Linear measuring

Instrument
Vernier Caliper
Micrometer
Vernier Caliper
 Vernier Caliper
 Introduction:
It is a Linear measuring Instrument.

The Vernier Caliper essentially consists of two Steel

rules and these can slide along each other.
One of the scales, i.e. main scale is engraved on a
solid i-shaped frame.
On this scale cm graduation are divided into 20 parts
so that one small division equals 0.05 cm or 0.02 cm.

Three Elements
1.Beam
2.Fixed Jaw
3.Sliding Jaw
 Vernier Caliper
Principle :

The principle of the vernier caliper is that

‘When two scales or divisions slightly different in size are

used , the difference between them can be utilized to determine the
accuracy of measurement.’
 Vernier Caliper
Types :
British Vernier Caliper

Metric Vernier Caliper

Dial Vernier Caliper

Digital Vernier Caliper

Vernier height Gauge

Depth Vernier Caliper

Gear Tooth Vernier Caliper

 Vernier Caliper
Types (Cont…):

1. British & Metric Vernier Caliper :

 There are following parts of the vernier caliper.
1. Jaw Depth bar
Beam
2. Beam
3. Depth Bar
4. Thumb Lever
5. Fixed Jaw
6. Movable Jaw Main Scale
Thumb lever
7. Main Scale Division
8. Vernier Scale Movable Jaw

Fixed Jaw

 When the measuring faces of the fixed and sliding jaws brought in
contact with each other, the scale shows zero reading.
 Vernier Caliper
Types (Cont…):

2. Dial Vernier Caliper :

 The Dial vernier caliper consists of main scale and dial.
 The dial can move easily on the main scale.
 The main scale is same the British and Metric vernier caliper’s main
scale.
 This type of vernier caliper is used for more precision work.

Dial
 Vernier Caliper
Types (Cont…):

3. Digital Vernier Caliper :

 The Digital vernier caliper consists of slide and digital screen.
 This type of vernier is give direct reading on the screen.
 This is easy to read it.
 The least count of digital vernier caliper is 0.01 mm or 10 micron.
 Vernier Caliper
Types (Cont…):

4. Depth Vernier Caliper :

 The least count of Depth vernier caliper is 0.02 mm.
 It works on the same principle as that of a British & Metric vernier
caliper.
 In using this instrument, the base is held firmly against the upper
surface and the blade is lowered into the hole until it contacts the
surface of the hole.
 The final adjustment is depending upon the sense of correct feel is
made by the fine adjusting screw.
Base
Adjustment
screw

Main
Sliding head scale Blade

Digital screen
 Vernier Caliper
Types (Cont…):
Vertical vernier scale

5. Gear Tooth Vernier Caliper :

Vertical
main scale
 Gear tooth vernier caliper Horizontal
main scale
consists of two vernier calipers
perpendicular to each other.

 The horizontal vernier caliper

Horizontal vernier scale
which measures the tooth
thickness is similar to an outside
vernier caliper whereas the
vertical vernier caliper is
adjusted for measuring the
distance from the top of a tooth
to the pitch circle of a gear.

Digital Gear tooth vernier caliper

 Vernier Caliper
Beam

Types (Cont…): Scale

6. Vernier Height Gauge :

 The vernier height gauge has the
measuring range from 0 to 300mm.
 The zero on the main scale should
coincide with the zero on the vernier Base

scale.
 The work piece is placed between the Fine
adjustment
surface plate and measuring face. screw

 The measurement is read in a similar Vernier

scale
way as in the vernier caliper.
 The vernier height gauge are available Measuring Slider
Clamping
in various ranges, e.g. 20 to 250 , 30 Jaw Screw

to 300 , 40 to 500 , 60 to 1000 mm. Scriber

Slider

Clamp
 Vernier Caliper
Least count :

Defination :
‘The difference between the main scale division and vernier scale
division is called least count.’

 49 main scale divisions are divided into 50 vernier scale division.

 Value of 1 vernier scale division = 49/50 mm.

Least Count = 1 Main scale division – 1 Vernier scale division

= 1 – 1 × (49/50)
= 50 – 49
50
= 1 / 50
= 0.02 mm
 Vernier Caliper
Vernier caliper’s Reading :

1.

Main scale division = 11.00 mm

(V.S.D × least count) = (09.00 mm × 0.02 mm)
= 0.18 mm
Reading = 11.18 mm
 Vernier Caliper
Vernier caliper’s Reading :

2.

Main scale division = 32.00 mm

(V.S.D × least count) = (10.00 mm × 0.02 mm)
= 00.20 mm
Reading = 32.20 mm
 Vernier Caliper
Care & maintenance :

a) The faces of the component and the vernier caliper must be

cleaned before any measurement is taken.
b) Never take measurement on a moving component.
c) Check the vernier caliper for zero error.
d) At the time of taking measurement the sliding jaw should not be
adjusted too tightly on the component.
e) For inside dimensions the vernier caliper should not be placed in
a slanting manner. If used this way reading will be smaller than
the actual dimension.
f) For correct reading use magnifying glass.
g) For internal dimensions we should not forget to add the breadth
of the end of the jaws to the reading which shows in the caliper.
 Vernier Caliper
Application :

a) British and Metric vernier calipers are used for measuring outside
and inside diameter of job.
b) It is applicable for measuring height, width and thickness of work
piece.
c) Depth vernier caliper is used for measuring the depth of hole and
recess of the work piece.
d) Gear tooth vernier caliper is used to measure different parts of
gears.
Micrometer
 Micrometer
Introduction:

 It is a linear measuring instrument.

 It is mainly used for measure the outside diameter and inside
diameter or length of a small parts.
 It can measure the dimension to an accuracy of 0.01 mm.
 Micrometer’s parts are mainly made from wear resistant steel.
 Micrometer is available in different ranges, i.e. 0 - 25 ,25 - 50,
50 - 75 etc.
 Main elements are
i. Barrel
ii. Thimble
iii. Ratchet
iv. Locking screw
 Micrometer
Principle :

 The principle of micrometer is that ,

‘ The function of a micrometer is based on principle of
converting rotary motion into linear motion. The micrometer has screw
spindle with 0.5 mm pitch in order to convert measurements into enlarged
scale readings.’
 Micrometer
 types :

Outside Micrometer

Inside Micrometer

Depth Micrometer

Digital Micrometer

Screw Micrometer

Vernier Micrometer
 Micrometer
 types (Cont…) :
1. Outside Micrometer :
There are following parts of outside Micrometer.
1. Semi circular frame
2.Hardened anvil
3. Screwed spindle
4. Barrel
5. Thimble
6. Ratchet stop

7 . Locking screw

 It is mainly used for measure the outside diameter of a job or length of a

small parts.
 Micrometer
 types (Cont…) :
2. Inside Micrometer :
There are following parts used in inside micrometer.
1. Micrometer Unit Barrel

2. Extension rod
3. Spacing collar
4. Handle
Thimble
The Inside Micrometer is used for
measuring large internal diameters to an
accuracy of 0.01 mm.

It works on the same principle as

that of outside micrometer.
 Micrometer
 types (Cont…) : Extension
Rod

3. Depth Micrometer :

 Depth Micrometer is also known as Ratchet shop

Depth Gauge Micrometer.

It is used to measure the depth of hole,

slots and recessed areas to an
accuracy of 0.01 mm.
Tubular Cover

Its thimble and sleeve are similar to theReference Line 0 5 10

Graduated Sleeve

0987
outside micrometer but graduation on
the sleeve is reverse direction. i.e. 0, 9 Locking
Ring
,8, 7, 6 etc.

Spindle
 Micrometer
 types (Cont…) :
4. Screw Thread Micrometer :

 The screw thread micrometer is an instrument used for measuring pitch

diameter of screw threads to an accuracy of 0.01 mm.

 The different pairs of interchangeable vee-anvils and spindle point are used
with this micrometer.
 In order to measure the pitch diameter, the pointed end of the spindle
and the sides of the vee-anvils should contact the surface of the thread.
 Micrometer
 types (Cont…) :
5.Vernier Micrometer :
 This type of micrometer is similar to the standard metric micrometer with
addition of the vernier scale graduation on the sleeve.
 The 10 division of the vernier scale numbered as 2, 4, 6, and 8.. for clarity,
occupy the same overall space as the 9 division on the thimble.

 Each of this division represents 0.01 mm.

 The vernier division represent 0.009 mm.
The different in the scale is 0.01 - 0.09 = 0.001 mm.
 Micrometer
 MicroMeter’s reading:

1.

Main Scale Division = 2.00 mm

Sub Scale Division = 0.50 mm
Thimble Division = 0.25 mm
Reading = 2.75 mm
 Micrometer
 MicroMeter’s reading (Cont…):

2.

Main Scale Division = 08.00 mm

Sub Scale Division = 00.00 mm
Thimble Division = 0.32 mm
Reading = 08.32 mm
 Micrometer
Care & maintenance :
a) It is important that only the lightest feel be used in taking readings.

b) Micrometers should never be left without an extension rod in position

to protect the screw and the interior of the barrel from dirt.
c) This rod, however, must not be kept locked.

d) Contact faces of extension rods, barrels and distance piece must be

cleaned carefully before the micrometer is built up.
e) The distance pieces and extension rods must be firmly licked in
position when in use.
 Micrometer
Application :
a) Outside and inside micrometer used for measuring outside and inside
diameter of the work piece.
b) Depth micrometer is used for measuring depth of hole.
c) Screw pitch micrometer is used for measuring pitch diameter of screw
thread.
 Micrometer
limitation:

a) For measuring beyond the limit we required other micrometer.

b) Its range is limited.

c) Only skill person can use micrometer.
d) Changes of zero error setting.
e) Screw may be worn out.

f) It is difficult to make and it cost is more.

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6. Patel Mahesh J. (27)
7. Patel Rikin J. (29)
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NEELAM PARMAR