct.> ... ".cc 33.cc. 41. 48. 5l.v, 80.ii

Golden Horus. 58
Golden Horuses. 2,ix Name. Lii, 1.v. 19.21. 23. 32. 33.x, 33.1,
Great Staircase. 17. 55.iii 33.1xx. 33.cc. 33.ccc. 45.i. 51.xiii, 59,
Great Throne. 6, 34, 80.ii 62.80.ii
Greatest of Seers of Re. 92 Nemes,3Lii
 Indexes 211

Bark, 17.24,26.27, 3l.ix, 34. 35, Shade, l.xi, 80.iii

37.38,39.1. 39.ii, 40.i. 40.v. 41, 42,48. Shedeh,46
49 Sherden.63
Nine Bows. 23.59, 61 47,55.i
Nine 58.i Shrine. 33.xxx
NN,42 33.xxx. 33.dccc
Nubians, 33.vi ... "'Ii, ....
£', ... ILV
Soul, l.xi. 22, 28.i. 32, 33.cc. 33.dc. 34.
Osiris, an, 34 39.ii. 40.i, 44, 47
1.xi, 13,20,23, 28,i. 32, 33.vi.
Person. 45.iv 33.lc, 33.cc, 33.dc, 33.dccc, 34, 40.v,
Pharaoh. I, IX. 59 41, 49. 55.ii
Phoenix. 23 Staff-of-life 52.v
1-'('\IVr-n,pl~m VI. VII
Star. 16, 33.xx, 35. 37, 44
t'olnejgrana1te Tree, 28.i Sun-bark. II, 14,34
Potter's wheel, 32. 5Uii Sundisk,25
Pre-Amarna. IV
Table of Osiris. 55,ii
Primal waters. 38
Tale ot Sinuhe, 56, 57
Primeval time. 33Jxxx
ThceG):'hames. 3U. 3l.iv. 32
Primeval waters, 11
I-"I.Tr!lmli1 Texts, I,V
Time. 45.xi

Truth. 17,25.27, 28.x, 31.viii, 32.

Residence, 52.vi, 66 33.dccc. 35. 41, 44, 45.xi. 49. 59
Resurrection. IX, 1 Truth. and Order, VII
Ko··gec~se. 52.ix
Two Shrines, 27
Son. 19
Underworld relIgIon. III
Sacred Throne, 26 unwe:ar'Vln.Q" stars, 28.ii. 39.i
Sacred 49 Userhat, 33.vi
:SaI~CO]pn'lgus, 55.ii Utterance. 3 Uii
Scarab. 30.ii
Scribes, X Vindicated. 36, 37, 40.i. 40.v. 41, 43, 69.
:SCllOQ,U>CIV miscellanies. X 78.i, 79. 80.ii
Secular. XII. XIII
White Crown. 3l.ii. 31.v, 43
Word,40Jii
 Writings from the Ancient World

H ""[IT">C ."ro E Letters 1990.

;:)l;'IwIJUU eOltlo:n. 1998.

MeS'oPOitaml~a. 1993.
LlrloenDC~r~(:r Ancient Aramaic 1994.

WtIlHUT\ J. MUlrn<llne, in 1995.

1996.

Simon et LJ""""I£"""" Narrative 1997.

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