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1 The Greek
Alphabet
1. The History of Greek
Matthew S. DeMoss, Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek
(Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2001), 77.
1. KOINE GREEK: Its Importante
Αα Ββ Γγ Δδ Εε Ζζ Ηη Θθ Ιι
Κκ Λλ Μµ Νν Ξξ Οο Ππ Ρρ
Σ σ/ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
Αα Ββ Γγ Δδ Εε Ζζ Ηη Θθ Ι
Ἐγώ εἰµι τὸ ἄλφα καὶ τὸ ὦ,
ι ὁ θεός,
λέγει κύριος
ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόµενος,
Κ κ Λ λ Μ ὁμπαντοκράτωρ.
Νν Ξξ Οο Ππ Ρρ
Σ σ/ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω
Revelation 1:8
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
Greek Letter Called Written Sound Note
Normal Capital In English In Greek Ιn English
α Α Alpha ἀλφα a father 1
β Β Beta Βητα b boy
γ Γ Gamma γαμμα g game 2
Notes:
1. There are seven vowels in Greek
2. γγ (gg) is pronounced as n
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
Greek Letter Called Written Sound Note
Normal Capital In English In Greek Ιn English
η Η Eta ἠτα ē obey 1, 3
μ Μ Mu μυ M mother
Notes:
1. There are seven vowels in Greek.
3. Pronunciation of η varies - some say 'bear' or 'honey'
4. ι can sometimes behave as a consonant when it begins a word.
5. There is a difference in sound between κ(k) and χ (kh).
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
Greek Letter Called Written Sound Note
Normal Capital In English In Greek in English
ν Ν Nu νυ n now 6
ξ Ξ Xi ξι x relax
ο Ο Omicron ὀμικρον ο not 1
π Π Pi πι p peach
ρ Ρ Rho ῥω r or rh rose 7, 8
σ or ς Σ Sigma Σιγμα s same 9
Notes:
1. There are seven vowels in Greek.
6. ν looks like an English v but is an n.
7. ῥ should really be ‘aspirated’ (i.e. pronounced 'rh')
8. ρ looks like an English p but is an r (the Greek p is π).
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9. Sigma is σ normally, but ς if it is the last letter in a word.
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
Greek Letter Called Written Sound Note
Normal Capital In English In Greek in English
τ Τ Tau ταυ t take
υ Υ Upsilon ὐψιλον u tulip 1, 10
φ Φ Phi φι ph or f phone
χ Χ Chi χι ch or kh loch 5
ψ Ψ Psi ψι ps tops
ω Ω Omega ὠμεγα ō told 1
Notes:
1. There are seven vowels in Greek.
5. There is a difference in sound between κ and χ.
10. The υ has become a y in English words derived from Greek.
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2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
a e i o u
Short α ε ι ο υ
Long α η ι ω υ
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2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρσςτυφχψω
Notes:
• β, δ, ζ, θ, λ and ξ stretch above the line (and the central stroke of φ and ψ in
many people's handwriting). Contrary to English, κ and τ do not.
• β, γ, ζ, η, μ, ξ, ρ, ς, φ, χ, ψ have 'tails' which stretch below the line.
[15
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ
a b g d e z ē th i k l m
ν ξ ο π ρ σ υ τ φ χ ψ ω
n x o p r s t u ph ch ps ō
%16
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
Write out the English alphabet and give the Greek (small)
letter equivalent to each one as far as possible (ignore q, v
and w):
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
α β κ δ ε φ γ ‘ ι ι κ λ μ
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
ν ο π ρ σ τ υ ξ υ ζ
%17
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
θ th
λ l
π p
φ ph
{05}
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
• False friends
(6 of the 24 letters)
γ g not y ν n not v
η e not n ρ r not p
µ m not u ω o not w
{05}
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
• Completely different
(3 of the 24 letters)
ξ x as in relax
χ ch as in chemical
ψ ps as in tops
{05}
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
Vowels ε η ο ω
Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ µ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ/ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω
2. THE GREEK ALPHABET
Notes:
• Breathings are written on top - ἀ, ἁ, ἐ, ἑ, ἠ, ἡ, ἰ, ἱ, ὀ, ὁ, ὐ, ὑ, ὠ, ὡ.
• Smooth breathings are not optional just because they are not
pronounced. They are mandatory.
• If ρ is the first letter, it also must carry a rough breathing ῥ.
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3. BREATHINGS
αγω ἀγω
’βλεπω βλεπω
ἐχω
λἐγω λεγω
πιστευω
%26
4. CAPITALS
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5. DIPHTHONGS AND IOTA SUBSCRIPTS
{07}
5. DIPHTHONGS AND IOTA SUBSCRIPTS
NOT Diphthongs
Matthew 11:2
{07}
5. DIPHTHONGS AND IOTA SUBSCRIPTS
Iota subscript:
Long form of vowels cannot take the iota as diphthong
α ᾳ
η + ι = ῃ
ω ῳ
iota subscript
Matthew 11:2
{07}
5. DIPHTHONGS AND IOTA SUBSCRIPTS
Breathings – Essential
Accents – Unimportant
[34
6. ACCENT AND STRESS
Βάλλω
ἄγω
εὑρίσκω
ἅγιος
ἰωτα
%35
7. PUNCTUATION
; ? Questions
ELISION
• Final vowel of a word normally drops (replaced with ’) if next word
begins with a vowel
ἀλλα ἐγω ἀλλ’ ἐγω
[36
7. PUNCTUATION
βλεπεις;
ἐχω·
λυουσιν.
βαλλει;
λεγετε,
%37
8. SYLLABLES
• When two consonants are side by side: the first one is connected to the
preceding vowel:
• So δεσµωτηρίῳ,
δεσ—µω—τη—ρί—ῳ = des moe tay REE oh
{09}
PRACTICE