DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3.

4.
Ascending colon
Descending Colon
5. Rectum
1. Ingestion- food and water enter the body
6. Kidneys
2. Digestion- food is broken down from the 7. Adrenal glands
complex particles to smaller particles 8. Urinary bladder
3. Absorption- absorb small molecules of nutrients PERITONITIS
4. Elimination of wastes- undigested materials,  Life-threatening inflammation of the
such as fiber from food, plus water products peritoneal membrane.
excreted into the digestive tract are eliminated in the  Main symptoms of the peritonitis are acute
feces. abdominal pain and tenderness the are
worsened by movement.
 Peptidase- stomach
 Amylase- Mouth ORAL CAVITY
1. Lip- orbicularis oris muscle
2. Cheeks- buccinator muscle
FOUR TUNICS - Protection
3. Mouth
 Mucosa- inner most layer, 4. Tongue- A large muscular organ that
 Submucosa- blood vessels, nerve fibers, occupies most of the oral cavity.
 Muscularis (Muscle)- Circular layer,
longitudinal muscle layer  Mastication-manipulate food in the oral
 Serosa (Sarsoza)- connective tissue layer, cavity and hold the food in place
Simple squamous epithelium  Mastication begins the process of
 Blood supply to the digestive tract; mechanical digestion.
 Submucosal plexus is connected to the  Cheeks help form words during the speech
myenteric plexus and connected to the process.
autonomic nervous system. TONGUE
 The anterior part of the tongue is relatively
PERITONEUM free, except for an anterior attachment to the
floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissue
Visceral Peritoneum - Serous membrane that called frenulum.
covers the organs
TEETH
Parietals Peritoneum - Serous membrane that lines
the wall of the abdominal cavity  use is for mastication

Mesenteries - connective tissue that keeps the 4 Quadrants which consists:

organs in place 1. Central inscisor
Mesentery- general term referring to the serous 2. Lateral inscisor
membrane
3. Canine
RETROPERITONEAL
4. First Molar
 Not attached to the mesentery
 Lies behind (retro) the peritoneum 5. Second Molar
1. Duodenum
2. Pancreas
32 teeth in the normal adult is referred to as
permanent teeth secondary teeth.
Replaces the 20 baby teeth or primary teeth.
In adults, Each quadrant contains one central and
lateral inscisor, one canine, first and second inscisor
(premolars)
The third molars are called the wisdom teeth
because they usually appear in the late teens or
early twenties, when the person is old enough to
have acquired some degree of wisdom.
PARTS OF A TOOTH (Check image in the book
p. 447)
 Cusp
 Crown
 Enamel- acellular substance
 Gingiva/gums
 Neck
 Dentin- living, cellular, bonelike tissue
 Root
 Pulp cavity with nerves and vessels- Center
of the tooth
 Cementum- covering of the surface of the
dentin
 Periodontal ligaments
 Alveolar bone
 Dental caries/ tooth decay- result of
breakdown of enamel by acids produced by
bacteria on the tooth surface
 Periodontal disease- inflammation and
degeneration of the periodontal ligaments,
gingiva and alveolar bone.
PALATE AND TONSILS
 The palate or roof of the oral cavity,
separates the oral cavity from the nasal
cavity and prevents food from passing into
the nasal cavity during chewing and
swallowing.
 Anterior: Hard palate
 Posterior: soft palate and uvula
 Tonsils – located in the lateral posterior
walls of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx,
and in the posterior surface of the tongue.
SALIVARY GLANDS (CHECK IMAGE IN
THE BOOK p. 447)
 Produce saliva, which is a mixture of serous
fluid and mucous fluids. The salivary glands
are compound alveolar glands
 Parotid, largest of the salivary gland.
 Submandibular, produce more serous than
mucous secretions.
 Sublingual glands, smallest of the three
paired salivary glands, produce primarily
mucuos secretions.
 .
MUMPS
 an inflammation of the parotid glands
caused by a viral infection.
 The parotid glands become swollen, often
making the cheeks quite large.
 Mumps in an adult male may involve the
testes and can result to sterility.
SALIVA
 Helps keep the oral cavity moist and
contains enzymes that begin the process of
digestion.
 Saliva secreted is approx.. 1 liter per day.
 5% of the total carbohydrates are absorbed
and digested in the mouth. Starches
contained in plant cells that are surrounded
by cell walls composed primarily of a
polyssacharide cellulose.
 Humans lack the necessary enzymes to
digest cellulose. Proper chewing of food
disrupt the cellulose covering and increase
the efficiency of the digestive process.
 Saliva protect the oral cavity from bacteria
with lysozyme.
 The pH of the mouth educes the harmful
effects of bacterial acids on tooth enamel.
FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE
SECRETIONS in the book Table 16.1
MEMORIZE PLS!!!!
PHARYNX
  Throat, which connects the mouth with the
esophagus
CONSISTS OF 3 PARTS
 Nasopharynx
 Oropharynx
 Laryngopharynx
ESOPHAGUS
 A muscular tube, lined with moist stratified
squamous epithelium that extends from the
pharynx to the stomach.
 25 cm long and lies anterior to the vertebrae
and posterior to the trachea.
 Passes to the diaphragm and ends in the
stomach.
 Transports food from the pharynx to the
stomach.
 Upper and lower esophageal sphincter,
located at the upper and lower ends of the
esophagus, respectively, regulate the
movement of food into and out of the
esophagus.
 Lower esophageal sphincter also called
cardiac sphincter

THE ACT OF SWALLOWING

Swallowing (Deglutition) has 3 phases:
1. Voluntary phase – bolus of food is pushed by
the tongue against the hard and soft palates and
posteriorly toward the oropharynx.
2. Pharyngeal phase – the soft palate is elevated,
closing off the nasopharynx.
3. Esophageal phase – the bolus is moved by
peristaltic contractions of the esophagus toward the
stomach.