COMPLETE WORK MUBENE & ADNAN (Repaired)

ADNAN MEHMOOD 1
SS CHEMISTRY (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)
CH-1
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND
PERIODICITY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1- Encircle the correct statement.
(a) Metallic character increases down the group
(b) Metallic character increases along the period
(c) Metallic character remains the same along the period
(d) Metallic character remains the same along the group
2- Oxide of the beryllium is:

(a) Acidic (b) Basic (c) Amphoteric (d) Neutral
3- Which of the following is covalent oxide?

(a) BeO (b) MgO (c) SrO (d) CaO
4- How many semi-metals are present in the first group?

(a) Zer0 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 6
5- Hydrogen can be placed with the elements of the group IVA because both:
(a) Act as strong oxidizing agent
(b) Act as strong reducing agent
(c) Possess the property of catenation
(d) Form the neutral oxides
6- Mark the correct statement:

(a) Na(ion) is smaller than Na atom
(b) Na(ion) is larger than Na atom
(c) Cl(ion) is smaller than Cl atom
(d) Cl ( atom) and Cl(ion) is equal in size
7- Keeping in the view the size of atom which order is correct one?
(a) Mg > Sr (b) Ba > Mg (c) Li > Cs (d) Cl > I
8- Most of the elements in periodic table are:

(a) Crystalloids (b) Metals (c) Non metals (d) Metalloids
9- Potassium oxide is:

(a) Acidic (b) Basic (c) Amphoteric (d) Neutral
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10- Number of the elements in the fourth period of the periodic table :
(a) 32 (b) 18 (c) 10 (d) 8

(a) All lanthanides are present in the same group
(b) All halogens are present in the same period
(c) All the alkali metals are present in the same group
(d) All the noble gases are present in the same period
12- Which statement is incorrect:

(a) All metals are good conductors of electricity
(b) All metals are good conductors of heat
(c) All the metals form positive ions
(d) All the metals form acidic oxides
13- Which statement is correct:

(a) Hydrogen resembles in the properties with IA , IVA and VIIA elements
(b) Hydrogen resembles in the properties with IIIA , IVA and VA elements
(c) Hydrogen resembles in the properties with IIA , IVA and VIA elements
(d) Hydrogen resembles in the properties with IIA , IIIA and VIIA elements

(a) The ionization energy of calcium is lower than that of barium
(b) The ionization energy of calcium is lower than that of magnesium
(c) The ionization energy of calcium is higher than that of beryllium
(d) The ionization energy of calcium is lower than that of strontium

(a) Electron affinity is a measure of energy required to remove the electron.
(b) Electron affinity is a measure of energy released by adding the electron.
(c) Electron affinity is a measure of energy required to excite an electron.
(d) Electron affinity is a measure of energy released by removing an electron.
16- Mark the incorrect statement:

(a) Metallic character increases down the group.
(b) Metallic character decreases from left to right along a period.
(c) Metallic character remains the same from left to right along a period.
(d) All are correct
17- Mark the correct statement :

(a) Melting points of halogens decreases down the group
(b) Melting points of halogens increases down the group
(c) Melting points of halogens remains the same throughout the group
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(d) Melting points of halogens first increases and then decreases down the group

(a) Covalent character of metal halides increase from left to right in a period
(b) Boiling points of group IVA hydrides decrease down the group
(c) Ionic character of hydrides increases from left to right in a period
(d) The basicity of group IIA oxides decreases on descending the group
19- Which of following is not amphoteric oxide?

(a) Al2O3 (b) PbO (c) ZnO (d) SO2
20- Which of the following is not ionic hydride?

(a) CsH (b) LiH (c) HCl (d) NaH
21- In which one of the following sets all three species have same number of total electrons?
(a) F, Cl, Br (b) Li+, Na+, K+ (c) N3, O2, F (d) Na+, Mg2+, K+
22- Which one of the following sets has coinage metals in it?
(a) Cu, Hg, Au (b) Cu, Ag, Au (c) Ag, Au, Hg (d) Cu, Fe, Ag
23- The electronic configuration of an element “M” is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2. The formula of its oxide will be:
(a) M2O (b) MO (c) M2O3 (d) MO2
24- Which one of the following is a metalloid?

(a) S (b) Sb (c) Hg (d) Zn
25- When we move from left to right along a period then the metallic character of elements.
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains same (d) First increases then decreases
26- The oxides of non-metals are generally:

(a) Acidic (b) Basic (c) Neutral (d) Amphoteric
27- Which of the following halides is polymeric in nature?

(a) AlCl3 (b) NaCl (c) PCl5 (d) CCl4
28- Which one of the following metals has high melting point?
(a) Na (b) Mg (c) Be (d) Li
29- Which ion will have the maximum value of heat of hydration?
(a) Na+ (b) Mg2+ (c) K+ (d) Al3+
30- The first scientist who gave classification of elements was?

(a) Dobereiner (b) Al-Razi (c) Newland (d) Mendeleev
ADNAN MEHMOOD 4
ANSWRES TO MCQ, s
1. a 11. c 21. c
2. c 12. d 22. b
3. a 13. A 23. b
4. a 14. B 24. b
5. b 15. B 25. b
6. a 16. C 26. a
7. b 17. B 27. a
8. b 18. A 28. c
9. b 19. D 29. d
10. b 20. C 30. b
ADNAN MEHMOOD 5
CH-1
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND
PERIODICITY
SHORT QUESTIONS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1- Define: Mendeleev’s periodic law and Moseley’s periodic law?
Ans. Mendeleev’s periodic law: If elements are arranged in increasing (ascending) order of their
atomic masses, their chemical properties repeat in a periodic manner.
Moseley’s periodic law: If elements are arranged in increasing (ascending) order of their atomic
numbers, their chemical properties repeat in a periodic manner.
2- What are the improvements made in the Mendeleev’s periodic table?
Ans. All the discrepancies (confusions) present in Mendeleev’s periodic table were improved by
arranging the elements in ascending order of their atomic numbers. These improvements are
a) Correct arrangement of some elements
b) Position of rare earth metals
c) Position of isotopes
d) Placement of noble gases in a separate group i.e. VIII-A or zero group.
e) Coinage metals (Cu, Ag. Au) and some other elements (Zn, Cd, Hg) are placed in B sub
group.
1.3 PERIODIC TREND IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
3- Why the size of cation (positive ion) is less than parent atom?
Ans. When an atom losses one or more electron(s), it becomes a positive ion (cation).Removal
of electrons from a neutral atom decrease the repulsion between electrons and increase the
effective nuclear charge. As a result, size decreases due to greater nuclear attraction. For
example, the size of Na atom is 157pm and that of Na+ ion is 95pm.
4- Why the size of anion (negative ion) is larger than parent atom?
Ans. When an atom gains one or more electron, it becomes negative ion (anion). The size of
negative ion is bigger than parent atom. Addition of electron in the shell of a neutral atom
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increases the repulsion between electrons. As a result, the expansion of shell takes place and the
size of negative ion increases. For example, the size of F atom is 72pm and that of F - ion is
136pm.
5- Why ionization energy decreases down the group and increases along a period?
Ans. The ionization energy decreases down the group due to increase in size of the atom and
increase in shielding effect.
Ionization energy increases across a period as the nuclear charge increases across a period but the
no. of shell and shielding effect remain the same.
6- The oxidation states vary in a period but remain almost constant in a group. Why?
Ans. Oxidation state of an element depends on the no. of electrons or no. of vacancies available
for electrons in the valence shell. As we move from left to right in a period, the no. of valence
electrons go on increasing. Therefore, the oxidation state of elements also goes on changing. On
the other hand, with in a group all the elements have same no. of electrons in their valence shell.
So, the oxidation state remains almost constant in a group.
7- Why 2nd electron affinity value of an element is usually shown with a positive sign
(endothermic)?
Ans. When second electron is added in a uni-negative ion, the incoming electron is repelled by
the already present negative charge and energy is absorbed in this process. The absorbed energy
is expressed with a positive sign.
O + e- → O1- (E.A) 1 = -141 kj/mole
1- - 2-
O + e → O (E.A) 2 = +780 kj/mol
8- Why metallic character increases down in a group?

Ans. The tendency of an element to lose electron is called metallic character. The metallic
character of metals depends on the size of metal atom. It is easier to remove electron(s) from a
bigger atom. Hence the metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group as the size of
atom increases down the group.
9- Explain the variation of melting point along the short period?
Ans. The M.P of elements increase with no. of valence electrons up to group IV-A and then
decrease up to noble gases. The M.P of group I-A elements are low because each atom provide
only one electron to form bond with other atom. M.P of group II-A elements provides two
electrons for bond formation.
Since carbon has the maximum no. of binding electrons, it has a very high M.P. Element of
group V-A to VII-A exists as small covalent molecules. They have very weak intermolecular
forces between them and have very low M.P.
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10- Why the oxidation state of noble gases is usually zero?
Ans. The oxidation state of an element depends directly or indirectly on the no. of vacancies in
its valence shell. The noble gases have completely filled valence shell. There is no vacancy in
the valence shell and show zero oxidation state.
11- Why diamond is non conductor and graphite is fairly good conductor?
Ans. Carbon in the form of diamond is non conductor because its valence electrons are
tetrahedrally bounded (sp3 -hybridization) and are unable to move freely. While in the form of
graphite, carbon is good conductor because one of its four valence electrons is free to move due
to sp2 –hybridization.
12- Lanthanide contraction controls the atomic sizes of elements of 6th and 7th periods. Justify
it?
Ans. The gradual reduction in size of the elements of 6th and 7th periods from left to right due to
addition of electrons in 4f and 5f sub shells respectively is called lanthanide contraction. The
reason is that as we proceed from one element to the next element in the lanthanide series, the
nuclear charge increases by one unit and the addition of one electron occurs at the same time in
4f sub shell. The shielding effect of f sub shell is very poor due to its diffused shape. As a result
effective nuclear charge increases and results in contraction of atomic size.
13- What is the variation of atomic radii in the periodic table?
Ans. Along the period: The atomic radius decreases along the period from left to right due to
increase in nuclear charge. The no. of shells and shielding effect (screening effect) remain
constant across any given period.
Down the group: The atomic radius increases down the group due to increase in no. of shells and
shielding effect (screening effect).
14- What is hydration energy? On what factors it depends?
Ans. The amount of heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of gaseous ions of a substance is
dissolved in water to give an infinitely dilute solution is called hydration energy.
H+(g) + water → H+ (aq.) ∆HH = -1075 kj/mol
It depends on charge density i.e. charge to size ratio. Higher the charge density, higher will be
the hydration energy. Hydration energy increases along a period and decreases down the group.
15- Why the hydration energy of Mg+2 is higher than Ca+2?

Ans. Hydration energy depends on charge density i.e. charge to size ratio. Higher the charge
density, higher will be the hydration energy. As the size of Mg+2 is smaller than Ca+2, so the
Mg+2 has greater charge density than Ca+2.As a result, the hydration energy of Mg+2 is higher
than Ca+2.
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16- Why the hydration energy of IIA group is higher than IA group?
Ans. Hydration energy depends on charge density i.e. charge to size ratio. Higher the charge
density, higher will be the hydration energy. The elements of group IIA have higher charge and
small size than the elements of goup IA. Therefore, the hydration energy of group IIA elements
is higher than that of group IA elements.
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONSHIIP IN COMPOUNDS
17- Ionic character of halides decreases from left to right in a period. Justify it?
Ans. Ionic character of halides depends on the electronegativity difference between the halogen
and the other atom. Elements on the left side of a period are highly electropositive. They have
low electronegativity values, so they tend to lose electrons easily and form ionic bond with
halogens. Halogens are highly electronegative elements and are present on the right side of the
periodic table. As we move from left to right in a period, the electropositive character of
elements decreases. So, the electronegativity difference decreases. Hence ionic character of
halides decreases.
18- PbCl2 ionic whereas PbCl4 is mainly covalent in nature. Why?
Ans. PbCl2 is ionic due to less polarizing power of Pb2+ and PbCl4 is covalent in character due to
greater polarizing power of Pb4+.
19- What are hydrides and what is the trend of boiling points of hydride down the group?
Ans. Binary compounds of halogens with other elements of the periodic table are called
hydrides. For example: CH4 , H2O, NH3, HF, NaH, etc.
Generally the boiling points of the hydrides increase down the group. The hydride of nitrogen,
oxygen and fluorine has exceptionally high boiling points dew to H-Bonding.
20- Ionic character of halides decreases from left to right in a period. Justify it?
Ans. Ionic character of halides depends on the electronegativity difference between the halogen
and the other atom. Elements on the left side of a period are highly electropositive. They have
low electronegativity values, so they tend to lose electrons easily and form ionic bond with
halogens. Halogens are highly electronegative elements and are present on the right side of the
periodic table. As we move from left to right in a period, the electropositive character of
elements decreases. So, the electronegativity difference decreases. Hence ionic character of
halides decreases.
21- Na2O is basic but P2O5 is acidic. Why?
Ans. Basic oxides are those whose aqueous solution is alkaline in nature and acidic oxides are
those whose aqueous solution is acidic in nature. When we dissolve Na2O in water, it results in
ADNAN MEHMOOD 9
basic solution and when we dissolve P2O5 in water, it gives acidic solution. There fore, Na2O is
basic and P2O5 is acidic.
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH (aq.)
P2O5 + 3H2O → 2H3PO4 (aq.)
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
22- Write down similarities of hydrogen with group 1A (alkali metals) of the periodic table?
Ans. The similarities of hydrogen with alkali metals are given below:
 Both lose one electron to form mono positive ion.
 Both behave as a reducing agent.
 Both react with halogens to form binary halides.
 Both have one electron in their valence shell.
23- How hydrogen differs from group 1A (alkali metals) of the periodic table?
Ans. The dissimilarities of hydrogen with alkali metals are given below:
 All the alkali metals are typical metals whereas hydrogen is a typical non metal.
 All alkali metals are solid whereas hydrogen is a gas.
 Hydrogen can also gain one electron to form hydride ion (H-1) whereas alkali metals can
not do so.
 Hydrogen exists as diatomic molecule (H2) while alkali metals can not exist in diatomic
molecular form.
24- Write down similarities of hydrogen with group IVA (carbon family) of the periodic
table?
Ans. The similarities of hydrogen with carbon family are given below:
 Valence shell of H is half filled like group IVA elements.
 Both combine with other elements through covalent bond.
 The thermodynamic properties of H also resemble with carbon family.
 Like carbon H has also strong reducing properties. e.g
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
SnO2 + C → Sn + CO2
25- How hydrogen differs from group IVA (carbon family) of the periodic table?
Ans. The dissimilarities of hydrogen with group IVA (carbon family) are given below:
 Hydrogen has one electron in its valence shell whereas group IVA elements have four
electrons.
 Hydrogen exists in diatomic form whereas group IVA elements do not exist in diatomic
form.
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 All the members of carbon family are solid whereas hydrogen is a gas.
 C and Si can show catenation but H cannot do so.
 Hydrogen is s-block element whereas all the members of carbon family are p-block
elements.
26- Write down similarities of hydrogen with group VIIA (halogens) of the periodic table?
Ans. The similarities of hydrogen with halogens are given below:

 Both are typical non metals.
 Both exist as diatomic molecules.
 Both require one electron to complete their valence shell.
 Both react with metals to form ionic compounds.
27- How hydrogen differs from group VIIA (halogens) of the periodic table?
Ans. The dissimilarities of hydrogen with group VIIA (halogens) are given below:
 Halogens have seven electrons in their valence shell whereas hydrogen has only one
electron in its valence shell.
 Hydrogen is s-block element whereas halogens are p-block elements.
 Hydrogen loses its single electron to form mono positive ion whereas halogens do not
do so.
 Alkali metals hydrides are strongly basic e.g NaH whereas alkali metals halides are
neutral e.g NaCl.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 11
MOST IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the trend of ionization energy in periodic table.
2. Give two defects of Mendleve,s periodiv table.
3. Define Mendleve,s and modern periodic law.
4. Give improvements made in Mendleve,s periodic table.
5. Why Na2O is basic and P2O5 is acidic in nature?
6. How do you justify the position of hydrogen at the top of IA in periodic table?
7. Define electron affinity and discuss its trend in periodic table.
8. How ZnO does behave as amphoteric oxide?
9. Why oxidation state of noble gases is is usually zero?
10. Why metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group?
11. Why do metals conduct electricity?
12. Why ionization energy increases left to right in a period?
13. Alkali metals give ionic hydrides. why?
14. Zn, Cd and Hg were placed with alkaline earth metals in Mendleev,s periodic table. How
this confusion was removed?
15. Why 1st electron affinity is negative and 2nd is positive?
16. What is lanthanide contraction?
17. Name various classes of hydrides.
18. Oxidation state remains the same in the group. Why?
19. Give two resemblences of hydrogen with group IVA and VIIA.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 12
CH-2
S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
1- Point out the ore of potassium:
(a) Dolomite (b) Cryolite (c) Bauxite (d) Canallite
2- In the potasium super oxide ( KO2) oxidation state of O is:

(a) -1 (b) -2 (c) -1/2 (d) -4
3- Dolomite is an ore of :
(a) Strontium (b) Magnesium (c) Barium (d) Potassium
4- Which is not an alkali metal?

(a) Francium (b) Cesium (c) Rubidium (d) Radium
5- Which element is not present abundantly in earth crust?

(a) Silicon (b) Aluminum (c) Sodium (d) Oxygen
6- Chile saltpeter has the chemical formula:

(a) NaNO3 (b) KNO3 (c) Na2B4O7 (d) Na2CO3.H2O
7- Aluminum oxide is:

(a) Acidic (b) Basic (c) Amphoteric (d) None of these
8- Milk of magnesia is used for the treatment of :

(a) Acidity (b) Basicity (c) Rancidity (d) Jaundice
9- Which of the following does not belong to alkaline-earth metal?

(a) Be (b) Ra (c) Ba (d) Rn
10- Which one will have the maximum value of heat of hydration?
(a) Na+ (b) Cs2+ (c) Ba2+ (d) Mg2+
11- Which of the following sulphates is not soluble in water?

(a) Sodium sulphate (b) Potassium sulphate (c) Zinc sulphate (d) Barium sulphate
12- Element cesium bears the resemblance with:

(a) Ca (b) Cr (c) Both of these metals (d) None of these
13- The mineral CaSO4.2H2O has the general name:

ADNAN MEHMOOD 13
(a) Gypsum (b) Dolomite (c) Calcite (d) Epsom salt
14- Down’s cell is used to prepare:

(a) Sodium carbonate (b) Sodium bicarbonate (c) Sodium metal (d) Sodium hydroxide
15- Which element is deposited at cathode during the electrolysis of brine in diaphragm cell?
(a) H2 (b) Na (c) Cl2 (d) O2
16- Which of the following is amphoteric?

(a) BeO (b) BaO (c) CaO (d) SrO
17- Alkali metals tarnish when exposed to air due to formation of:
(a) Hydroxide (b) Oxide (c) Nitride (d) Halide
18- Magnesium is present in:

(a) Ascorbic acid (b) Xanthophylls (c) Chlorophyll (d) None of these
19- Alkali metal explodes when come in contact with air is:
(a) K (b) Na (c) Li (d) Cs
20- The best reducing agent among the alkali metals is:
(a) Li (b) Na (c) K (d) Rb
21- Which element is deposited at the anode during the electrolysis of brine in diaphragm cell?
(a) H2 (b) Na (c) Cl2 (d) O2
22- Beryllium metal is as hard as:

(a) Iron (d) Zinc (c) Copper (d) Diamond
23- Which one of the followings is unstable towards heat?

(a) LiOH (b) NaOH (c) KOH (d) RbOH
24- A saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 is called lime water and is used as a test for:
(a) I2 vapour (b) CO2 gas (c) NO2 gas (d) Br2 vapours
25- Which of the following oxides are used in breathing equipments for mountaineers and in space
craft?
(a) KO2 (b) Na2O (c) Li2O (d) MgO
26- Which one of the following metals does not react with water even at red hot temperature?
(a) Ca (b) Na (c) Be (d) K
27- Which one of the following metals reacts with nitrogen and carbon to form nitride and carbide?
(a) Li (b) Na (c) K (d) Rb
28- The chemical formula of natron:

(a) NaCl (b) NaNO3 (c) Na2CO3.H2 (d) KCl
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29- Which one of the following is known as plaster of Paris?

1
(a) CaSO4.2H2O (b) CaSO4.H2O (c) CaSO4.2H2O (d) 2CaSO4.H2O
30- Which one of the following substances is used to decrease the acidity of the soil?
(a) NH4NO3 (b) Ca (OH)2 (c) MgSO4 (d) NaCl
31- Which one of following does not belong to alkaline earth metal?
(a) Be (b) Ra (c) Ba (d) Rn
32- Elements of periodic table are classified into how much blocks?
(a) One (b) two (c) three (d) four
33- Dolomite is.

(a) CaCO3 (b) CaCO3.MgCO3 (c) MgCO3 (d) none
34- Which is least reactive of all alkai metal?

(a) Li (b) Na (c) K (d) Cs
35- Keeping in the view the size of atoms which order is correct one?
(a) Mg > Sr (b) Ba >Mg (c) Lu>Ce (d) Cl>I
36- Which of following element has lowest Ionization energy?

(a) Be (b) B (c) C (d) O
37- Elements of group IA are called

(a) Alkali metals (b) Alkaline earth metals (c) metalloids (d) none
38- Aluminium oxide is

(a) Acidic (b) basic (c) amphoteric (d) none
39- Which of following form superoxide?

(a) Li (b) Na (c) K (d) C
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. D 11. D 21. C
2. C 12. D 22. A
3. B 13. A 23. A
4. D 14. C 24. B
5. C 15. A 25. A
6. A 16. a 26. C
7. C 17. b 27. A
8. A 18. c 28. C
9. d 19. d 29. C
10. d 20. d 30. B
ADNAN MEHMOOD 15
CH-2
S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
1- What is the use of potassium superoxide in breathing equipments?
Ans. Potassium superoxide reacts with carbon dioxide to liberate oxygen gas.
4KO2 + 2CO2 → 2 K2CO3 + 3O2
This reaction has a very interesting use in breathing equipments for mountaineers and in
spacecraft. The reason is that KO2 has the ability to absorb CO2 and giving out oxygen at the same
time.
2- What is the use of milk of magnesia?
Ans. The suspensions of Mg(OH)2 in water is called milk of magnesia. It is used to remove
acidity in stomach.
3- What is the use of lime water?
Ans. A saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 in water is called lime water. It is used as a test for CO2.
Lime water on reaction with CO2 turns milky due to formation of CaCO3.
Ca (OH)2 (aq.) + CO2(g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O
4- Why Lithium show variation in some of its properties from other alkali metals?
Ans. The peculiar behavior of Li is because of its high electro negativity, high charge density and
small size as compared to other alkali metals.
5- What happens when :

Ans.
i. Lithium carbonate is heated.
Ans. Li2CO3 + Heat → Li2O + CO2
ii. Lithium hydroxide is heated to red hot.
Ans. 2LiOH + Heat → Li2O + H2O
iii. Beryllium is treated with sodium hydroxide.
Ans. Be + 2NaOH → Na2BeO2 + H2
iv. Lithium hydride is treated with water.
Ans. LiH + H2O → LiOH + H2
6- Why Lithium show variation in some of its properties from other alkali metals?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 16
Ans. The peculiar behavior of Li is because of its high electro negativity, high charge density and
small size as compared to other alkali metals.
7- Justify with the equation that BeO is an amphoteric oxide?
Ans. An amphoteric oxide is one which reacts with acids as a base and with bases as an acid. As
BeO reacts both with acids as well as bases, therefore, it is an amphoteric oxide.
BeO + 2HCl → BeCl2 + H2O
BeO + 2NaOH → Na2BeO2 + H2O
8- How LiNO3 and NaNO3 differ on the application of heat? Give equation also?
Ans. LiNO3 gives different products on heating than other alkali metal nitrates. This is because of
the diagonal relation of Li with Mg.
4LiNO3 + Heat → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2
2NaNO3 + Heat → 2NaNO2 + O2
9- Which alkaline earth metal reacts with NaOH? Give its equation?
Ans. Alkaline earth metals do not react with NaOH. Be is the only alkaline earth metal which
reacts with NaOH directly.
Be + 2NaOH → Na2BeO2 + H2
2.2 GENERAL BEHAVIOR OF ALKALI METALS
10- Why elements of group IA and group IIA are called alkali and alkaline metals respectively?
Ans. The word alkali is an Arabic word meaning “ash”. This word was used by Arabs because
they found that ashes of plants mainly consist of Na and K.
Alkaline earth metals are given this name because they form alkalies in water and are widely
distributed in earth crust.
11- Why alkali and alkaline earth metals are reactive metals of the periodic table?
Ans. The reactivity of a metal depends on its ionization energy value. Smaller the magnitude of
the ionization energy more is the reactivity of the metal. The alkali and alkaline earth metals both
have very low ionization energy value, therefore, these are the reactive metals of the periodic
table.
12- Alkali metals are good reducing agents. Justify this statement?
Ans. A substance which can donate its electrons easily is considered as good reducing agent.
Metals have the tendency to donate electrons. The electrons donating ability of a metal depends
on its ionization energy value. Smaller the ionization energy value, greater the tendency to lose
ADNAN MEHMOOD 17
electrons. As all alkali metals have very low ionization energy values, therefore, they are good
reducing agents.
13- Why the aqueous solution of Na2CO3 is alkaline in nature?
Ans. When Na2CO3 is dissolved in water, it gives NaOH and Carbonic acid.
Na2CO3 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2CO3
NaOH is a strong base and is completely dissociated to give OH-1 ions. H2CO3 is a weak acid. So
it is least dissociated. For this reason the solution is alkaline.
2.3 COMMERCIAL PREPARATION OF SODIUM BY DONS CELL
14- Point out three advantages of Down’s cell?
Ans. (a) Metallic fog is not produced.

(b) Liquid sodium can be easily collected at 600 o C
(c) Material of the cell is not attacked by the products formed during the
electrolysis.
2.4 COMMERCIAL PREPARATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE BY

DIAPHRAGM CELL
15- What is the role of asbestos in diaphragm cell?
Ans. In the preparation of NaOH in diaphragm cell, Cl2 gas is liberated at anode. This Cl2 may
react with OH- ions to give hypochlorite ions.
Cl2(g) + 2OH- → OCl- + Cl- + H2O
The use of asbestos in the diaphragm cell keeps the two solutions separate and allows Na + ions to
move towards the cathode.
16- What are the two problems faced during the use of diaphragm cell?
Ans. 1. Chlorine produced can react with hydroxide ions in cold giving hypochlorite ions.
Cl2(g) + 2OH- → OCl- + Cl- + H2O
2. Hydroxide ions may be attracted towards anode, where they can be discharged releasing
oxygen gas. This oxygen gas may contaminate the chlorine and renders it impure.
4OH- → O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e-
2.5 ROLE OF GYPSUM IN AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY
17- Why 2% gypsum is added in the cement? Or what is the role of gypsum in cement
industry?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 18
Ans. During the grinding of cement about 2 % gypsum is added in it. The cement so produced
does not harden so rapidly. It increases the setting time of cement.
18- What is dead burnt gypsum?
Ans. If gypsum is heated strongly then completely anhydrous CaSO4 is obtained. This is called
dead burnt gypsum.
CaSO4 .2H2O → CaSO4 + 2H2o
Dead burnt gypsum
19- How gypsum is converted in to plaster of paris? Or what is plaster of Paris? Give its use?
Ans. When gypsum is heated under carefully controlled conditions, it loses 75 % of water of
crystallization. The product son obtained is called plaster of Paris.
2CaSO4 .2H2O + Heat → 2CaSO4.H2O + 3H2O
Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris is used in surgery, for making plaster walls, casts of statuary, coins, etc.
2.6 ROLE OF LIME IN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY
20 - Why lime is added to an acidic soil?
Ans. Lime (CaO) is added in the acidic soil to decrease its acidity. It neutralizes the acidic
contents of the soil. It is itself basic in nature.
21 - How the lime mortar is prepared? What is its use?
Ans. It is prepared by mixing freshly prepared slaked lime (one volume) with sand (three or four
volume) and water to make a thick paste. This material when placed between the stones and
bricks, it gets hardened and set. This binds the blocks firmly together. The chemical reactions are
as follows:
CaO + H2O → Ca (OH)2
Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Ca (OH)2 + SiO2 → CaSiO3 + H2O
22 -How lime and sand are used to make glass?
Ans. Lim𝑒 (CaO) reacts with sand (SiO2) at high temperature to form Calcium silicate (CaSiO3).
Calcium silicate serves as an important basis for glass manufacture.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 19
1- Mention 2 major problems that may arise in Nelson cell or Diaphragm cell.
2- Give advantages of Down cell.
3- Why KO2 is used in breathing apparatus?
4- Why alkali and alkaline earth metals are most reactive elements in periodic table?
5- What is lime mortar and how prepared?
6- What is plaster of Paris and how formed and give 2 uses?
7- Why calcium is essential for normal development of plants?
8- Why lime water turns milky by passing carbon dioxide?
9- Give 4 points in which lithium differ from its own family members.
10- Reaction between alkali metal oxides with water is acid base reaction not oxidation
reduction reaction explain.
11- Why 2 % gypsum added to cement?
12- What is milk of magnesia and for what treatment it is used?
13- Why lime is added to acidic soil?
14- What is action of litmus with aqueous solution of Na2CO3?
15- Alkali metals give ionic hydride justify.
16- Why aqueous solution of Na2CO3 is alkaline in nature?
17- How lime and sand are used to make glass?
18- What happens when Li2CO3 and Na2CO3 are heated?
19- Give formula of Natron and Halite.
20- Write any two differences of Be with its family.
21- Give reason that alkali metals are strong reducing agents.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 20
CH-3
GROUP IIIA AND GROUP IVA ELEMENTS
1- Chemical composition of colemanite is:
(a) Ca2B6O11.5H2O (b) CaNaB5O9.8H2O (c) CaB4H7.4H2O (d) Na2B4O7.4H2O
2- Tincal is the mineral of:

(a) B (b) Al (c) Si (d) C
3- In borax bead test , when borax is heated with cobalt oxide it forms bead of:
(a) Black colour (b) Blue colour (c) Red colour (d) Green colour
4- Which metal is used in the Thermite process due to its reactivity?

(a) Iron (b) Copper (c) Aluminum (d) Zinc
5- Boric acid can not be used for:

(a) As antiseptic in medicine (b) For washing the eyes
(c) In soda bottles (d) For enamels and glazes
6- Basic lead chromate is formed when lead is boiled with:

(a) Dilute alkali (b) Dilute acid (c) Strong alkali (d) Strong acid
7- Aluminum oxide is:

(a) Acidic oxide (b) Basic oxide (c) Amphoteric oxide (d) none of these
8- Which element forms an ion with charge +3 :

(a) Beryllium (b) Aluminum (c) Carbon (d) Silicon
9- Which electronic configuration corresponds to an element of group IIIA of the periodic table?
(a) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p1 (b) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s2 (c) 1s2,2s2,2p6 (d) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p3
10- Which element among the following belongs to the group IVA of the periodic table?
(a) Barium (b) Iodine (c) Lead (d) Oxygen
11- The chief ore of the aluminum is :

(a) Na3AlF6 (b) Al2O3.2H2O (c) Al2O3 (d) Al2O3.H2O
12- SiO2 is used as :

ADNAN MEHMOOD 21
(a) Non-conductor (b) Semi-conductor (c) Good conductor (d) Good insulator
13- Which is the formula of clay?

(a) Al2O3.SiF4 (b) Al2O3 (c) Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O (d) None
14- BF3 acts as Lewis acid because it behaves as:

(a) Free radical (b) Cationic specie (c) Electrophile (d) Nucleophile
15- Which of the following gas will turn lime water milky?
(a) Cl2 (b) NO2 (c) CO (d) CO2
16- Chrome yellow is :

(a) PbMoO4 (b) K2Cr2O7 (c) PbCrO4 (d) K2CrO4
17- Pb3O4 has the chemical name of:

(a) Litharge (b) Massicot (c) Sandhur (d) Halite
18- What is the nature of solution of borax?

(a) Acidic (b) Alkaline (c) Neutral (d) Corrosive
19- Which compound of silicon is used as filler in soap?

(a) SiO2 (b) Na2SiO3 (c) H2SiO3 (d) Silicones
20- Stable shape in which PbCrO4 exist:

(a) Triclinic (b) Monoclinic (c) Rhombohedral (d) None of these
21- Methyl silicones of high molecular masses:

(a) Plaster (b) Lubricant (c) Glass (d) Rubber
22- Which one of the following elements exhibits s-inert pair effect?
(a) B (b) Al (c) Pb (d) Sc
23- Which one of the following elements is the most abundant in the earth crust?
(a) B (b) Al (c) Ga (d) In
24- Which compound of silicon is used as filler in soap?

(a) SiO2 (b) Na2SiO3 (c) H2SiO3 (d) Silicones
25- Ceramic deals with manufacture of:

(a) Glass (b) Pottery (c) Grey cement (d) White cement
26- Which one correct oxidation states for lead?

(a) +1, +2 (b) +3, +5 (c) +2, +4 (d) +4 only
ADNAN MEHMOOD 22
27- Which one of the following is not a use of boric acid?

(a) Antiseptic (b) Glaze (c) Stiffening agent (d) Lubricant
28- Aqueous solution of Borax is alkaline due to:

(a) Hydration of Na2B4O7 (b) Hydrolysis of Na2B4O7
(c) Reduction of Na2B4O7 (d) Oxidation of Na2B4O7
29- Which one of the following dry tests is used for the identification of coloured ions?
(a) Flame test (b) Filter ash test (c) Borax bead test (d) b + c
30- Which one of the following is not a property of vitreous silica?

(a) Transparent (b) Brittle (c) Insulator (d) High thermal expansion
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. 11. 21.
2. 12. 22.
3. 13. 23.
4. 14. 24.
5. 15. 25.
6. 16. 26.
7. 17. 27.
8. 18. 28.
9. 19. 29.
10. 20. 30.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 23
CH-3
GROUP IIIA AND GROUP IVA ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS
3.1 GROUP IIIA ELEMENTS
1- What makes boron non metallic in character?
Ans. The small size and high nuclear charge makes boron non metallic in character. Because of
this reason, boron is the only non metal of the periodic table with less than four valance electrons.
2- Why is aluminum not found as a free element in nature?
Ans. Aluminum not found as a free element in nature because aluminum is very reactive metal.
3.2 COMPOUNDS OF BORON
3- What is the action of an aqueous solution of borax on litmus?
Ans. The aqueous solution of borax turns red litmus blue which indicates that aq. Solution of
borax is alkaline.
4- Give equations to represent the following reactions:

a. Borax is heated with CoO
Ans. Na2B4O7 + Heat → B2O3 + 2 NaBO2

B2O3 + CoO → Co(BO2)2
5- What is borax? Describe its commercial preparation?
Ans. Borax is the sodium salt of tetraboric acid i.e. Na2B4O7 .10H2O. It is also called sodium
tetraborate. It is most important of all the borates. The natural deposit of borax is called tincal.
Preparation from boric acid:
When boric acid is heated with proper amount of soda ash (Na2CO3), borax is produced.
4H3BO3 + Na2CO3 → Na2B4O7 + CO2 + 6H2O
ADNAN MEHMOOD 24
Preparation from colemanite:
When calcium borate (colemanite) is boiled with Na2CO3 solution, borax is produced.
Ca2B6O11 + 2Na2CO3 → Na2B4O7 + 2CaCO3 + 2NaBO2
To get more borax, CO2 is passed through the mother liquor. The sodium metaborate is
decomposed into borax, which separates out in the form of fine crystals.
4NaBO2 + CO2 → Na2B4O7 + Na2CO3
6- Explain the chemistry of borax bead test?
Ans. When borax is fused, it is decomposed into sodium metaborate and boric anhydride.
Na2B4O7 + Heat → B2O3 + 2 NaBO2
The metallic oxide (e.g. CoO, Mn2O3, Cr2O3, NiO, etc.) formed by heating the given compound
on the flame, combines with B2O3, giving the coloured beads of metaborate of these metals. For
example, with cupric oxide blue beads are formed in the oxidizing flame
B2O3 + CuO → Cu(BO2)2
7- How does ortho boric acid react with sodium hydroxide and ethyl alcohol?
Ans. Reaction with sodium hydroxide:

4H3BO3 + 2NaOH (aq.) → Na2B4O7 + 7H2O
Reaction with ethyl alcohol:
H3BO3 + 3C2H5OH → (C2H5)3 BO3+ 3H2O
8- How will you convert boric acid into borax and vice versa?
Ans. (a) Boric acid into borax:

4H3BO3 + 2NaOH (aq.) → Na2B4O7 + 7H2O
(b) Borax into boric acid:
Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 (conc.) + 5H2O → 4H3BO3 + Na2 SO4
9- Give the names and formulas of different acids of boron?
Ans. There are four important acids of boron which are as follows:
(a) Orthoboric acid, H3BO3 or B2O3.3H2O
(b) Metaboric acid, HBO2 or B2O3. H2O
(c) Tetraboric acid, H2B4O7 or 2B2O3. H2O
(d) Pyroboric acid, H6B4O9 or 2B2O3. 3H2O
10- How does borax serves as water softening agent?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 25
Ans. The hardness of water is due to the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in water. When borax is
added in hard water, it removes Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from water by making insoluble calcium
tetraborate and magnesium tetraborate respectively.
Ca2+ + Na2B4O7 → CaB4O7 (s)+ 2Na+
Mg2+ +Na2B4O7 → MgB4O7(s) + 2Na+
3.3 REACTIONS OF ALUMINIUM
11- What is the use of aluminum in metallurgy?
Ans. As aluminum metal can combine both with nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature, so Al
metal can be used to remove entrapped air bubbles from molten metals.
2Al + N2 → 2AlN(s)
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3(s)
12- Why Al containers are used for the transportation of nitric acid?
Ans. Nitric acid oxidizes Al metal and a protective layer of Al 2O3 is formed which prevents the
further attack of HNO3 on metal. Due to this reason, nitric acid is often transported in Al
containers.
13- Why Al does not react with nitric acid?
Ans. Nitric acid oxidizes Al metal and a protective layer of Al 2O3 is formed which prevents the
further attack of HNO3 on metal. Therefore, it is said that Al metal does not react with HNO3.
3.4 GROUP IV ELEMENTS
14- Why the liquid silicones are preferred over ordinary organic lubricants?
Ans. The liquid silicones are preferred over ordinary organic lubricants because of very small
change in their viscosity with a high change in temperature as compare to ordinary organic
lubricants. It is observed that if the temperature is dropped from 100 o C to 0 o C, the viscosity of
petroleum oil may increase about one hundred folds, whereas that of silicone oil will increase less
than four folds for this change of temperature. They are temperature resistance and are not
oxidized by atmospheric oxygen at high temperature.
15- Why CO2 is non polar in nature. Explain?
Ans. CO2 is non polar in nature because its dipole moment value is zero. It has a linear structure
due to which both the dipoles cancel out the effect of each other, as they are pointed opposite to
one another.
O=C=O
ADNAN MEHMOOD 26
16- Why CO2 is gas at room temperature while SiO2 is a solid?
Ans. CO2 is gas at room temperature while SiO2 is a solid. The reason is that CO2 exists in the
form of discrete molecule which exists independently. In case of SiO2, there is a network
structure, which extends three dimensionally giving raise a giant molecular structure.
17- Why CO2 is acidic in character. Explain?
Ans. When CO2 is dissolved in water, it produces H2CO3. Carbonic acid is a weak acid which can
turn blue litmus red. Hence, CO2 has acidic character.
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (aq.)
18- What are silicates?
Ans. The compounds derived from silicic acids are termed as silicates. For example quartz, mica,
feldspar, kaolin, talc, asbestos etc are natural silicates whereas cement and glass are synthetic
silicates.
19- What is chemical garden?
Ans. When crystals of soluble coloured salts like nickel chloride, ferrous sulphate, copper
sulphate or cobalt nitrate, etc. are placed in a solution of sodium silicate (water glass), they
produce a very beautiful growth, like plant, which is called chemical garden or silica garden.
20- What is the importance of oxides of lead in paints?
Ans. Lead compounds are commonly used as pigments in paints. For example:
a) Pb2O is black powder and is used for making black paint.
b) PbO, its colour varies from pale yellow to reddish brown and is used as pigment in paints.
c) Pb3O4 Is bright scarlet red powder and is used as red pigment in paints.
d) PbO2 is reddish brown powder and is used as pigment in paints.
e) PbCrO4 is a yellow pigment for paints.
f) 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 white lead , it mixes readily with linseed oil and has a good covering
power.
21- Why white lead is not suitable for use as a good pigment?
Ans. White lead is not suitable for use as a good pigment because it is darkened by the action of
hydrogen sulphide gas which is frequently present in the atmosphere as an environmental
pollutant.
22- How kaolin (clay) is formed by chemical weathering?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 27
Ans. The disintegration of complex silicates of clay is called weathering. A complex silicate
reacts with water and CO2 and is converted into clay and potassium carbonate. The chemical
weathering of a complex silicate containing potassium (feldspar) is given below:
K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 + H2CO3 + H2O → K2CO3 + 4SiO2 + Al2O3.(SiO2)2.2H2O (clay)
Pure clay, which has the formula shown above is white and is called kaolin.
23- What are semiconductors? What is the effect of temperature on conductivity of

semiconductor?
Ans. Semiconductors are the substances which conduct electricity more than insulators but less
than conductors i.e semiconductors mean half conductors. For example silicon, germanium,
selenium, lead telluride, gallium arsenide, indium antimonide, silicon carbide cadmium sulphide,
etc.
The conductivity of a semiconductor increases by increases temperature. This is because when
the temperature is increased, the resistance of a semiconductor material is decreased.
24- Give a brief summary of the principle properties of silicones?
Ans. The principle properties of silicones are given below:

a) They posses high thermal stability and can withstand temperature up to 300oC.
b) They do not become viscous on cooling. For this reason they are use as low temperature
lubricants.
25- Outline the uses of silicones?
Ans. Uses of silicone:

I. Silicones are used as lubricants in gears, bearings, hydraulic breaks, etc.
II. Silicones with cross linked structure are used as waxy, greasy or rubbery material.
III. They have very high thermal stability as compared to ordinary organic oils and greases.
IV. They are used to synthesize rubber like sheets.
V. They are used electrical insulation.
26- Describe the important uses of silicates?
Ans. uses of silicates:

a) Sodium silicate is used, as filler for soap in soap industry, as a fire proof in textile, as a
furniture polish and in calico printing.
b) Asbestos is used in making incombustible fabrics and hard boards.
c) Talc or soapstone is used in making cosmetics and house hold articles.
d) Kaolin (pure clay) is used for making porcelain and china wares.
e) Sodium aluminate and sodium alumino silicates are used for glazing of stones.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 28

1. CO2 is a gas but SiO2 is solid why?
2. Write 4 uses of borax.
3. Borate glazes are better than silicate glazes why?
4. How boron differ from its family members?
5. What is vitreous silica? Give two uses.
6. How borax is prepared? Give two preparation.
7. What is effect of temperature on red lead?
8. Write down the formulas of bauxite and corundum.
9. What is chemistry of borax bead test?
10. How will you convert borax into boric acid and vice versa?
11. Write four uses of sodium silicate.
12. What is chemical garden?
13. Give formulas of four boric acids.
14. What is effect of heat on ortho-boric acid?
15. Give reactions of Al with NaOH and H2SO4.
16. How weathering of feldspar takes place? Give equation.
17. Discuss uses of PbCrO4.
18. How aqueous solution of borax is alkaline?
19. Explain structure of CO2.
20. Give two similarities between carbon and silicon.
21. How borax is prepared from coleminite?
22. Why liquid silicones are preferred on ordinary lubricants?
23. What is effect of temperature on semi conductor?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 29
CH-4
GROUP VA AND VIA ELEMENTS
1- Brown gas evolved when metal reduces the HNO3 is:
(a) N2O (b) N2O5 (c) NO2 (d) NO
2- Oxidation of NO in air produces :

(a) N2O (b) N2O3 (c) N2O4 (d) N2O5
3- Percentage by volume of N2 in air is:

(a) 98% (b) 88% (c) 78% (d) 68%
4- SO3 is not absorbed in water directly to form the H2SO4 because:

(a) Reaction does not go to the completion
(b) The reaction is quite slow
(c) The reaction is highly exothermic
(d) SO3 is insoluble in water
5- Molecular formula of the white phosphorus is:

(a) P4 (b) P (c) P3 (d) P4
6- Which catalyst is used in the Contact process?

(a) Fe2O3 (b) V2O5 (c) SO3 (d) Ag2O
7- At 18°C the specific gravity of H2SO4 is:

(a) 1.891 (b) 1.834 (c) 2.101 (d) 1.740
8- Chemical formula of laughing gas is:

(a) NO (b) N2O (c) NO2 (d) N2O4
9- Out of all elements of group VA , the highest ionization energy is possessed by:
(a) N (b) P (c) Sb (d) Bi
10- Among group VA elements , most electronegative element is:

(a) P (b) N (c) As (d) Sb
ADNAN MEHMOOD 30
11- Out of all the elements of group VIA , highest melting and boiling point is shown by the
element:
(a) Te (b) Se (c) S (d) Pb
12- Formula of fuming sulphuric acid is:

(a) H2SO4 (b) H2SO3 (c) H2SO4 + SO3 (d) None
13- Nitrogen is chemically inert to all atoms at room temperature except:

(a) Mg (b) Ca (c) Al (d) Li
14- Yellow colour of nitric acid is due to presence of :

(a) NO (b) NO2 (c) N2O4 (d) N2O
15- Which of the following element occurs free in nature?

(a) Sb (b) As (c) N (d) P
16- Gold dissolve to aqua regia to give:

(a) AuCl2 (b) AuCl (c) AuCl3 (d) None
17- What is the number of electrons in the valence shell of P in PCl3:

(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 2
18- FeSO4 forms the brown ring with:

(a) N2O4 (b) NO (c) NO2 (d) None
19- Which element is most abundant in the earth crust?

(a) Fe (b) O (c) Si (d) C
20- The reaction between Cu and conc. H2SO4 produces:

(a) SO3 (b) SO2 (c) H2 (d) Cu+1
21- Hydrolysis of PCl3 produces:

(a) H3PO3, HClO (b) H3PO3, HCl (c) H3PO4, HCl PH3 (d) HClO
22- Which of the following acids possess oxidizing and reducing property?
(a) HNO2 (b) HCl (c) HNO3 (d) H2SO4
23- Which one of the following can only be an oxidizing agent?

(a) NH3 (b) NO (c) HNO3 (d) NO2
24- The chemical composition of cinnabar is:

(a) ZnS (b) PbS (c) HgS (d) FeS
25- In which substance nitrogen is not present?

(a) Urea (b) Protein (c) Salt peter (d) Galena
ADNAN MEHMOOD 31
26- Which one of the followings is a tribasic acid?

(a) H2SO4 (b) H3PO4 (c) CH3COOH (d) CH3  CH2  COOH
27- Ring test is used to confirm  radical.

(a) Nitrite (b) Nitrate (c) Sulphite (d) Chloride
28- Sugar becomes black when conc. H2SO4 is added to it. It is due to the process.
(a) Hydrolysis (b) Hydration (c) Dehydration (d) Hydrogenation
29- Arsenic impurities in contact process are removed:

(a) By heating the gases
(b) By treatment with Fe(OH)3
(c) In scrubbing tower
(d) In absorption tower
30- What is composition of aqua regia?

(a) 3HCl + H2SO4 (b) 3HNO3 + H2SO4 (c) 3HCl + HNO3 (d) HCl + 3HNO3
ANSWERS TO MCQ, S
1. 11. 21.
2. 12. 22.
3. 13. 23.
4. 14. 24.
5. 15. 25.
6. 16. 26.
7. 17. 27.
8. 18. 28.
9. 19. 29.
10. 20. 30.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 32
CH-4
GROUP VA AND VIA ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
1- How does nitrogen differ from other elements of its group?
Ans. 1. Nitrogen is a gas while other elements of this group are solids.
2-Nitrogen has no allotropic forms while other members have allotropic forms.
3- Nitrogen does not use d-orbitals for bond formation while other elements make of use
their empty d-orbitals for bond formation.
4. Nitrogen forms unstable halides whereas other elements form stable halides.
5. Nitrogen forms multiple bonds whereas other elements of this group form only single
bonds.
4.2 NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
2- Which metals evolve hydrogen upon reaction with nitric acid?
Ans. Mg, Ca and Mn react with dilute HNO3 and hydrogen gas is evolved.
Mg + 2HNO3 (dil.) → Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Ca + 2HNO3 (dil.) → Ca(NO3)2 + H2

Mn + 2HNO3 (dil.) → Mn(NO3)2 + H2
3- Explain the Brikeland and Eyde’s process for the manufacturing of nitric acid?
Ans. This process consists on the following steps:

a) Atmospheric N2 and O2 combine to form nitric oxide (NO) in an electric arc (3000oC)
3000C
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g)
NO formed is cooled quickly to 1000oC at which it does not decompose.
b) At 600oC, NO combines with O2 to form NO2.
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

ADNAN MEHMOOD 33
c) Nitrogen dioxide is dissolved in water to give nitric acid along with nitrous acid.
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) →HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
d) Nitrous acid is oxidized to nitric acid and nitric oxide which is re-oxidized to NO2.
4- Describe “Ring test” for the confirmation of the presence of nitrate ions in solution?
Ans. Ring test is used for the confirmation of nitrate ions in the salt analysis. In this test, salt
solution is taken in the test tube and freshly prepared FeSO4 solution is added in to it. Now
conc. H2SO4 solution is added in to it along the side of the test tube. A brown ring is formed
at the junction of two solutions. Formation of brown ring will confirm the presence of nitrate
ions.
Chemistry: Conc. H2SO4 reacts with nitrate ions to liberate NO gas. NO gas combines with
FeSO4 to form addition compound, which has brown colour.
NO3- + H2SO4 → HSO4- + HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + HNO3 → 3Fe(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO → FeSO4.NO
(brown colour ring)
5- NO2 is an oxidizing agent. Prove the truth of this statement by giving examples?
Ans. NO2 is a strong oxidizing agent. It oxidizes H2S, FeSo4, KI, etc. and itself is reduced to
nitric oxide(NO).
H2S + NO2 → H2O + No + S
2FeSo4 + H2SO4 + NO2 → Fe(SO4)3 + H2O + NO
2KI + NO2 → 2KNO2 + I2
6- Write down the chemical equations and names of the products formed as a result of
the reaction of the HNO3 with arsenic and antimony?
Ans. As + 5HNO3 → H3AsO4 + 5No2 + H2O

Arsenic acid
Sb + 5HNO3 → H3SbO4 + 5No2 + H2O

Antimonic acid
HNO2(aq) → HNO3(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O(l)
7- Give the reaction of nitric acid with Mg and Cu?
Ans. Mg + 2HNO3 (dil.) → Mg(NO3)2 + H2

3Cu + 8HNO3 (dil.) → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Cu + 4HNO3 (conc.) → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
8- Complete and balance the following equations?
Ans. 2P + 5NO2 → P2O5 + 5NO

ADNAN MEHMOOD 34
H2SO4 + KNO3 (s) → HNO3 (aq.) + KHSO4(aq.)

9- What is meant by fuming nitric acid?
Ans. Conc. nitric acid saturated with NO2 is called fuming nitric acid. It is much more
powerful oxidizing agent than nitric acid.
10- Why does aqua regia dissolve gold and platinum?
Ans. A mixture of three parts of conc. HCl and one part conc. HNO3 by volume is called
aquaregia. It is used as a solvent for gold and platinum. These metals are dissolved in aqua
regia by the formation of their chlorides.
3HCl(conc.) + HNO3 (conc.) → NOCl +2H2O
2NOCl → 2NO + Cl2
his liberated chlorine converts noble metals (Au, Pt) into their chlorides.
2Au + 3Cl2 → 2AuCl3
4.2 PHOSPHORUS ND ITS COMPOUNDS
11- Give the methods of preparation of PCl3?
Ans. Preparation of PCl3:

a) PCl3 is prepared by the action of dry Cl2 on white P in an inert atmosphere of CO2. The
vapours of PCl3 are collected in a flask in an ice bath.
2P + Cl2 → 2PCl3
b) It is also prepared by the reaction of P with thionyl chloride (SOCl2).

2P + 4SOCl2 → 2PCl3 + 2SO2 + S2Cl2
12- P2O5 is a powerful dehydrating agent. Prove by giving examples?
Ans. P2O5 is a powerful dehydrating agent as shown by the following reactions.

2HNO3 + P2O5 → N2O3 + 2HPO3
H2SO4 + P2O5 → SO3 + 3HPO3
2CH3COOH + P2O5 → (CH3CO)2O + 2HPO3
C2H5OH + P2O5 → CH2=CH2 + 2HPO3
13- What is the effect of heating (temperature) on orthophosphoric acid?
Ans. Orthophosphoric acid on heating loses water and converts in to pyro and
metaphosphoric acid.
240C 316C
2H3PO4 → H4P2O7 → 2HPO3
Orthophosphoric acid pyrophosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid
ADNAN MEHMOOD 35
4.4 GROUP VIA ELEMENTS
14- Why the elements of group Vl A other than oxygen show more than two oxidation
states?
Ans. The elements of group Vl A have six electrons in their valance shell with ns2 np4
electronic configuration. As the atom of oxygen can not accommodate more than eight
electrons in its valance shell, therefore valancy of oxygen never exceeds two. Whereas due to
availability of d-orbitals, other elements like sulphur, selenium and tellurium of this group
also show tetra and hexa valancies.
15- Write down a comparison of the properties of oxygen and sulphur?

Ans:
Oxygen Sulphur
a) Oxygen has two allotropic forms. a) Sulphur has three allotropic forms.
b) It is a gas at room b) It is solid at room temperature.
temperature.
c) It is paramagnetic in nature. c) It is diamagnetic in nature.
d) Its common oxidation state is -2. d) Its common oxidation state is - 2,
+2, +4 and +6.
e) It helps in combustion. e) It is itself combustible.
f) It is sparingly soluble in water. f) It is insoluble in water.
g) It does not react with water, acids g) It reacts with water, acids and
and alkalies. alkalies.
4.5 SULPHURIC ACID ( H2SO4)
16- Write down the equation for the reaction between conc. H2SO4 and copper and explain
what type of reaction is it?
Ans. Cu + 2H2SO4 (conc.) → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

It is a type of redox reaction. Copper acts as a reducing agent and H2SO4 acts as an oxidizing
agent in this reaction.
17- Sulphuric acid is said to act as an acid, an oxidizing agent and a dehydrating agent.
Describe two reactions in each case to illustrate the truth of this statement?
Ans. H2SO4 as an acid:

H2SO4 (aq.) + 2NaOH (aq.) → Na2SO4 (aq.) + 2H2O
H2SO4 (aq.) + Na2CO3 (aq.) → Na2SO4(aq.)+H2O+CO2(g)
H2SO4 as an oxidizing agent:
C + 2H2SO4 (aq.) → 2SO2 (g) + 2H2O + CO2 (g)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 36
S + 2H2SO4 (aq.) → 3SO2 (g) + 2H2O

H2S + H2SO4 (aq.) → S + SO2 (g) + 2H2O
H2SO4 as a dehydrating agent.
(COOH)2 + conc. H2SO4 → CO2+CO +H2O
HCOOH + conc. H2SO4 → CO + H2O
C6H12O6 + conc. H2SO4 → 6C + 6H2O
18- Give the advantage of contact process for the manufacturing of sulphuric acid?
Ans. (a) Highly pure sulphuric acid is produced. (b) Acid of any desired conc. can be
prepared. (c) Solid catalyst V2O5 is used.
19- Why is SO3 dissolved in H2SO4 and not in water? OR

Why SO3 is not directly dissolved in water?
Ans. SO3 is dissolved in H2SO4 to form liquid oleum or fuming H2SO4 .If SO3 is dissolved
directly in water then a large amount of heat is evolved. Due to this exothermic reaction, a
dense fog of minute particles of H2SO4 is produced in the chamber. These particles do not
easily condense down. In this way, 100% H2SO4 is not obtained.
20- Give four uses of Sulphuric acid?
Ans. Uses of Sulphuric acid:

 Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacturing of fertilizers.
 Sulphuric acid is used in the refining of petroleum to remove nitrogen and sulphur
compounds.
 Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacturing of HCl, H3PO4, HNO3 and sulphates.
 Sulphuric acid is used in electrical batteries and storage cells
ADNAN MEHMOOD 37

1. How does HNO2 acts as reducing agent?
2. How P2O5 reacts with water in cold and hot state?
3. Why SO3 dissolved in H2SO4 not in water?
4. Give 2 reactions showing oxidizing behavior of NO.
5. What is aqua regia and how it dissolves the gold?
6. Write two reactions showing H2SO4 as dehydrating agent and oxidizing agent?
7. Give two similarities between oxygen and sulphur.
8. Explain the structure of HNO2 and HNO3. Or give names and structure of oxyacids of
nitrogen.
9. Why elements of group VI A other than oxygen show more than one oxidation states?
10. Which elements not react with nitric acid?
11. Give 2 dissimilarities between oxygen and sulphur.
12. Write equations of two metals which liberate hydrogen with nitric acid?
13. Write four uses of HNO3.
14. P2O5 is a powerful dehydrating agent, prove by reaction.
15. Why H2SO4 is king of chemicals?
16. What happens when NO2 is dissolved in water?
17. Give 4 uses of H2SO4.
18. Prove that NO2 supports combustion.
19. Give the reaction of Cu with dilute and concentrated nitric acid.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 38
CH-5
THE HALOGENS AND THE NOBLE GASES
1- Which of the following gas is used in radio therapy for cancer treatment?
(a) Ar (b) Ne (c) Xe (d) Rn
2- The anhydride of HClO4 is:

(a) ClO3 (b) ClO2 (c) Cl2O5 (d) Cl2O7
3- Chlorine heptaoxide ( Cl2O7) reacts with the water to form:

(a) Hypochlorous acid (b) Chloric acid (c) Perchloric acid (d) Cl2 & O2
4- Hydrogen bond is strongest between the molecule of:

(a) HCl (b) HF (c) HBr (d) HI
5- Silver bromide is used in:

(a) Paints (b) Photography (c) Ceramics (d) Gasoline
6- Goiter is caused due to the deficiency of :

(a) Fluorine (b) Chlorine (c) Iodine (d) Bromine
7- Which of the following hydrogen halide is weakest acid in solution?

(a) HF (b) HCl (c) HI (d) HBr
8- Which halogen will react spontaneously with Au to produce Au3+?

(a) Br2 (b) F2 (c) I2 (d) Cl2
9- Bleaching powder may be produce by passing chlorine over:

(a) Calcium carbonate (c) Hydrated calcium sulphate
(b) Magnesium hydroxide (d) Calcium hydroxide
10- Which halogen occurs naturally in a positive oxidation state?

(a) Fluorine (b) Chlorine (c) Bromine (d) Iodine
11- An element that has high ionization energy and tends to be chemically inactive would most likely
to be:
(a) An alkali metal (b) A transition element (c) A noble gas (d) A halogen
ADNAN MEHMOOD 39
12- Which of the following represent the correct electronic configuration of the outermost energy
level of an element of zero (VIIIA ) group in the ground state?
(a) S2P2 (b) S2P4 (c) S2P5 (d) S2P6
13- Tincture of iodine is:

(a) CHI3 in alcohol (b) I2 in alcohol (c) I2 in KI (d) CHI3 in KI
14- Which of the following has maximum vapour pressure?

(a) HF (b) HI (c) HBr (d) HCl
15- Which gas has the highest boiling point?

(a) He (b) Ne (c)Ar (d) Kr
16- Which of the halogen is most easily reduced?

(a) I2 (b) Br2 (c) Cl2 (d) F2
17- Which of the following is strongest acid?

(a) HClO4 (b) HClO3 (c) HClO (d) HClO2
18- Bleaching powder is not used for the bleaching :

(a) Cotton (b) Costly fabrics (c) Linen (d) Paper pulp
19- Which noble gas does not obey octet rule?

(a) Ne (b) He (c) Ar (d) Kr
20- Bleaching powder contains available chlorine approximately:

(a) 100% (b) 70  80% (c) 35  40% (d) 10  20%
21- Which is the strongest oxidizing agent?

(a) F2 (b) Cl2 (c) Br2 (d) I2
22- Which of the following is strongest reducing agent?

(a) HF (b) HCl (c) HBr (d) HI
23- Bleaching powder is an example of:

(a) Normal salt (b) Double salt (c) Mixed salt (d) Complex
24- Which one of the following is not use of chlorine?

(a) Formation of PVC (b) Formation of mustard gas
(c) Disinfectant and bleaching powder (d) Formation of sodium chloride
25- What is the oxidation state of Xenon in XeOF2?

(a) 0 (b) +2 (c) +4 (d) +6
ADNAN MEHMOOD 40
26- Which one of the following halogens has highest bond energy?
(a) F2 (b) Cl2 (c) Br2 (d) I2
27- Fluorine does not show +ve oxidation state due to the absence of:
(a) d-orbital (b) p-orbital (c) s-orbital (d) None
28- Which one of the following noble gases is least polarizable?

(a) Kr (b) Ne (c) I2 (d) Ar
29- Refrigeration capacity of liquid neon is greater than liquid helium by:
(a) 80 times (b) 50 times (c) 40 times (d) 10 times
30- Radon is formed by the removal of alpha particles from:

(a) Ra (b) Re (c) Rh (d) Ru
ANSWERS TO MCQ, S
1. 11. 21.
2. 12. 22.
3. 13. 23.
4. 14. 24.
5. 15. 25.
6. 16. 26.
7. 17. 27.
8. 18. 28.
9. 19. 29.
10. 20. 30.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 41
CH-5
THE HALOGENS AND THE NOBLE GASES
SHORT QUESTIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
1- Discuss the physical states of halogens?
Ans. Halogens exist as discrete diatomic molecules in all phases i.e solid, liquid and gas. Fluorine is a
gas of pale yellow colour and chlorine is a gas of greenish yellow colour, at room temperature and
pressure. Bromine is a liquid of reddish brown colour and iodine is a metallic appearing shiny grayish
black solid.
2- Why iodine is solid while other halogens are not?
Ans. The intermolecular forces of attraction are greater in the larger molecules having greater molar
masses. Due to its large size, the London dispersion forces in iodine molecules are stronger than other
halogens which have smaller size. Hence, iodine is solid while other halogens are not.
3- F2 is a gas while I2 is solid at room temperature. Why?
Ans. Both F2 and I2 are non polar diatomic molecules. Both contain London dispersion forces as
intermolecular forces. The extent of London dispersion forces is greater in I2 as compared to F2 due to
its larger size and greater polarizability. Greater the extent of intermolecular forces, higher will be the
magnitude of melting and boiling points. Therefore, I2 is solid and F2 is gas at room temperature.
4- Why I2 has metallic luster?
Ans. Metallic luster of iodine is due to the excitation and de-excitation of valance electrons. Due to
bigger size of iodine, electrons of iodine are not tightly bounded. When light falls on these electrons,
they go into excited state by absorbing light energy. These excited electrons when come back, emit
energy in the form of radiations. Due to this excitation and de-excitation of electrons, iodine show
metallic luster.
5- Bond dissociation energy of Cl2 is higher than that of F2. Why?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 42
Ans. The reason is that the fluorine atom is highly small and most electronegative element of the
periodic table. Due to its small size and high electronegativity, it has greater repulsive forces between
its electrons. Hence, F-----F bond is broken more easily than Cl-----Cl bond.
5.2 PECULIR BEHAVIOR OF FLOURINE
6- Why fluorine show peculiar behaviour?
Ans. The peculiar behaviour of fluorine is due to:

 Small size of F atom and of F- ion.
 High first ionization energy and electronegativity.
 Low dissociation energy of F2 molecule as compared to Cl2 and Br2.
 Restriction of the valence shell to an octet.
 Direct combination with inert gases.
5.3 OXIDIZING PROPERTIES
7- On what factors the oxidizing power of halogens depends upon?
Ans. The oxidizing power of halogens depends upon the following factors:
 Energy of dissociation
 Electron affinity of atoms
 Hydration energies of ions
 Heats of vapourization for Br2 and I2 only
If a halogen has a low energy of dissociation, a high electron affinity and higher hydration energy
of its ions, it will have a high oxidizing power.
8- Why halogens gain electron readily?
Ans. Halogens gain electron readily because the electron affinity values of halogens are large and
exothermic. They have large, positive standard electrode potential values and their electronegativities
are also fairly high.
9- Why fluorine and chlorine act as decolorizing agents?
Ans. Decolorizing agents are good oxidizing agents. Fluorine and chlorine both are good oxidizing
agents because they both have very high standard reduction potential value. Therefore, both can
oxidize various colored dyes to colorless substances e.g litmus and universal indicator can be
decolorized when exposed to fluorine or chlorine. When used for bleaching, chlorine acts as an
oxidizing agent.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 43
5.4 COMPOUNDS OF HLOGENS
10- Why HF is a weaker acid than HCl?
Ans. The acidic strength of an acid depend its ability to donate proton. A good acid donates its
proton more easily. Due to strong hydrogen bonding, HF molecule is unable to donate its proton and
hence it is a weaker acid. There is no such a strong intermolecular forces that exists between HCl
molecules, therefore it gives its proton without any difficulty. Hence, HCl is stronger acid than HF.
11- Why HI is a stronger acid than HF?
Ans. The acidic strength of an acid depend its ability to donate proton. A good acid donates its
proton more easily. Due to strong hydrogen bonding, HF molecule is unable to donate its proton and
hence it is a weaker acid. There is no such a strong intermolecular forces that exists between HI
molecules, therefore it gives its proton without any difficulty. Hence, HI is stronger acid than HF.
12- How halogen acids are ionized in water?
Ans. When a halogen acid (HX) is dissolved in water, it gives proton to the water. The general
equation for the ionization of a halogen acid in water is given below:
HX → H+(aq) + X-(aq) Where X = F,Cl,Br,I
13- The acidic strength of oxyacids of halogens increase with increase in the no. of oxygen
atoms. Why?
Ans. This is because of the high electronegativity of the oxygen atom. With the increase in the no. of
oxygen atoms in the oxyacid series of halogens, the bonding electrons are shifted away from the
hydrogen atom. So tendency of the molecule to lose a proton increases. Oxygen also gives stability to
the conjugate base of the oxyacid after the removel of proton due to its electron withdrawing
inductive effect.
14- What is disproportionation reaction? Give an example?
Ans. The reaction in which same species (atoms, ions or molecules) is oxidized as well as reduced is
called disproportionation reaction. For example, consider the following reaction
15𝐶
2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) → NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l)
This reaction is an example of disproportionation reactions. In this reaction, the zero oxidation state
of free chlorine in the reactants is changed in to -1 in chloride and +1 in hypochlorite in products.
15- What is iodized salt?
Ans. Common salt containing some amount of sodium iodide or potassium iodide is called iodized
salt. Deficiency of iodide ions in the body can leads to the enlargement of thyroid gland (Goiter). Due
ADNAN MEHMOOD 44
to this reason, some amount of sodium iodide or potassium iodide is added to the common salt
(sodium chloride).
16- Fluorine can oxidize all halide ions but chlorine cannot. Why?
Ans. The substances which accept electrons are good oxidizing agents. The oxidizing power of
fluorine is greater than any other halogens. This is because of the greater standard reduction potential
value of the fluorine. A substance with larger standard reduction potential value has a more tendency
to accept electrons and vice versa. As, chlorine has less standard reduction potential value than
fluorine, therefore it cannot oxidize fluorine i.e accept electrons from fluorine.
17- What are Freons?
Ans. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine,
produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane. A common subclass is
the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which contain hydrogen, as well. They are also commonly
known by the trade name Freon. The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane. Many
CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants (in aerosol applications), and solvents. The
manufacture of such compounds is being phased out because they contribute to ozone depletion.
18- What is Teflon?
Ans. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoro polymer of tetrafluoroethylene that finds

numerous applications. PTFE is most well known by the brand name Teflon. PTFE is used as a non-
sticky coating for pans and other cookware. It is very non-reactive, partly because of the strength
of carbon–fluorine bonds, and so it is often used in containers and pipe work for reactive and
corrosive chemicals. Where used as a lubricant, PTFE reduces friction, wear, and energy consumption
of machinery.
19- Which halogens sublime to violet vapours?
Ans. Iodine is the halogen which sublimes to give violet vapours because it has weak London
dispersion type intermolecular forces.
5.5 COMMERCIAL USES OF HLOGENS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
20- Which halogen is used as an antiseptic?
Ans. Chlorine is the halogen which is used as an antiseptic.
21- Which halogen is used as water treatment to kill bacteria?
Ans. Chlorine is the halogen which can be used as disinfectant i.e to kill bacteria in swimming pools
and water treatment plants.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 45
22- How the activity of bleaching powder is measured?
Ans. Bleaching powder on reaction with dilute H2SO4 or dilute HCI, releases molecular chlorine.
This molecular chlorine is called “available chlorine”. The activity of bleaching powder is measured
in terms of “available chlorine”. The average percentage of “available chlorine” in bleaching powder
is 35-40%.
23- What are the uses of bleaching powder?
Ans. Bleaching powder is used for the disinfection of drinking water or swimming pool water. It is
used as a sanitizer in outdoor swimming pools in combination with a cyanuric acid stabilizer, which
reduces the loss of chlorine due to ultraviolet radiation. The bleaching powder is used for bleaching
cotton and linen. It is also used in bathroom cleaners, household disinfectant sprays, moss and algae
removers, and some filters. Hence, some products containing bleaching powder also contain anti-
scaling agents. In addition, bleaching powder may be used to manufacture chloroform. Bleaching
powder is used also in sugar industry for bleaching sugar cane juice before its crystallization.
5.5 NOBLE GASES
24- Name the gas which is used for earthquake prediction?
Ans. The noble gas which is used for the earthquake prediction is the Radon.
25- Name the gas which is used in bactericidal lamp?
Ans. Xenon is the gas which is used in bactericidal lamp.

ADNAN MEHMOOD 46

1. Arrange the following oxyacids in increasing strength of acidity. HClO4, HClO3, HClO2 and
HClO.
2. Why bleaching powder show bleaching action?
3. Why fluorine acts as strong oxidizing agent?
4. Write 4 uses of halogens.
5. What is dispropotionation reaction? Or write reaction of NaOH with Cl2
6. Why HF is weaker acid than HCl?
7. Write 4 uses of noble gases.
8. Give names and structures of oxyacids of chlorine.
9. Why iodine has metallic luster?
10. How bleaching powder is prepared by Hesenclever method?
11. What are freons and teflons?
12. What is iodized salt?
13. What are 2 uses of krypton?
14. Write 2 applications of helium.
15. Why fluorine has peculiar behavior?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 47
CH-6
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
1- The element which extracts carbon from the cast iron:
(a) Mn (b) Si (c) Fe (d) Co
2- Which of the following is non typical transition element?

(a) Cr (b) Mn (c) Zn (d) Fe
3- First transition series starts with:

(a) Se (b) Y (c) La (d) Ac
4- Group VI-B of the transition elements contains:

(a) Zn , Cd , Hg (b) Mn , Te , Re (c) Cr , Mo , W (d) Fe , Ru , Os
5- Percentage of carbon in different types of iron products is in the order:

(a) Cast iron = wrought iron > steal
(b) Wrought iron = steal iron > cast iron
(c) Cast iron > steal iron > wrought iron
(d) Cast iron = steal > wrought iron
6- Oxidation number of Fe in K4 [Fe(CN)6] is:

(a) +4 (b) +2 (c) +6 (d) -4
7- Coordination number of Pt in [PtCl (NO2)(NH3)4] is:

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 6
8- Which of the following is typical transition element?

(a) Zn (b) Y (c) Sc (d) Zr
9- F-block elements are also called :

(a) Non typical transition elements (c) Outer transition elements
(b) Normal transition elements (d) None is true
10- The strength of binding energy of the transition elements depend upon:
(a) Number of electron pairs (c) Number of unpaired electrons
(b) Number of neutrons (d) Number of protons
11- Which is the formula of tetraammine chloro-nitro-platinum(IV) sulphate:

(a) [Pt(NO2)(NH3)4]SO4 (c) [PtNO2Cl(NH3)4]SO4
ADNAN MEHMOOD 48
(b) [PtNO2Cl(NH3)4]SO4 (d) [PtCl (NO2)(NH3)4]SO4
12- The colour of transition metal complexes is due to :

(a) d-d transitions of electrons (c) Paramagnetic nature of transition elements.
(b) Ionization (d) Loss of s-electrons
13- The total number of the transition elements is :

(a) 10 (b) 14 (c) 40 (d) 58
14- The element with the highest melting point:

(a) Mn (b) Fe (c) Cr (d) Cu
15- Which of the following is a bidentate ligand?

(a) Ammine (b) Carboxyl (c) Oxalato (d) Acetato
16- Which of the following is not neutral ligand?

(a) NH3 (b) H2O (c) CO (d) CN
17- The purest form of the iron is:

(a) Cast iron (b) Wrought iron (c) Steal (d) all of above
18- In Bessemer converter, air bubbles from steel are removed by adding small amount of:
(a) C (b) Si (c) Al (d) CO2
19- The aqueous solution of which substance is green in colour:

(a) K2CrO4 (b) K2Cr2O7 (c) KMnO4 (d) K2MnO4
20- Which compound is used in chromyl chloride test?

(a) K2CrO4 (b) K2Cr2O7 (c) KMnO4 (d) K2MnO4
21- Which complex shows zero oxidation state of the transition element?
(a) [Fe(CO)5] (b) K3[Fe(CN)6] (c) K4[Fe(CN)6] (d) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
22- Which one of the following complexes is chelate?

(a) K4[Fe(CN)6] (b) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl (c) [Ni(CO)4] (d) Na2[Pt(C2O4)2]
23- An element has electronic configuration 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 4s2, 3d6. Which one of the following
properties not belonging to this element?
(a) It is paramagnetic in nature
(b) It form coloured complexes
(c) It have very low melting point
(d) It has variable oxidation states
24- Which of the following d-block elements can show the highest oxidation number in its compounds?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 49
(a) Cr (b) Cu (c) Fe (d) Mn
25- Which one of the following is not ore of iron?

(a) Magnetite (b) Haematite (c) Limonite (d) Dalomite
26- Iron can be protected from corrosion by:

(a) Painting the surface (b) Alloy formation (c) Galvanizing (d) All above methods
27- The type of hybridization in PCl5 in:

(a) dsp2 (b) sp3 (c) dsp3 (d) d2sp3
28- In acidic medium, K2Cr2O7 acts as:

(a) Oxidizing agent (b) Reducing agent (c) Acid (d) Base
29- Which one of the following elements has no variable valency?

(a) Co (b) Fe (c) Mn (d) Zn
30- The IUPAC name of complex Na3[Co(NO2)6] is:

(a) Sodium hexanitro cobalt (III)
(b) Sodium hexanitro cobaltate (II)
(c) Sodium hexanitro cobaltate (III)
(d) Trisodium hexanitrocobaltate (III)
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. 11. 21.
2. 12. 22.
3. 13. 23.
4. 14. 24.
5. 15. 25.
6. 16. 26.
7. 17. 27.
8. 18. 28.
9. 19. 29.
10. 20. 30.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 50
CH-6
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Why d and f block elements are called transition elements?
Ans. The d and f block elements are called transition elements because they are located in between s
and p block elements and their properties are in transition between the metallic elements of the s
block and non metallic elements of p block.
2. What are non typical transition elements?
Ans. Non typical transition elements are those which are transition elements just by definition. These
elements do not show typical properties of transition elements except complex formation. These
include group IIB elements (Zn, Cd and Hg) and group IIIB elements (Sc, Y and La).
3. Define: transition elements, inner transition elements and outer transition elements?
Ans. Transition element: The elements which have partially filled d or f sub shells in atomic or in any
of their commonly existing oxidation states are called transition elements.
Inner transition elements: f block elements (lanthanides and actinides) are called inner transition
elements.
Outer transition elements: d block elements are called outer transition elements.
6.2 PROPERTIES OF TRNSITION ELEMENTS
4. What are the general properties of transition elements?
Ans. The general properties of transition elements are as follows:

 They are metals in true sense.
 They play very important role in industry.
 They are all hard and strong metals.
 They possess very high melting and boiling points.
 They are all good conductors of heat and electricity.
 They can form alloys.
 They show variable oxidation states.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 51
 They form colored compounds.
5. What are paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances?
Ans. The substances which are weakly attracted by strong magnetic field are called paramagnetic
substances and the substances which are weakly repelled by strong magnetic field are called
diamagnetic substances. The paramagnetism is measured in Bohr magneton (symbol μB) units.
6. What is the reason for paramagnetic and diamagnetic behaviour of various substances?
Ans. The substances which possess unpaired electron(s) show paramagnetic behaviour because there
is a net magnetic moment associated with the spinning electron(s). Paramagnetic character increases
with increase in no of unpaired electrons.
The substances which have paired electrons exhibit diamagnetic character. In these substances, the
magnetic moments are cancelled out due to opposite spin of the paired electrons in the same orbital.
7. Why transition elements show variable oxidation states?
Ans. Transition elements show variable oxidation states due to involvement of the unpaired (n-1)d-
electrons in addition to ns-electrons of the valance shell in bond formation. In transition elements,
there is a very little energy gap between (n-1)d electrons and ns electrons of the valance shell.
8. Why transition elements show coloured compounds?
Ans. The compounds of the transition elements are coloured due to d-d electronic transition. During
this transition, the electron residing in lower d-orbitals absorb a part of visible light and jump to
higher d-orbitals. The energy difference of d-orbitals varies from ion to ion. Thus every ion absorbs a
different wavelength and transmits the remaining set of wavelengths that gives different color to the
ions.
Example: In [Ti(H2O)6]3+ ion, green light is absorbed, while most of the blue and red wavelengths are
transmitted. Therefore, the solution of [Ti(H2O)6]3+ ion looks violet in colour.
9. What are interstitial compounds?
Ans. An interstitial compound or interstitial alloy is a compound that is formed when an atom of
sufficiently small radius sits in an interstitial “hole” in a metal lattice. Examples of small atoms
are hydrogen, boron, carbon and nitrogen. These compounds are important industrially, for example
some transition metal carbides and nitrides. These are non stoichiometric compounds.
10. What are substitutional alloys?
Ans. Those alloys in which a metal atom replaces another metal atom of comparable size in its crystal
lattice are called substitutional alloys. Substitutional alloys formation is the basic character of
transition elements. Steel, brass, bronze are the important examples of substitutional alloys.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 52
6.3 COMPLEX COMPOUNDS
11. Define coordination no. and coordination sphere?

Ans. Coordination number: The no. of lone pair of electrons provided by the ligands to the central
metal atom or ion is called coordination number of central metal atom or ion.
Example: K4[Fe(CN)6] , [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 . In these two examples, coordination number of iron is 6
and that of copper is 4.
Coordination sphere: The central atom or ion along with ligands is called coordination sphere. It is
usually placed in square brackets. It may be anionic, cationic or neutral.
Example: K4[Fe(CN)6] , [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 , [Ni(CO)4] . In these examples, [Fe(CN)6]4- , [Cu(NH3)4]2+
and [Ni(CO)4]0 are anionic, cationic and neutral ligands respectively.
12. What are chelates? Explain with an example?
Ans. When a polydentate ligand gets coordinated to the same metal atom/ion through more than one
donor atoms, the resulting complex compound is called chelates. Metal chelates are more stable metal
complexes.
6.4 IRON
13. What are the three commercial forms of iron?
Ans. Iron is available commercially in following three forms:

a. Pig iron or cost iron 2.5 to 4.5% carbon
b. Wrought iron 0.12 to 0.25% carbon
c. Steel 0.25 to 2.5% carbon
14. Briefly describe the classification of steel?
Ans. There are three types of steel depending on the percentage of carbon.
a. Mild steel (0.1 to 0.2% C):
 It is fairly soft, malleable and ductile.
 It can be forged easily.
 It is used in making tubes, nuts, bolts, bars and boiler plates.
b. Medium carbon steel (0.2 to 0.7% C)
 It is harder than mild steel.
 It is also malleable and ductile.
 It is used in making rails, axles, castings.
c. High carbon steel (0.7 to 1.5% C)
 It is hard and can be forged when containing less than 1% C.
 Steel containing more than one percent carbon cannot be forged.
 It is used to make hammers, taps, and dies, cutting tools, machines tools, hard steel parts
of machinery and all sorts of engines.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 53
15. What is the role of ferromanganese in the manufacturing of steel?

Ans. An alloy of iron, manganese and carbon used in the production of steel is called
ferromanganese. Ferromanganese is used as a deoxidizer for steel. Manganese desulphurises the steel.
Carbon raises the carbon contents to the required value.
16. What is the role of aluminum in metallurgy? or How entrapped bubbles of gases are removed
from steel?
Ans. In order to remove entrapped bubbles (blow holes) of gases like O2 and N2, a little aluminum is
added because Al has the ability to combine with both O2 and N2. Al removes O2 as oxide and N2 as
nitride. 2Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
2Al + N2 → 2AlN
6.5 CORROSION
17. Why does damaged tin plated iron get rusted quickly?
Ans. If the protective layer is damaged, then iron comes into direct contact with water. A galvanic
cell is established in which tin acts as a cathode and iron as an anode. The electrons flow from iron to
tin, where they discharge H+ ions, leaving behind OH- ions in the solution. These hydroxide ions react
with iron forming Fe(OH)3, which dissolves rapidly in water. From this it can be concluded that
plated iron gets rust more rapidly when the protective coating is damaged than the non plated iron.
18. Under what conditions does Al corrode?
Ans. Al gets corroded when an element lower in electrochemical series than Al is in contact with Al.
during this combination a galvanic cell is established. In this cell Al behaves as anode and other
element as cathode. In this way, Al gets corroded.
19. How does the process of galvanizing protect iron from rusting?
Ans. Galvanization is the process of applying a protective metallic coating to an underlying piece of
metal, in order to prevent rusting. Galvanizing can be done by dipping a clean iron sheet in a zinc
chloride bath and heating. In this case, if a protective layer of Zn is damaged, a galvanic cell is
established in the presence of moisture. Iron behaves as cathode and Zn as an anode. Electrons flow
from Zn to the iron. As a result of which Zn decays while Fe remains intact.
Fe+2 + Zn → Zn+2 + Fe
This is the way in which galvanizing helps in protecting iron from rusting. This process is used in
water pipes, etc.
20. What is sacrificial corrosion?
Ans. The process of applying a protective metallic coating to an underlying piece of metal, in order to
prevent rusting is called galvanizing. Galvanizing can be done by dipping a clean iron sheet in a zinc
ADNAN MEHMOOD 54
chloride bath and heating. In this case, if a protective layer of Zn is damaged, a galvanic cell is
established in the presence of moisture. Iron behaves as cathode and Zn as an anode. Electrons flow
from Zn to the iron. As a result of which Zn decays while Fe remains intact. This is called sacrificial
corrosion.
Fe+2 + Zn → Zn+2 + Fe
6.6 CHROMATES AND DICHROMATES
21. How chromate ions are converted into dichromate ions?
Ans. In an aqueous solution, CrO4-2 and Cr2O7-2 ions exist in equilibrium.

2CrO4-2 + 2H+ → Cr2O7-2 + H2O
If an alkali is added to such a solution, the hydroxyl ions will bind the hydrogen ions in solution. As a
result, the equilibrium will shift towards left and in this way dichromate ions will be converted in to
chromate ions. Similarly, on adding an acid, the equilibrium will shift towards right and dichromate
ions will be formed.
22. What is chromyl chloride test?
Ans. This test is used to confirm the presence of chloride radicals in a salt. In this test a mixture of
solid salt containing a chloride radical is mixed with solid K2Cr2O7 and conc. H2SO4 is added. On
heating, a reddish brown gas is evolved. This gas is called chromyl chloride gas.
4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4 → 2KHSO4 + 4NaHSO4 + 3H2O + 2CrO2Cl2
(chromyl chloride gas)
23. How K2Cr2O7 is prepared? Give two reactions?
Ans. Reactions for the preparation of K2Cr2O7:

i. By the reaction between K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4
2K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → K2Cr2O7 + K2SO4 + H2O
ii. By the reaction between Na2Cr2O7 and KCl
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
6.7 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE ( KMnO4)
24. How KMnO4 is prepared by electrolytic method?
Ans. In this process, manganate ions (MnO4-2) are converted to permanganate ions (MnO4-1) by
electrolytic oxidation. During electrolysis of an aqueous solution of K2MnO4, water is decomposed to
evolve hydrogen gas at the cathode and oxygen gas at the anode. Oxygen liberated at the anode
oxidizes manganate ion (MnO4-2) into permanganate ion (MnO4-1), while hydrogen is liberated at the
cathode.
2K2MnO4 + H2O + [O] → 2KMnO4 + 2KOH
The purple solution of KMnO4 obtained as above is filtered through Gooch crucible by using asbestos
mat. Then the filtrate is concentrated and allowed to crystallize.
25. What is Stadeler’s process for the synthesis of KMnO4?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 55
Ans. In this method, Cl2 gas is passed through the green solution of K2MnO4, until it becomes purple
due to the formation of KMnO4. Here Cl2 oxidizes K2MnO4 into KMnO4.
2K2MnO4 + Cl2 → 2KMnO4 + 2KCl
26. What are the uses of KMnO4?
Ans. Uses of KMnO4:

 It is used as an oxidizing agent.
 It is used as a disinfectant and germicide.
 It is used in the manufacturing of many organic compounds.
 It is used as a laboratory reagent.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 56
1. Give coordination number and oxidation state of Fe in K4[Fe(CN)6].

2. What are chelates? Give an example.
3. What is tin plating and what happened when it is damaged?
4. Explain chromyl chloride test.
5. How does K2Cr2O7 acts as oxidizing agent in the presence of H2SO4?
6. What are typical and non typical transition elements?
7. Why transition complexes are colored?
8. What is reason of para-magnetic character?
9. Define central metal atom or ion?
10. Give formulas of hematite and magnetite.
11. Write carbon contents in pig and wrought iron.
12. What are ligands? Give two examples
13. Why transition elements have variable oxidation states?
14. Define coordination number and coordination sphere?
15. What is sacrificial corrosion?
16. How entrapped gases are removed from iron?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 57
CH-7
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
1- Which set of the hybrid orbitals has planer triangular shape?
(a) sp3 (b) sp2 (c) sp (d) dsp2
2- Type of the hybridization of carbon atom in methane is

3- Which of the following is not a heterocyclic compound?

(a) thiophene (b) anthracene (c) furan (d) pyrrole
4- Type of the hybridization of carbon atom in ethane is

5- linear shape is associated with which set of hybrid orbitals

6- Type of the hybridization of carbon atom in ethene is

7- Type of the hybridization of carbon atom in ethyne is

8- geometric isomerism is present in

(a) 1-butyne (b) 2-butyne (c) 1-butene (d) 2-butene
9- Which of the following can exhibit tautomerism?

(a) Amino acid (b) acetone (c) acetaldehyde (d) all
10- In t-butyl alcohol, the tertiary carbon atom is bonded to.

(a) 2 hydrogen atoms (c) 3 hydrogen atoms
(b) 1 hydrogen atom (d) no hydrogen atom
ADNAN MEHMOOD 58
11- Chemist who synthesized the urea from ammonium cyanate was?
(a) Berzelius (b) Kolbe (c) Wholer (d) Lavoisier
12- A double bond consists of.
(a) 2 sigma bonds (c) 1 sigma 1 pi bond
(b) one sigma 2 pi bonds (d) two pi bond
13- Ethers show the phenomenon of

(a) Position isomerism (c) functional group isomerism
(b) metamerism (d) cis-trans isomerism
14- Select from the following one which is alcohol

(a) CH3-CH2-OH (b) CH3-O-CH3 (c) CH3COOH (d) CH3-CH2-Br
15- 1-Butene and 2-Butene are examples of

(a) Position isomerism (b) metamerism (c) both a & b (d) none of these
16- Which one of following is an example of alicyclic compound?

(a) Benzene (b) phenol (c) toluene (d) cyclopropane
17- which one of the following is not an example of condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons
(a) naphthlein (b) anthracene (c) phenanthrene (d) furan
18- The number of possible isomers of C5H12 is.

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
19- Boiling point range of gasoline in °C is.

(a) 4-200 (b) 40-200 (c) 44-200 (d) 40-220
20- Which one is used to increase the octane number of fuel?

(a) Thermal cracking (b) catalytic cracking (c) steam cracking (c) none of these
21- On what basis different fractions of petroleum is obtained?

(a) Vacuum distilation (b) Fraction distilation
(c) Fractional crystallization (d) Filtration
22- Which one of the following is an isomer of diethyl ether?

(a) C2H5-CHO (b) (CH3)2O
(c) (CH3)3COH (d) CH3CH2  CH2  CH2-OH
ADNAN MEHMOOD 59
23- When number of carbon atoms increases to thirty, the number of isomers amount to over
billions?
(a) 2 billions (b) 4 billions (c) 6 billions (d) 8 billions
24- 2-Butene is  isomer of 1-butene.

(a) Chain (b) Functional group (c) Position (d) Geometrical
25- Which type of coal has greater % age of carbon in it?

(a) Lignite (b) Peat (c) Anthracite (d) Bituminous
26- What is the general formula of cycloalkane?

(a) CnH2n2 (b) CnH2n (c) CnH2n+2 (d) C2H2n4
27- The formula for acid halide is:

O
||
(a) RX (b) R  C  OX
O O
|| ||
(c) RCX (d) Ar  C  OX
28- A typical catalyst used for catalytic cracking:

(a) SiO2 (b) Al2O3
(c) Both can use SiO2 and Al2O3 (d) CaO
29- Which one of the following general formula is for ketone?

(a) R2O (b) R2CO
(c) R  CHO (d) R  CO2H
30- Which one of the followings is aromatic?
(a) N (b) O
(c) (d) All of these

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ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. (b) 11. (c) 21. (b)

2. (a) 12. (b) 22. (d)
3. (b) 13. (c) 23. (b)
4. (a) 14. (a) 24. (c)
5. (c) 15. (c) 25. (c)
6. (b) 16. (d) 26. (b)
7. (c) 17. (d) 27. (c)
8. (d) 18. (b) 28. (c)
9. (d) 19. (d) 29. (b)
10. (d) 20. (b) 30. (d)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 61
CH-7
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
SHORT QUESTIONS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
1- Define the Vital Force Theory. How it was rejected by Wohler?
Ans - Early chemists never succeed in the preparation of the organic compounds in the
laboratory. So they built the idea that organic compound could not be prepared in the laboratory
by inorganic substance and are produced only in the living things because they have a specific
force “Vital force”. This idea of early chemists is called “Vital Force Theory”.
This idea was rejected by Fredrick Wohler because he prepared an organic compound Urea [
(NH3)2CO] from an inorganic Ammonium cyanate. [NH4CNO].
NH4CNO (NH3)2CO
2- What is organic compound? Explain the importance of Wohler ,s work in the development of
organic chemistry.?
Ans- The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen
(hydrocarbons) and their derivatives is called organic chemixtry.
Wohler’s work has a great importance in the field of organic chemistry because by his revolutionary work
a lot of progress started. Now a day’s millions of the organic compounds are being prepared and has been
prepared. A lot of organic compound are full filling our daily needs e.g medicines, polymers, pesticides,
herbicides , detergents ,and different types of vitamins are being prepared due to organic chemistry.
7.2 SOME FEATURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

3- Define the catenation. What is its importance?
Ans- the ability of self linking of carbon is called “Catenation”.
Due to this ability of carbon it forms millions of the different compounds .so it can form
numerous compound of different sizes, shapes and structures.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 62
4- Define the homologous series. Give its importance.
Ans- a class of different organic compounds having the same functional group is called
Homologous Series.
Large number of organic compounds can be summarized and studied under a single Homologous
series e.g alkanes, alcohols and alkyl halides e.t.c
7.3 IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
5- What is importance of organic chemistry?
Ans- organic chemistry has wide importance in the life of human being. Almost all reactions
occurring in the bodies of living things are organic reactions. Many essential compounds e.g
carbohydrates , proteins , lipids and vitamins are organic in nature. we have become dependent
upon the organic compounds that occur in nature for our food , clothes and medicines. Chemists
have enable them to synthesize the plastics , rubber , pesticides preservatives , paints , varnishes ,
detergents , cosmetics and fertilizers due to implementation of the organic chemistry and organic
reactions.
7.4 SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

6- Define the destructive distillation or carbonization.
Ans- the breakdown of the coal into its constituents by burning in the absence of the air
(temperature ranging from 500-1000°C) is called destructive distillation. constituents formed are
coke , coal gas and coal tar.
7- Differentiate mineral oil and petroleum?
Ans- crude oil “which is formed by chemical and biochemical decomposition of the dead
organic matter between the sedimentary rocks” is called mineral oil.
Refined mineral oil is called petroleum.
7.5 CRACKING OF PETROLIUM

8- Define the cracking and give its significance.
Ans- breakdown of the higher hydrocarbons having high boiling points into variety of lower
hydrocarbons having low boiling points is called cracking.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 63
C6H34 Heat C7H16 + CH2=CH2 + CH3-CH=CH2
700 °C
By this process fractions of petroleum which are of low demands can be converted into gasoline
and other required fractions.
9- Differentiate between thermal and catalytic cracking.
Ans- breakdown of the higher hydrocarbons into lower hydrocarbons by heating them at high
temperature and pressure is called thermal cracking. It is used to obtain the unsaturated
hydrocarbons e.g ethene and propene.
Breakdown of the higher hydrocarbons into lower hydrocarbons at lower temperature (500
°C) and lower pressure ( 2 atm) in the presence of the suitable catalyst ( silica “SiO2” and
alumina “Al2O3”) is called catalytic cracking. It is used to obtain gasoline of higher octane
number.
10- Why ethene is important industrial compound.?
Ans- because it is used in the preparation of different drugs , plastics , detergents , synthetic
fibers , fertilizer, weed killers and some important chemicals .
7.6 REFORMING
11- Explain the term reforming with the help of a suitable example.
Ans- the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chain hydrocarbons by
heating in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of the catalyst is called “reforming”.
Heat CH3 CH3
CH3-(CH2)6-CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH CH3
n-octane Catalyst CH3 2,2,4 Trimethylpentane
12- How do you define the octane number and how it can be improved.?
Ans- percentage of the isooctane (2,2,4 Trimethylpentane) in the gasoline in called octane
number .as its percentage increases octane number also increases because branched chain
hydrocarbons burn smoothly and produce very low knocking.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 64
Octane number of gasoline increased by reforming or by blending it with the small amount of
additive like tetraethyl lead (TEL) because it is a very efficient antiknock.
7.7 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

13- What are homocyclic and hetrocyclic compounds.? Give one example of each.
Ans- the hydrocarbons in which the ring consists of only carbon atoms are called homocyclic or
carbocyclic compounds. e.g benzene and cyclopropane e.t.c
Benzene Cyclopropane
The hydrocarbons in which ring consist of atoms of more than one kind are called hetrocyclic
compounds or hetrocycles. e.g pyridine and furan.
Pyridine Furan
14- Differentiate between alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Ans- the homocyclic hydrocarbons which contain a ring of three or more carbon atoms and are
resembling aliphatic hydrocarbons are called alicyclic hydrocarbons. e.g cyclopropane and
cyclobutane e.t.c
ADNAN MEHMOOD 65
Cyclopropane Cyclobutane
Homocyclic hydrocarbon which contain at least one benzene ring , six carbon atoms with three
alternate single and double bonds are called aromatic hydrocarbons.
Toluene Phenol
15- Give three examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Ans- three common and general examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are Naphthlein ,
anthracene and phenanthrene.
Naphthlein Anthracene phenanthrene
16- What are the non-benzenoid aromatic compounds.
Ans- aromatic compounds which do not consist any benzene ring in their structure but they are
aromatic due to delocalization of the electron density. e.g pyridine and furan e.t.c
ADNAN MEHMOOD 66
Pyridine Furan
7.8 FUNCTIONAL GROUP

17- What is meant by functional group? Name and represent two functional groups
containing oxygen.
Ans- an atom or group of atom or a double or triple bond which represents the specific
properties in organic compound is called functional group. e.g Hydroxyl(OH) ,ether linkage( c-o-
c) and carbonyl (C=O) are the functional groups containing the oxygen.
18- What is the functional group of acid amide.? Give one example also.
Ans- compound having (R-C-NH2) functional group is called acid amide. e.g acetamide
(CH3-C-NH2).
7.9 HYBRIDIZATION OF THE ORBITALS

19- Define the orbital hybridization.
Ans- the process of the intermixing of the atomic orbitals of slightly different energies to form
the hybrid orbitals of same energies is called “orbital hybridization”.
There are many different types of the hybridization e.g sp3 , sp2 and sp e.t.c
20- Why bond length between two carbon atoms in ethyne is shorter as compared to ethene. draw
the diagram to show the overlapping of orbitals in them.
Ans- bond length between the two carbon atoms in ethyne is shorter as compared to ethene because
ethyne has sp-hybridization in which s-character is 50% and ethane has sp2-hybridization in which s-
character is 33.33% .
Due to greater s-character electron density is closer to the nucleus of the carbon atom which causes the
constriction of bond length.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 67
7.10 ISOMERISM
21- Define the isomerism and write the names of four structural isomerisms.
Ans- two or more compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formula and
properties are called isomers and this phenomenon is called isomerism.
There are two types of isomerism. (i) structural isomerism (ii) geometric isomerism
And there are four types of the structural isomerism.
(a) Chain isomerism

(b) Position isomerism
(c) Functional group isomerism
(d) Metamerism
22- Define the Tautomerism with the help of an example.
Ans- isomers which differ only with respect to the position of proton are called tautomers and
the phenomenon is called “Tautomerism”.
Tautomerism is found mainly in amino acids and carbonyl compounds ( aldehydes and ketones)
H H
H2N C COOH H3N+ C COO-
R R
Amino acid zwitterion
23- Write the structural formulas of isomers of C5H12.
Ans – There are three chain isomers of pentane
n-pentane iso-pentane
neo-pentane
ADNAN MEHMOOD 68
24- Write structural formulas of two possible isomers of C4H10.
Ans- There are two chain isomers of the butane.
n-butane iso-butane
25- What is cis-trans / geometric isomerism?
Ans- compounds which posses same structural formula but differ with respect to the position of the
identical groups in the space are called cis-trans isomers and phenomenon is called cis-trans isomerism or
geometric isomerism.
cis-2-butene trans-2-butene
26- Why there is no free rotation around a double bond and a free rotation around a single bond.?
Ans- two carbon atoms which are joined by single bond have ability of free rotation but rotation of two
carbon atoms joined by a double bond could happen if the pi bon d breaks.
27- Differentiate position isomerism and metamerism.
Ans- isomers which differ in the position of same functional group on the carbon chain are called
position isomers and phenomenon is called position isomerism. Arrangement of the carbon atoms remains
the same.
CH3-CH-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl
Cl
2-Chloropropane 1-Chloropropane
ADNAN MEHMOOD 69
Isomers which differ due to unequal distribution of carbon atoms around the functional group are called
metamers and phenomenon is called metamerism.
CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 CH3-O-CH2-CH2-CH3
Diethyl ether methyl-n-propyl ether
27- Branched hydrocarbons are better fuel as compared to straight chain why?
Ans. Branched hydrocarbons are better fuel as compared to straight chain because
branched chain hydrocarbons burn smoothly and produce maximum energy in
combustion engine while straight chain hydrocarbons burn suddenly to cause knocking.
MOST IMPORTANT SHORT QUIESTIONS

1 Branched hydrocarbons are better fuel as compared to straight why?
2 Define tautomerism and give an example.
3 What is octane number and how it can be improved?
4 How does cracking and reforming differ from each other?
5 Why there is free rotation around double bond but no free rotation around single
bond?
6 What are homocyclic and hetrocyclic compounds? Give examples
7 What are alicyclic and aromatic compounds? Give example of each
8 Define reforming of petroleum.
9 Define functional group isomerism and give an example.
10 Define functional group and give two examples of functional group containing
oxygen.
11 What are carbocyclic (alicyclic) compounds?
12 Where does sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridization present?
13 What is carbonization or destructive distillation?
14 Define fractional distillation.
15 Define vital force theory and how rejected?
16 Name the organic compound first of all prepared in laboratory?
17 Give idea about knocking in internal combustion engine.
18 Write isomers of C2H6O.
19 Write function group of aldehydes and ketone and give one example of each.
20 Classify open chain hydrocarbons.
21 Define catenation.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 70
CH- 8
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
1- β-β dichloroethyl sulphide is commonly known as.
(a) Mustard gas (b) laughing gas (c) phosgene gas (d) bio gas
2- Ozonolysis of the ethene causes the breaking of C-C bond. the product is
(a) Acetaldehyde (b) ethylene (c) formaldehyde (d) glycol
3- The addition of the unsymmetrical reagent to an unsymmetrical alkene is in the

accordance with the rule.
(a) Auf bau rule (b) Markownikoff , s rule (c) Hund,s rule (d) none of these
4- The general formula of alkanes is

(a) CnH2n (b) CnH2n-2 (c) CnH2n+2 (d) CnH2n-1
5- The general formula of alkenes is

(a) CnH2n (b) CnH2n-2 (c) CnH2n+2 (d) CnH2n-1
6- Vinyl acetylene combines with HCl to form.

(a) Polyacetylene (b) divinyl acetylene (c) chloroprene (d) butane
7- Which gas is used for the artificial ripening of fruits?

(a) Ethene (b) ethyne (c) methane (d) propane
8- Synthetic rubber is prepared by polymerization of.

(a) Chloroprene (b) acetylene (c) divinyl acetylene (d) vinyl acetylene
9- Marsh gas is.

(a) Ethene (b) acetylene (c) methane (d) propane
ADNAN MEHMOOD 71
10- Which compound is most reactive one?

(a) Benzene (b) ethene (c) ethane (d) ethyne
11- Sabatier-sendern , s reaction can be used to prepare.

(a) Alkynes (b) alkene (c) alkane (d) all
12- β-β dichloroethyl sulphide is prepared by treating sulphur monochloride with.

(a) Ethane (b) ethene (c) ethyne (d) all
13- Landler ,s catalyst is

(a) Ba / PbSO4 (b) Pd/ PbSO4 (c) Pd / BaSO4 (d) Pd / BeSO4
14- Preparation of vegetable ghee involves.

(a) Halogenations (b) hydrogenation (c) hydroxylation (d) dehydrogenation
15- Formula of chloroform is.

(a) CH3Cl (b) CCl4 (c) CH2Cl2 (d) CHCl3
16- The presence of a double bond in a compound is a sign of.

(a) Saturation (b) unsaturation (c) substitution (d) none
17- When methane reacts with Cl2 in the presence of diffused light the products obtained are.
(a) Chloroform only
(b) carbon tetrachloride only
(c) chloromethane and dichloromethane
(d) mixture of a , b, c
18- Raney nickel is used in the preparation of.

(a) Vegetable oil (b) fertilizer (c) vegetable ghee (d) none
19- Acidic hydrogen is present in.

(a) Ethyne (b) 1-butyne (c) propyne (d) all
20- Colour of precipitates of disilver acetylide is.

(a) Brown (b) crimson red (c) red (d) white
21- Markonikov’s rule is applicable to all the following compounds except:

(a) CH3  C  C  CH3 (b) CH3  C  CH
(c) CH3  CH = CH2 (d) CH2 = CH  Br
ADNAN MEHMOOD 72
22- Hydrogenation of alkene in the presence of Ranay Nickel carried out at:
(a) 473 K (b) 573 K (c) 373 K (d) None
23- Decarboxylation of sodium propionate results the formation of:

(a) CH4 (b) CH3CH3 (c) CH2 = CH2 (d) CH3  CH2  CH3
24- OZONOLYSIS is used to prepare:

(a) Aldehydes (b) Ketones (c) (a) & (b) (d) Alcohol
25- Mustard gas is used as:

(a) Oxidizing agent (b) Reducing agent (c) Dehydrating agent (d) Blistering agent
26- Bayer’s test is used to confirm:

(a) Alkenes (b) Alkane (c) Alkyne (d) (a) & (c)
27- When ethene reacts with alkaline solution of KMnO4, the product formed is:
(a) Glycol (b) Ethylene glycol (c) Glycerine (d) (a) & (b)
28- In Kolb’s Electrolysis of sodium acetate for the formation of ethane, solution at the end
of reaction is:
(a) Alkaline (b) Acidic (c) Neutral (d) having pH less than seven
29- Which one of the followings can’t be prepared by Kolb’s electrolytic method?
(a) CH4 (b) CH3CH3 (c) CH2 = CH2 (d) CH  CH
30- Ethene reacts with Br2 in the presence of:

(a) Cyclohexanal (b) Alcohol (c) Water (d) Carbon Tetrachloride
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. (a) 11. (c) 21. (a)
2. (c) 12. (b) 22. (a)
3. (b) 13. (c) 23. (b)
4. (c) 14. (b) 24. (c)
5. (a) 15. (d) 25. (d)
6. (c) 16. (b) 26. (d)
7. (a) 17. (d) 27. (d)
8. (a) 18. (c) 28. (a)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 73
9. (c) 19. (d) 29. (b)

10. (b) 20. (d) 30. (d)
CH- 8
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
SHORT QUESTIONS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
1- Why some hydrocarbons called saturated and other are unsaturated.? And how they are
distinguished.?
Ans- hydrocarbons “in which all valencies of carbon atom are fully satisfied and these
cannot further take up any more hydrogen atoms” are called saturated hydrocarbons or
alkanes.
Hydrocarbons “in which all four valencies are not fully satisfied and they have double or
triple bonds” are called unsaturated hydrocarbons e.g alkenes and alkynes.
Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons are distinguished by bromine water test. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons give this reaction easily without expense of heat but saturated hydrocarbons do
not give this reaction.
R-CH2-CH3 + Br2 CCl4 NO REACTION
R-CH=CH2 + Br2 CCl4 R-CH CH2
Br Br
Bromine water has yellow colour which decolorized by this reaction indicating the presence
of unsaturation.
8.2 NOMENCLATURE
2- Draw the structures of following compounds. (a) neopentane (b) 2-methyl propane
ADNAN MEHMOOD 74
Ans- CH3 CH3
CH3 C CH3 CH3-CH-CH3
CH3
Neopentane 2-methylpropane
3- Draw the structures of the following compounds.

(a) 2,2,3,4 Tetramethylpentane (b) 4-iso-propylheptane
Ans-
CH3 CH3 CH(CH3)2
H3C C HC HC CH3 H3C H2C H2C HC H2C H2C CH3
CH3 CH3
2,2,3,4 Tetramethylpentane 4-iso-propylheptane
4- Write down the names of following compounds according to IUPAC system.

(a) (C6H5)3CH (b) CH3C(CH3)2(CH2)2CH3
Ans-
(a) Triphenyl methane (b) 2,2-Dimethylpentane
5- Following names are incorrect. Give the correct IUPAC names.
(a) 4-methyl pentane (b) 3,5,5-Trimethylhexane
Ans- CH3 CH3 CH3
H3C H2C H2C HC CH3 H3C H2C HC H2C C CH3
CH3
(2-methylpentane) (2, 2, 4-Trimethylpentane)
8.3 ALKANES OR PARAFFINS

ADNAN MEHMOOD 75
6- What is Sabatier Sendern , s reaction.?
Ans- hydrogenation of unsaturared hydrocarbons (alkenes or alkynes) in the presence of

nickel at 200-300°C is called Sabatier Sandern , s reaction.
R-CH=CH2 + H2 Ni R-CH2-CH3
200-300°C
Hydrogenation can also be performed with platinum and palladium as catalyst but they
are very expensive metals than nickle.
7- What are two important uses of hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Ans- on industrial scale production of vegetable ghee from vegetable oil is an important
application of hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
In laboratory this method can be used for the preparation of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)
from unsaturated hydrocarbons.
8- How alkanes can be prepared from alkyl halides?
Ans- alkanes can be prepared from alkyl halides by its reaction with Zn in the presence of an
aqueous acid.
R-X + Zn + H+ + Cl R-H + ZnX2
CH3-I + Zn + H+ + Cl CH3-H + ZnI2
Methyl iodide methane
Alkanes can also be prepared by the hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides in the presence of
palladium-charcoal as a catalyst.
R-X + H2 Pd/C R-H + H-X
9- How alkanes “having one carbon less than starting material” can be prepared?
Ans- alkanes “having one carbon less than the starting materials” can be prepared by the
reaction of sodium salts of carboxylic acids with soda lime (NaOH/CaO) . In this reaction an
atom of carbon from substrate is eliminated in the form of CO2.
R C ONa+ + NaOH CaO R-H + Na2CO3

ADNAN MEHMOOD 76
CH3 C ONa+ + NaOH CaO CH3-H + Na2CO3
10- Differentiate between Clemmensen and Wolf kishner reduction.
Ans- alkanes having same number of carbon as of starting material ( aldehyde or ketone )
can be prepared by Clemmensen or Wolf kishner reduction. Reduction of aldehydes in the
presence of hydrazine and potassium hydroxide at 200°C is called Wolf Kishner reduction.
CH3 C H + 4[H] N2H4/KOH CH3-CH3 + H2O

200°C
Acetaldehyde ethane
Reduction of ketones in the presence of zinc amalgam (Zn-Hg ) and hydrochloric acid is called
Clemmensen reduction.
CH3 C CH3 + 4[H] Zn-Hg/HCl CH3-CH2-CH3 + H2O
Acetone propane
11- How alkanes are prepared from Grignard reagent.?
Ans- alkanes can be prepared by the reaction of alkyl magnesium halide ( Grignard reagent )
with the water in dilute acidic solution.
Br
CH3-CH2- Mg-Br + Hδ+-OHδ H+ ether CH3-CH3 + Mg
OH
12- Discuss the reactivity of alkanes.
Ans- alkanes are also called paraffins ( latin : parum = little , affins = affinity) . they have
very less reactivity due to presence of sigma bonds and they are inert toward many acids ,
ADNAN MEHMOOD 77
alkalies , oxidizing and reducing agents. But under the favourable conditions they can
undergo two types of the reaction.
i) Substitution reactions
ii) Thermal and catalytic reactions
13- What is inertness of the σ-bond.?
Ans- unreactivity of the alkanes can be explained in the term of inertness of the sigma bond.
Sigma bond is formed by the linear overlapping of the orbitals and in this bond electrons are
very tightly bounded between the two atoms. It is very difficult for these electrons to attack
on an electrophile and also difficult for nucleophile to attack on them. This is the fact due to
which σ-bond is highly inert.
14- How energy is produced in the combustion engine of automobiles.?
Ans- energy is produced by the combustion of petroleum in the internal combustion engine
of the automobiles. A compressed mixture of alkanes and air burns smoothly in the
combustion engine.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + H20(g) + 891 KJ/mol
15- How higher fatty acids are prepared industrially from alkanes.?
Ans- many useful product are formed when lower alkanes are burnt in the presence of
metallic catalyst at high temperature and pressure.
Higher fatty acids are also prepared from alkanes by this process.
CH4 + [O] Cu CH3-OH

400 °C/ 200atm
Methyl alcohol
CH3-OH + [O] Cu HCHO

400 °C/ 200atm
Formaldehyde
HCHO + [O] Cu HCOOH

400 °C/ 200atm
Formic acid
HCOOH + [O] Cu CO2 + H2O

ADNAN MEHMOOD 78
400 °C/ 200atm
16- Convert CH4 CH3NO2
Ans- It is a substitution reaction of alkanes in which hydrogen atom of the alkane is replaced
by nitro (NO2) group.
CH4 + HONO2 450° C CH3NO2 + H2O
17- Give three important uses of methane.
Ans- ethane is used:
1- As a fuel and as an illuminating gas

2- For the preparation of methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon
tetrachloride.
3- For the preparation of carbon black used in paints, printing inks and automobile tires.
8.4 ALKENES OR OLEFINS

18- Discuss the term “olefins”.
Ans- alkenes are also called olefins “ derived from the latin word olefiant meaning oil
forming” because lower members of alkenes form the oily products on treatment with
chlorine or bromine. Simplest olefin is C2H4. Ethene.
The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n .
19- Convert CH3-CH2-Br CH2=CH2
Ans- alkyl halide can be converted into alkenes by dehydrohalogenation (removal of

hydrogen halide) of alkyl halides in the presence of alcoholic KOH.
CH3-CH2-Br + KOH alcohol CH2=CH2 + KBr + H2O
20- How alkenes can be prepared from dehydration of alcohols?
Ans- The best method of dehydration of alcohols is to pass vapours of alcohol over the
heated alumina ( Al2O3) .
ADNAN MEHMOOD 79
R-CH2-CH2-OH Al2O3 R-CH=CH2 + H2O

340-450 °C
.
P4O10 , (Conc) H2SO4 and H3PO4 can also be used as dehydrating agent.
21- Discuss the ease of dehydration of primary , secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Ans- The ease of dehydration of alcohols is in the order :
Tertiary > secondary > primary
R-CH2-CH2-OH 75% H2SO4 R-CH=CH2 + H2O

140-170 °C
Primary alcohol
OH
R-CH2-CH-CH3 60% H2SO4 R-CH=CH-CH3 + H2O

100°C
Secondry alcohol
CH3
R C OH 25% H2SO4 R-C=CH2 + H2 O
CH3 85° C CH3
Tertiary alcohol
22- How alkenes are prepared from vicinal dihalides.?
Ans- halides having two halo groups at adjacent carbon atoms are called “vicinal
dihalides”.Vicinal dihalides can be converted into alkenes by treating them with zinc dust in
anhydrous solvent like methanol or acetic acid.
CH3-CH-CH2 + Zn CH3OH R-CH=CH2 + ZnBr2
Br Br
23- How do you convert 2-butyne into cis and trans 2-butenes.?
Ans- partial hydrogenation of alkynes produces alkenes. cis-alkenes are prepared by the
reaction of alkynes ( 2-butyne) with the finally divided palladium supported by BaSO4 and
poisoned by quinoline. “This reagent is also called Lindler , s catalyst”.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 80
CH3 CH3
CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2 Pd(BaSO4) C C
Quinoline
H H Cis -2-butene
Trans alkene can be obtained by treating an alkyne with Na in liquid NH3 at -33°C.
CH3 H
CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2 Na/liq NH3 C C
-33 °C H CH3 Trans -2-butene
24- Why п-bonds are more reactive than σ-bonds?
Ans- In the formation of pi bond partially filled orbital which are parallel to each other
overlap to form the bond . the possibility of finding electrons is minimum around the line
joining the two nuclei due to which п-electrons are not firmly held between two nuclei.
therefore pi bond is a weak bond as compared to sigma bond. pi electrons are more exposed
toward the attack of electrophilic reagent. Therefore alkenes give electrophilic reactions very
easily.
25-what is Raney nickle and where it is used?
Ans- Raney nickle is highly reactive nickle catalyst which is prepared by the reaction of
nickle – aluminum alloy with the caustic soda ( NaOH ) .
Ni-Al + NaOH + H2O Ni + NaAlO2 + 3/2 H2
It is used for the catalytic hydrogenation of the unsaturated hydrocarbons and fatty acids.
26- Why Raney nickle is highly reactive?
Ans- Raney nickle is highly reactive because it is freshly prepared in situ. It is formed in the
powder form so greater surface area is available for effective collision with substrate.
27- What is catalytic hydrogenation.? Give its significance.
Ans- the addition of hydrogen molecule in the alkenes to form saturated hydrocarbons in the
presence of a catalyst (Raney nickle ) and moderate pressure (1-5 atm) is called catalytic
hydrogenation.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 81
Heat evolved when one mole of alkene is hydrogenated is called “heat of hydrogenation”.
R-CH=CH2 + H2 Ni R-CH2-CH3 ∆H= 120 KJ/mol
200-300°C
28- Define the Markonikov, s rule . give an example.
Ans- Markonikov, s rule states that “in the addition of unsymmetrical reagent ( hydrogen
halide) to an unsymmetrical alkene negative part of reagent goes to that carbon containing
the double bond which has the least number of hydrogen atoms”.
CH3-CH2-CH2-Br
CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr 1-bromopropane (not formed)
CH3-CH-CH3
Br
2-bromopropane (actual product)
29- The addition of sulphuric acid is also called “Hydration reaction”. Justify
Ans- when alkenes are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, alkenes are converted into
the alkyl hydrogen sulphate.
CH2=CH2 + H O S OH CH3-CH2-O-SO3H
Ethene O Ethyl hydrogen sulphate
Alkyl hydrogen sulphates on boiling with water decomposed into the corresponding alcohols.
Overall this reaction involves the addition of water in the molecule of alkene and therefore it
is also called as “Hydration reaction”.
CH3-CH2-O-SO3H + H2O 100° C CH3-CH2-OH + H2SO4
29- How epoxides can be prepared from alkenes?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 82
Ans- when alkenes are mixed with oxygen or air and passed over silver oxide catalyst “at high
temperature and pressure” are converted into epoxides . Which are used for production of glycols
at industrial scale.
CH2=CH2 + ½ O2 Ag2O CH2 CH2
300 °C O Ethylene epoxide
30- What is the Baeyer,s reagent.? Give its use.
Ans- it is dilute (1%) alkaline solution of KMnO4. Which is a mild oxidizing agent used for the addition
of hydroxyl group (Hydroxylation) in the double bond resulting in the formation of dihydroxy compounds
known as vicinal glycols.
It is also used as test for identification of unsaturation in the molecule. The pink colour of alkaline
KMnO4 solution discharges indicating the presence of unsaturation.
3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H20 Cold HO-CH2-CH2-OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
Ethylene glycol
31- Give the reaction of ozone with ethene. Also give mechanism.
Ans- ozone is highly reactive allotropic form of oxygen. It reacts vigorously with alkene to form
unstable intermediate “molozonide” which reaaranges itself to form ozonides which are also
highly reactive and unstable compounds which are reduced directly in the carbonyl compounds
(aldehydes and ketones) in the presence of zinc and water.
H H O
H2C=CH2 + O3 H C C H Rearrangement H2C CH2
O O O O
Molozonide unstable Ozonide
H2C CH2 + H2O 2HCHO + H2O2
O O Formaldehyde
H2O2 + Zn ZnO + H2O

ADNAN MEHMOOD 83
32- Define the polymerization and how polythene is prepared by this process.?
Ans- small molecules combined to form large molecules known as polymers and phenomenon is
called polymerization.
Ethene polymerizes to form the polythene or polyethylene at 400 C and 100 atm.
nCH2=CH2 400° C [ CH2-CH2 ]n
200 atm polyethylene
A good quality polythene is produced when ethene is polymerized in the presence of aluminum
triethyl Al(C2H5)3 and titanium tetrachloride catalyst ( TiCl4).
33- Give important uses of the ethene.
Ans- Ethene is used for.
(i) For the artificial ripening of fruits.

(ii) For the manufacture of polythene, plastic material for making the toys, cables , bags ,
boxes etc.
(iii) As a general anesthetic
(iv) For preparing the mustard gas ‘a chemical used in World War I.
34- What is mustard gas? How it is prepared?
Ans- the mustard gas is a chemical used in world war I. it is not a gas but high boiling liquid that
dispersed as a mist of tiny droplets. It is powerful vesicant i.e., causes the blisters. It is prepared
by the reaction of ethene with disulphur dichloride.
CH2-CH2-Cl
2CH2=CH2 + S2Cl2 S + S
CH2-CH2-Cl (mustard gas)
8.5 ALKYNES
35- How benzene can be prepared from single carbon?
Ans-
CaO + 3C 2000° C CaC2 + CO
C
ADNAN MEHMOOD 84
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + CH CH
C Ethyne
Calcium carbide
CH CH 300 °C
Cu-Tube Benzene
36- Why alkynes are less reactive than alkenes inspite of having two pi-bonds?
Ans- alkynes are less reactive than alkenes because of having the sp-hybridization. In sp-
hybridization S-character is 50%. Higher S-character causes the shrinkage of the electron density
nearer to the nuclei. So electrons are not available for the attack on an electrophilic
37- How do you distinguish between 1-butyne and 2-butyne.?
Ans- 1-butyne and 2-butyne both belong to same homologous series but 1-butyne is a terminal alkyne (
containing the acidic hydrogen) due to having acidic hydrogen “ hydrogen directly attached with sp-
hybridized carbon” it can give the reaction with ammonical solution of cuprous chloride and silver nitrate
to form reddish brown and white precipitates respectively.
CH3-CH2C CH + Cu2Cl2 + 2NH4OH CH3-CH2 -C CCu + 2NH4Cl + 2H2O
1-butyne copper-butylide (Reddish brown ppts)
Appearance of reddish brown precipitates indicate the presence of acidic hydrogen. But 2-butyne does
not give this reaction.
38- What are terminal alkynes? Why they behave as acid? Give reaction of propyne with Na.
Ans- Alkynes containing acidic hydrogen are called terminal alkynes. Acidic hydrogen are those
hydrogen atoms which are directly attached with the sp-hybridized carbon. They behave like acids
because hydrogen atoms which are attached with sp-hybridized carbon can be easily removed due to
stronger pull of the sp-hybridized carbon atom on the electrons making the hydrogen atom slightly acidic.
H C Cδ Hδ+
HC C-CH3 + 2Na NaC C -CH3 + H2
Propyne sodium-propylide
ADNAN MEHMOOD 85
39- How oxalic acid is prepared from ethyne.?
Ans- Ethyne on the oxidation with strong alkaline KMnO4 gives the glyoxal which on the further
oxidation produces the oxalic acid.
OH OH
HC CH + H2O + [O] KMnO4 CH CH
OH OH
2H2O HC CH 2[O] O=C OH

KMnO4
O O O=C OH
Glyoxal Oxalic acid

1. How acetylene can be converted into benzene?
2. State Markonikov,s rule. Give an example.
3. How alkane can be prepared by Kolb,s electrolysis?
4. Define hydrogenation and give its 2 examples.
5. Write chemical equation when KMnO4 reacts with alkynes.
6. Prepare disilver acetylide by using acetylene.
7. Write the reaction of dehydrohalogenation of ethyl bromide to prepare ethene.
8. Alkanes are less reactive than alkenes. Discuss
9. Convert ethene ethyl alcohol
10. Give 4 uses of methane.
11. What is Baeyer,s test and give its importance.
12. What is Raney Nickle and where it is used?
13. What is heat of combustion?
14. How cis and trans alkenes are used? or what is partial hydrogenation?
15. What is Lindler,s catalyst? give its significance.
16. Convert acetylene oxalic acid
17. Convert acetylene into acetaldehyde.
18. Describe polymerization of ethene.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 86
CH- 9
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
1- Benzene cannot undergo.
(a) Substitution reactions
(b) addition reactions
(c) oxidation reactions
(d) elimination reactions
2- During the nitration of benzene’ active nitrating agent is.

(a) NO3 (b) NO2+ (c) H2S (d) HNO2
3- Benzene is prepared from cyclohexane by the process called.

(a) Hydrogenation (b) dehydration (c) dehydrogenation (d) none
4- The conversion of n-hexane into benzene by heating in the presence of Pt is called

(a) Isomerism (b) Aromatization (c) dealkylation (d) Rearrangement
5- Which is the molecular formula of TNT?

(a) C6H2(NO2)3CH3 (b) C6H3(NO2)3CH3 (c) C6H2(NO2)3CH5 (d) C6H2(NO2)3CH7
6- Molecule of benzene contains.

(a) 3 double bonds (c) 2 double bonds
ADNAN MEHMOOD 87
(b) one double bond (d) delocalized pi- electronic charge
7- Aromatic hydrocarbons are the derivatives of.

(a) Paraffins (b) alkenes (c) benzene (d) cyclohexane
8- Which of the following acid can be used as a catalyst in Friedel-Craft,s reactions?

(a) AlCl3 (b) HNO3 (c) BeCl2 (d) NaCl
9- Amongst the following, the compound that can be most readily sulphonated is.
(a) Toluene (b) benzene (c) nitrobenzene (d) chlorobenzene
10- Which compound is most reactive one?

(a) Benzene (b) ethene (c) ethane (d) ethyne
11- Aromatic compounds burn with sooty flame because.

(a) They have high percentage of hydrogen
(b) They have a ring structure
(c) They have high percentage of carbon
(d) They resist reaction with air
12- Empirical formula of benzene is determined by

(a) Elemental analysis (b) vapour density method (c) both a & b (d) none
13- Benzene gives which of the following reaction more easily?

(a) Addition reaction (b) substitution reaction (c) elimination reaction (d) none
14- Naphthalene is an example of.

(a) Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(c) Fused ring aromatic hydrocarbons
(d) Both b & c
15- C-C bond length in benzene is.

(a) 1.20Å (a) 1.34Å (c) 1.397Å (d) 1.54 Å
16- Benzene on the oxidation in the presence of V2O5 catalyst produces.

(a) Maleic acid (b) fumaric acid (c) malonic acid (d) none
17- Nitration of toluene at higher temperature (100°C) produces.

(a) TNP (b) TNT (c) DNT (d) none
ADNAN MEHMOOD 88
18- Which of following is not an ortho-para directing group?

(a) -NH2 (b) - CH3 (c) -NR2 (d) -NO2
19- Resonance energy of benzene ring is.

(a) -119.5 Kj/mol (b) - 150.5 Kj/mol (c) -231.5 Kj/mol (d) none
20- Each carbon atom in the benzene ring is.

(a) sp-hybridized (b) sp2-hybridized (c) sp3-hybridized (d) none
21- Possibility of second substitution in benzene ring “for ortho , meta and para positions
respectively” is in the order.
(a) 20%:40%:40% (b) 40%:20%:40% (c) 40%:40%:20% (d) none
22- The substitution reactions of benzene involve:

(a) Free radicals (b) Electrophile (c) Nucleophiles (d) Both (a) and (b)
23- Structure of benzene is resonance hybrid of:

(a) Kekule’s structures(b) Dewar structures (c) Kekule’s and Dewar structures (d) None
24- Which group is called Meta directing group when attached on benzene ring?
(a) NHR (b) OR (c) SH (d) +NR3
25- Benzene was discovered by Michael Faraday in the gas produced by destructive
distillation of:
(a) Vegetable oil (b) Vegetable ghee (c) Coal-tar (d) Coal gas
26- Hexagonal structure of benzene was confirmed by:

(a) Resonance energy (b) X-ray studies (c) Hybridization (d) none of the above
27- Benzene is reduced to cyclohexane with hydrogen in the presence of:

(a) Pt + CH3COOH (b) Ni + 200C (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None
28- Benzene in more stable than:

(a) Cyclohexene (b) 1, 3-cyclohexadine (c) 1, 3, 5-cyclohexatriene (d) All
29- CH bond length in benzene is:

(a) 0.99 A (b) 1.09 A (c) 1.12 A (d) 1.397 A
30- Molecular formula for napthalene is:

ADNAN MEHMOOD 89
(a) C10H8 (b) C10H10 (c) C10H12 (d) C12H12
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1 (d) 11. (c) 21. (c)

2 (b) 12. (a) 22. (b)
3 (c) 13. (b) 23. (c)
4 (b) 14. (c) 24. (d)
5 (a) 15. (c) 25. (c)
6 (d) 16. (a) 26. (b)
7 (c) 17. (b) 27. (c)
8 (a) 18. (d) 28. (d)
9 (a) 19. (b) 29. (b)
10 (b) 20. (b) 30. (a)
CH- 9
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
SHORT QUESTIONS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
1- Define the term “Aromatic”.
Ans- the term “Aromatic” was derived from the greek word ‘aroma’ meaning “fragrant”
and was used for special class of organic compounds which have low carbon to hydrogen
ratio in their molecular formula. It was soon realized that all aromatic compounds are not
fragrant but there were many other compounds which did not have any odour.
2- What are aromatic hydrocarbons.? how they are classified.?
Ans- hydrocarbons containing at least one benzene ring in their structure, and all
derivatives of benzene are called aromatic hydrocarbons.
On the basis of number of benzene rings aromatic hydrocarbons can be categorized into
following classes.
(a) Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

ADNAN MEHMOOD 90
(b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
3- Differentiate between monocyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbons.
Ans- Aromatic hydrocarbons containing one benzene ring in their structure are called
monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. toluene , phenol and aniline etc.
CH3 OH NH2
Toluene phenol Aniline
Aromatic hydrocarbons containing two or more benzene rings in their structure are called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. Naphthalene , Phenanthrene and Anthracene etc.
Naphthlein Anthracene phenanthrene
9.2 NOMENCLATURE
4- Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds.
(a) (b) (c)
Ans- (a) 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid
(b) 4-Nitroaniline
ADNAN MEHMOOD 91
(c) 2,4,6 Trinitrophenol
5- Give name and possible isomeric structures of following. (a) xylene (b) trimethyl
benzene
Ans- (a) xylene
31- Trimethyl benzene
9.3 BENZENE
6- How straight chain structure of benzene was ruled out.?
Ans- Two possible straight chain structures formulas suggested for benzene are
HC C-CH2-CH2-C CH (1,5 Hexadiyne)
H2C=CH-C C-CH=CH2 (1,5 Hexadiene-3-yne )
If anyone of the above structure is considered true structure of benzene then benzene
should be an alkene or alkyne. Both are oxidized by alkaline KMnO4 solution. But
benzene is stable toward KMnO4 solution. Benzene give the addition reactions with
hydrogen and halogens , which indicate the presence of unsaturation. It also give
substitution reactions with conc.HNO3 and conc.H2SO4 which indicate that benzene has
saturated structure.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 92
Molecular formula of benzene (C6H6) also discourages the straight chain structure for the
benzene. it means that benzene does not belong to straight chain hydrocarbons and
therefore possibility of straight chain structure is ruled out.
7- What information is obtained by x-ray analysis of benzene.?
Ans- X-rays analysis of benzene has confirmed the regular planer hexagonal structure
for benzene. X-rays studies have also confirmed that all carbon and hydrogen atoms are
in the same plane and all angles are of 120°. All C-C bond lengths are 1.397 Å and all C-
H bond length are 1.09 Å.
8- What was the major objection on the Kekul , s structure.?
Ans- Kekul proposed the two benzene structures with three alternate double and three
single bonds. Its means that benzene has high degree of unsaturation so it should give the
addition reactions readily and substitution reactions reluctantly. But in actual practice
benzene gives substitution reactions readily and addition reactions reluctantly. According
to Kekul ,s structures benzene is very reactive species but actually benzene is very stable.
9- Define the “Rasonance energy” of benzene.
Ans- The difference between the potential energy of the actual structure (the resonance hybrid)
and that of the contributing structure with the lowest potential energy is called the "resonance
energy”. Its value is 150.5 Kj/mol.
Or
ADNAN MEHMOOD 93
The difference between the heat of hydrogenation of the actual structure (the resonance hybrid)
and that of the contributing structure with the lowest heat of hydrogenation is called the
"resonance energy”.
10- Benzene has three pi bonds. Prove this by two points.
Ans- unsaturation in benzene ring can be easily explained by it reaction with hydrogen
and halogens. Three hydrogen or halogens molecules can be easily added in benzene ring
due to the presence of three pi bonds.
(i) Benzene adds three hydrogen molecules in the presence of Pt as catalyst.
+ 3H2O Pt
(ii) Benzene adds three molecules of chlorine in the presence of sunlight.
Br
Br Br
+ 3Br2 Sunlight
Br Br
Br
11- Give two reactions which prove that benzene is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Ans- The addition of sulphonic acid group (-SO3H) and nitro group (-NO2) in the
benzene ring by the substitution of proton from the benzene ring are the reactions which
prove that benzene is a saturated hydrocarbon.
NO2
+ HNO3 H2SO4 + H2O

ADNAN MEHMOOD 94
60°C
SO3H
+ H2SO4 80°C + H2O
12- Why benzene is given a cyclic structure?
Ans- Benzene is given a cyclic structure due to its behavior to the substitution. If benzene
is considered as a straight chain structure it should have three different mono-substituted
products.
X X X
C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6 C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6 C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6
But in actual practice benzene gives only one mono-substituted product.
+ X
If straight chain structure is considered for benzene it should have thirty di-substituted products
but actually it has only three di-substituted products.
X X X X
+Y + +
9.4 PREPARATION OF BENZENE

ADNAN MEHMOOD 95
13- How benzene can be prepared from cyclohexane.?
Ans- Cyclohexane can be converted into benzene by dehydrogenation in the presence of

a catalyst Pt or Pd at 250 °C temperature.
Pt or Pd
250°C
14- How benzene can be prepared from (a) acetylene (b) n-hexane .?
Ans- benzene can be prepared from acetylene by passing it under pressure over organo-
nickle catalyst at 70 °C.
HC = CH Organo-nickle catalyst
Acetylene 70°C Benzene
Benzene can also be prepared by passing the vapours of n-hexane over the mixture of catalysts (
Cr2O3 + Al2O3 + SiO2 ) at 500° C.
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 Cr2O3 + Al2O3 + SiO2 + 4H2O

n-Hexane 500°C
Benzene
15- Write the two laboratory method for the preparation of benzene.
Ans- benzene can be prepared in laboratory by different methods. Most common and
applicable methods are given below.
(i) Benzene can be prepared by heating the sodium salt of benzoic acid with soda
lime.
COONa
+ NaOH CaO + Na2CO3 + H2

ADNAN MEHMOOD 96
(ii) Benzene can also be prepared by distilling the zinc dust with phenol.
OH
+ Zn + ZnO
9.2 REACTIONS OF BENZENE
16- Write the general mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction in benzene.
Ans- The pi electrons in the benzene ring are highly delocalized and not available for the
attack on a weak electrphile like in alkenes. It means that a strong electrophile is required
to facilitate the attack of delocalized electrons of highly stable , hexagonal planer benzene
ring.
The addition product is not favorable because in this reaction stability of benzene ring is lost.
That’s why only substitution product is possible in which stability of benzene is retained.
17- What happens when chlorine is passed through the benzene in the presence of (a)
sunlight (b) FeCl3
Ans- When chlorine is passed from benzene in the presence of sunlight , it gives the
addition product and three molecules of chlorine are added along three double bonds of
benzene. Cl
Cl Cl
+ 3Cl2 Sunlight
Cl Cl
ADNAN MEHMOOD 97
Cl
But when chlorine is passed from benzene ring in the presence of FeCl3 , it gives the substitution
reaction and only one atom of chlorine as an elctrophile substitute the single hydrogen atom to
form substitution product.
Cl
+ Cl2 FeCl3 + HCl
18- How following are prepared from benzene (a) maleic anhydride (b) maleic
acid (c) glyoxal.?
Ans- structure of benzene is highly stable and it does not oxidized by K2Cr2O7 and
KMnO4 . But it can be oxidized by air in the presence of V2O5 catalyst. Ring of benzene
is destroyed when it is strongly heated in the presence of air and V2O5. And benzene is
converted into maleic anhydride.
Reaction of maleic anhydride with water produces the maleic acid.

ADNAN MEHMOOD 98
Glyoxal can be prepared by the reaction of benzene with ozone through an intermediate benzene
triozonide.( C6H6O9 )
C6H6O9 + Zn CHO
CHO (Glyoxal)
19- Explain the alkylation of benzene.
Ans- The introduction of alkyl group (-R) in the benzene ring in the presence of alkyl
halide and a catalyst AlCl3 is called alkylation of benzene. It is also called Friedel Craft’s
alkylation.
General reaction:
Mechanism:
R-Cl + AlCl3 AlCl4 + R+

ADNAN MEHMOOD 99
20- Give the mechanism of sulphonation of benzene.
Ans- The introduction of sulphonic acid group by the substitution of a proton from the
benzene ring is called sulphonation of benzene. In this reaction sulphur trioxide acts as
strong electrophile.
General reaction:
Mechanism:
ADNAN MEHMOOD 100
21- Give the mechanism of nitration of benzene.
Ans- The introduction of nitro (-NO2) group by the substitution of a proton from the
benzene ring is called nitration of benzene. In this reaction nitronium ion (NO2+) is an
active nitrating agent.
General reaction:
Mechanism:
22- How would you prepare m-Chloronitrobenzene.?
Ans- Nitrobenzene should be prepared first by the nitration of benzene in the presence of
nitric acid and sulphuic acid. Because nitro group(-NO2) is a meta-directing group and it
directs incoming electrophile to the meta-position in its presence.
23- How would you prepare p-Chloronitrobenzene.?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 101
Ans- Chlorobenzene should be prepared first by the chlorination of benzene in the

presence of chlorine and a Lewis acid ( AlCl3 ) as a catalust. Chloro group (-Cl ) is a
ortho-para directing group and it directs incoming electrophile to ortho and para positions
in its presence.
Cl
+ Cl2 FeCl3 + HCl
24- How benzoic acid can be prepared from benzene.?
Ans- Toluene is prepared by introduction of methyl group ( Alkylation ) “in the

presence of methyl chloride and a Lewis acid ( AlCl3 )” in the benzene ring and then side
chain oxidation occur in the presence of KMnO4 and sulphuric acid
.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 102

1. How hexane and heptane can give benzene and toluene?
2. How benzene can be converted into acetophenone? Give mechanism. ( Acylation)
3. Convert benzene into (a) cyclohexane (b) malic anhydride (c) malic acid
4. Write general mechanism for electrophilic substitution of benzene.
5. How straight chain structure of benzene was ruled out?
6. What are monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?
7. Briefly describe x-ray studies of benzene.
8. Define resonance and draw resonance structures of benzene.
9. How would you prepare m-chloronitrobenzene and p-chloronitrobenzene from benzene?
10. Prove that benzene has cyclic structure.
11. What is Wurtz-fitting reaction?
12. Give mechanism of Freidal-craft alkylation.
13. Give mechanism of nitration of benzene.
14. Define resonance energy and give its value?
15. Prepare benzene from acetylene.
16. Give reaction of benzene with SO3.
17. What is aromatization?
18. Give mechanism of halogenations of benzene.
19. Give reaction of benzene with ozone.
20. Prepare benzene from phenol.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 103
CH- 10
ALKYL HALIDES
1- Which of the following reagent will react with both aldehyde and ketones?
(a) Grignard’s reagent (b) Tollen’s reagent (c) Fehling reagent (d) Benedict’s reagent
2- In which mechanism the first step involved is same?

(a) E1and E2 (b) E2 and SN2 (c) E1 and SN1 (d) SN1 and SN2
3- SN2 reactions are.

(a) Uni-molecular (b) bi-molecular (c) tri-molecular (d) tetra-molecular
4- The common name of 2-methyl-2-chloropropane is.

(a) Iso-butyl chloride (b) sec-butyl chloride (c) ter-butyl chloride (d) n-butyl chloride
5- Which is not a nucleophile?

(a) H2O (b) H2S (c) BF3 (d) NH3
6- In primary alkyl halide halogen atom is attached to carbon atom which is further
attached to how many carbon atoms?
(a) Two (b) three (c) one (d) four
7- Elimination bimolecular reaction involves.

ADNAN MEHMOOD 104
(a) First order kinetics

(b) second order kinetics
(c) third order kinetics
(d) zero order kinetics
8- Ethyl magnesium bromide reacts with water to form.

(a) Ethane (b) methane (c) propane (d) n-butane
9- Primary alcohol is obtained by treating the Grignard’s reagent with.

(a) HCHO (b) CH3CHO (c) CH3COCH3 (d) CO2
10- SN1 reactions are easily given by.

(a) Primary alkyl halides
(b) Secondary alkyl halides
(c) Tertiary alkyl halides
(d) Primary alcohols
11- SN2 reactions are easily given by.

(a) Primary alkyl halides
(b) Secondary alkyl halides
(c) Tertiary alkyl halides
(d) Primary alcohols
12- The reactivity order of the alkyl halides for a particular alkyl group is.
(a) Fluoride > chloride > bromide > iodide
(b) Chloride > bromide > fluoride > iodide
(c) Iodide > bromide > chloride > fluoride
(d) Bromide > iodide > chloride > fluoride
13- When CO2 is made to react with ethyl magnesium iodide followed by an acid
hydrolysis, the product formed is.
(a) Propane (b) propanoic acid (c) propanal (d) propanol
14- Grignard ,s reagent is reactive due to:

(a) Presence of halogen atom
(b) Presence of Mg atom
(c) Polarity of C-Mg bond
(d) None of above
15- Elimination uni-molecular reactions involve :

ADNAN MEHMOOD 105
(a) First order kinetics

(b) Second order kinetics
(c) Third order kinetics
(d) Zero order kinetics
16- Alkyl halides are considered to be very reactive compounds toward the nucleophiles ,
because:
(a) They have an electrophilic carbon
(b) They have an electrophilic carbon and a good leaving group
(c) They have an electrophilic carbon and a bad leaving group
(d) They have an nucleophilic carbon and a good leaving group
17- Rate of E1 reaction depends upon:

(a) Concentration of substrate
(b) Concentration of nucleophile
(c) The concentration of substrate as well as nucleophile
(d) None of above
18- Which of following is not an example of alkyl halide?

(a) CH3-CH2-Br (b) Br-CH2-CH2-Br (c) CH3-CH2-Cl (d) CH3-CH2-I
19- Direct iodination of alkanes is not possible because:

(a) Reaction of iodine is extremely vigorous
(b) Bond dissociation energy of iodine is very high
(c) Reaction of iodine is very slow
(d) Both b and c
20- In SN2 reaction configuration of the product is:

(a) 100% inversion
(b) 50% inversion & 50% retention
(c) 100% retention of configuration
(d) None of these
21- Which one of the following reactants will be required to form ethyl alcohol from ethyl
bromide?
(a) Alcoholic KOH Aqueous KOH Alkaline KMnO4 Sodium metal in ether
22- Tertiary alkyl halides undergo SN1 reactions because:

(a) Attacking nucleophile can attach from one side only
(b) Reaction occurs in one step only
(c) Rate of reaction depends only upon the substrate
ADNAN MEHMOOD 106
(d) There is no stearic hindrance
23- Grignard reagents are derivative of:

(a) Alcohols (b) Alkyl halides (c) Ether (d) Water
24- Which substance is used to convert Grignard reagent to alkane?

(a) H2O (b) NH3 (c) C2H5OH (d) All
25- Which one of the following is not nucleophile?

+
(a) CH3  NH2 (b) CH2 = CH2 (c) NH3 (d) CH3
26- Which of the following alkyl halide is not prepared directly?

(a) R  F (b) R  Cl (c) R  Br (d) R  I
27- Ethyl magnesium bromide reacts with ethylene epoxide and on hydrolysis produces:
(a) 1-propanal (b) 2-propanal (c) 1-butanol (d) Cyclopropanal
28- Grignard reagent reacts with  to form tertiary alcohol.

(a) Acetone (b) 2-butanone (c) (a) & (b) (d) Propanal
29- Which of the following alkyl halides have minimum bond energy?
(a) C  I (b) C  Br (c) C  Cl (d) C  F
30- In SN2 mechanism:

(a) 100% inversion takes place
(b) 100% retension takes place
(c) 50% retension 50% inversion
(d) 70% inversion 30% retension
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. (a) 11. (a) 21. (b)
2. (c) 12. (c) 22. (c)
3. (b) 13. (a) 23. (b)
4. (c) 14. (c) 24. (d)
5. (c) 15. (a) 25. (d)
6. (c) 16. (b) 26. (d)
7. (b) 17. (a) 27. (c)
8. (a) 18. (b) 28. (c)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 107
9. (a) 19. (d) 29. (a)

10. (c) 20. (a) 30. (a)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 108
CH- 10
ALKYL HALIDES
SHORT QUESTIONS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
1- Define the alkyl halides. Give two examples.
Ans- Halogen derivatives of alkanes are called “haloalkanes”. Haloalkanes may be mono
, di , tri or poly haloalkanes depending upon the number of halogen atoms present in the
molecule.
But monohalo derivative of alkanes are called “Alkyl Halides”. General formula of alky
halides is R-X where R may be methy , ethyl ,propyl or any other alkyl group while X is
halogen atom e.g., F ,Cl , Br and I.
CH3-CH2-Cl CH3-Cl CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl
Chloroethane Chloromethane 1- Chloropropane
10.2 NOMENCLATURE
2- Write the IUPAC names of the followings. (a) CBr4 (b) CHCl3 (c)CH2Cl2 .
. (d) CH3Cl
Ans- (a) Tetrabromomethane (b) Trichloromethane (c) Dichloromethane .

(d) Chloromethane
2- What are primary , secondary and tertiary alkyl halides.?
Ans- primary alkyl halides are those alkyl halides in which carbon atom “which is
attached with the halogen atom” is further attached with one or no any carbon are called
primary alkyl halides.
CH3-CH2-Cl CH3-Cl
Ethyl chloride methyl chloride
Secondary alkyl halides are those alkyl halides in which carbon atom “which is attached
with halogen atom” is further attached with two carbon atoms are called secondary alkyl
halides.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 109
CH3 CH Cl
. CH3 Iso-propylchloride
Tertiary alkyl halides are those alkyl halides in which carbon atom “which is attached with
halogen atom” is further attached with three carbon atoms are called tertiary alkyl halides.
CH3
CH3 C CH3
Cl
ter-Butylchloride
10.3 METHODS OF PREPARATION OF ALKYL HALIDES

3- How alkyl halides can be prepared from the alcohols.?
Ans- Alcohols can be easily converted into the alkyl halides by the reaction of
corresponding alcohol with halogen acid ( HX ) in the presence of ZnCl2 which acts as a
catalyst.
CH3-CH2-OH + HX ZnCl2 CH3-CH2-X + H20
Ethyl halide
4- How would you prepare the alkyl halide when alcohol reacted with the thionyl
chloride in pyridine.?
Ans- Alcohols also react with the thionyl chloride in the presence of pyridine which acts
as a solvent during this reaction. In this reaction only alkyl chlorides can be prepared.
This is a very efficient method for preparation of alkyl chlorides because by products of
this reaction are ( HCl , SO2) gases. Which are escaped leaving behind the pure product.
R-OH + SOCl2 pyridine R-Cl + HCl + SO2
5- What is best method for preparation of alkyl halide and why.?
Ans- Best method of the preparation of alkyl chloride is the reaction of alcohols with
thionyl chloride in the presence of pyridine which acts as a solvent.
R-OH + SOCl2 pyridine R-Cl + HCl + SO2

ADNAN MEHMOOD 110
This is a very efficient method for preparation of alkyl chlorides because by products of
this reaction are ( HCl , SO2) gases. Which are escaped leaving behind the pure product.
6- Write two methods for the preparation of alkyl halide.
Ans- Alkyl halide can be prepared by the reaction of alcohols with halogen acids in the
presence of ZnCl2.
CH3-CH2-OH + HX ZnCl2 CH3-CH2-X + H20
Ethyl halide
Other method for the preparation of alkyl halide is the reaction of alcohols with the
phosphorus tri-halide and phosphorus penta-halide.
CH3-CH2-OH + PBr3 CH3-CH2-Br + H3PO3
CH3-CH2-OH + PCl5 CH3-CH2-Cl + POCl3 + HCl
7- Why alkyl iodides cannot be prepared by direct iodination of alkanes.?
Ans- Alkyl iodides are prepared by the reaction of alkyl chloride or alkyl bromide with
the sodium iodide. This method is particularly used for the preparation of alkyl iodides
because direct iodination of alkanes is not possible due to very low reactivity of iodine.
Low reactivity of iodine is related to its high bond dissociation energy.
R-Cl + NaI R-I + NaCl
R-Br + NaI R-I + NaBr
10.4 REACTIVITY OF ALKYL HALIDES

7- Explain the order of reactivity of alkyl halide on the basis of C-X bond energy.
Ans- C-X bond energy depends upon the electro negativity difference between carbon atom
and halogen atom ( F , Cl , Br , I ). Greater the electro negativity difference stronger the bond
between carbon and halogen atom. The order of reactivity of alkyl halide with respect to bond
energy is as follows:
C2.5-I 2.5 > C2.5-Br2.8 > C2.5-Cl3.0 > C2.5-F4.0

ADNAN MEHMOOD 111
C-I bond is the weakest bond among the all halogens due to very small electro negativity
difference and therefore most reactive. While C-F bond is the strongest among the all halogens
due to greater electro negativity difference and therefore least reactive.
8 -Explain the order of reactivity of alkyl halide on the basis of C-X bond polarity.
Ans- C-X bond polarity also depends upon the electro negativity difference between carbon and
halogen atoms. Greater the electro negativity difference greater the bond polarity. So the order of
reactivity of alkyl halides with respect to the bond polarity is as follows:
C2.5-F4.0 > C2.5-Cl3.0> C2.5-Br2.8 > C2.5-I 2.5
If an electrophile is the attacking species then bond polarity suggest that alkyl fluorides would be
most reactive one. But alkyl iodides would be least reactive one due to least electro negativity
difference.
9- Discuss the overall reactivity order by under considering the both factors bond polarity
and bond energy.
Ans- According to the factor of bond energy alkyl iodides are most reactive and alkyl fluorides
are least reactive. And according the factor of bond polarity alkyl fluorides are most reactive and
alkyl iodides are least reactive. But many experiments about the reactivity and reactions of the
alkyl halides have proved that the reactivity order depends upon the strength of C-X bond. So C-
X bond in alkyl iodides is least strong therefore alkyl iodides are most reactive. And C-X bond in
alkyl fluorides is most strong therefore alkyl fluoride are least reactive . So by understanding the
both factors ( bond energy and bond polarity ) the overall reactivity order would be.
C2.5-I 2.5 > C2.5-Br2.8 > C2.5-Cl3.0 > C2.5-F4.0
10.5 REACTIONS OF ALKYL HAALIDES

11- Define nucleophilic substitution reaction and how they can be classified.?
Ans- Reactions in which halogen atom of the alkyl halides is replaced by another atom or group
of atom( nucleophile ) is called “Nucleophilic substitution reaction”.
This reaction can be classified into two categories depending upon the timing of “Nu-C bond
formation” and “C-X bond brackage”.
Nu + C X Nu C + X
ADNAN MEHMOOD 112
(i) Nucleophilic substitution bimolecular ( SN2)

(ii) Nucleophilic substitution uni-molecular ( SN1)
If these both processes occur in the same step reaction will be “ Nucleophilic substitution
bimolecular” and if C-X bond breakage occurs first and Nu-C bond formation occurs second the
reaction will be “Nucleophilic substitution unimolecular”.
12- Define the following terms: (a) Nucleophile (b) electrophile
Ans- (a) Nucleophile means nucleus loving. Nucleophile is the specie which carry the negative
charge or lone pairs of electrons and attacks on the electron deficient centre with its electrons
e.g., hydroxyl group (OH ) , halo group ( X ) , water H2O and amino group ( NH2) e.t.c.
(b) Electrophile mean electron loving. The “specie having electron deficient carbon
centre” is called electrophoile or electrophilic centre. If an electro negative aton or
group of atom is directly attached with the carbon it will become electrophilic centre.
13- Explain the mechanism of SN2 reaction.
Ans- Nucleophilic substitution bimolecular ( SN2) is a single step mechanism. In this reaction
“Nu-C bond formation” and “C-X bond brackage” occur at the same time . in other words extent
of bond formation is equal to extent of bond breakage.
This reaction is most commonly given by primary alkyl halide and direction of attack of
nucleophile is from the opposite side of the leaving group. as nucleophile starts approaching
leaving group starts departing. During this reaction configuration of alkyl halide molecule is
totally inverted. This is called inversion of configuration.
14- Explain the mechanism of SN1 reaction.
Ans- Nucleophilic substitution unimolecular ( SN2) is a two step mechanism. In this reaction
“Nu-C bond formation” and “C-X bond brackage” occur at the different times . Firstly C-X bond
breaks and then Nu-C bond formation occurs in the second step. In the first step alkyl halide
ionizes to form the carbocation and in the second step nucleophile attacks from the both sides of
carbocation with the equal ease.
This reaction is most commonly given by tertiary alkyl halides. During this reaction
configuration of alkyl halide molecule is 50% inverted and 50% retained.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 113
15- Differentiate between “Transition” state and “Intermediate”.
Ans- Specie ‘which is formed for very short interval during a chemical reaction’ is called
Transition state. Actually transition state is the activated complex which cannot be separated
from the reaction mixture.
Specie “ which can be separated from the reaction mixture” is called ‘Intermediate’. During the
SN1 reaction carbocation “which is formed by the ionization of alkyl halide” is also an
intermediate.
Intermediate
16- What is role of stability of carboniom ion for determining SN 1 and SN2 mechanism.?
Ans- SN 1 and SN2 mechanisms completely depends upon the stability of carbonium ion.
Primary carbocations are highly reactive and less stable while tertiary carbocations are less
reactive and highly stable.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 114
Stability of tertiary carbocation is due to presence of alkyl groups which are directly attached
with electrophilic carbon centre. These alkyl groups have electron donating inductive effect and
they can minimize the electron deficiency of electrophilic carbon centre by donating the electron
density. therefore tertiary alkyl halides can ionize to form the tertiary carbocation. Therefore
tertiary alkyl halides give the Nucleophilic substitution unimolecular reaction (SN1).
CH3
CH3 C+
CH3 Tertiary carbocation
But primary carbocation does not have such type of the stability therefore primary alkyl halides
do not ionize to form primary carbocation. Attack of nucleophile and departure of leaving group
occur at the same time. Therefore primary alkyl halide give the Nucleophilic substitution
bimolecular reaction (SN2).
H C+
H primary carbocation
16- Define the β- Elimination reaction. How they are classified.?
Ans- Elimination of hydrogen halide ( hydrogen from β-carbon and halogen from α-carbon )
from alkyl halides in the presence of a base is called β-Elimination reaction.
This reaction can be categorized in two types depending upon the attack of nucleophile and
departure of leaving group.
(i) Elimination bimolecular (E2)

(ii) Elimination uni-molecular (E1)
In E2 reaction nucleophile attacks and leaving group leaves at the same time with the formation
of carbon carbon double bond.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 115
In E1 reaction , like the SN1 reaction first step is the slow ionization of the substrate to give a
carbocation. In the second step, nucleophile attacks on the hydrogen to give alkene as a product.
17- Convert CH3CH2CH2Cl CH3CH=CH2
Ans- Alkyl halide can be converted into respected alkenes by their reaction with alcoholic KOH.
CH3CH2CH2Cl alcohlic KOH CH3CH=CH2 + HCl
18- How symmetrical alkanes can be prepared from alkyl halides.?
Ans- The reaction of alkyl halide with the sodium in the ether solvent gives the symmetrical
alkanes.
CH3-CH2-Cl + Na + Cl-CH2-CH3 Ether CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 2NaCl
n-Butane
19- How tetraethyl lead is prepared from alkyl halide.?
Ans- Ethyl chloride reacts with sodium lead alloy to give the tetraethyl lead. It is very
important anti-knock agent and is used in gasoline.
CH3-CH2-Cl + Na4Pb ( CH3CH2)4Pb + 4NaCl

ADNAN MEHMOOD 116
10.6 GRIGNARD REAGENT
21- How Grignard reagents are prepared.?
Ans- Grignard reagents are prepared by the reaction of alkyl halides with the magnesium in
the presence of dry ether. It is important that reagent should be absolutely dry and pure
because Grignard reagents are so reactive that they can react with the moisture or any
impurity present.
Rδ+ Xδ + Mg Ether R-Mg-X
22- Grignard reagent is considered as most reactive compound than most of

organic compounds why.?
Ans- Grignard reagents are much reactive than most of organic compounds. The reactivity is
due to the nature of C-Mg bond which is highly polar.
CH3δ Mgδ+ Xδ
Magnesium is more electropositive than carbon and C-Mg bond is highly polar, giving the
carbon of alkyl partial negative charge. This negative charge is an unusual character for
carbon which makes alkyl group highly reactive toward the electrophilic centre.
23- What products are formed when ethyl magnesium bromide is treated with the
followings.? (a) HCHO (b) (CH3)2CO (C) CH3CHO
Ans- (a)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 117
(b)
(c)
24- How alkanes can be prepared from the Grignard Reagent.?

Ans-
From water:
CH3-CH2-Mg-Br + H-OH CH3-CH3 + Mg-Br
OH
From ammonia:
CH3-CH2-Mg-Br + H-NH2 CH3-CH3 + Mg-Br
NH2
ADNAN MEHMOOD 118
From alcohol:
CH3-CH2-Mg-Br + H-OC2H5 CH3-CH3 + Mg-Br
OC2H5
25- How carboxylic acid can be prepared from the Grignard reagent.?
Ans- carboxylic acids can be prepared by the reaction of Grignard reagent with the carbon
dioxide.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 119

1. What are elimination reactions? Also give E1 reaction.
2. How will you convert CH3-CH3 to (CH3-CH2)4NBr
3. Give two preparations of alkyl halides from alcohols.
4. Convert ethyl bromide into (a) ethane and (b) n-butane
5. Why alkyl halides are more reactive than alkanes?
6. Give two examples of SN reactions.
7. Give reactions of ethanol with (a) PBr3 (b) PCl3
8. Define nucleophile and electrophile.
9. What is Wurtz synthesis?
10. Using ethyl bromide prepare (a) ethene (b) propanoic acid
11. How Grignard reagents react with epoxides?
12. Why tertiary alkyl halides give SN1 reaction?
13. What is nature of C-Mg bond in R-Mg-X?
14. Give the mechanism of SN1 reaction.
15. What is leaving group and substrate?
16. What are primary secondary and tertiary alkyl halide? give an example each
17. What is best method to prepare alkyl halide?
18. How Grignard is used to prepare carboxylic acids?
19. Give mechanism of SN2 reaction.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 120
CH - 11
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
1- Which compound show the maximum hydrogen bonding with the water:
(a) CH3OH (b) C2H5OH (c) C6H5OH (d) CH3-O-CH3
2- Rectified spirit is:

(a) 80% alcohol (b) 95% alcohol (c) 85% alcohol (d) 98% alcohol
3- Phenol reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence of base to form an.
(a) Acid (b) alcohol (c) aldehyde (d) ester
4- Methyl alcohol is not used:

(a) As a solvent
(b) as an antifreeze
(c) as a substitute for petrol
(d) for denaturing of ethyl alcohol
5- Alcohol obtained by fermentation never exceeds :

(a) 10 % (b) 14 % (c) 16 % (d) 95 %
6- Which compound is called universal solvent?

(a) C2H5OH (b) H2O (c) CH3-O-CH3 (d) CH3OH
7- Ketones are prepared by the oxidation of :

(a) Primary alcohols (b) secondary alcohols (c) tertiary alcohols (d) none
8- Which compound is most soluble in water?

(a) CH3OH (b) C2H5OH (c) CH3COCH3 (d) n-hexanol
9- Compound showing the maximum repulsion with water.

(a) C6H6 (b) C6H5OH (c) CH3CH2CH2OH (d) CH3OCH3
10- Primary alcohols are prepared by treating the Grignard reagent with:
(a) HCHO (b) CH3CHO (c) CH3COCH3 (d) CO2
11- Which liquid is called wood spirit?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 121
(a) CH3OH (b) C2H5OH (c) CH3COOH (d) CH3-O-CH3
12- Which compound shows the hydrogen bonding?

(a) C2H6 (b) C2H5Cl (c) CH3-O-CH3 (d) C2H5OH
13- Ethanol can be converted into ethanoic acid by.

(a) Hydrogenation (b) hydration (c) oxidation (d) fermentation
14- Which enzyme is not involved in the fermentation of starch?

(a) Diastase (b) zymase (c) urease (d) invertase
15- According to Lewis concept ethers behave as.

(a) Acid (b) base (c) acid as well as base (d) none of these
16- Ethyl alcohol is prepared on industrial scale by the process of :

(a) Sublimation (b) crystallization (c) fermentation (d) none of these
17- Residue obtained after the crystallization of sugar from sugar cane juice is called.
(a) Filtrate (b) molasses (c) sugar cane juice (d) mother liquor
18- Absolute alcohol is obtained by re-distillation of rectified spirit in the presence of:
(a) NaOH (b) MgO (c) CaO (d) Na2O
19- Which test is used for the identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?
(a) Iodoform test (b) Baeyer ,s test (c) Lucas test (d) none of these
20- Methanol and ethanol can be distinguished by :

(a) Iodoform test (b) Baeyer ,s test (c) Lucas test (d) none of these
21- Phenol is also called.

(a) Benzoic acid (b) carbolic acid (c) benzol (d) none of these
22- C  O bond breaks when alcohol is attacked by:

(a) Nucleophile (b) Electrophile (c) Cation (d) None of the above
23- Reaction of ethanol with thionyl chloride to form ethyl chloride takes place in the
presence of:
(a) ZnCl2 (b) Pyridine (c) ThO2 (d) HCl
24- Tetriary alcohols in the presence of acid dichromate, undergo reaction:

ADNAN MEHMOOD 122
(a) Elimination (b) Substitution (c) Oxidation (d) Reduction
25- Which is not the use of ethanol?

(a) Fuel (b) Preservative for specimen (c) Solvent (d) Decolorizing agent
26- Phenol was first obtained by Runge in:

(a) 1835 (b) 1832 (c) 1834 (d) 1839
27- Aqueous solution of phenol has colouration:

(a) Purple (b) Pink (c) Blue (d) Colourless
28- Which is not the property of phenol?

(a) Colourless (b) Odourless (c) Crystalline (d) Deliquescent
29- Dissociation constant of phenol is:

(a) 1.3  1011 (b) 3.1  1010 (c) 1.3  1010 (d) 3.1  1011
30- Williamson synthesis is used to prepare:

(a) Alkane (b) Phenol (c) Ether (d) Benzene
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. (b) 11. (a) 21. (b)
2. (b) 12. (d) 22. (a)
3. (d) 13. (c) 23. (b)
4. (c) 14. (c) 24. (a)
5. (b) 15. (b) 25. (d)
6. (b) 16. (c) 26. (c)
7. (b) 17. (b) 27. (b)
8. (b) 18. (c) 28. (b)
9. (a) 19. (c) 29. (c)
10. (a) 20. (a) 30. (c)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 123
CH - 11
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
SHORT QUESTIONS
11.1 INTRODUCTION
1- Prove that alcohols, phenols and ethers are derivatives of water.
Ans- alcohols, phenols and ethers are considered as derivatives of water because all of these
have same geometry and same arrangement around the central atom of oxygen. Alcohols and
phenols are much closer to water because both have hydroxyl (OH) group as in water.
H-OH C2H5-OH C6H5-OH
Water Alcohol Phenol
11.2 ALCOHOLS
2- Classify the alcohols.
Ans- alcohols can be classified into monohydric and polyhydric alcohols. Monohydric
alcohols contain only one hydroxyl (-OH) group while polyhydric alcohols contain more than
one hydroxyl (-OH) groups. They may be dihydric or trihydric e.t.c.
CH3-CH2-OH CH2-CH2 CH2-CH2-CH2
OH OH OH OH OH
Ethyl alcohol ethylene glycol glycerole
2- How monohydric alcohols can be classified?
Ans- Monohydric alcohols are further classified into primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
primary alcohols are those alcohols in which carbon atom “which is attached with the hydroxyl
group (-OH)” is further attached with one or no any carbon are called primary alcohols.
CH3-CH2-OH CH3-OH
Ethyl alcohol methyl alcohol

ADNAN MEHMOOD 124
Secondary alcohols are those alcohols in which carbon atom “which is attached with
hydroxyl group (-OH)” is further attached with two carbon atoms are called secondary
alcohols.
CH3 CH OH
. CH3 Iso-propylalcohol
Tertiary alcohols are those alcohols in which carbon atom “which is attached with hydroxyl
group (-OH)” is further attached with three carbon atoms are called tertiary alcohols.
CH3
CH3 C CH3
OH
ter-Butylalcohol
3- Give the structures of lactic acid and tartaric acid.
Ans-
CH3-CH-COOH HO CH COOH
OH HO CH COOH
2-Hydroxy propanoic acid 2, 3 Dihydoxy 1, 4 butandioic acid

(Lactic acid) (Tartaric acid)
4- Draw the structures of (a) 1,2 Ethandiol (b) 1,2,3 propanetriol
Ans- CH2-CH2 CH2-CH2-CH2
OH OH OH OH OH
1,2 Ethandiol 1,2,3 propanetriol
5- What is wood spirit? How it is prepared?
Ans- Methyl alcohol is commonly known as wood spirit because it was prepared by the
distillation of wood. But now a day it is prepared from the water gas (CO + H2).
ADNAN MEHMOOD 125
CO + 2H2 ZnO + Cr2O3 CH3-OH

450 °C / 200 atm
6- What is fermentation? Give the necessary conditions for fermentation.
Ans- Fermentation is a biochemical process which occurs in the presence of particular enzymes
secreted by the microorganisms such as yeast.
Optimum temperature for the process of fermentation is 25° C-35 °C. Beside the optimum
temperature proper aeration, dilution of the solution and absence of any preservative are
essential conditions for the fermentation.
7- Define the molasses. How ethanol is prepared from molasses?
Ans- The residue obtained after the crystallization of the sugar from the concentrated sugar cane
juice is called molasses. Ethanol can be prepared by the fermentation of molasses in the
presence of enzymes provided by the yeast.
C12H22O11 + H2O Yeast C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Molasses Invertase Glucose Fructose
C6H12O6 Yeast C2H5OH + 2CO2
Glucose Zymase Ethyl alcohol
8- Why absolute alcohol cannot be prepared by fermentation process?
Ans- Absolute alcohol cannot be prepared by the fermentation process because by this process
only upto 14% ethyl alcohol can be prepared and if percentage purity of ethyl alcohol exceeds
than 14% enzymes began to inactive due to effect of the concentration of ethyl alcohol.
9- What is the difference between rectified spirit and absolute alcohol?
Ans- 95 % alcohol is called rectified spirit but it has 5% impurity of water which can be
removed by re-distillation of rectified spirit in the presence of CaO which is a good dehydrating
agent. 99.9 % pure alcohol is obtained by this process which is called absolute alcohol.
10- How alcohol is prepared from the starch?
Ans- Alcohol can also be prepared by the fermentation of starch in the presence of yeast which
provides the necessary enzymes for the fermentation.
2(C6H10O5)n + n H20 Diastase nC12H22O11

ADNAN MEHMOOD 126
Yeast
Starch
C12H22O11 + H2O Maltase C6H12O6

Yeast
Glucose
C6H12O6 Zymase C2H5OH + 2CO2

Yeast
Glucose Ethyl alcohol
11- What is denatured alcohol? Why ethanol is methylated?
Ans- Ethanol containing 10% concentration of methanol is called methylated spirit. It is also
called as denatured alcohol because by the addition of 10% methyl alcohol it does not fit able
for the drinking. To avoid from the drinking purposes ethanol is methylated.
12- Solubility of higher alcohols in water is less than lower alcohols why?
Ans- The solubility of alcohols in water is due to hydrogen bonding which is dominant in lower
alcohols than higher alcohols.
R Oδ Hδ+
+δ H . . . . . . .δ O
Hδ+
Solubility of alcohols decreases as number of carbon atoms in alkyl group increases. Because
alkyl group is non polar and water is polar so it cannot dissolve the long chain alkyl groups.
13- Discuss the reactivity of alcohols.

Ans- Alcohols can react with both nucleophilic and electrophilic reagent. If attacking specie
is a nucleophile , it is C-O bond which breaks. On the other hand if attacking specie is an
electrophile , it is O-H bond which breaks.
CH3-CH2OH Nucleophile CH3-CH2+ + OH
CH3-CH2OH Electrophile CH3-CH2-O + H+
The order of reactivity of alcohols when C-O bond breaks:

Tertiary alcohols > Secondary alcohols > Primary alcohols
The order of reactivity of alcohols when O-H bond breaks:
CH3OH > Primary alcohols > Secondary alcohols > Tertiary alcohols
ADNAN MEHMOOD 127
14- Discuss the reactions of alcohols in which attacking specie is a nucleophile.
Ans-
C2H5OH + SOCl2 Pyridine C2H5Cl + SO2 + HCl
C2H5OH + HCl ZnCl2 C2H5Cl + H20
C2H5OH + HNH2 ThO2 C2H5NH2 + H2O
15- Discuss the reactions of alcohols in which attacking specie is an electrophile.
Ans-
2C2H5OH + 2Na C2H5ONa + H2
C2H5OH + CH3MgI CH4 + Mg I
OC2H5
C2H5OH + CH3COOH H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethyl acetate
16- How aldehydes and ketones are prepared from the alcohols?
Ans- Oxidation of primary alcohols in the presence of acid dichromate (K2Cr2O7/H2SO4)

produces the aldehydes.
CH3-CH2-OH + [O] K2Cr2O7 CH3-CHO + H2O
H2SO4 Ehanal
Oxidation of secondary alcohols in the presence of acid chromates (K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 ) produces
the ketones.
CH3 CH3
CH OH + [O] K2Cr2O7 C=O + H2O
CH3 H2SO4 CH3
2-Propanol Propanone (acetone)
17- Which product is obtained by reaction of tertiary alcohols with the acid chromates?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 128
Ans- Tertiary alcohols have no any α-hydrogen and therefore resistant to the oxidation. In the
presence of acid chromates ( K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 ) they undergo the elimination reactions to give
the alkenes.
CH3
CH3 C-OH K2Cr2O7 CH2=C-CH3 + H2O
CH3 H2SO4 CH3
2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropene
18- How primary , secondary and tertiary alcohols can be identified.?
Ans- Primary , secondary and tertiary alcohols can be identified and distinguished by the Lucas
test. In this test alcohols are made to react with Con.HCl and ZnCl2. An oily layer of alkyl
halides is formed in this reaction.
(i) Primary alcohols form an oily layer on heating.

(ii) Secondary alcohols form an oily layer in five to ten minutes.
(iii) Tertiary alcohols form an oily layer immediately.
R-CH2-OH + HCl ZnCl2 R-CH2-Cl + H2O
Primary alcohol Heat Primary alkyl chloride
R R
CH OH + HCl ZnCl2 CH Cl + H2O
R 5-10 min R
Secondary alcohol Secondary alkyl chloride
R R
R C-OH + HCl ZnCl2 R C-Cl + H2O
R Immediately R
Tertiary alcohols Tertiary alkyl chloride

ADNAN MEHMOOD 129
19- Distinguish between the following (a) 1-propanol and 2-propanol
Ans- 1-Propanol and 2-Propanol can be distinguished by the Lucas test. 1-propanol is primary
alcohol and it give this test on heating. 2-prpanol is secondary alcohol and it give this test in 5-
10 minutes.
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH + HCl ZnCl2 CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl + H2O
1-Propanol Heat 1-Chloropropane
CH3 CH3
CH OH + HCl ZnCl2 CH Cl + H2O
CH3 5-10 min CH3
2-Propanol 2-Chloropropane
20-How methanol and ethanol can be distinguished?
Ans- Methanol and ethanol can be identified by “Iodoform test”. Ethanol gives the iodoform test
with the iodine in the presence of NaOH. Yellow crystals indicate the presence of ethanol. But
methanol does not give the iodoform test.
C2H5OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
Iodoform
CH3OH + I2 + NaOH No yellow ppts
21- Discuss the uses of methanol and ethanol.
Ans- (a) Methanol
(1) Methanol is used as solvent for the fats , oils , paints and varnishes.
(2) It is also used as antifreeze in the radiators of automobiles
(3) It is also used for the denaturing of alcohols.
31- Ethanol
(1) It is used as solvent.

(2) It is also used for the drinking purposes
(3) In some countries it is also used as fuel.
(4) It is also used as preservatives for the biological specimen.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 130
11.3 PHENOLS
22- How phenol is prepared by Dow ,s process.?
Ans- Firstly sodium phenoxide is produced by the treating chlorobenzene with 10% NaOH at
360°C and 150 atmospheric pressure. By treating the sodium phenoxide with HCl phenol is
produced.
Cl ONa
NaOH 360°C
150 atm
ONa OH
HCl + NaCl
23-Why phenol is more acidic than alcohol?
Ans- Phenol is much more acidic than alcohols but less acidic than carboxylic acids. Phenol
can react with the alkalies but it cannot affect the clour of litmus paper. It can also not
evolve CO2 with the carbonates. Its dissociation constant (Ka) is 1.3 × 10-10.
Acidity of phenol lies in the stability of its conjugate base ( phenoxide ion ) . negative charge
on the oxygen atom is delocalized in the benzene ring. But this type of delocalization is not
possible in the conjugate base of alcohols ( alkoxide ion) .
24- How will you distinguish between phenol and ethanol with the help of chemical
reaction.?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 131
Ans- Phenol and alcohols can be distinguished by their reaction with the dilute solution of
alkalies e.g., NaOH
Phenol can react with the dil. NaOH to form the sodium phenoxide but alcohols do not give
this reaction appreciably.
OH ONa+
+ NaOH + H2O
Alcohol can react with the metallic sodium to form sodium alkoxides. But alcohols are very
reluctant to react with the alkalies
2CH3-CH2-OH + 2Na 2CH3-CH2-ONa + H2
25- How bekalite is prepared from phenol?
Ans- Firstly hydroxyl benzyl alcohol is prepared by the reaction of phenol with
formaldehyde in the presence of acid or alkali. Hydroxyl benzyl alcohol on further reaction
with the other phenol molecules yields a polymer called bekalite.Bakrlite is a thermosetting
phenol formaldehyde resin. It is usually used as wood flour filler.It is also used in radio and
telephone casings due to it insulating properties.
OH OH
OH CH2 CH2 CH2
-nH2O
n + n HCHO
NaOH CH2 CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2
OH OH
26- Give four uses of phenol.

ADNAN MEHMOOD 132
Ans- there are following important uses of phenol.
(1) It is used as disinfectant in hospitals and washrooms.

(2) It is used for the preparation of bakelite which is a commercial plastic.
(3) It is also used for the preparation of benzene.
(4) It is also used for the preparation of picric acid.
(5) It is also used for the preparation of resins.
11.6 ETHERS
27- How ethers are prepared by Williamson’s synthesis.?
Ans- Alcohols are treated with metallic sodium to form alkoxides. Alkoxide are strong
nucleophile and they readily react with alkyl halides to form ether.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
C2H5ONa + C2H5Br C2H5-O-C2H5 + NaBr
28- Discuss the reactivity of ethers.
Ans- Ethers are comparatively inert substances. they have no affinity for many reactive
species e.g., ammonia , dilute acids and alkalies have no action on ethers in cold state. They
are also neither oxidized nor reduced. However they give some reactions.
By the reaction with hydrogen iodide ethers give alcohols and alkyl iodides.
C2H5-O-C2H5 + HI C2H5 O+ C2H5 + I
H
Oxonium ion
C2H5 O+ C2H5 + I C2H5OH + C2H5I
Ethers can also react with the phosphorus pentachloride to give the alkyl chlorides.
C2H5-O-C2H5 + PCl5 2C2H5Cl + POCl3

ADNAN MEHMOOD 133

1. Write structural formulas of ethylene glycol and lactic acid.
2. Give preparation of methanol fron CO and H2.
3. Distinguish ethanol and ter-butyl alcohol by Lucas test.
4. Prepare phenol by Dow,s method.
5. What are alcohols and how they are classified?
6. Why absolute alcohol cannot prepared by fermentation?
7. Write down the reactions of ether with (a) HI (b) PCl5
8. How ethanol is denatured?
9. Write down the formulas of picric acid and TNT.
10. Write down 4 uses of ethanol.
11. Write 2 uses of methanol.
12. Write down the reactions of phenol with (a) Zn/ heat (b) acetyl chloride/NaOH
13. Write down the reactions of ethanol with (a) PBr3 (b) PCl5
14. What are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?
15. How will you convert (a) ethanol into methanol (b) methanol into ethanol
16. Write the formulas of (a) methoxy ethane (b) ethoxy benzene
17. What is Bakelite and how it is prepared?
18. How ethanol gives different products with conc H2SO4 under different conditions?
19. How phenol reacts with alkali?
20. How methylated spirit is prepared?
21. How picric acid is formed from phenol?
22. How ethanol is prepared from molasses and starch?
23. Phenol behaves as acid. Explain.
24. How primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols are identified?
25. Write the formulas of carbolic acid and glycerol.
26. How will u distinguish between methanol and ethanol?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 134
CH -12
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
1- Which of the following reagent will react with both aldehydes and ketones?
(a) Grignard reagent (b) Tollen’s reagent (c) Fehling reagent (d) Benedict’s reagent
2- Tollen’s reagent is.

(a) Alkaline solution containing potassium tartrate
(b) Alkaline solution containing potassium citrate
(c) Ammonical AgNO3
(d) Ammonical Cu2Cl2
3- Which compound will not give Iodoform test.?

(a) Acetaldehyde (b) Acetone (c) Butanone (d) 3-Pentanone
4- Carbon atom of carbonyl group is:

(a) sp-hybridized (b) sp2-hybridized (c) sp3-hybridized (d) none
5- Ketones are prepared by the oxidation of :

(a) Primary alcohols (b) Secondary alcohols (c) Tertiary alcohols (d) none
6- Acetones react with HCN to form the cyanohydrins. It is an example of

(a) Electrophilic addition reaction
(b) Electrophilic substitution reaction
(c) Nucleophilic addition reaction
(d) Nucleophilic substitution reaction
7- Formalin is:
(a) 10% solution of formaldehyde in water
(b) 20% solution of formaldehyde in water
(c) 40% solution of formaldehyde in water
(d) 60% solution of formaldehyde in water
8- Which of the following will have highest boiling point?

(a) Methanol (b) Ethanal (c) Propanal (d) 2-Hexanone
9- Aldehydes are prepared by the oxidation of :

ADNAN MEHMOOD 135
(a) Primary alcohols (b) Secondary alcohol (c) Tertiary alcohol (d) none
10- Which of the following compound will react with the Tollen’s reagent?
(a) Acetaldehyde (b) Acetone (c) Acetic acid (d) Butanone
11- Cannizaro,s reaction is not given by:

(a) Formaldehyde (b) Acetaldehyde (c) Benzaldehyde (d) Trimethylacetaldehyde
12- Which type of reactions is given by the carbonyl compounds?

(a) Electrophilic addition reaction
(b) Electrophilic substitution reaction
(c) Nucleophilic addition reaction
(d) Nucleophilic substitutuion reaction
13- Which of the following reagent does not give the aldol condensation?
(a) Acetaldehyde (b) Formaldehyde (c) Acetone (d) Butanone
14- Iodoform test is not given by.

(a) Acetone (b) Acetaldehyde (c) Propanone (d) Formaldehyde
15- Which test can distinguish both aldehydes and ketones?

(a) Benedict’s test (b) Fehling test (c) 2,4 DNPH (d) none of these
16- Which of the following is a protecting group of aldehyde?

(a) Hydroxyl (b) Formyl (c) Acetal (d) None of these
17- Which of the following reaction is used for the silvering of mirror?
(a) Benedict’s reaction (b) Fehling reaction (c) Tollen’s reaction (d) None
18- Acetones are prepared by the dry distillation of:

(a) Calcium formate (b) Calcium acetate (c) Both a & b (d) None
19- Aldol contains:

(a) Hydroxyl & Carbonyl
(b) Carboxyl & Hydroxyl
(c) Hydroxyl & Aldehyde
(d) Carboxyl & Carbony
20- Paraldehyde is the polymer of.

(a) HCHO (b) CH3CHO (c) CH3COCH3 (d) CH3CH2CH2OH
ADNAN MEHMOOD 136
21- Which catalyst is used for the reduction of carbon-oxygen double bond leaving the
carbon-carbon double bond?
(a) LiAlH4 (b) NaBH4 (c) Pt & Pd (d) None of these
22- 2-pentanol and 3-pentanol can be distinguished by:

(a) Haloform test (b) Lucas test (c) Silver mirror test (d) 2, 4-DNPH test
23- NaBH4 is a source of:

(a) H (b) H+ (c) H (d) H2
24- Hybridization of C-atom in HCN is:

25- Which will undergo nucleophilic addition reactions more easily?

(a) Aldehyde (b) Aklene (c) Aldehyde and ketone (d) All of these
26- Which one of the following is not a derivative of NH3?

(a) Aniline (b) Hydrazine (c) Picric acid (d) Phenyl hydrazine
27- Mild oxidizing agent among the following is:

(a) K2Cr2O7 (acidified) (b) KMnO4 (alkaline)
(c) Ammonial AgNO3 (d) All of the above
28- 2, 4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazone has colour:

(a) Yellow (b) Purple (c) Pink (d) Colourless
29- When alkaline sodium nitroprusside solution is added to ketones, they give colour:
(a) Orange red (b) Purple (c) Pink (d) Yellow
30- In cannizzaro’s reaction, alkoxide ion acts as a:

(a) Nucleophile (b) Base (c) Electrophile (d) Acid
ADNAN MEHMOOD 137
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. (a) 11. (b) 21. (b)

2. (c) 12. (c) 22. (a)
3. (d) 13. (b) 23. (c)
4. (b) 14. (d) 24. (c)
5. (b) 15. (c) 25. (a)
6. (c) 16. (c) 26. (c)
7. (c) 17. (c) 27. (c)
8. (a) 18. (b) 28. (a)
9. (a) 19. (c) 29. (a)
10. (a) 20. (b) 30. (b)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 138
CH -12
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
SHORT QUESTIONS
12.1 INTRODUCTION
1- What are carbonyl compounds? Give their general formula.
Ans- Organic compounds containing carbonyl functional group C=O are called carbonyl
compounds. aldehyde and ketones are carbonyl compounds. Their general formula is CnH2nO.
12.2 NOMENCLATURE
2- Give the structures of (a) benzaldehyde (c) 2-Chlorobutanol
Ans- O
(a) CH3 C H (b) CH3-CH2-CH-CHO
Cl
3- How formaldehyde can be prepared in laboratory as well as industry.?
Ans- In laboratory formaldehyde is prepared by passing a mixture of vapours of methyl alcohol

and air over platinised asbestos catalyst at 300°C.
2CH3OH + O2 Pt-asbestos HCHO + 2H2O
300°C
In industries formaldehyde is prepared by passing a mixture of vapours methyl alcohol and air
over iron oxide-molybdenum oxide catalyst at 500°C.
2CH3OH + O2 FeO, MoO3 HCHO + 2H2O
500°C
4- Discuss the laboratory and industrial preparation of acetaldehyde.

ADNAN MEHMOOD 139
Ans- In laboratory acetaldehyde can be prepared by the oxidation of ethyl alcohol with the acidic
sodium dichromate solution.
CH3-CH2-OH + [O] Na2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CH3CHO + H2O
Acetaldehyde can also be prepared In laboratory by the dry distillation of a mixture of calcium
salts of formic acid and acetic acid.
(HCOO) 2Ca + ( CH3-COO)2Ca ∆ 2CH3CHO + 2CaCO3
Acetaldehyde is prepared industrially by the air oxidation of ethene using the Palladium chloride
catalyst with the cupric chloride as a promoter.
2CH2=CH2 + O2 PdCl2 + CuCl2 2CH3CHO
H2O
5-How acetone can be prepared.?
Ans- Acetone can be prepared by dry distillation of calcium acetated.
(CH3-COO)2Ca Heat (CH3)2CO
6- Why carbonyl compounds are so reactive.?
Ans- Carbonyl group has a double bond between carbon and oxygen atoms. The electro-
negativity difference between these two atoms makes the carbonyl group highly polar. Oxygen
atom has partial negative while carbon atom has partial positive charge. Due to presence of
double bond carbonyl group can give the addition reactions in which oxygen atom acts as
nucleophile while carbon atom acts as electrophile.
Cδ+ Oδ
7- Give the mechanism of addition of HCN in the acetone.
Ans- Hydrogen cyanide adds to the carbonyl compounds to form the cyanohydrins, HCN is
prepared in situ ( reaction mixture ) by adding mineral acid to the aqueous solution of sodium
cyanide.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 140
General reaction:
R R OH
C O + HCN NaCN/ HCl C
R R CN
Mechanism:
H O + H CN CN + H2 O
Cδ+ Oδ + CN C
CN
O OH
C + Hδ+ OHδ C + OH
CN CN
7-Convert Acetaldehyde into lactic acid.? OH
Ans- CH3CHO + HCN NaCN+ HCl CH3-CH-CN
Acetaldehyde
OH OH
CH3-CH-CN + H2O + H2SO4 CH3-CH-COOH + NH4HSO4
Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin 2- Hydroxypropanoic acid ( Lactic acid)
8- How carbonyl compounds can be separated and purified from the non-carbonyl
compounds?
Ans- Carbonyl compounds can be separated and purified from the non-carbonyl compounds by
their reaction with the saturated aqueous solution of sodium bisulphate to form the crystalline
ADNAN MEHMOOD 141
white precipitates of sodium bisulphate adduct. Which can be separated from the reaction
mixture by filtration?
Bisulphate on heating with the dilute mineral acid ( HCl or H2SO4) regenerates the parent
aldehyde or ketone.
R R OH
C O + NaHSO3 C
R R SO3Na
Bisulphite addition product
R OH
C + HCl RCOR + NaCl + H2O + SO2
R SO3Na
9- Define the “aldol condensation reaction”. Which type of carbonyl compounds give
“aldol aondensation reaction”.?
Ans- Aldehyde and ketones containing α-hydrogens can perform the aldol condensation
reactions. In this reaction aldehyde and ketones containing α-hydrogen atoms react with the cold
dilute solution of an alkali to form the product “containing both carbonyl and alcoholic
functional groups” called aldol.
General reaction: OH
CH3CHO + CH3CHO dil NaOH CH3-CH-CH2-CHO
Ethanol Ethanal 3-Hydroxybutanal ( aldol)
10- Give the mechanism of aldol condensation reaction.
Ans-
ADNAN MEHMOOD 142
(a) Abstraction of proton from α-carbon

O O
H O + H CH2 C H CH2 C H + H2O
Hydroxide ion Ethanal Carbanion
(b) Attack of carbanion :
O O O
CH3 C H + CH2 C H CH3 CH CH2 CHO
Ethanal Carbanion an alkoxide ion
(c) Abstraction of proton from water:
O OH
CH3 CH CH2 CHO + Hδ+-OHδ CH3 CH CH2 CHO
+ OH
11- How crotonaldehyde can be prepared from 3-hydroxybutanal.?
Ans- 3-hydroxybutanal is converted into crotonaldehyde by heating in the presence of dilute

acid . 3-hydroxybutanal loses a water molecule and a carbon-carbon double bond is formed
between α and β carbon atoms.
OH
CH3 CH CH2 CHO dil.HCl CH3-CH=CH-CHO + H2O
3-Hydroxybutanal ∆ Crotonaldehyde
12- Why Cannizaro,s reaction is called self oxidation-reduction reaction.?
Ans- Aldehydes which have no any α-hydrogen undergo this type of reaction. In this reaction
two molecules of aldehyde are involved , one molecule is being converted into oxidation product
( an alcohol ) and other molecule is being converted into reduction product ( a salt of carboxylic
acid ) . Due to this reaction Cannizaro,s reaction is called self oxidation-reduction reaction (
ADNAN MEHMOOD 143
Disproportionation reaction). This reaction is occurred in the presence of 50% aqueous solution
of sodium hydroxide at room temperature.
2H C H + NaOH CH3OH + HCOONa
13- Give the mechanism of Cannizzaro,s reaction.
Ans- The general mechanism of Cannizaro,s reaction is as follows.
(a) Attack of hydroxyl group :
H H O
C O + OH C
H H OH
(b) Hydride ion shift:
H H O
C O + C CH3 O + HCOOH
H H OH
(c) Abstraction of proton :
CH3-O + H O C H CH3OH + HCOO
Methoxide ion Formic acid Methanol
HCOO NaOH HCOONa + OH
Sodium formate
14- How methyl aldehydes and ketones can be distinguished from the other carbonyl
compounds.?
Ans- Carbonyl compounds containing methyl group adjacent to the carbonyl carbon can be
distinguished from the other carbonyl compounds by “Haloform test”.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 144
Term haloform is used for these reaction because haloform is one of the products .This reaction
is carried out in the presence of halogen commonly iodine and sodium hydroxide. Yellow
colored precipitates of iodoform are formed during this reaction which distinguished methyl
aldehydes and ketones.
CH3 C H + 3I2 + 4NaOH CHI3 + HCOONa + 3NaI + 3H2O
Acetaldehyde Iodine Iodoform Sod-formate
CH3 C CH3 + 3I2 + 4NaOH CHI3 + CH3COONa + 3NaI + 3H2O
Acetone Iodine Iodoform Sod-acetate
15- Show the equation how formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are polymerize in the presence of
dilute H2S04.
Ans- Formaldehyde polymerizes in the presence of dil-H2SO4 to produce metaformaldehyde.
3HCHO H2SO4
Metaformaldehyde
Acetaldehyde polymerizes in the presence of dil-H2SO4 to produce paraldehyde.
CH3 CH3
3CH3-CHO H2SO4
CH3 Paraldehyde
16-Which chemical test can be used for the identification of both aldehyde and ketones.?
Ans- Both aldehyde and ketones can react with the 2,4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine to form the 2,4
Dinitrophenylhydrazone in the presence of an acid. It gives the yellow with aldehydes and
orange to red colored crystals with ketones.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 145
CH3 CH3
C=O + H2NNH NO2 H+ C =NHN NO2
H NO2 -H2O H NO2
Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde 2,4 DNPH
CH3 CH3
C=O + H2NNH NO2 H+ C =NHN NO2
CH3 NO2 -H2O CH3 NO2
Acetone Acetone 2,4 DNPH
17- How aldehyde group can be protected against oxidizing agents.?
Ans- Aldehyde is reacted with the alcohols in the presence of hydrogen chloride gas which acts
as catalyst to form acetals. Both alcohols and hydrigen chloride must be dried.
CH3 CH3 OCH3
C O + 2C2H5OH Dry HCl C + H2O
H H OCH3
This reaction may be used to protect the aldehyde group against oxidizing agents. Aldehyde
group can be regenerated by hydrolysis of acetal in the presence of an acid.
CH3 OCH3 CH3
C + H2 O H+ C O + 2C2H5OH
H OCH3 H
18-Compare the oxidation of CH3CHO and CH3COCH2CH3 by oxidizing agent K2Cr2O7.
Ans-Aldehydes are easily oxidised by the mild oxiding agents like Fehling,s reagent, Tollen,s
reagent and Benedict,s reagent. Aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids by the strong
ADNAN MEHMOOD 146
oxidizing agents like K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 or dilute nitric acid. Hydrogen atom attached with the
carbonyl group is oxidized to –OH group of carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids have same
number of carbon as of starting aldehyde.
CH3CHO + [O] K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 CH3COOH
Ketones are not oxidized by the mild oxidizing agents. They are also oxidized to carboxylic acids
in the presence of K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4. In the case of unsymmetrical ketones like butanone carbon
atom joined to smaller number of hydrogen atoms is oxidized and carbon-carbon bond is cleaved
to produce two carboxylic acids.
CH3 C CH2 CH3 + 3[O] K2Cr2O7 CH3COOH + CH3COOH
Butanone H2SO4 Acetic acid
19- How aldehydes are distinguished from ketones by Fehling,s solution test.?
Ans- In this test Fehling,s solution( Copper sulphate+ potasium, sodium tatrate + NaOH ) is
added to the solution of aliphatic aldehyde and heated. Brick red precipitates of cuprous oxide
are formed. Ketones do not give this reaction.
R-CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH R-COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O
20- Discuss the chemistry Tollen,s test.
Ans- Aldehydes form silver mirror with the Tollen,s reagent ( Ammonical solution of silver
nitrate ). In this test Tollen,s reagent is added in the aldehyde solution in the test tube and warm.
A silver colored mirror is fromed in the bottom of the test tube.
AgNO3 + 3NH4OH [Ag (NH3)2] OH + NH4NO3 + H2O
R-CHO + [Ag(NH3)2]OH R-COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH3 + H2O
22-How aldehydes are distinguished from ketones by Benedict,s solution test.?
Ans- In this test Benedict,s solution( Copper sulphate+ sodium citrate + Na2CO3 ) is added to the
solution of aliphatic aldehyde and heated. Brick red precipitates of cuprous oxide are formed.
Ketones do not give this reaction.
R-CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH R-COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O

ADNAN MEHMOOD 147
1. Give reaction to produce alpha-hydroxy acid (lactic acid) from aldehyde.

2. Fehling solution reacts with aldehydes. Justify
3. Give reactions of acetaldehyde with (a) NaHSO3 (b) HCN
4. Give two tests for distinguishing between aldehydes and ketone.
5. What is haloform reaction?
6. What is Tollen,s test (silver mirror test)? Give equation also.
7. How aldehyde reacts with phenyl hydrazine?
8. Explain oxidation of aldehydes.
9. How acetaldehyde is distinguished from formaldehyde?
10. How farmaline is prepared from methyl alcohol?
11. How reduction process of aldehydes and ketones give alcohols?
12. Justify that Cannizaro,s reaction is self oxidation-reduction reaction.
13. Give 4 uses of formaldehyde.
14. Convert formaldehyde to metafarmaldehyde.
15. Convert calcium acetate to acetone.
16. How iodoform is prepared from acetaldehyde?
17. How formaldehyde and acetaldehyde undergo polymerization?
18. Define aldol condensation and give equation also.
19. What is sodium bisulphate test?
20. Give formulas of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 148
CH-13
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
1- Which of followings is not a fatty acid?
(a) Acetic acid (b) Propanoic acid (c) Butanoic acid (d) Phthalic acid
2- 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid is called.

(a) Oxalic acid (b) Lactic acid (c) Citric acid (d) Aspartic acid
3- Which of the following acid is used to prepare the synthetic fibres?

(a) Carbonic acid (b) Formic acid (c) Acetic acid (d) Butyric acid
4- Which reagent is used to reduce the carboxylic group to an alcohlic group?

(a) H2/Ni (b) H2/Pt (c) H2/Pd (d) LiAlH4
5- Acetic acid was first isolated from.

(a) Butter (b) Milk (c) Vinegar (d) Red ant
6- Acetic acid is manufactured by:

(a) Distillation (b) Fermentation (c) Ozonolysis (d) Esterification
7- A carboxylic acid contains:

(a) A hydroxyl group
(b) A carboxyl group
(c) A hydroxyl and carboxyl group
(d) A carboxyl and an aldehydic group
8- Which of the folloing derivative cannot be prepared directly from acetic acid?
(a) Acetamide (b) Acetyl chloride (c) Acetic anhydride (d) Ethyl acetate
9- The solution of which acid is used for the seasoning of food.

(a) Formic acid (b) Acetic acid (c) Benzoic acid (d) Butanoic acid
10- Organic compound X and Y react togather to form organic compound Z. What type of
the compounds can X,Y and Z be?
(a) Alcohol Ester Acid
ADNAN MEHMOOD 149
(b) Acid Ester Alcohol

(c) Ester Alcohol Acid
(d) Alcohol Acid Ester
11- An aqueous solution of organic compound reacts with the sodium carbonate to produce
the carbon dioxide gas. Which of the following could be orgnic compound?
(a) CH2=CH-CH3 (b) CH3-CHO (c) CH3COOC2H5 (d) CH3-CH2-COOH
12- Acetamide is prepared by :

(a) Heating the ammonium acetate
(b) Heating the methyl cyanide
(c) Heating the ethyl acetate
(d) The hydrolysis of methyl cyanide
13- Reaction of acetic acid with LiAlH4 gives.

(a) Ethanol (b) Ethane (c) Ethanal (d) Ethyl acetate
14- Which of the following ester shows the flavour of orange?

(a) Benzyl acetate (b) Iso-Butyl formate (c) Octyl acetate (d) Ethyl butyrate
15- In amino acid proton is transferred from one point to the other point and this dipolar ion
is called.
(a) Oxonium ion (b) Carbonium ion (c) Zwitter ion (d) Carbanion
16- Which of the following is neutral amino acid?

(a) Glycine (b) Histidine (c) Lysine (d) Aspartic acid
17- The amino acids which body can synthesize are called:
(a) Essential (b) Non-essential (c) Temperary (d) Permanent
18- A peptide having the molecular mass upto 10,000 is called:

(a) Peptide (b) Polypeptide (c) Protein (d) Dipeptide
19- Which chemical test is used for identification of amino acid?

(a) Lucas test (b) Ninhydrin test (c) Fehling,s test (d) None
20- Which reaction is used for the preparation of amino acid?

(a) Aldol reaction (b) Cannizaro,s reaction (c) Strecker sybthesis (d) None
21- The general formula of monocarboxylic acid:

ADNAN MEHMOOD 150
(a) CnHnCOOH (b) CnH2n1COOH (c) CnH2n2O2 (d) CnH2nO2

22- Palmitic acid is:
(a) C11H23COOH (b) C15H31COOH (c) C12H27COOH (d) C17H35COOH
23- Tryosine was first isolated from:

(a) Butter (b) Milk (c) Yeast (d) Cheese
24- Glycine has taste:

(a) Sweet (b) Sour (c) Bitter (d) Salty
25- Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids to form product which has colour:
(a) Blue (b) Violet (c) Bluish violet (d) Red
26- Which one of the following reagent will convert acetic acid into acetyl chloride?
(a) NaCl (b) HCl/ZnCl2 (c) SOCl2 (d) HCl
27- Which of the following methods is used for preparation of amino acid?
(a) WURTZ synthesis
(b) WURTZ fitting synthesis
(c) Strecker synthesis
(d) Grignard reagent
28- Which one of the following is not amino acid?

(a) Alanine (b) Glycine (c) Aspartic acid (d) Aniline
29- Nature of glycine is:

(a) Neutral (b) Acidic (c) Basic (d) Amphoteric
30- Number of peptide bond in dipeptide is:

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1 (d) 11. (d) 21. (b)

2 (b) 12. (a) 22. (b)
3 (c) 13. (a) 23. (a)
4 (d) 14. (c) 24. (a)
5 (c) 15. (c) 25. (c)
6 (b) 16. (a) 26. (c)
7 (b) 17. (b) 27. (c)
8 (a) 18. (c) 28. (d)
9 (b) 19. (b) 29. (a)
10 (a) 20. (c) 30. (c)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 151
CH-13
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
SHORT QUESTIONS
13.1 INTRODUCTION
1- Differentiate between monocarboxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid.
Ans- Carboxylic acids containing only one carboxyl group ( -COOH ) are called monocarboxylic
acids. e.g., formic acid (HCOOH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH) e.t.c.
Carboxylic acids containing two carboxyl groups ( -COOH ) are called dicarboxylic acids. e.g.,
oxalic acid and malonic acid e.t.c.
COOH HOOC-CH2-COOH
COOH Malonic acid
Oxalic acid
13.2 NOMENCLATURE
2- What are fatty acids? Why they called so?
Ans- The aliphatic carboxylic acids containing single carboxyl group are commonly called fatty
acids because higher members of monocarboxylic acids such as palmtic acid ( C15H31COOH ) ,
stearic acid ( C17H35COOH),etc. are obtained by the hydrolysis of fats and oils.
13.3 GENERAL METHODS OF THE PREPARATIONS
3- How carboxylic acids are prepared from the alcohols?
Ans- Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the oxidation of alcohols in the presence of strong
oxidizing agent ( K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 )
R-CH2-OH + [O] K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 R-CHO [O] RCOOH
Primary alcohols Aldehydes Carboxylic acids
Aldehydes are easily oxidized even by mild oxidizing agents such as Tollen,s reagent (
ammonical silver nitrate ) into carboxylic acids.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 152
CH3-CHO + [O] CH3COOH
Acetaldehyde Acetic acid
4- How carboxylic acids are prepared from alkyl halides?
Ans- First of all alkyl halides are converted into alkyl nitriles by the reaction of alkyl halide
alcoholic potassium cyanide ( KCN ) .
R-X + KCN alcohlic R-CN + KX
Alkyl nitriles are hydrolysed by the boiling with mineral acids and alkalies to convert them into
carboxylic acids.
R-CN + H2O H+ or OH RCOOH + NH3
5- How carboxylic acids are prepared by Grignard reagent?
Ans- Carboxylic acids “one carbon more than the starting reagent” can be prepared by the
reaction of Grignard reagent with the carbon dioxide in the presence of dry ether.
O O
R-Mg-Br + O=C=O dry ether [ R C OMgX] H+ / H2O R C OH +
X- Mg-OH
O O
CH3-Mg-Br +O=C=O dry ether[CH3 C OMgX] H+ / H2O CH3 C OH +
X- Mg-OH
6- How carboxylic acids are prepared from the esters?
Ans- Firstly sodium salt of carboxylic acid is prepared by the reaction of the ester with the
sodium hydroxide and then this salt is treated with the dilute HCl to produce the carboxylic acid.
R-COOR + NaOH R-COONa + R-OH
R-COONa + HCl R-COOH + NaCl
CH3-COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3-COONa + C2H5-OH
Ethyl acetate Sodium acetate Ethyl alcohol
CH3-COONa + HCl CH3-COOH + NaCl

ADNAN MEHMOOD 153
Sodium acetate Acetic acid
7- How carboxylic acids are prepared by the oxidative cleavage of alkenes?
Ans- Double bond is cleaved by the heating the alkene in the presence of alkaline KMnO4 to
form the carboxylic acids.
R-CH=CH-R + 4[O] KMnO4/ OH 2RCOOH
Symmetrical alkene Carboxylic acid
CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + 4[O] KMnO4/ OH 2CH3COOH
2-Butene Ethanoic acid ( acetic acid )
13.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
8- Why the molecular mass of carboxylic acids is doubled in non polar solvent?
Ans- In non polar solvents like benzene and pet- ether molecular mass of carboxylic acids is
doubled because they exist in the form of dimer in the non polar solvents. Dimer is formed due
to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
(Dimer of carboxylic acids)
13.5 REACTIVITY OF CARBOXYL GROUP
9- Why reactions of carboxylic acids are so abundant?
Ans- Reactions of carboxylic acids are so abundant because they give three type of reactions.
(i) Reactions in which hydrogen atom of carboxyl group is involved ( salt formation)
(ii) Reactions in which –OH group is involved.
(iii) Reactions in which –COOH is involved as a whole.
13.6 REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
10- How presence of carboxylic acids is confirmed by chemical test?
Ans- Carboxylic acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates to form the salts alongwith the
evolution of CO2 with effervescence indicating the presence of carboxylic group.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

ADNAN MEHMOOD 154
2CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
11-How acetyl chloride is prepared from acetic acid ? give its mechanism also.
Ans- Acetyl chloride is prepared from acetic acid by its reaction with thionyl chloride ( SO2Cl )
and phosphorus pentachloride ( PCl3) .
CH3COOH + PCl5 CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl
CH3COOH + SO2Cl CH3COCl + SO2 + HCl
Mechanism: O O O
CH3 C OH + SO2Cl CH3 C O S Cl + H+ + Cl
O O O O
CH3 C O S Cl + Cl CH3 C O S Cl
Cl
O O O
CH3 C O S Cl CH3 C Cl + SO 2 + Cl
Cl H+ + Cl HCl
12- How would you convert acetic acid into acetamide.?
Ans- Acetic acid on the reaction with the ammonia gas produces the ammonium salt of acetic
acid which on heating converted into acetamide.
CH3COOH + NH3 CH3COONH4
Acetic acid Ammoniu acetate
CH3COONH4 Heat CH3COONH2
Ammonium acetate Acetamide
13- Predict the products when two moles of acetic acid are heated in the presence of P2O5.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 155
Ans- When two moles of acetic acid are heated in the presence of phosphorus pentaoxide (P2O5) they are
dehydrated by releasing single water molecule. By this reaction acetic acid is converted into acetic
anhydride
CH3COOH + HOOCCH3 P2O5 CH3CO-O-OCCH3
Acetic anhydride
14- What is esterification.?give the reaction conditions for this.
Ans- When carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence of concentrated sulphuric
acid (H2SO4 ) esters are formed. This reaction of fromation of an ester is called esterification.
This reaction is also used for the confirmatory test of carboxylic acids. A fruity smell is produced
due to the formation of estar indicating the presence of carboxylic acids.
CH3COOH + C2H5OH H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
15-How alcohols can be prepared directly from carboxylic acids?
Ans- Carboxylic acids are reduced into alcohols by LiAlH4.
CH3COOH + [H] LiAlH4 CH3-CH2-OH + H2O
16- How carboxylic acids are completely reduced into alkanes?
Ans- Carboxylic acids are completely reduced into alkanes by the reaction with HI and red
phosphorus. In this reaction –COOH group of carboxylic acid is reduced to –CH3 group.
CH3COOH + 6HI CH3-CH3 + 2H2O + 3I2
13.7 ACETIC ACID
17- How acetic acid is prepared from the ethanol?
Ans- Acetic acid is prepared by the oxidation of ethyl alcohol in the presence of K2Cr2O7 with
dilute H2SO4.
CH3-CH2-OH + [O] K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-CHO [O] CH3COOH
Ethyl alcohol Aldehydes Acetic acid
18- How acetic acid can be prepared from methyl nitrile?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 156
Ans- Acetic acid is prepared by the hydrolysis of methyl nitrile in the presence of dilute HCl.
Acetic acid is formed through acetamide.
CH3-CN H2O/ H+ CH3-CO-NH2 H2O/ H+ CH3COOH + NH4+
19- How acetic acid is prepared from from acetylene?
Ans- Firstly acetaldehyde is prepared by the hydration of acetylene in the presence of 20%
H2SO4 and 1% HgSO4 at 80ºC. Then acetaldehyde is oxidised using V2O5 to produce the acetic
acid. O
HC CH + H2 O HgSO4 CH2=CH-OH CH3 C H
H2SO4
V2O5 CH3COOH
Oxidation
20- How fermentation helps to obtain acetic acid.?
Ans- Ethyl alcohol is commercially prepared by the fermentation of molasses. Acetic acid is prepared
from ethyl alcohol by the oxidation in the presence of K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4.
CH3-CH2-OH + [O] K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-CHO [O] CH3COOH
Ethyl alcohol Aldehydes Acetic acid
21-What is glacial acetic acid?
Ans- Pure acetic acid freezes to an ice like solid at 17C therefore it is called glacial acetic acid .
22-Write down the four uses of acetic acid.
Ans- Acetic acid is used :
i) In the manufacture of plastics

ii) As a coagulant for the latex in the rubber industry.
iii) In medicine as a local irritant.
iv) In the manufacture of pickles.
23- What are amin acids? Differentiate essential and non essential amino acids.
Ans- Amino acids are organic compounds containing both amino and carboxyl group and
general formula of amino acids is as follows.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 157
The amino acids which are synthesized in the human body are called non-essential amino acids
e.g Lucine , Lysine and valine etc. The amino acids which are not synthesized in human body
and are taken from the external source are called essential amino acids e.g Alanine , Arginine
and Aspartate etc.
24-Differentiate from acidic and basic amino acids.
Ans- The amino acids containing more than one carboxylic groups (-COOH) in their structure
are called acidic amino acids e.g Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid etc.
( Aspartic acid ) (Glutamic acid)
The amino acids containing more than one amino groups ( -NH2) in their structure are called
basic amino acids e.g Lysine and Histidine etc.
Lysine Histidine
25- What is Zwitter ion?
Ans- The ion which has positive as well as negative charges in equal number is called Zwitter
ion. It is formed due to shift of electron from carboxylic group ( -COOH ) to amino group (-NH2)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 158
H H
H2N C COOH H3N+ C COO
R R
Amino acid Zwitter ion
26- Discuss acidic and basic character of amino acid.
Ans- Amino acid can behave both like acid and base due to the presence of acidic and basic
functional groups. When an acid is added to an amino acid it accepts the proton by carboxylate
ion. So due to the carboxylate ion it behaves like a base by accepting the proton.
H H
H3N+ C COO + H+ H3N+ C COOH
R R
When an alkali is added in amino acid , proton is released from the -H3N+ group and acidic
character of amino acid is due to this group.
H H
H3N+ C COO + OH H2N C COO + H2O
R R
27-How amino acid is prepared by Strecker synthesis?
Ans- α-Amino acid is prepared by the reaction of aldehyde with hydrogen cyanide in the
presence of ammonia.
R-CHO + HCN + NH3 R-CH-CN
NH2 ( α-Amino nitrile )
R-CH-CN H3O+ R-CH-COOH
NH2 NH2 ( α-Amino nitrile )
28-What is peptide bond? Differentiate between polypeptide and protein.

ADNAN MEHMOOD 159
Ans- A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent bond formed between two amino acids when the
carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of the other amino acid, causing the release
of a molecule of water (H2O).
H2N CH COOH + H-N CH COOH -H2O H2N-CH-CO-NH-CH-COOH
R H R R R
Peptide bond
If a large number of amino acids (Hundreds to thousands ) are joined togather by peptide bond resulting
polymide is called polypeptide. By convention a peptide containing the molecular mass upto 10,000 is
called polypeptide and peptide having the molecular mass more than 10,000 is called protein.

1. Write down the structures of malonic acid and phthalic acid.
2. How would you prepare ethane from acetic acid by reaction with P/HI?
3. Write down the reaction of acetic acid with NH3/heay.
4. Describe briefly structure of Zwitter ion.
5. What are amino acids?
6. Write down formulas of oxalic acid and adipic acid.
7. How carboxylic acids are prepared by oxidative cleavage of alkenes?
8. How will you convert acetic acid into methane and acetic anhydride?
9. How would you convert acetic acid into acetone?
10. What is peptide bond? Write the structure of dipeptide.
11. How would you convert acetic acid into acetamide?
12. Give mechanism of esterification.
\
ADNAN MEHMOOD 160
CH -14
MACROMOLECULES
1- Which one of the following enzymes brings about the hydrolysis of fats?
(a) Urease Maltase Zymase Lypase
2- Which of these polymers is an addition polymer?
(a) Nylon 6,6 Polystyrene Terylene Epoxy resins
3- Epoxy resins are fundamentally :
(a) Polyamides Polyethers Polyesters Polyvinyls
4- Vegetable oils are:
(a) Unsaturated fatty acids
(b) Glycerides of unsaturated fatty acids
(c) Glycerides of saturated fatty acids
(d) Essential oils obtained from plants
5- Which statement about glucose and sucrose is incorrect?
(a) Both are soluble in water
(b) Both occur naturally
(c) Both are carbohydrates
(d) Both are disacharides
6- The fibre which is made from the acrylo nitrile as monomer is :
(a) PVC Rayon fibre Acrylic fibre Polyester fibre
7- Enzyme used for the treatment of blood cancer in children is:
(a) Cellulase urease Lactic dehydrogenase L-asperginase
8- In which of these processes are small organic molecules are made into macromalecules?
(a) The cracking of petrolium fractions
(b) The fraction distillation of crude oils
(c) The polymerization of ethene
(d) The hydrolysis of proteins
9- Which of these polymers is a synthetic polymer?
(a) Animal fat Starch Cellulose polyester
10- Plastics are a pollution problem because many plastics :
(a) Are made from petrolium
(b) Are very inflammable
(c) Burn to produce the toxic fumes
(d) Decompose to produce the toxic products
11- A polymeric substance that is formed in the liquid state and then hardened to a rigid solid is
called a :
(a) Fibre Plastics Varnish Polyamide resin
12- Which one of the following element is not present in all proteins?
(a) Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur
ADNAN MEHMOOD 161
13- Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin?

(a) Niacin Riboflavin Tripsin Ascorbic acid
14- The reaction between fat and NaOH is called:
(a) Esterification Hydrogenolysis Fermantation Saponification
15- Which of the foollowing is not condensation polymer?
(a) Terylene Nylon 6,6 Polyester fibre Polystyrene
16- Which of the following is an inorganic polymer?
(a) Graphite Rubber DNA Protein
17- Which of the following is a natural fibre?
(a) Starch
(b) Rubber
(c) Cellulose
(d) Nylon 6,6
18- Which functional group is present in fats?
(a) Aldehyde
(b) Ketone
(c) Carboxylic acid
(d) Ester
19- Terylene and nylon 6,6 both are examples of:
(a) Addition reaction
(b) Elimination reaction
(c) Condensation reaction
(d) none
20- Amino acids in proteins are linked togather by:
(a) Ester linkage
(b) Glycosidic linkage
(c) Ether linkage
(d) Peptide linkage
21- Which of the following plastic is a thermo setting plastic?
(a) PVC
(b) Polystyrene
(c) Polyethylene
(d) Bakelite
22- Which of the following is the optimum temperature of most of enzymes?
(a) 0ºC
(b) 25ºC
(c) 37ºC
(d) (d) 45ºC
23- Which of the following is not a polymer?
(a) Polyester
(b) Glucose
(c) Starch
(d) Nylon
ADNAN MEHMOOD 162
24- Starch is a polymer of:

(a) Glucose
(b) Fructose
(c) α-D glucose
(d) β-D glucose
25- Which one of the following is a co-polymer?
(a) PVC
(b) PVA
(c) Polyethylene
(d) Nylon
26- Which is not a polymer?
(a) Diamond
(b) Starch
(c) Sand
(d) Nucleotide
27- Glucose contains:
(a) One CHO group
(b) One primary alcoholic group
(c) Four secondary alcoholic groups
(d) All are correct
28- Which one is disaccharide?
(a) Glucose
(b) Lactose
(c) Fructose
(d) Starch
29- Which carbohydrate is called animal starch?
(a) Glucose
(b) Fructose
(c) Glycogen
(d) Starch
30- Which enzyme is used for blood cancer in childs?
(a) L-asparaginase
(b) Glucokinase
(c) Thrombin
(d) Fumarase
ADNAN MEHMOOD 163
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. (d) 11. (b) 21. (c)
2. (b) 12. (d) 22. (c)
3. (b) 13. (d) 23. (b)
4. (b) 14. (d) 24. (c)
5. (d) 15. (d) 25. (d)
6. (c) 16. (a) 26. (d)
7. (d) 17. (c) 27. (d)
8. (c) 18. (d) 28. (b)
9. (d) 19. (c) 29. (c)
10. (c) 20. (d) 30. (a)
ADNAN MEHMOOD 164
CH -14
MACROMOLECULES
SHORT QUESTIONS
14.1 INTRODUCTION
1- How macromolecules are classified?
Ans- Molecules having very large molecular mass and are formed by the repeating units “monomers” are
called macromolecules. They are classified into two classes (i) Inorganic macromolecules (ii) Organic
macromolecules.
Macromolecules
Inorganic
Giant molecules (Diamond , graphite ) Biopolymers Synthetic polymers
(Lipids , proteins etc ) (Plastic , rubber etc)
14.2 STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS
2- Define the DP.
Ans- DP is the abbreviation of degree of polymerization. Number of repeating units( monomers)

in the chain of a polymer is called degree of polymerization. It is used to determine the molecular
mass of a polymer.
Mol.mass = Mol.mass of the repeating unit × DP
3-Differentiate homopolymer and copolymer.
Ans- The polymer which is formed by the polymerization of a single type of monomer is called
homopolymer. For example polyvinyl acetate is a homopolymer.
nCH2=CH CH2 ( CH CH2 ) n-1 CH
Cl Cl Cl
Vinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC )

ADNAN MEHMOOD 165
The polymer which is formed by the polymerization of two different types of monomers is called
copolymer. For example Vinyl acetate reacts with butyl melate to form copolymer.
nCH2 = CH + CH = CH CH2 CH CH CH CH2 CH
OCOCH3 COOBu COOBu OCOCH3 COOBu COOBu COOCH3
Vinyl acetate Butyl meleate Copolymer
4- Differentiate between thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
Ans- Polymers which are softened by heat and can be molded into desireable shape with little change in
properties. For example PVC pipes and plastic toys etc.
Polymers which are hardened by the heat and cannot be softened again for the further use are called
thermosetting plastics. It is decomposed by the heating and loses it nature. For example varnish and
synthetic resins.
5- Give the mechanism of addition polymerization.
Ans- Addition polymer is formed due to the free radicle mechanism. The mechanism involves three steps
“iniciation , propagation and termination”. This reaction is catalysed by thermal and photochemical
decomposition of organic peroxides to form the free radicles.
Iniciation:
R-CO-O-O-OC-R Δ 2R-COO. 2R + CO2
Propagation :
R + CH2 = CH R CH2 CH
C6H5 C6H5
R CH2 CH + CH2 = CH R CH2 CH CH2 CH
C6H5 C6H5 C6H5 C6H5
Termination:
R ( CH2 CH ) n + R R ( CH2 CH ) n R
C6H5 C6H5
6-What is condensation polymerization? How polyester is formed?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 166
And- polymerization reaction in which two monomers are reacted to release the molecule of water or
methanol is called condensation polymerization. e.g . polyester is formed by the condensation reaction of
the Terephthalic acid and glycol.
n{ HOOC COOH + HO CH2-CH2 OH }
Terephthalic acid Ethylene glycol
[ C COO-CH2-CH2-O ] n + 2nH2O
Polyester
14.5 BREIF DISCRIPTION OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
7- How polystyrene is prepared give its two uses.?
Ans- Polystyrene is an addition polymer and it is formed by the polymerization of the styrene in
the presence of a catalyst.
nCH2=CH CH2 (CH CH2 )n-1 CH
C6H5 C6H5 C6H5
Styrene Polystyrene
It is used for the preparation of cosmetic bottles , ffod containers , toys and packing materials,
etc.
8-Write a note on acrylic resins.
Ans- Most important monomers of acrylic resins are methylmethacrylate , acrylic acid and butyl
acrylate. These are also called vinyl resins.
CH2=CH-COOH CH2=C-CH3 CH2=CH-CN
COOCH3
Acrylic acid Methylmethacrylate Acrylonitrile
These are used for the manufacture of plastics , paints for the car industry and weather resistant paints.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 167
9- Write a short note on nylon-6,6.
Ans- Nylon is a condensation polymer of the adipic acid ( 1,6 Hexandioic acid ) and
hexamethyledenediamine. Nylon 6,6 is the generic name of the synthetic polyamide resins. It is
mainly used in the manufacture of textile fibres. It has many useful properties like high strength
, elasticity and toughness.
Heat
nHOOC( CH2)6 COOH + nH2N( CH2)6NH2
-H2O
-OC( CH2)4CO [HN( CH2)6HNCO(CH2)4CO]n-1NH(CH2)6NH
10- What are epoxy resins?
Ans- The resins having the epoxy groups in their structure are called epoxy resins. These are
polymers of the epichlorohydrin and diphenylol propane.
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 Cl
HO C OH O
CH3 Epichlorohydrin
Diphenylol propane
Epoxy resins have their numerous applications in the coating materials e.g, which give toughness
, flexibility , and chemical resistance. Thermal power stations , packing materials are coated with
the epoxy resins. They are also used for paints in dams , bridges and floors.
14.6 BIOPOLYMERS
11- Justify by writing the structural formula that amylose is condensation polymer of α-D-
glucose but cellulose is the polymer. of β-D-glucose
Ans-
ADNAN MEHMOOD 168
( Amylose) polymer of α-D-glucose
Cellulose ( polymer of β-D-glucose )
12- What is repeating unit in each of the following polymer?
(a) Polystyrene (b) Nylon 6,6 (c) Teflon (d) Orlon
Ans-
(a) Styrene (CH2=CH-C6H5)
(b) 1,6 Hexandioic acid ( HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH ) and hexamethylenediamine ( H2N-(CH2)6-NH2 )
(c) Tetraflouro ethylene ( CF2=CF2 )
(d) Acrylonitrile ( CH2=CH-CN )
13-Point out the difference between the following compounds.
(a) Glucose and Fructose

(b) Sucrose and maltose
Ans- (a) Glucose is an aldo suger ( containing aldehydic functional group ) while fructose is a keto
suger ( containing ketonic functional group ).
ADNAN MEHMOOD 169
Glucose
Fructose
(b) Sucrose ia disaccharide of glucose and fructose but maltose is a disaccharide of only glucose.
Sucrose
Maltose
14- Differentiate between conjugate and derived proteins.
Ans- Proteins which have some non protein parts “prosthetic groups” along with the protein part are
called conjugated proteins. For example phaspho-proteins are conjugated with the phosphoric acid and
lipoproteins are conjugated with the lipid subsatnces such as lecithin , cholesterol and fatty acids.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 170
The proteins which are derived from simple or conjugated proteins are called derived proteins. For
example , proteoses enzymes , peptones , oligopeptides and polypeptides etc.
15- What is peptide linkage.? Explain with an example.
Ans- Ans- A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent bond formed between two amino acids when the
carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of the other amino acid, causing the release
of a molecule of water (H2O).
H2N CH COOH + H-N CH COOH -H2O H2N-CH-CO-NH-CH-COOH
R H R R R
Peptide bond
If a large number of amino acids ( Hundreds to thousands ) are joined togather by peptide bond resulting
polymide is called polypeptide. By convention a peptide containing the molecular mass upto 10,000 is
called polypeptide and peptide having the molecular mass more than 10,000 is called protein.
16- How proteins are very important for the living things?
And-
(1) Proteins take very important part in the formation of the protoplasm which is essence of all forms
of life.
(2) Proteins are also involved in the formation of the chromosomes which are carriers of the
hereditary from the parents to offsprings.
(3) Enzymes which are biological catalysts are also proteins.
(4) Hormones which regulate the different functions in plants and animals are also proteins.
17- What is saponification? Give one example.
Ans- Number of milligrams of potasium hydroxide required to sponify one gram fat or oil is
called sponification number. For example one gram of glycerol tripalmitate requires 20.09 mg of
KOH for its saponification.
18- What is iodine number?
Ans- The number of grams of iodine which will add 100 grams of fat or oil to make it saturated
is called iodine number. Iodine number determine the extent of unsaturation in the fat or oil.
Value of iodine number depends upon the number of the double bonds present in the fatty acid
component of glyceride. Glyceride with no double bond have the zero value of iodine number.
19- Give the names of four factors effecting the reactivity of enzyme.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 171
Ans- Factors which can effect the reactivity of enzymes are as follows.
(a) Concentration of enzymes

(b) Temperature
(c) Effect of pH
(d) Co-enzymes , co-factors , activators and inhibitors
(e) Radiations
20-What is chemical nature of enzymes and how they are classified?
Ans- Enzymes are biochemical catalyst produced by the cells of living things and can catalyze the
chemical reactions. Chemically enzymes are proteins and formed by the different types of amino acids.
International union of bio-chemistry has classified the enzymes into six different catagories depending
upon the nature of reactions being catalyzed by them.
(1) Oxidoreductases
(2) Transferases
(3) Hydrolases
(4) Lyases
(5) Isomerases
(6) Ligases
21- What are nucleic acids?
Ans- Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Together with proteins, nucleic acids make up the most important
macromolecules; each is found in abundance in all living things. They are composed of repeating units
called nucleotides. Nucleotides have three basic parts (1) Ribose suger (b) phosphate group (c)
Nitrogenous base ( Adanine , guanine , cytocine , thyamine and uracil ) . DNA have four nitrogenous
bases in their structure which are adanine , guanine , cytocine and thyamine but in RNA thyamine is
replaced by uracil.
22- What are lipids? In what way fats and oils are different?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 172
Ans- Lipids are hetrogenous group of substances which have plant or animal origin. includes fats, waxes,
sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides,
phospholipids, and others. Chemically, fats are generally triesters of glycerol and fatty acids. Fats may be
either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure and composition. Although the
words "oils", "fats", and "lipids" are all used to refer to fats, "oils" is usually used to refer to fats that are
liquids at normal room temperature, while "fats" is usually used to refer to fats that are solids at normal
room temperature. Chemically oils are unsaturated triglycerides and fats are saturated triglycerides.
CH2-O- CO-(CH2)16-CH3 CH2-O-CO-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-CH3
CH - O- CO-(CH2)16-CH3 CH-O-CO-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-CH3
CH2-O- CO-(CH2)16-CH3 CH2-O-CO-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-CH3
Glyceryl trioleate ( a saturated triglyceride ) Glyceryl tristereate ( an unsaturated triglyceride)

ADNAN MEHMOOD 173
CH-15
COMMON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN
PAKISTAN
1- Nitrogen present in the fertilizers helps the plants:
(a) To fight against diseases
(b) To produce the fats
(c) To produce the proteins
(d) To produce the carbohydrates
2- Which woody raw material is used for the manufacture of paper pulp?
(a) Cotton (b) Bagasse (c) Poplar (d) Rice straw
3- Which non woody raw material is used for making the paper pulp?
(a) Fur (b) Corn straw (c) Eucalyptus (d) Poplar
4- Which is not a calcarious material?

(a) Lime (b) Clay (c) Marble (d) Marine shell
5- Ammonium nitrate is not used for which crop?

(a) Cotton (b) Wheat (c) Sugar cane (d) Paddy rice
6- The three elements needed for the healthy growth of plants are:
(a) N ,S ,P (b) N , Ca , P (c) N , P , K (d) N , K , C
7- Phosphorous helps the growth of:

(a) Root (b) Leave (c) Stem (d) seed
8- Micro-nutrients required in the quantity ranging from:

(a) 4-40g (b) 6-200g (c) 6-200 Kg (d) 4-40Kg
9- Macro-nutrients required in the quantity ranging from:

(a) 4-40g (b) 6-200g (c) 6-200 Kg (d) 4-40 Kg
10- During the manufacturing process of cement the temperature of decomposition zone goes up to:
(a) 600°C (b) 800°C (c) 1000°C (d) 1200°C
11- The word paper is derived from the name of which reedy plant?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 174
(a) Rose (b) Sun flower (c) Papyrus (d) water hyacinth
12- How many zones through which charge passes in the rotary kiln?
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5
13- Which component if present in the paper causes the brittleness?

(a) Chlorine (b) Cellulose (c) Sodium hydroxide (d) Lignin
14- Which of the following element is not macro-nutrient?

(a) B (b) N (c) P (d) K
15- Which of the following is not micro-nutrient?

(a) Fe (b) Mn (c) Cu (d) H
16- Which is not argillaceous material?

(a) Lime stone (b) Clay (c) Slate (d) None
17- What is the main function of rotary kiln?

(a) Heating lime stone
(b) Heating of clinker
(c) Drying of slurry
(d) Preparation of clinker
18- Which of the following compound is present in highest percentage in cement?

(a) Lime (b) Clay (c) Na2O (d) Alumina
19- The nutrients which are required in very small amount for the proper growth of plants are called:
(a) Nitrogenous fertilizers (b) Micro-nutrients (c) Macro-nutrients (d) Surfactants
20- Which substance is used as filler or additive in paper making?

(a) Cellulose (b) Starch (c) Lime (d) Gypsum
21- Which one of the following is the macronutrient for plants?

(a) B (b) Zn (c) Ca (d) N
22- The diameter of rotary Kiln. In the manufacture of cement is:

(a) 1 to 2 feet (b) 2 to 4 feet (c) 4 to 8 feet (d) 8 to 15 feet
23- The length of rotary kiln in the manufacture of cement in:

(a) 100300 ft (b) 200400 ft (c) 300500 ft (d) 400600 ft
24- The most widely used nitrogen fertilizer in Pakistan is:

(a) Ammonia (b) Ammonium nitrate (c) Ammonium sulphate (d) Urea
25- The %age of gypsum in the cement is:
(a) 12% (b) 23% (c) 34% (d) 45%
ADNAN MEHMOOD 175
26- Setting process of cement is based upon:

(a) Hydrolysis (b) Hydration (c) Dehydration (d) Oxidation
27- Which is used to bleach the pulp?

(a) Na2SO3 (b) NaCl (c) NaClO (d) NaOH
28- In Pakistan, the total consumption of paper per person per year is:
(a) 2 kg (b) 5 kg (c) 7 kg (d) 10 kg
29- Usually the %age of moisture in paper is:

(a) 13% (b) 46% (c) 68% (d) 5%
30- Lignin in paper causes:
(a) Softness (b) Brittleness (c) Flexibility (d) All of these
ANSWERS TO MCQ, S
1. 11. 21.
2. 12. 22.
3. 13. 23.
4. 14. 24.
5. 15. 25.
6. 16. 26.
7. 17. 27.
8. 18. 28.
9. 19. 29.
10. 20. 30.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 176
CH-15
COMMON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN
PAKISTAN
SHORT QUESTIONS
15.1 FERTILIZERS
1- What are fertilizers? Why they are needed?
Ans. The substances which are added to the soil to make up the deficiency of essential elements like
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) required for the proper growth of plants are called
fertilizers. Fertilizers enhance the natural fertility of the soil or replenish the chemical elements taken
up from soil by the previous crops.
15.2 ELEMENTS ESSENTIAL FOR THE PLANT GROWTH
2- Differentiate between micro nutrients and macro nutrients?

Ans.
Micro nutrients Macro nutrients
1. The nutrients which are required in a very The nutrients which are required in a large
small amount for the growth of plants are amount for the growth of plants are called
called micro nutrients. macro nutrients.
2. These include B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo & Cl. These include N,P, K, Ca, Mg, S, C, H & O.
3. These elements are needed in very small These elements are needed in relatively large
amount for proper growth of plant. amount for proper growth of plant.
4. These may be harmful if added in large These may be harmful if added in small
amount. amount than required.
5. These elements are required in quantities These elements are required in quantities
ranging from 6g to 200g per acre. ranging from 5kg to 200kg per acre.
3- What are the requirements of a fertilizer?
Ans. Every compound of the desired elements can not be a fertilizer. The desired elements should be
present in the compound in a water soluble form (so that the plant can take it up) readily available to
the plants. The compound employed as fertilizer should be stable in soil as well as in storage e.g it
should not be deliquescent or set to hard stony material with time. It should also be cheap to
manufacture.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 177
4- What are the essential qualities of a good fertilizer?
Ans. The essential qualities of a good fertilizer are:

 The nutrient elements present in it must be readily available to the plant.
 It must be fairly soluble in water.
 It should not be injurious to plant.
 It should be cheap.
 It must be stable.
 It should not alter the pH of the soil.
15.3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF FERTILIZERS
5- Write down important steps for the manufacturing of urea?
Ans. Following steps are involved in the manufacturing of urea:

i. Preparation of hydrogen.
ii. Preparation of ammonia.
iii. Preparation of ammonium carbamate.
iv. Preparation of urea.
v. Concentration of urea.
vi. Prilling
6- Give the equation for preparation of urea from ammonium carbamate?
Ans. The synthesis of urea involves two important steps. In the first step, CO2 is mixed with ammonia
in the volume ratio of 1:2 in a reactor to produce ammonium carbamate.
CO2(g) + 2NH3(g) → H2N−CO−ONH4 (ammonium carbamate)
In the second step, dehydration of ammonium carbamate gives urea.
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
H2N−CO−ONH4 → H2N−CO−NH2 (urea) + H2O
7- What is the percentage of nitrogen in urea?
Ans. Molar mass of H2NCONH2 (urea) = 60 g/mol

Mass of N in urea = 28 g/mol
% of N = 28/60 x 100
= 46.67%
8- Why urea is not added in paddy fields as a fertilizer?
Ans. Urea is a useful fertilizer for many crops but it is not suitable for paddy fields because in these
fields there are present microbial bacteria. These bacteria decompose the urea into nitrogen gas in
flooded fields.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 178
9- Why prilling of urea is better than a fine powder?
Ans. The conversion of urea in to granules is called prilling. Prilled urea spread on crops more easily
than a fine powder. Powder can stay on the leaves while granules do not. Powder can even be
dispersed by wind. Granules are not easily miscible with water and hence are available to the plants
for longer time.
10- Write down the name of three nitrogen containing fertilizer?
Ans. Names of nitrogen fertilizer:

 Ammonia
 Ammonium nitrate
 Urea
11- Name two phosphatic fertilizers. What they provide to the plant or soil?
Ans. Two phosphatic fertilizers are:

 Calcium super phosphate
 Diammonium phosphate
These fertilizers provide phosphorous to the plant or soil.
12- How diammonium hydrogen phosphate is prepared?
Ans. Diammonium hydrogen phosphate is prepared by a continuous process. This process consists of
the reaction between anhydrous ammonia gas and pure phosphoric acid at 60-70oC and pH 5.8 to 6.0.
2NH3(g) + H3PO4(l) → (NH4)2HPO4 + heat
This is an exothermic reaction. The heat of reaction vaporizes water from the solution and the crystals
of diammonium hydrogen phosphate are taken out, washed and dried.
13- What is the role of calcium in plant growth?
Ans. Role of Ca in plant growth:

 Ca stimulates the development of root hairs and in fact the entire root system.
 Ca is necessary for normal leave development and tends to accumulate in leaves as well as in
bark.
 Ca is essential for the optimum activity of micro organisms that produce nitrates.
 Ca also affects the supply of available phosphorous in the soil.
15.4 CEMENT
14- Define cement? What are its essential constituents?

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Ans. In general cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind
other materials together. Cement is the material obtained by burning a mixture of calcarious and
argillaceous material at sufficiently high temperature to produce clinkers. These clinkers are then
ground to a fine powder.
The essential constituents are lime obtained from lime stone, silica and alumina present in clay.
15- Is cement a mixture or compound?
Ans. Cement is a mixture which is made up of by mixing different compounds in non stoichiometric
amounts. Cement is mainly a mixture of different oxides. It is not a pure compound.
16- Why cement is called Portland cement?

Ans. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British stonemason, obtained a patent for a cement he produced in his
kitchen. The inventor heated a mixture of finely ground limestone and clay on his kitchen stove and
ground the mixture together into a powder to create cement that hardens with the addition of water.
He named the product Portland cement because it resembled Portland rocks, a famous building stone
of England. With this invention, Aspdin laid the foundation for today's Portland cement industry.
17- Describe the composition of a good sample of Portland cement?
Ans. An average composition of a good sample of Portland cement is given below:
Compound Percentage
Lime (CaO) 62
Silica (SiO2) 22
Alumina (Al2O3) 7.5
Magnesia (MgO) 2.5
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 2.5
Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 1.5
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 1.0
Potassium oxide (K2O) 1.0
18- What are the important raw materials used for the manufacturing of cement?
Ans. The important raw materials used for the manufacturing of cement are given below:
 Calcarious material (limestone, marble, chalks, marine shell) as a source of CaO.
 Argillaceous material (clay, shale, slate, blast furnace slag). These materials provide acidic
components such as aluminates and silicates.
 Other raw material being used is gypsum.
19- On what factors the choice of dry or wet process for the manufacturing of cement depends?
Ans. The choice of dry or wet process for the manufacturing of cement depends on the following
factors:
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 Physical conditions of the raw material.

 Local climatic conditions of the factory.
 The price of the fuel.
20- Compare the dry and wet process for cement manufacturing?
Ans. Dry process needs excessive fine grinding and it is more suited for the hard materials. Dry
process is cheap. Wet process, on the other hand, is free from dust, grinding is easier and the
composition of the cement can easily be controlled.
21- What are the important steps involved for the manufacturing of cement by dry process?
Ans. There are five stages in the manufacturing of Portland cement by dry process which are given
below:
i. Crushing and grinding of the raw material.
ii. Mixing the material in correct proportion.
iii. Heating the prepared mixture in a rotary kiln.
iv. Grinding the heating product known as clinker.
v. Mixing and grinding of cement clinker with gypsum.
22- What are different zones in rotary kiln? Give their temperature ranges?
Ans. There are four zones in the rotary kiln, given below:
i. Drying or pre heating zone or minimum temperature zone (500oC)
ii. Decomposition zone or moderate temperature zone (1500oC)
iii. Burning zone or maximum temperature zone (1500oC)
iv. Cooling zone (150-200oC)
23- What is cement clinker?
Ans. The granular mass obtained from the rotary kiln is called clinker. Cement clinker is a dark grey
hard stony mass made by heating ground limestone and clay at a temperature of about 1400 oC-
1500oC. Clinkers range in size from 1mm to 25mm or more and are composed mainly of calcium
silicates, typically 70%-80%. The strength of concrete is mainly due to the reaction of these calcium
silicates with water. The clinkers are ground up to a fine powder to produce cement, with a small
amount of gypsum added to control the setting properties.
24- What is the role of gypsum in cement industry?
Ans. Gypsum prevents the cement from hardening to rapidly. It also decreases setting time of cement.
25- What is setting of cement?

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Ans. When cement is mixed with water, it becomes very hard mass which is resistant to pressure.
This process is known as setting of cement. This process involves hydration reaction followed by
crystallization process.
26- Give the reactions in first 24 hours of setting of cement?
Ans. When cement is mixed with water then after a short time, tricalcium aluminate absorbs water
(hydration) and forms a colloidal gel which is called hydrated tricalcium aluminate
(3Ca.Al2O3.6H2O). This gel starts crystallizing slowly, reacts with gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) to form the
crystal of calcium sulpho aluminate (3Ca.Al2O3. 3CaSO4.2H2O).
27- Give the reactions taking place between 1 to 7 days?
Ans. Tricalcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2) and tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3) get hydrolysedto
produce calcium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide. The calcium hydroxide, thus formed, starts
changing in to needle shaped crystals, which get studded in the colloidal gel and imparts strength to it.
Aluminium hydroxide, on the other hand, fills the interstices resulting in hardening the mass. The gel
formed starts losing water partly by evaporation and sets to a hard mass.
15.5 PAPER
28- Define paper?
Ans. Paper is a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, drawing or for packaging.
Paper is a sheet material made up of network of natural cellulosic fibers which have been deposited
from an aqueous suspension. The product obtained is a network of intertwining fibers. The final paper
has 6 to 8% moisture in it.
29- What are non woody raw materials used in the production of paper pulp?
Ans. The important non woody raw materials used in the production of paper pulp are given below:
 Wheat straw
 Rice straw
 Bagasse
 Bamboo
 Rag
 Cotton stalk
 Cotton linter
 Kahi grass
 Grasses
30- What are woody raw materials used in the production of paper pulp?
Ans. The important woody raw materials used in the production of paper pulp are given below:
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 Poplar (hard board)

 Eucalyptus (hard wood)
 Douglas fir (soft wood)
31- What are the principal methods of chemical pulping used for the production of paper?
Ans. The principal methods which are used for the making of paper pulp are given below:
 Kraft’s process (alkaline)
 Sulphite process (acidic)
 Neutral sulphite semi chemical process (NSSC)
32- What are the common bleaching agents used in paper industry in Pakistan?
Ans. In Pakistan, bleaching is done by using chlorine or sodium hypochlorite. Chlorine reacts very
rapidly with the pulp.
33- What is the role of additives in paper making?

Ans. Additives increase the mechanical strength of paper and reduces the pores of the papers. They
increase the glaze of the paper.
34- Which additives are used for most commonly in paper making?
Ans. Additives which are used in paper making are: talc, titanium oxide, precipitated calcium
carbonate, silico aluminates, starch, alum, etc.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 183

1. What are fertilizers? Why they required?
2. Give names of nitrogenous fertilizer and phasphatic.
3. Differentiate between micro and macronutrients.
4. Give the reaction for the preparation of urea by using ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide
(CO2).
5. Write down 4 characteristic features of a good fertilizer.
6. What are common bleaching agents used in paper industry in Pakistan?
7. Write down the formulas of (a) super phosphate (b) triple phosphate
8. What are essential nutrient elements and why these are needed?
9. How ammonium nitrate is prepared describe the process?
10. Give names of different zones in rotary kiln and their temperatures.
11. What are clinkers? Why 2% gypsum is added in cement?
12. Name essential constituents of cement.
13. Why wet cleaning is done in paper manufacture?
14. Distinguish between fertilizer and non fertilizer compounds?
15. What is difference between clinker and cement?
16. What is the role of decomposition and burning zones in manufacturing of cement?
17. What reactions occur in decomposition zone in cement preparation?
18. Write down the 2 woody and 2 non woody raw materials for paper preparation.
19. What is prilling of urea and why prilled urea is better than fine powder?
ADNAN MEHMOOD 184
CH-16
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
1- Ecosystem is the smaller unit of:
(a) Lithosphere (b) Biosphere (c) Hydrosphere (d) Atmosphere
2- Main pollutant of the leather tanneries in the waste water is due to salts of:
(a) Lead (b) Chromium (c) Copper (d) Cadmium
3- Atmosphere contains carbon dioxide :

(a) 0.01% (b) 0.02% (c) 0.03% (d) 0.04%
4- Peroxyacetyl nitrate ( PAN ) is an irritant to human being and it effects:

(a) Eyes (b) Ears (c) Stomach (d) Nose
5- Which gas is not a pollutant?

(a) SO2 (b) CO (c) NO2 (d) CO2
6- The temperature in non rotating chamber in the incineration of industrial and hazardous wastes
process has a range:
(a) 900-1000°C (b) 250-500°C (c) 950-1300°C (d) 500-900°C
7- The pH range of the acid rain is:

(a) 6.5 to 7 (b) 6.5 to 6 (c) 5.6 to 6 (d) 4 to 5
8- The thickness of atmosphere is:

(a) 1500 km (b) 1000 km (c) 500 km (d) 100 km
9- Newspaper can be recycled again and again by how many times?

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
10- To avoid the formation of toxic compounds with chlorine which substance is used for the
disinfecting water?
(a) KMnO4 (b) O3 (c) Alums (d) Chloramines
11- A single chloride free radical can destroy how many ozone molecules?
(a) 100 (b) 10,0000 (c) 10,000 (d) 10
12- Fungicides are pesticide which:

(a) Control the growth of fungus (b) Kill insects (c) Kill plants (d) Kill herbs
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13- In the purification of potable water the coagulant used is :

(a) Nickle sulphate (b) Copper sulphate (c) Barium sulphate (d) Alum
14- Residence time of methane is:

(a) 3-4 years (b) 3-5 years (c) 3-6 years (d) 3-7 years
15- Which of the following is primary pollutant?

(a) H2SO4 (b) N2O (c) H2CO3 (d) SO2
16- Cause of water pollution is:

(a) Pesticides (b) Detergents (c) Tanneries (d) All
17- Which of following factor helps to measure the quality of water?

(a) DO (b) BOD (c) COD (d) All of above
18- The normal amount of overhead ozone is about:

(a) 335 DU (b) 340 DU (c) 345 DU (d) 350 DU
19- Which part of the atmosphere is near to earth?

(a) Thermosphere (b) Troposphere (c) Mesosphere (d) Stratosphere
20- Ozone is mostly produce in:

(a) Tropical region (b) South polar region (c) North polar region (d) Thermosphere zone
21- The capacity of organic matter to consume oxygen within a period of five days is called:
(a) D.O (b) COD (c) BOD (d) (b) + (c)
22- The smog which have high contents of SO2 in it, is called:
(a) Reducing smog (b) Oxidizing smog (c) Natural smog (d) Neutral smog
23- How much % age of total water is available as fresh water?

(a) 1% (b) 2% (c) 10% (d) 50%
24- The thickness of ozone layer is:

(a) 25 to 50 km (b) 25 to 28 km (c) 3 km only (d) 1 cm only
25- In which layer of atmosphere, ozone is present:

(a) Thermosphere (b) Mesosphere (c) Stratosphere (d) Troposphere
26- Colloidal material in the raw water is removed by:

(a) Purification (b) Coagulation (c) Chlorination (d) Combustion
27- COD of water can be determined directly by:

(a) Cr2O3 (b) CrO42- (c) Cr3+ (d) Cr2O72-
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28- Which water will be considered as polluted water?

(a) High value of COD (b) Low value of COD
(c) High value of DO (d) Low value of BOD
29- The yellowish colour in photochemical smog is due to the presence of:
(a) NO (b) NO2 (c) SO2 (d) CO2
30- Which one of the following binds haemoglobin more strongly than oxygen?
(a) CO (b) CO2 (c) NO (d) NO2
31- pH of unpolluted rain water is

(a) 5.00 (b) 5.6 (c) 6.50 (d) 7.00
32- Word paper is derived from the name of which reedy plant?
(a) Rose (b) papyrus (c) sun flower (d) none
ANSWERS TO MCQ, s
1. 11. 21.
2. 12. 22.
3. 13. 23.
4. 14. 24.
5. 15. 25.
6. 16. 26.
7. 17. 27.
8. 18. 28.
9. 19. 29.
10. 20. 30.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 187
CH-16
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
SHORT QUESTIONS
16.1 INTRODUCTION
1- What is environmental chemistry?
Ans. The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of chemicals and other pollutants in the
environment is called environmental chemistry. In environmental chemistry we study sources,
reactions, transportation of the chemicals and other toxic substances especially created by human
activity in the environment and their adverse effects on human beings directly or indirectly.
2- Write down the name of components of the environment?
Ans. The environment consists on following components:

 Atmosphere
 Hydrosphere
 Lithosphere
 Biosphere or Ecosphere
3- What is atmosphere?
Ans. The layer of gases surrounding the earth is called atmosphere. It consists on nitrogen (78%),
oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and traces amount of other gases along with
water vapors. Its thickness is about 1000km above from the surface of the earth. The gases present in
the atmosphere absorb most of the harmful radiations present in the sun light, thus supporting the life
on earth. Atmosphere also maintains the heat balance of the earth.
4- What is hydrosphere?
Ans. The part of environment which includes all the water bodies is called hydrosphere. It consists on
oceans (97%), rivers, lakes, glaciers (2%) and ground water reservoirs. Only 1% of total water is
available as fresh water i.e surface water, river, streams, lakes and ground water. The fresh water is
used by agriculture (69%), industry (23%) and for domestic purpose (8%).
5- What is lithosphere?
Ans. The outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, approximately 100 km
thick is called lithosphere. The 99.5% mass of lithosphere is made of 11 eleven elements, which are
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O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, H and P. The elements present in traces amounts (0.1% to 0.02%)
are C, Mn, S, Ba, Cl, Cr, F, Zr, Ni, Sr and V. These elements mostly occur in the form of minerals.
6- What is biosphere or ecosphere?
Ans. The part of the environment which is capable of supporting life on earth is called biosphere. It
includes lower atmosphere, the ocean, rivers, lakes, soil and solid sediments. Ecosystem is the smaller
unit of biosphere which consists of community of organisms and their interaction with environment
i.e animals, plants and microorganisms which lie in a definite zone and depend on the physical factors
such as soil, water and air.
16.2 TYPES OF POLLUTION
7- What is environmental pollutant?
Ans. Any substance in the environment which adversely affects the human health, human property,
quality of life and the natural functioning of the ecosystem is known as environmental pollutant.
8- What are primary pollutants?
Ans. Chemicals released directly into the air in a harmful form are called primary pollutants. This
refers to the types of pollutants that are either found in the atmosphere or on the ground and are
emitted directly from some sources such as automobile tailpipes or smoke stacks. CO, CO2, oxides of
nitrogen, oxides of sulphur and CFCs etc are the examples of primary pollutants.
9- What are secondary pollutants?
Ans. The pollutants which result from a chemical reaction between a primary pollutant and some
other substance in the air are called secondary pollutants. These pollutants are not emitted directly
from sources into the atmosphere, but formed through complex chemical reactions of precursor
species. Ozone, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, PAN etc are examples of secondary air pollutants.
10- Why CO is called quiet killer gas?
Ans. CO is a highly poisoned gas and causes suffocation if inhaled for a sufficient longer time. It
binds with blood haemoglobin (oxygen carrying protein present in blood) more strongly than oxygen
and thus excluding oxygen from normal respiration. Exposure to high concentration of CO results in
headache, fatigue, unconsciousness and eventually death. The CO poisoning can be reversed by
giving high pressure oxygen.
11- CO is considered as primary pollutant? How it effect human health?
Ans. CO is directly introduced in to the atmosphere through various natural sources and human
activities. Therefore, CO is a primary pollutant. CO is a highly poisoned gas for human beings.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 189
Exposure to high concentration of CO results in headache, fatigue, unconsciousness and eventually

death. The CO poisoning can be reversed by giving high pressure oxygen.
12- Explain the term acid rain?
Ans. Acid rain or acid precipitation or acid deposition is precipitation containing harmful amounts of
nitric and sulfuric acids formed primarily by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the
atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. It can be wet precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry
precipitation (absorbed gaseous and particulate matter, aerosol particles or dust). Acid rain has a pH
below 5.6. Normal rain has a pH of about 5.6, due to the presence of carbon dioxide.
13- What are the effects of acid rain on human and birds?
Ans. Acid rain makes soil and rocks acidic. This results in the leaching of metals like Al, Hg, Pb &
Ca and discharge them in to water bodies. These heavy metals are accumulated in the fishes and are
health hazards for humans and birds as they eat these fishes.
14- Why high concentration of Al is harmful for fishes?
Ans. The elevated level of Al is harmful for fishes as it clogs the gills. This results in causing
suffocation.
15- What is smog? What are its types?
Ans. The type of air pollution which contains smoke and fog together is called smog. There are two
types of smog.
Reducing smog: The smog which contains relatively high level of SO2 is called reducing smog. The
main cause of reducing smog is combustion of coal.
Oxidizing smog: The smog which consists on high concentration of oxidants like ozone, NO, unburnt
hydrocarbons and peroxyacetyl nitate (PAN) is known as oxidizing smog. Oxidizing smog is also
known as photochemical smog.
16- What are necessary conditions for the formation of smog?
Ans. The following conditions are required for the formation of the smog:
 There must be sufficient NO, hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted
by the vehicular traffic.
 Sun light, so that some of the chemical reactions may occur at a rapid rate.
 The movement of air mass must be little so that reactions are not disturbed.
17- What is the role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in destroying ozone?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 190
Ans. CFCs used as refrigerants in air conditioning and in aerosol sprays are inert in the troposphere
but slowly diffuse in to the stratosphere where they are subjected to the UV radiations generating Cl .
Free radicals. Cl. Free radicals react with ozone and destroy it to oxygen.
CFCl3 + UV → CFCl2. + Cl.
Cl. + O3 → O2 + ClO.
ClO. + O → Cl. + O2
A single chlorine free radical can destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules.
18- What is the unit used to measure the amount of ozone in the atmosphere and give its normal
amount?
Ans. The amount of ozone in atmosphere is measured in Dobson units (DU). The normal amount of
overhead ozone is about 350 DU.
19- What is ozone hole or ozone layer depletion?
Ans. Ozone Depletion is the reduction of the protective layer of ozone in the Stratosphere by
chemical pollution. In the stratosphere, small amounts of ozone are constantly being made by the
action of sunlight on oxygen. At the same time, natural processes are breaking down ozone. The total
amount of ozone usually stays constant because its formation and destruction occur at about the same
rate. Human activity has recently changed that natural balance. Certain manufactured substances
(such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons) can destroy stratospheric ozone much
faster than it is formed.
20- Why is ozone layer depleting?
Ans. Destruction of the upper atmospheric layer of ozone gas, caused by substances formed
from breakdown of ozone depleting substances is called ozone depletion. CFCs used as refrigerants in
air conditioning and in aerosol sprays are inert in the troposphere but slowly diffuse in to the
stratosphere where they are subjected to the UV radiations generating Cl. Free radicals. Cl. Free
radicals react with ozone and destroy it to oxygen.
CFCl3 + UV → CFCl2. + Cl.
Cl. + O3 → O2 + ClO.
ClO. + O → Cl. + O2
21- How is oil spillage affecting the marine life?
Ans. Sea water gets polluted by accidental oil spills and leakage from cargo oil tankers in sea. Many
petroleum products are poisonous and pose serious health problems to humans, animals and aquatic
life. The marine organisms are severely affected by soluble aromatic fractions of oil. The spilled oil
damages the marine life often causing death. The transmission through surface of water is affected by
oily layer on it, thus photosynthesis of the plants and dissolved oxygen in water is decreased.
22- How detergents are threat to aquatic animal life?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 191
Ans. Detergents are exclusively used in industries and household s cleaning agents. The amount of
disposed detergents in waste water is increasing day by day. This waste water when discharge in
rivers or sea, greatly affects the aquatic life. Moreover, this waste water mobilizes the bound toxic
ions of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Hg from sediments in to water.
23- Explain how pesticides are dangerous to human beings?
Ans. Harmful effects of pesticides:

 The use of pesticides must be properly controlled otherwise they get entry in to the food
chain through various routes i.e through agricultural food products and drinking water.
 Pesticides are synthetic organic chemicals which can cause serious health problems even at
very low concentration.
 At high concentrations, they can cause nausea, dizziness, tremors and blindness.
 Pesticides containing low molecular mass chlorinated hydrocarbons in drinking water are
carcinogenic.
 Pesticides can also cause skin eruptions or central nervous system impairment.
24- Discuss industrial waste effluents?
Ans. The industrial waste pollutants may contain both organic and inorganic toxic chemicals. These
include heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Sb, etc, oils, greases, mineral acids, etc. The toxic
organic compounds, heavy metals and metalloids result in contamination of both surface and ground
water used for irrigation and potable water supply. This also causes irreversible degradation of the
environment causing serious health problems for public and marine life.
16.3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF WATER
25- What is dissolved oxygen (DO)? Give its importance?
Ans. In water, the most important oxidizing agent is the dissolved molecular oxygen (O2). The
concentration of DO in water ranges from 4-8ppm. The organic matter in water is oxidized with the
help of this dissolved oxygen. The importance of DO is that it is used to determine the quality of the
water. The DO value less than 4ppm indicates that water is polluted.
26- What is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?
Ans. BOD is the capacity of organic matter in natural water to consume oxygen within a period of
five days. The value of BOD is the amount of oxygen consumed as a result of biological oxidation of
dissolved organic matter in the sample. The oxidation reaction is catalyzed by microorganisms which
are already present in the natural water. It is measured experimentally by calculating the
concentration of oxygen at the beginning and at the end of five days period, in which a sealed water
sample is maintained in the dark at constant temperature either at 20oC or 25oC.
27- What is chemical oxygen demand (COD)?

ADNAN MEHMOOD 192
Ans. The organic content of the water which consumes oxygen during chemical oxidation is
evaluated by its chemical oxygen demand. The oxygen demand of the water can be determined
directly by treating it with dichromate ions (Cr2O72-) which is a powerful oxidizing agent. The organic
matter in water is oxidized, while the remaining concentration of dichromate ions is determined
through titration. The value of COD is a direct measure of chemically oxidizable matter in water.
Higher values of COD will indicate more pollution.
16.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
28- What are the effects of dumping waste in sea and rivers?
Ans. Water covers more than 70% of the earth and is valuable source for food and minerals. Sea and
rivers have long been used for dumping waste of industrial and municipal discharges such as acids,
refinery wastes, pesticides waste, construction and demolition debris, explosives, domestic refuse,
garbage and radioactive waste, etc. The dumping of waste materials in water has damaged the marine
environment and caused health hazardous to human beings.
29- On what basis the land is selected for landfill?
Ans. The site of land is selected on a number of factors such as topography, location of the ground,
water table, nature of the solid water, type of the soil and rocks and location of the disposal zone in
the surface water & ground water flow system.
30- What are leachates?
Ans. Leachate is any liquid that, in passing through matter, extracts solutes, suspended solids or any
other component of the material through which it has passed.
The ground water which seeps in the landfill and liquid from the waste itself all percolate through the
refuse producing leachate. The leachate contains volatile organic acids such as acetic acid and various
fatty acids, bacteria, heavy metals and salt of common inorganic ions such as Ca2+.
31- What is incineration?
Ans. A waste treatment process in which solid waste is burnt at high temperatures ranging from 900
to 1000oC is called incineration. The burning of the solid waste in the incinerator consumes all
combustible materials leaving behind the non combustible materials and the ash residues. The ash
residues of the incinerators are disposed off on the land or landfill. The incineration may reduce the
volume of the waste by two third.
32- Explain the incineration of municipal solid waste?
Ans. The municipal solid waste is burnt in an incinerator. This consumes all combustible materials
leaving behind the non combustible materials and the ash residues. The ash residues of the
ADNAN MEHMOOD 193
incinerators are disposed off on the land or landfill. The combustible components of the garbage such
as paper, plastics and wood provide fuel for the fire. The heat liberated during incineration of
municipal solid waste may be used in producing steam which runs the turbines to produce electricity.
33- Explain the process of incineration of industrial waste?
Ans. The industrial and hazardous wastes are disposed off in landfill or the waste is first incinerated
and the residual ash is then disposed off in the landfill. The landfill for the hazardous waste is
monitored more regularly for the leakage of the leachate and its design is almost same as that of
landfill for the municipal solid waste, except it has more lining of clay and plastic so that the leachate
does not contaminate soil and ground water around.
1- What are leachates and what they contain?

2- Differentiate primary and secondary pollutants?
3- Explain the term BOD.
4- What are ecosphere and hydrosphere?
5- What is effect of aeration on quality of water?
6- What is lithosphere?
7- What are causes of water pollution?
8- What do you know about COD?
9- Write the names of components of environment.
10- What is acid rain?
11- Explain purification of water by use of coagulating agent.
12- What is role of chlorofluorocarbons in destroying ozone?
13- What is depolymerization of plastic and where it is used?
14- Describe the natural source of methane ( hydrocarbon) in atmosphere.
ADNAN MEHMOOD 194
SOME IMPORTANT CONVERSIONS

1- Methane into ethane
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
2CH3Cl + 2Na CH3-CH3 + 2NaCl
2- Ethane into methane
CH3-CH3 + Cl2 CH3-CH2-Cl + HCl
CH3-CH2-Cl + KOH CH3-CH2-OH + KCl
CH3-CH2-OH + [O] K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 CH3CHO + H2O
CH3CHO + [O] K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 CH3COOH
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3
3- Acetic acid into ethane
CH3COOH + 6HI P CH3-CH3 + 3I2 + 2H2O
4- Ethane into ethene
CH3-CH3 + Cl2 Sunlight CH3-CH2-Cl + HCl

ADNAN MEHMOOD 195
CH3-CH2-Cl + KOH 100º C CH2=CH2 + KCl + H2O
5- Ethene into ethyne
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 Cl-CH2- CH2-Cl
Cl-CH2- CH2-Cl + KOH CH = CH +2KCl +2H2O
6- Ethyne into ethene
CH = CH + H2 Pd/ BaSO4 CH2=CH2

Quinoline
CH2=CH2 + H2 Ni CH3-CH3
7- Ethyl chloride into butane
CH3-CH2-Cl + 2 Na + CH3-CH2-Cl CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 2NaCl
8- Acetaldehyde into ethane
CH3-CHO + 4[H] N2H4/KOH CH3-CH3 + H2O
9- Acetone into propane
CH3-CO-CH3 + 4[H] Zn/ Hg-HCl CH3-CH2-CH3 + H2O
10- Ethanol into ethene
CH3-CH2-OH H2SO4 CH2=CH2 + H2O

180ºC
11- Ethene into ethanol
CH2=CH2 + H-OH H2SO4 CH3-CH2-OH

HgSO4
12- Ethyne into propyne
HC = CH + NaNH2 HC = CNa + NH3
HC = CNa + CH3I HC = C-CH3 + NaI
13- Benzene into benzoic acid
CH3
ADNAN MEHMOOD 196
+ CH3Cl AlCl3
CH3 COOH
+ [O] KmnO4 + H2O
14- Benzoic acid into benzene
COOH COONa
+ NaOH + H2O
COONa
+ NaOH CaO + Na2CO3
15- Benzene into acetophenone
COCH3
+ CH3COCl AlCl3 + HCl
16- Benzene into benzophenone

COC6H5
ADNAN MEHMOOD 197
+ C6H5COCl AlCl3 + HCl
17- Benzene into m-nitrotoluene
NO2
+ HNO3 H2SO4 + H2O
60°C
NO2 NO2
+ CH3Cl AlCl3 + HCl
CH3
18- Benzene into o-nitrotoluene
CH3
+ CH3Cl AlCl3 + HCl
CH3 CH3 CH3
NO2
+ 2HNO3 H2SO4 + + 2H2O
30-40°C NO2
19- Ter-Butyl chloride into isobutylene

ADNAN MEHMOOD 198
(CH3)3-C-Cl + KOH (alc) CH3- C=CH2 + KCl + H2O
CH3
20- Ethyl chloride into propanoic acid
CH3-CH2-Cl + Mg Ether CH3-CH2-Cl
CH3-CH2-Mg-Cl + O=C=O CH3-CH2-COOMgCl
CH3-CH2-COOMgCl HCl CH3-CH2-COOH + Mg Cl
H3O+ OH
21- Acetic acid into propanoic acid
CH3-COOH + 6HI P CH3-CH3 + 3I2 + 2H2O
CH3-CH3 + Cl2 CH3-CH2-Cl + HCl
CH3-CH2-Cl + KCN CH3-CH2-CN + KCl
CH3-CH2-CN + 2H2O H+ CH3-CH2-COOH + NH3
22- Isopropyl alcohol into acetone
CH3-CH-CH3 K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-CO-CH3 + H2O
OH [O]
23- Ethanol into isopropyl alcohol
CH3-CH2-OH K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-CHO + H2O

[O]
CH3-CHO + CH3-Mg-I (CH3)2C OMg-I

H
I
+
(CH3)2C OMg-I H3O (CH3)2CH-OH + Mg
H OH
24- Acetone into ethyl alcohol
CH3-CO-CH3 + 3[O] K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-COOH + HCOOH

ADNAN MEHMOOD 199
CH3-COOH + 4[H] LiAlH4 CH3-CH2-OH + H2O
25- Ethene into acetaldehyde
2CH2=CH2 + O2 PbCl2 + CuCl2 2CH3-CHO
26- Acetic acid into acetone
2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 (CH3COO)2 Ca + 2H2O
(CH3COO)2 Ca Δ CH3-CO-CH3 + CaCO3
27- Ethyne into lactic acid
CH = CH + H-OH H2SO4 CH2=CH-OH
HgSO4
CH2=CH-OH CH3-CHO
CH3-CHO + HCN NaCN CH3-CH-CN
HCl OH
CH3-CH-CN + 2H2O H+ CH3-CH-COOH
OH
28- Acetaldehyde into ethanol
CH3-CHO + H2 Pd CH3-CH2-OH
29- Acetone into isopropyl alcohol
CH3-CO-CH3 + H2 Pd CH3-CH-CH3
OH
30- Butanone into acetic acid
CH3-CO-CH2-CH3 + [O] K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-COOH
31- Propanal into propanol
CH3-CH2-CHO + H2 Pd CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
ADNAN MEHMOOD 200
32- Methanal into ethanal
HCHO + CH3-Mg-I CH3-CH2-Mg-I

I
+
CH3-CH2-Mg-I H CH3-CH2-OH + Mg
OH
33- Ethanal into propanone H
CH3-CHO + CH3-Mg-Br CH3-C-OmgBr
CH3
CH3-C-OMg-Br H+ CH3-CH-OH + Mg -Br
CH3 CH3 OH
CH3-CH-OH + [O] K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-CO-CH3 + H2O
OH
34- Ethene into ethanal
CH2=CH2 + H2O HgSO4 CH3-CH2-OH

H2SO4
CH3-CH2-OH K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-CHO + H2O
35- Methanol into ethanal
CH3-OH + [O] K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 HCHO + H2O
HCHO + CH3-Mg-Br CH3-CH2-OMgBr
CH3-CH2-OMgBr H+ CH3-CH2-OH + Mg-Br
OH
ADNAN MEHMOOD 201
CH3-CH2-OH + [O] K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-CHO + H2O
36- Ethanol into ethanoic acid
CH3-CH2-OH K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-CHO K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 CH3-COOH
37- Ethyl amine into ethyl alcohol
CH3-CH2-NH2 + HNO2 CH3-CH2-OH + N2 + H2O
38- Ethyne into alanine
CH = CH + H-OH CH2=CH-OH CH3-CHO
CH3-CHO + HCN + NH3 CH3-CH-CN
NH2
CH3-CH-CN + 2H2O H+ CH3-CH-COOH + NH3
NH2 NH2
39- Benzene into benzyl chloride CH3
+ CH3Cl AlCl3 + HCl
CH3 CH2Cl
+ Cl2 Sunlight + 2HCl
40- Propanoic acid into alanine
CH3-CH2-COOH + Br2 CH3-CH-COOH + HBr
Br
ADNAN MEHMOOD 202
CH3-CH-COOH + NH3 CH3-CH2-COOH
Br NH2
41- Aniline into phenol
NH2 OH
+ HNO2 + N2 + H2O
42- Ethyl chloride to diethyl ether
2CH3-CH2-Cl + Ag2O C2H5-O-C2H5 + 2AgCl
43- Ethyl alcohol into n-butane
CH3-CH2-OH + SOCl2 Pyridine CH3-CH2-Cl + SO2 + HCl
2CH3-CH2-Cl + 2Na CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 2NaCl
44- Ethyne into acrylonitrile
HC = CH + HCN Cu2Cl2 + NH4Cl CH2=CH-CN
45- Ethyne into methyl nitrile
HC = CH + NH3 AlCl3/ 300°C CH3-CN + H2

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ADNAN MEHMOOD 1

SS CHEMISTRY (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

2- Oxide of the beryllium is:

3- Which of the following is covalent oxide?

4- How many semi-metals are present in the first group?

6- Mark the correct statement:

8- Most of the elements in periodic table are:

9- Potassium oxide is:

11- Mark the correct statement:

12- Which statement is incorrect:

13- Which statement is correct:

14- Mark the correct statement:

15- Mark the correct statement:

16- Mark the incorrect statement:

17- Mark the correct statement :

18- Mark the correct statement:

19- Which of following is not amphoteric oxide?

20- Which of the following is not ionic hydride?

24- Which one of the following is a metalloid?

26- The oxides of non-metals are generally:

27- Which of the following halides is polymeric in nature?

30- The first scientist who gave classification of elements was?

1- Define: Mendeleev’s periodic law and Moseley’s periodic law?

1.3 PERIODIC TREND IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

8- Why metallic character increases down in a group?

9- Explain the variation of melting point along the short period?

10- Why the oxidation state of noble gases is usually zero?

13- What is the variation of atomic radii in the periodic table?

14- What is hydration energy? On what factors it depends?

15- Why the hydration energy of Mg+2 is higher than Ca+2?

1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONSHIIP IN COMPOUNDS

18- PbCl2 ionic whereas PbCl4 is mainly covalent in nature. Why?

21- Na2O is basic but P2O5 is acidic. Why?

1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Ans. The similarities of hydrogen with halogens are given below:

MOST IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS

2- In the potasium super oxide ( KO2) oxidation state of O is:

4- Which is not an alkali metal?

5- Which element is not present abundantly in earth crust?

6- Chile saltpeter has the chemical formula:

7- Aluminum oxide is:

8- Milk of magnesia is used for the treatment of :

9- Which of the following does not belong to alkaline-earth metal?

11- Which of the following sulphates is not soluble in water?

12- Element cesium bears the resemblance with:

13- The mineral CaSO4.2H2O has the general name:

(a) Gypsum (b) Dolomite (c) Calcite (d) Epsom salt

14- Down’s cell is used to prepare:

16- Which of the following is amphoteric?

18- Magnesium is present in:

22- Beryllium metal is as hard as:

23- Which one of the followings is unstable towards heat?

28- The chemical formula of natron:

29- Which one of the following is known as plaster of Paris?

33- Dolomite is.

34- Which is least reactive of all alkai metal?

36- Which of following element has lowest Ionization energy?

37- Elements of group IA are called

38- Aluminium oxide is

39- Which of following form superoxide?

1- What is the use of potassium superoxide in breathing equipments?

2- What is the use of milk of magnesia?

3- What is the use of lime water?