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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
SYLLABUS
Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy, forces on submerged bodies,
stability of floating bodies; control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy;
fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli’s
equation; dimensional analysis; viscous flow of incompressible fluids, boundary layer,
elementary turbulent flow, flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends and fittings.
Turbomachinery: Impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams, Pelton-wheel,
Francis and Kaplan turbines.
2. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
2.1 Density 02
2.2 Specific Gravity/Relative Density 02
2.3 Viscosity 02
2.4 Surface Tension 05
2.5 Capillarity 06
2.6 Thermo Dynamic Properties 07
2.7 Compressibility and Bulk Modulus 07
2.8 Vapor Pressure 08
2.9 Cavitations 08
3.1 Pressure 09
3.2 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure 10
3.3 Principles of Fluid Statics 10
3.4 Pressure Measurement 11
3.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 18
3.6 Buoyancy & Floatation 30
4. KINEMATICS
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Methods of Describing Fluid Motion 37
4.3 Types of Fluid Flow 37
4.4 Continuity Equation in Three-Dimensions 39
4.5 Continuity Equation in One Dimension 39
4.6 Motion of Fluid Element 40
4.7 Flow Patterns 41
4.8 Stream Function 42
4.9 Velocity Potential Function 42
4.10 Equipotential Line 42
5.1 Introduction 48
5.2 Euler’s Equation 48
5.3 Bernoulli’s Equation 48
5.4 Application Of Bernoulli’s Equation 49
5.5 Bernoulli’s Equation For Real Fluids 51
5.6 Free Liquid Jets 51
7. EXTERNAL FLOW
8.1 Introduction 79
8.2 Impulse Momentum Principle 79
8.3 Force Exerted By a Fluid on a Pipe Bend 79
8.4 Force Exerted By a Fluid on Vertical Stationary Plate 79
8.5 Force Exerted By a Fluid on Moving Blade 80
9. HYDRAULLIC TURBINES
9.1 Introduction 87
9.2 Classification of Turbines 87
9.3 Turbine Efficiencies 87
9.4 Power Developed by Turbine (Euler’s Equation) 88
9.5 Pelton Turbine 88
9.6 Reaction Turbine 89
9.7 Francis Turbine 91
9.8 Kaplan Turbine 91
9.9 Specific Speed Significance 91
9.10 Model Testing (Dimensionless Turbine Parameters) 92
VACUUM PRESSURE
3.1.3 PRESSURE VARIATION IN A STATIC
1) The pressure values must be stated FLUID (HYDROSTATIC LAW):
with respect to a reference level. If the
reference level is vacuum (i.e. absolute For fluids at rest or moving on a straight
zero pressure), pressures are termed path at constant velocity, all components of
absolute pressure. acceleration are zero. In fluids at rest, the
2) Most pressure gauges indicate a pressure remains constant in any
pressure difference—the difference horizontal direction (P is independent of x
between the measured pressure and the and y) and varies only in the vertical
ambient level (usually atmospheric
direction.
pressure). Pressure levels measured As a result of gravity, these relations are
with respect to atmospheric pressure applicable for both compressible and
are termed gauge pressures incompressible fluids.
3) Pressures below atmospheric pressure dp dp dp
= −ρ(g), = 0, = 0
are called vacuum pressures. dz dx dy
Absolute, gauge, and vacuum pressures The negative sign is taken because dz is
are all positive quantities and are taken positive in upward direction and
related to each other by pressure decrease in upward direction.
=Pabsolute Patmospheric + Pgauge For incompressible fluid ρ is constant.
p z
=
Pvacuum Patmospheric + Pabsolute
∫ dp =
po
−ρg ∫ dz
zo
P − Po = −ρg(z − z o )
P − Po =
ρgh
For compressible fluid, ρ varies with
pressure, i.e. ρ =f (P)
For gases, variation of density with
pressure can be expressed by ideal gas
equation
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
P2 = ρm gh 2
Where,
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
ρC is the density of fluid in container, it straight column. The liquid rises more
can be water or oil in the column due to inclination.
ρm is the density of manometric fluid.
Usually mercury is chosen as
manometric fluid
h2 is difference in mercury level
PA is pressure in vessel/pipe in gauge
From principle of fluid statics, when
fluid is at rest, fluid at the same =
h 2 L sin θ
elevation has the same pressure.
ah 2
PA = ρm gh 2 − ρw gh1 =
PA . ( ρ2 g − ρ1g ) + ( ρ2 gh 2 − ρ1gh1 )
A
PA = ρ2 g 2 h 2 − ρ1g1h1
3) Single Column Manometers: In this
manometer a large cross-sectional area PA = ρ2 g 2 L sin θ − ρ1gh1
reservoir is placed in one of the limbs.
When pressure is applied, the fluid 3.4.2 DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETERS
lowers slightly in the reservoir as
compared to the fluid rise in the other Differential Manometers are devices used
limb. for measuring the difference of pressure
between two points in a pipe or two
different pipes. It contains of a U-tube with
manometric liquid. The manometric liquid
can be of higher density or lower density
than pipe liquid.
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
ρ2 gx + ρHg gh − ρ1g ( h + x )
PA − PB =
If liquid is same, then ρ1gx =
ρ2 gx Solution:
∴ PA − P=
B gh ( ρHg − ρ1 ) Given:
Constant acceleration a = 2.4m/ s2
2) Inverted U-tube differential Length = 6m; Width = 2.5m and depth =
Manometer: 2m,
Depth of water in tank, h = 1m
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
Example:
A U-tube manometer is used to measure
the pressure of water in a pipe line, which
is in excess of atmospheric pressure. The
This is transmitted equally to the large right limb of the manometer contains
piston. mercury and is open to water in the main
∴ Pressure intensity on the large piston line, if the difference in level of mercury is
in the left limb. Determine the pressure of
80
= water in the main line, if the difference in
7.068 level of mercury in the limbs of U-tube is 10
∴ Force on the large piston cm and the free surface of mercury is in
= pressure x area level with the centre of the pipe. If the
80 pressure of water in pipe line is reduced to
= × 78.54N = 888.96N
7.068 9810N/m2 , calculate the new difference in
the level of mercury. Sketch the
b) When the small piston is 40cm above arrangements in both cases.
the large piston Solution:
Pressure intensity on the small piston Given:
F 80 Difference in mercury level =10 cm =0.1m
= N/ m2 The arrangement is shown in fig (a)
a 7.068
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
The points B and C lie on the same = Pressure at D* + Pressure due to (10-2x)
horizontal line. Hence pressure at B should cm of mercury
be equal to pressure at C. But pressure at B Or pA + ρ1 × g× h1 = pD *+ρ2 × g× h2
= Pressure at A + Pressure due to 10cm (or
0.1 m) of water 10 - x
Or 1910+1000×9.81×
= pA + ρ × g× h
100
Where ρ = 1000kg/ m3 and h = 0.1m 10 - 2x
= pA +1000×9.81×0.1 = 0+ (13.6×1000) ×9.81×
100
= pA +981N/ m2 …………(i) Dividing by 9.81, we get
Pressure at C = pressure at D+ Pressure 1000 + 100 - 10x = 1360 - 272x
due to 10 cm of mercury Or
= 0+ ρ0 ×g×h0 272x - 10x = 1360 - 1100
Where 𝜌𝜌0 for mercury = 13.6×1000kg/ m3 Or
262x = 260
And h0 =10cm = 0.1m
260
∴ Pressure at C ∴ x= = 0.992cm
=
0 + (13.6 × 1000) × 9.81 × .01 262
∴ New difference of mercury
= 13341.6N ………(ii)
=10 − 2xcm =10 − 2×0.992
But pressure at B is equal to pressure at C.
Hence equating the equations (i) and (ii), = 8.016cm
we get,
Example:
pA + 981 = 13341.6
Fig. shows a conical vessel having its outlet
∴ pA = 13341.6 - 981 at A to which a U-tube monometer is
N connected. The reading of the manometer
= 12360.6 2
given in the figure shows when the vessel is
m empty. Find the reading of the manometer
when the vessel is completely filled with
2nd Part water.
Given, pA = 9810N/ m2
Find new difference of mercury level. The
arrangement is shown in following figure.
In this case, pressure at A is 9810𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
which is less than the 12360.6𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . Hence
mercury in left limb will rise. The rise of
mercury in left limb will be equal to the fall
of mercury in right limb as the total volume
of mercury remains same.
Let x =Rise of mercury in left limb in cm.
Then fall of mercury in right limb = x cm
The points B, C and D shows the initial
conditions whereas points B*, C* and D*
show the final conditions. Solution:
pressure at B* = Pressure at C* Vessel is empty:
Or Given:
Pressure at A + Pressure due to (10-x)cm Difference of mercury level
of water h2 = 20cm
Let h1 = Height of water above X-X
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
S.G. = 1.5 while pipe B contains a liquid of 13.6h+17.5 = 0.9h+1.8 +18 = 0.9h+19.8
S.G. = 0.9. The pressures at A and B are Or
1kgf/cm2 and 1.80kgf/cm2 respectively.
Find the difference in mercury level in the
( )
13.6 - 0.9 h =19.8 -17.5or12.5h = 2.3
differential manometer. 2.3
∴h= = 0.181m =18.1cm
12.7
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
= ρgy sinθdA.y
Sum of moments of all such forces
about O − O = ∫ρgsinθy 2dA
= ρgsinθ∫y 2dA
Where,
∫y dA = Moment of Inertia of the
2
surface about O − O = Io
∴ Sum of moments of all force
= ρg sinθIo
Let
A = Total area of surface F × y* =
ρg sinθIo
h = Distance of C. G. of the area from free ρgsinθIo
surface of liquid y* =
ρg Ah
G = Centre of Gravity of plane surface
P = Centre of Pressure I sinθ
y* = o
h∗ = Distance of centre of pressure from Ah
free surface of liquid. I sin 2 θ
h* = 0
Ah
a) Total Pressure sin 2
θ
Pressure intensity on the strip P = ρgh = h* (IG + Ay 2 )
Ah
Pressure force dF on the strip
dF = P × dA = ρghdA sin2 θ Ah2
= h* IG +
Total pressure force on the whole area, Ah sin 2
θ
F= ∫ dF= ∫ ρghdA
a) Rectangle
h h h*
From fig. sinθ= = = *
y y y
∴ h = y sinθ
∴ F = ∫ρg y sinθdA
b) Centre of Pressure
Pressure force on the strip,
dF = ρgh dA = ρgy sin θdA
Moment of the force, dF, about axis O-O πR 4
A=
πR 2 , I xx,C =
= dF × y 4
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
c) Triangle
3.5.6 CURVED SURFACE SUB-MERGED IN
LIQUID
πR 2
= A = , I xx,C 0.109757R 4 The resultant force acting on the curved
2
f) Semi ellipse surface is given by
=
FR Fx 2 + Fy 2
Inclination of resultant with horizontal is
given by
F
tan θ = y
Fx
1) The horizontal component of the
hydrostatic force acting on a curved
surface is equal (in both magnitude and
πab 2 the line of action) to the hydrostatic
=A = , I xx,C 0.109757ab3
2
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
Solution:
Given:
Width of plane surface, b=2m
Depth of plane surface, d=3m
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
(iii)Force at the top of gate which is Intensity of pressure on base (or BC),
capable of opening the gate. pB = ρ1 gh1 + ρ2 g×0.5
Let F is the force required on the top of the 12753N
gate to open it as shown in fig. =7848+1000×9.81×0.5=7848+ 4905=
m2
Taking the moments of F, F1andF2 about
Now Force,
the hinge, we get F1 = Area of ∆ ADE × Width of tank
F×1.2+ F2 × 0.4 =F1 × .5429
1 1
Or = × AD×DE×2.0= ×1×7848×2.0=7848N
2 2
F1 ×.5429 − F2×0.4 Force,
F=
1.2 F2 = Areaof rectangle DBFE× Width of tank
71691×.5429-14126×0.4 38921-5650.4 = 0.5×7848×2=7848N
= =
1.2 1.2 F3 = Area of ∆ EFC × Width of tank
= 27725.5N.
1 1
= ×EF×FC×2.0= ×0.5×4905×2.0= 2452.5N
Example: 2 2
A tank contains water up to a height of ∴ Total force F = F1 + F2 + F3
0.5m above the base. An immiscible liquid =7848+7848+2452.5=18148.5N
of sp. gr. 0.8 is filled on the top of water up
to 1m height. Calculate: (ii) Centre of pressure (h*). Taking the
i) total pressure on one side of the tank, moments of all forces about A, we get
ii) the position of centre of pressure from 2 1 2
one side of the tank, which is 2m wide F×h* = F1 × AD+F2 AD+ BD +F3 AD+ BD
3 2 3
Solution:
2 0.5 2
Given: 18148.5×h* =7848× ×1+7848 1.0+ +2452.5 1.0+ ×.5
3 2 3
Depth of water = 0.5m
Depth of liquid = 1m =5232+9810+3270=18312
Sp. gr of liquid = 0.8 18312
∴ h* = = 1.009m from top
Density of liquid, 18148.5
ρ1 = 0.8×1000 = 800kg/ m3
Density of water, Example:
A circular plate 3.0m diameter is immersed
ρ2 =1000kg/ m3
in water in such a way that their greatest
Width of tank = 2m and least depths below the free surface are
(i) Total pressure on one side is 4m and 1.5m respectively. Determine the
calculated by drawing pressure diagram, total pressure on one face of the plate and
which is shown in fig . position of the centre of pressure.
Intensity of pressure on top, pA = 0 Solution:
Intensity of pressure on D (or DE), Given
pD = ρ1 g .h1 Dia. of plate, d =3.0m
= 800×9.81×1.0 = 7848N/ m2
∴ Area,
π π
( )
2
A = d2 = 3.0 = 7.0685m2
4 4
Distance DC =1.5m,BE = 4m
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
π π 2
= d2 = (3) =7.0685m2
4 4
2.5 4 4
= = 0.8333
3.0 ∴ Area of the given plate A
∴ h =1.5+1.5×.8333=1.5+1.249= 2.749m = Area of solid plate − Area of hole
=7.0685-1.7671=5.3014m2
i) Total Pressure (F) Distance of CD=1.5,BE = 4m
F = ρ gAh Distance of C.G. from the free surface,
=1000×9.81×7.0685×2.749=190621N h = CD+GCsin θ
ii) Centre of pressure (h*) =1.5+1.5sinθ
Using equation, we have But
IGsin2 θ AB BE- AE 4 -1.5 2.5
h* = +h sin θ = = = =
Ah BC BC 3 3
Where 2.5
∴ h =1.5+1.5× =1.5+1.25= 2.75m
π π 3
() ()
4 4
IG = d = 3 =3.976m4
64 64 i) Total pressure force (F)
3.976× ( .8333) ×.8333 F = ρ gAh
h* = +2.749=0.1420+2.749 =1000×9.81×5.3014×2.75
7.0685×2.749
= 2.891m. =143018N =143.018kN
ii) Position of centre of pressure (h*)
Example: Using equation, we have
If in the above problem, the given circular IGsin2 θ
h* = +h
plate is having a concentric circular hole of Ah
diameter 1.5m, then calculate the total where
pressure and position of the centre of π π
pressure on one face of the plate. IG = d4 - d04 = 34 -1.54 m4
64 64
Solution:
Given: [referring to given figure] π 2 2 π 2
A = d - d0 = 3 -1.52 m2
Dia. of plate, d =3.0m 4 4
∴ Area of solid plate 2.5
sin θ = and h = 2.75
3
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
2
π 4 2.5 0.72×sin2 45°
3 − 1.54 × h* = +4.576 = .013+4.576 = 4.589m
∴ h* = 64 3 +2.75 6×4.576
π 2 h*
3 − 1.52 ×2.75 But from fig, = sin45°
4 OH
= 0.177+2.75= 2.927m ∴
h* 4.589
Example: OH = = = 4.589× 2 = 6.489m
sin45° 1
An inclined rectangular sluice gate AB,
1.2m x 5m size as shown in fig is installed 2
to control the discharge of water. The end A 5
Distance, BO = =5× 2 =7.071m
is hinged. Determine the force normal to sin45°
the gate applied at B to open it. Distance, BH = BO− OH = 0.071 − 6.489= 0.582m
∴ Distance,
AH = AB− BH =1.2 − 0.582= 0.618m
Taking the moments about the hinge A
P× AB = F× ( AH )
Where P is the force normal to the gate
applied at B
∴ P×1.2= 269343×0.618
269343×0.618
Solution: ∴ P= =138708N
1.2
Given:
A = Area of gate =1.2×5.0 = 6.0m2 Example:
Depth of C.G. of the gate from free surface Fig shows a quadrant shaped gate of radius
of the water = h 2m. Find the resultant force due to water
= DG = BC- BE per meter length of the gate. Find also the
=5.0 − BG sin45° angle at which the total force will act.
1
5.0 − 0.6 × =
4.576m
2
The total pressure force (F) acting on the
gate,
F = ρgAh
= 1000 × 9.81 × 6.0 × 4.576 Solution:
Given:
= 269343N
Radius of gate =2m
This force is acting at H, where the depth of
Width of gate =1m
h from free surface is given by
Horizontal Force,
I sin2 θ Fx = Force on the projected area of the
h* = G +h
Ah curved surface on vertical plane
Where, IG = M.O.I. of gate = Force on BO = ρ gAh
bd3 5.0×1.23 Where,
= = = 0.72m
12 12 1
A = Area of BO = 2×1= 2m2 ,h = ×2=1m
∴ Depth of centre of pressure 2
Fx = 1000×9.81×2×1 = 19620N
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
Solution:
Given:
Dia. of gate =4m
Solution: Radius =2m
Given: (i) The force acting on the left sides of the
Radius of gate, R=4m cylinder are
Horizontal component of force acting on The horizontal component, Fx
the gate is 1
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
9
y 3/2 2
=19620× =19620× 93/2
(3/ 2) 3
0
2
=19620× ×27 =353160N
3
ii) Vertical thrust exerted by water Force acting on the element because of
Fy = Weight of water supported by difference in pressure on the top and
bottom.
curved surface OA upto free surface of
water dF = ρg ( h2 − h1 ) dA
= Weight of water in the portion ABO =
= ρ g × Area of OAB × Width of dam
FB ∫ρg h2 − h1 dA ( )
9 FB = ρgV
=1000×9.81× ∫ x×dy ×1.0 Where,
0 ρ is the density of fluid
9 1/2 V is the volume of body immersed in fluid
=1000×9.81× ∫ 2y ×dy ×1.0 or volume of fluid displaced by that body.
0
The relation ρgV is simply the weight of the
(
Q x = 2y 1/2 ) liquid whose volume is equal to the
immersed volume of the body. Thus the
buoyant force acting on the body is equal to
the weight of the liquid displaced by the
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
body. Note that the buoyant force is clock wise direction. The body oscillates
independent of the distance of the body about its metacenter. The time period of
from the free surface. It is also independent oscillation is given by
of the density of the solid body k2
T = 2π
GM.g
3.6.1 CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Where,
The buoyant force acting on a body GM is Meta centric ht
immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of K is radius of gyration
the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts
upward through the centroid of the 3.6.4 CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM OF
displaced volume. The centroid of SUBMERGED & FLOATING BODIES
displaced fluid is known as centre of
buoyancy. There are 3 types of equilibrium conditions
i) Stable Equilibrium
ii) Neutral equilibrium
iii) Unstable equilibrium
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
Example:
Find the volume of the water displaced and
position of centre of buoyancy for a
wooden block of width 2.5 m and of depth
1.5m, when it floats horizontally in water.
Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium The density of wooden block is 650kg/ m3
and its length is 6.0m.
3.6.42 STABILITY IN FLOATING BODY Solution:
Given:
The stability of floating body is determined Width = 2.5m
from position of metacentre(M). In case of Depth = 1.5m
floating body, the weight of body is equal to Length = 6.0m
the buoyant force. Volume of the block
1) Stable Equilibrium: When M is above = 2.5×1.5×6.0= 22.50m3
G, because of a small displacement to Density of wood, ρ = 65kg/ m3
the body in the clock wise direction, the
couple between Wt & FB causes rotation
in anti-clockwise direction.
2) Unstable Equilibrium: When M is
below G, because of small displacement
to the body in the clock wise direction,
the couple between Wt & FB causes
∴ Weight of block = ρ ×g× Volume
rotation in clockwise direction.
3) Neutral: If M lies at the C.G. of body, the = 650×9.81×22.50N = 143471N
displacement of body does not result in For equilibrium, the weight of water
any couple of Wt & FB. Body remains at displaced = Weight of wooden block
its displaced position. = 143471N
∴ Volume of water displaced
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
=
Weight of water displaced
=
143471
=14.625m3 = 1000 × g ×Volume of body in water
Weight density of water 1000×9.81 = 1000×g ×0.6× VN
And, force of buoyancy due to mercury
Position of center of Buoyancy: = Weight of mercury displaced by body
Volume of wooden block in water = g × Density of water× Volume of mercury
= Volume of water displaced displaced
Or =g ×13.6×1000× volume of body in
2.5×h×6.0=14.625m3 , mercury
Where, = g ×13.6×1000×0.4VN
h is depth of wooden block in water Weight of the body
14.625 =Density x g x Volume of body
∴ h= = 0.975m ∴ For equilibrium, we have
2.5×6.0 Total buoyant force =Weight of the body
∴ Centre of Buoyancy
1000×g×0.6×V+13.6×1000×g×.4V = ρ ×g×V
0.975
= = 0.4875m from base Or
2 ρ =600+13600×.4 =600+54400=6040.00kg/ m3
Example: ∴ Density of the body = 6040.00kg/ m3
Find the density of a metallic body which
floats at the interface of mercury of S.G. Example:
13.6 and water such that 40% of its volume A float valve regulates the flow of oil of S.G.
is sub-merged in mercury and 60% in 0.8 into a cistern. The spherical float is 15
water. cm in diameter. AOB is a weightless link
Solution: carrying the float at one end, and a valve at
the other end which closes the pipe
Let the volume of the body = Vm3
through which oil flows into the cistern.
Then volume of body sub-merged in
The link is mounted on a frictionless hinge
mercury
at O and the angle AOB is 135°. The length
40 of OA is 20cm, and the distance between
= V = 0.4Vm3
100 the centre of the float and the hinge 50 cm.
Volume of body sub-merged in water When of the flow is stopped AO will be
60 vertical. The valve is to be pressed on to the
= V = 0.6Vm3 seat with a force of 9.81 N to completely
100
stop the flow of oil into the cistern. It was
observed that the flow of oil is stopped
when the free surface of oil in the cistern is
35 cm below the hinge. Determine the
weight of the float.
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
Example: Example:
A solid cylinder of diameter 4.0 m has a A wooden cylinder of S.G. 0.6 and circular
height of 4.0m. Find the meta-centric height cross–section is required to float in oil (S.G.
of the cylinder if the specific gravity of the 0.90). Find the L/D ratio for the cylinder to
material of cylinder = 0.6 and it is floating float with its longitudinal axis vertical in
in water with its axis vertical. State oil, where L is the height of cylinder and D
whether the equilibrium is stable or is its diameter.
unstable. Solution:
Solution: Given:
Given: D=4m Dia of cylinder =D
Height, h=4m Height of cylinder =L
S.G. = 0.6 Sp. Gr. Of cylinder S1 = 0.6
Depth of cylinder in water = S.G x h Sp. Gr of oil S2 = 0.9
= 0.6×4.0= 2.4m
Let the depth of cylinder immersed in oil=h
∴ Distance of centre of buoyancy (B) from
A
2.4
AB = =1.2m
2
Distance of centre of gravity (G) from A
h 4.0
AG = = = 2.0m
2 2
∴ BG = AG− AB = 2.0 − 1.2= 0.8m
Now the meta–centric height GM is given
by
For the principle of buoyancy
I Weight of cylinder = wt. of oil displaced
GM = − BG
∀ π 2 π
Where ×D ×L×0.6×1000×9.81= ×D2×h×0.9×1000×9.81
4 4
I=M. O. I. of the plan of the body about Y-Y Or L×0.6 = h×0.9
axis
0.6×L 2
π π ∴ h= = L
= D4 = × ( 4.0)
4
0.9 3
64 64 The distance of centre of gravity G from A,
∀ = Volume of cylinder in water
L
π π AG =
= ×D2×Depth of cylinder in water = ×42 ×2.4m3 2
4.0 4
The distance of centre of buoyancy B from
π
×44 A
1 1 42 1
∴ = 64 = × = = 0.4167m
∀ π 2 16 2.4 2.4 h 1 2 L
×4 ×2.4 AB = = L =
4 2 2 3 3
1 L L 3L− 2L L
GM = − BG = 0.4167 − 0.8 = −0.3833m ∴ BG = AG− AB = − = =
∀ 2 3 6 6
-ve sign means that the meta–centre (M) is The meta–centric height GM is given by
below the centre of gravity (G). Thus the
I
cylinder is in unstable equilibrium. GM = − BG
∀
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Pressure & Fluid Statics
Example:
The time period of rolling of a ship of
weight 29430kN in sea water is 10seconds.
The centre of buoyancy of the ship is 1.5 m
below the centre of gravity. Find the radius
of gyration of the ship if the moment of
inertia of the ship at the water line about
fore and aft axis is1000m4 . The specific
weight of sea water as 10100N/ m3
Solution:
Given:
Time period T=10sec
Distance between centre of buoyancy and
centre of gravity, BG=1.5m
Moment of Inertia, I =10000m4
Weight W = 29430kN = 29430×1000N
Let the radius of gyration =K
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