OL ICT Short Notes

1
G.C.E (O/L) - 2013 Information & Communication Technology

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(01) jfty; cyfpy; fzpdpapd; gq;F
(01) kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fzpdpAld; njhlu;ghd jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhf tpsq;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fshtd.
1. fy;tpj;Jiw:
 gy;Y}lfj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gl;l fy;tp epfo;rr ; pj; jpl;lq;fis rpukkpd;wp
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nraw;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; fy;tp Kiwik(e-Education) %yk; njhiyf; fy;tpapy; xNu jlitapy;
Vuhskhd khztu;fSf;F fy;tpia mspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; fw;if KiwikahdJ (e-Learning) khztu;fSf;F Rafw;wiy Cf;Ftpg;gJld;
fy;tpj;Jiwapd; tpidj;jpwidAk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ.
 ghlrhiyf;Fupa juTj; jsq;fisf; ifahs;tjD}lhf ghlrhiy epUthf eltbf;iffspy;
fzpdp ,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
2. Rfhjhuj; Jiw:
 fzpdpapd; JizAld; njhopw;gLfpd;w kUj;Jtg; gFg;gha;T ,ae;jpuq;fspd; %ykhf
Jy;ypakhf Neha; epUzak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; Rfhjhuj;JiwahdJ
jukhdJk;> tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJkhd Nritia kf;fspw;F mspf;fpd;wJ.
- CT Scanners, MRI Scanners, ECG, EEG
 E-Channeling %yk; njhiytpl itj;jpa epGzu;fisj; njhlu;G nfhs;sf; $ba trjpfs;>
njhiy mWitr; rpfpr;ir Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; fzpdp ghupa gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpd;wJ.
3. tq;fp kw;Wk; epjpj; Jiwfs;:
 tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fspd; fpisfs; gpujk mYtyfj;Jld; tiyaikg;gpD}lhf
njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; ve;jnthU tq;fpf; fpisapypUe;Jk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba trjp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jd;dpaf;f fhrspg;G ,ae;jpuq;fs; (ATM) %yk; gy;NtW tq;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;
tq;fp thbf;ifahsu;fs; jkJ eltbf;iffis ,t;tpae;jpuq;fs; %yk; ,yFtpy; g+u;j;jp
nra;af;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Telebanking, Phonebanking, Netbanking Nghd;w NritfspD}lhf tq;fpf;Fr; nry;yhJ tq;fpf;
fzf;F rhu;e;j eltbf;iffis tPl;bypUe;jthNw Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba trjp.
- tq;fpf; fzf;Ffspw;fpilNa gzg;gupkhw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- kpd;rhu> njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzq;fisr; nrYj;Jjy;.
HNST-JAFFNA
 ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ru;tNjr epjp epWtdq;fSld; ,yFthf nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba trjpfs;.
4. njhlu;ghlw; Jiw:
 fzpdpj; njhopDl;gKk;> njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gKk; ,ize;J Mw;Wk; Nrit msg;gupad.
 nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp %yk; clDf;Fld; gpwUld; njhlu;G nfhs;sf;$ba trjpapdhy;
,d;iwa cyfk; RUq;fptpl;lJ vdyhk;.
- tPbNah khehL> kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit> njhiyefy; Nrit.
 njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp Nghd;w nghJrd Clfq;fs; jkJ njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iffSf;F
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; Nghd;wtw;iw kpf tpiuthf tbtikf;fTk;> mr;rplTk; fzpdp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
5. Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiw:
 FbtuT> Fbafy;Tj; jpizf;fsk;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak; jpizf;fsk;>
rhujp mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis toq;Fk; jpizf;fsk; Nghd;wit jkJ md;whl
eltbf;iffis fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;Lg;ghL> tpkhd mDkjpr; rPl;L
tpepNahfk;> Mrd xJf;fPL Mfpa eltbf;iffSf;iffspy; fzpdpapd; gq;fspg;G
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
6. fl;bl epUkhzj; Jiw:
 fl;ll epUkhzj; Jiwapy; fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; cWjpahdJk;> rpwe;j Njhw;wk;
nfhz;lJkhd fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Fiwe;j nrytpy; R+oy; Neak; kpf;f fl;ll epUkhzg;
nghUl;fs; jahupf;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 R+oYf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;glhj tifapy; efuq;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; gzpfs; fzpdpapd;
cjtpAld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
7. ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw:
 VTfizfis topg;gLj;jy;> mZf;fU ciyfis ,af;Fjy; Nghd;w kpfr; rpf;fyhdJk;
Mgj;jhdJkhd eltbf;iffs; fzpdpapd; cjtpia ek;gpAs;sd.
 Gydha;Tj; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;> jftw; gFg;gha;T Nghd;w eltbf;iffSf;F fzpdp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
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Hardware & Networking Solution Team - Jaffna
2
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8. fzpdp tpisahl;Lf;fs;;:
 fzpdp tpisahl;Lf;fs; gy;NtW taJj; njhFjpapdUf;Fk; nghUe;jf; $bajhfTk;> gy;NtW
mwpT Mw;wy; kl;lq;fspw;F Vw;wjhfTk;> tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jf; $bajhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
,jd; rpwg;gk;]khFk;.
- nr];
 ,t;tpisahl;Lf;fs; %ykhf Ez;zwpT tpUj;jp Vw;gLtJld;> tpiuthf jPu;khdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wYk;> Mf;fj;jpwDk; tsu;fpd;wd.
 fzpdp tpisahl;Lf;fs; clw;fisg;G> csj;jifg;G Mfpatw;iwf; Fiwf;Fk; ClfkhfTk;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
(02) md;whl tho;tpy; vkf;F mbg;gil tpsf;fj;ij mspf;Fk; vt;tifapYk; mike;j

Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;glhj vz;fs;> cUf;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs;> gbkq;fs;> mstPLfs; Mfpad nfhz;l
njhFjp juT MFk;.
Fkhupd; cly; ntg;gepiy> khztd; jtizg; guPl;irapy; ngw;w Gs;spfs;> Nehahspapd; ngau;.
(03) Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;ijj; juf;$bajhf rupahf Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;l juTfs; jfty;fshFk;.

,yq;ifapd; ruhrup kiotPo;r;rp> khztd; guPl;irapy; ngw;w nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs;> ruhrupg; Gs;spfs;>
f.ngh.j(c.j) Z Gs;sp> filapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUl;fspd; tpiyg;gl;bay;.
(04) jfty;fspd; gz;Gfs;:

 Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jf;$bajhf> nrk;ikahf> Nghjpajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 gadUf;F njspthd tpsf;fKk;> ek;gfk; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uj;jy;.
 rupahd egiu milaj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Njitahd Neuj;jpy; jahuhf ,Uj;jy;> jpl;lkhd nghWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
(05) fzpdpapd; tuyhW:

 Kw;fhyj;jpy; fzpjr; nra;iffSf;F kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l vspa cgfuzk;
vz;rl;lk; MFk;.
 fzpdpapd; je;ijahf fUjg;gLgtu; rhu;y;]; ghNg[; Mtu;.
 Kjy; fzpdpr; nra;epuyuhf fUjg;gLgtu; mlh xf];uh nyt;Ny]; Mtu;.
HNST-JAFFNA
 Kjy; kpd;dpay; ,yf;f fzpdpahff; fUjg;gLtJ ENIAC MFk;.
 fzpdpg; nghwpapy; ngsjpf uPjpahd khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ> mjpy;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nra;epuiyg; gad;gLj;jp xU fzpdpapypUe;J gy;NtWtifg;g l;l
Ntiyfisr; nra;aKbAk; vd;gJ N[hd; nthd; epAkd; vz;zf;fUthFk;.
re;jjp gad;gLj;jg;gl;l $W gz;Gfs;

Kjyhk; re;jjpf; ntw;wplf; Foha;fs; gUkdpy; ngupait. rf;jp Efu;T mjpfk;.
fzpdpfs; mjpf ntg;gk; ntsptply;.
,uz;lhk; re;jjpf; jpuhd;rp];uu; gUkdpy; rpwpaJ. rf;jp Efu;T kpf
fzpdpfs; FiwT. ntg;gk; ntsptply; FiwT.
%d;whk; re;jjpf; xd;wpize;j Rw;Wf;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd jpuhd;rp];uu;fisf;
fzpdpfs; SSI, MSI,LSI,VLSI nfhz;like;jit. tpidj;jpwd; mjpfk;.
ehd;fhk; re;jjpf; Ez;rpy;Yfs; my;yJ
fzpdpfs; Ez;Kiw topahf;fpfs; tpidj;jpwd; kpf kpf mjpfk;.
(06) fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;:
 re;jjp mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;.
o Kjyhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;> ,uz;lhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;> %d;whk; re;jjpf;
fzpdpfs;> ehd;fhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;> Ie;jhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; (nraw;ifahd
Ez;zwpT nfhz;lit)
 mstpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;.
o kPf; fzpdpfs;> jiyikf; fzpdpfs;> rpW fzpdpfs;> Ez;fzpdpfs;.
 gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy.
o jdpegu; fzpdpfs;> kbf;fzpdpfs; (Note Book,)> cs;sq;iff; fzpdpfs;(PDA),
gzpepiyf; fzpdpfs; (workstation-eg: 3D Graphic Design)
 gad;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;.
o nghJthd eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpfs;.(md;whl fUkq;fs;)
o tpNrl eltbf;iffSf;fhd fzpdpfs;.(tpupthd Muha;r;rp> Aj;j eltbf;if>
vz;nza; Ma;T> thdpiy Muha;r;rp)
 tbtikg;Gj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;.
o ,yf;fKiwf; fzpdpfs;> xj;jpirf; fzpdpfs;> fyg;Gf; fzpdpfs;
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(02) fzpdp td;nghUl;fs;
1) fzpdpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
 fjp> nrk;ik> tpidj;jpwd;> gy;gzpr; nra;gzp> Nrkpj;jYk; kPl;Gk;> Ez;kjpapd;ik>
czu;r;rpapd;ik
2) fzpdpapd; gpujhd gzpfs;
 cs;sPL> Kiwtopahf;fk;> tUtpisT> Njf;fy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
3) fzpdpf; fl;likg;G
cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; ika Kiwtop myF ntspaPl;Lr;

 tpirg;gyif> Rl;b> rhjdq;fs;
tUb> EZf;Fg; gd;dp>  fzpdpj; jpiu> mr;Rg;
fl;Lg;ghl;L myF nghwp> xypngUf;fp>
tiyf; fkuh> xspg;
 fzpdpapd; vy;yhf;
Ngid> gl;ilf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gzpfisAk; gy;Y}lf vwpfUtp.
FwpKiw thrpg;ghd;> Nkw;nfhs;sy;  fzpdp %yk; jahu;
,af;fg;gpb>  fl;lisfisg; nra;ag;gl;l
,yf;fKiwf; fkuh. ngw;Wf;nfhz;L fzpdpapd; juTfisAk;>
rfy gFjpfisAk;
 fzpdpf;Fj; Njitahd fl;Lg;g Lj;jy;. jfty;fisAk;
juTfisAk;> Gwj;Nj nfhz;Ltuy;.
mwpTWj;jy;fisAk;
cs;sPL nra;jy;.
vz; fzpj ju;f;f myF
 vz;fzpj gzpfSk;> ju;f;fg;
gzpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
4) fzpdpj; jpiuapd;
jd;ikia epidtfg; gjpNtLfs;
jPu;khdpg;git.  vz;fzpj> ju;f;f myfpy;
eilngWk; 8) mr;Rg; nghwpfspd;
gpupjpwd;> epwq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; tiffs;.
vz;zpf;if> fjpu;g;G Njitahd juTfs;>
 jhf;f mOj;j
HNST-JAFFNA
mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpad
,q;F itj;jpUf;fg;g Lk;.
5) fzpdpj; jpiu mr;Rg;nghwp
tiffs;. (Gs;sp mikTU>
nla;rp rpy;Y> tup
fNjhl;Lf; fjpu;f;
mr;Rg; nghwpfs;)
Foha;j; jpiu (CRT)>
gpujhd epidtfk;;  mOj;jh mr;Rg;
jputg; gspq;F fhl;Lk;  jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop ngwpfs;
jpiu (LCD) epidtfk; (RAM) (ik gPrR; > Nyru;>
 ika Kiwtop myfpw;Fj; ntg;g mr;Rg;
6) jputg; gspq;F Njitahd juTfis nghwpfs;)
toq;Ftjw;fhf mtw;iwj;
fhl;Lk; jpiu (LCD) jw;fhypfkhfj; Njf;fpitj;jy;.
rpwg;gk;rq;fs;. 9) epidtf tiffs;.
Fiwe;j msT ,lk;  jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop
Njitg;gly;> Fiwe;j  thrpg;G kl;Lk;
msT kpd;tY
Njitg;gly;> Jizj; Njf;ffk;  gJf;F
jpiuapy; rpkpl;L  td;tl;L> ,Wtl;L> nefpo; tl;L> epidtfq;fs;
,y;yhik ,yf;fKiwg; gy;jpwthw;wy; ……….…OR………..
tl;L> gspr;rPl;L tl;L
 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Njitg;gLk;  mopjF epidtfk;
7) jputg; gspq;F juTfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;>  mopTwh epitfk;
fhl;Lk; jpiu (LCD) jfty;fs; Mfpatw;wij;
Njf;fpitj;jy;.
gpujp$yq;fs;. 10) fzpdpapd; fjp
tpiy mjpfk;> 11) xU jilt fzpj;jiy my;yJ (Hz)
fhl;rpfs; tiuaWj;j Njf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ 1000 Hz = 1 kHz
tPr;rpy; ,Uj;jy;> gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpw;Wf;fspd; (bits)
Jyq;fiyf; fhl;l 1000 kHz = 1 MHz
vz;zpf;if ikaKiwtop myfpd;
mjpf Neuk; vLj;jy;. nfhs;ssT (nrhy;ypd; gUkd;) 1000 MHz = 1 GHz
vdg;gLk;.
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12) Gwj; Jizg; ghfq;fisg; nghUj;JjYf;fhd Jiwfs; / Fijfs;
cU Fij tif ,izf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;
PS/2 Fijfs; tpirg;gyif> Rl;b
njhlu;f; Fijfs; Nkhlk;> Rl;b
rkhe;juf; Fijfs; mr;Rg; nghwp> tUb
tiyaikg;Gf; Fij fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdpfis

xd;wpizf;Fk; tlq;fisj; njhLj;jy;.
fzpdpj; jpiuf; Fij fzpdpj; jpiu> gy;Y}lf vwpfUtp
 rhjdq;fis ,f;Fijapy;
njhLj;jTld;
mj;JizAWg;Gf;fisr;
nraw;gLj;jyhk;.
HNST-JAFFNA USB Fij

 ,izf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fSf;F
,f;FijapD}lhf kpd;toq;fg;gLk;.
 fzpdpia epWj;jhky; ,f;Fijapy;
,izf;fg;gl;l rhjdq;fis
nghUj;Jk;> njhLg;gfw;Wk; Mw;wy;.
 xU Fijapy; gy;NtWgl;l tpjkhf
127 JizAWg;Gf;fis njhLf;Fk;
trjp.
tpirg;gyif> Rl;b> tUb> mr;Rg;
nghwp> ,yf;fKiwf; fkuh> Nkhnlk;
xypj; JizAWg;Gf;
Fij EZf;Fg; gd;dp> xypngUf;fp
Nkhnlk; Fij Nkhnlk;
13) juTfis Xu; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtNwhu; ,lj;jpw;F CLflj;jy; juTj; njhlu;ghly; vdg;gLk;.
juTj; njhlu;ghlYf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilg; gFjpfs;.
 juT %yk;> juTj; njhlu;ghly; Clfk;> juT nghWeu;
14) juTj; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;.

 topfhl;ba Clfk;:
KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb> Xur;R tlk;> xspapay; ehu;fs;.
 fjpu;j;j Clfk;:
thndhyp miyfs;> nrq;fPo;f; fjpu;fs;> Ez;ziyfs;> Bluetooth, Wi-Fi
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15) juT CLflj;jy; Kiwfs;.
 njhlu;j; juT CLflj;jy;:

juTfs; xd;wd; gpd; xd;W tPjk; gpw;fshf (bits) CLflj;jg;gLk;. xU fk;gp NghJk;.
 rkhe;juj; juT CLflj;jy;:
xNu jlitapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd gpw;fs; (bits) CLflj;jg;gLk;. Fiwe;jgl;rk; 8 fk;gpfs;
Njit.
16) juT CLflj;jy; topfs;.

 xw;iw topg; Nghf;F:
juT xU jpirapy; khj;jpuk; nry;fpwJ. cjhuzk;: njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp njhlu;ghly;.
 miu ,Utopg; Nghf;F:
,U jpirfspYk; juTfis CLflj;jj;jf;fjhf cs;sNghjpYk; xU jlitapy; xU jpirapy;
khj;jpuk; juTfis CLflj;jg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: Nthf;fp Nuhf;fp.
 ,U topg; Nghf;F:
xNu re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,U jpirfspYk; juT CLflj;jy; eilngwj;jf;f juT CLflj;jy;.
cjhuzk;: njhiygd;dp
17) fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; mD$yq;fs;.

 fjp> nryT> ghJfhg;G> xUKfg;gLj;jpa nkd;nghUs; fl;Lg;ghL vspjhjy;> kpd;dQ;ry;
18) fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; gpujp$yq;fs;:

 tiyaikg;gpd; gpujhd fzpdp nraypog;gpd; KOj;njhFjpapdJk; nraw;ghl;by; ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jy;.
 tiyaikg;Gj; njhFjpapy; cz;lhFk; tO fhuzkhf juTfSk;> jfty;fSk; mopjYk;
Fog;gkiljYk;.
 tiyaikg;Gj; njhFjpapy; cz;lhFk; tO fhuzkhf tsq;fs; mw;Wg; NghFk; rhj;jpak;.
HNST-JAFFNA
 ntspegu;fs; vspjhf njhFjpapDs; Eioe;J mq;Fs;s juTfisAk;> jfty;fisAk;
fsthlj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
 tyaikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vspa gzpahf mikahik.
19) ngsjpf uPjpapy; fzpdpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W nghUj;jg;gLk; tpjk; tiyaikg;G ,lj;jpay;

MFk;.
cL ,lj;jpay; Star tisa ,lj;jpay; Ring ghl;il ,lj;jpay; Bus ku tbt ,lj;jpay; Tree
20) fzpdp tiyaikg;gpd; gpujhd tiffs;.

 ,lj;Jup gug;G tiyaikg;G: LAN
rpwpa gug;gpy; gue;jpUf;Fk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G. cjhuzk;: ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gLk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G.
 ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;G: WAN
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fzpdp tiyaikg;G. cjhuzk;: Internet.
 ngUefu;g; gug;G tiyaikg;G: MAN
,lj;Jup gug;G tiyaikg;gpYk; ghu;f;ff; $Ljyhd gug;gpNy gutpapUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;>
ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;gpYk; ghu;f;ff; Fiwe;j Gtpapay; r+oYf;Fg; gue;jpUf;Fk; tiyaikg;G.
cjhuzk;;: murhq;fj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G> vy;yhg; gpuNjr
nrayfq;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpj; jahu; nra;ag;gLk; tiyaikg;G.
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6
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21) fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;.

 Nkhnlk;:
,yf;fKiwr; iriffs; xj;jpirr; iriffshfTk; (Fwpg;Ngw;W)> xj;jpirr; iriffs;
,yf;fKiwr; iriffshfTk; (Fwpg;gpwf;fk;) khw; wg;gad;gLk; JizAWg;G.
 tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpak;:
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gy fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;D njhLg;gjw;F gad;gLk;.
 tiyaikg;G Msp:
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gy fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;Fk;> mjd; %yk;
juTfisAk;> jfty;fisAk; Kiwahf gupkhWtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.
 tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il:
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdpia ,izj;J Njitahd njhlu;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd
Rw;Wf;fisf; nfhz;l ,yj;jpudpay; ml;il.
 Nritaff; fzpdp:
fzpdp tiyag;gpd; vy;yhg; gzpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp Nkitahd Nritfis toq;Fk;
fzpdp Nritaff; fzpdp MFk;. ,J rhjhuz fzpdpapYk; ghu;f;f $Ljyhd
miktbtj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 Nritg;gadu; fzpdp:
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fzpdp.
22) ,izak;: Internet

 ARPANET fzpdp tiyaikg;ghdJ ,izaj;jpd; Muk;gkhFk;.
 ,izaj;jpy; tiuaiwapd;wpf; fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjd; %yk; cyfk;
G+Nfhsf; fpuhkkhf khwpAs;sJ.
 ,izaj;jpw;F cupikahsNuh> fl;Lg;gLj;JgtNuh fpilahJ.
 ,izar; rq;fq;fspd; (ISOC) %yk; ,izaj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd epakq;fs;> xOf;ftpay;
Nfhitfs; jahupf;fg;gLtJld; mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;w gadhsu;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
HNST-JAFFNA
23) ,izaj;Jld; ,iztjw;Fj; Njitahdit:
 fzpdp> njhlu;ghly; nkd;nghUs;> njhiygd;dpj; njhLg;G> nkhnlk; nghwp> ,iza
Nritia toq;Feu;.
24) ,iza mfk;: Intranet

,izaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopDl;gtpay; cj;jpfis xU Fwpj;j epWtfj;jpy; cs;s egu;fs;
khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;fjhfTk;> ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cupa epWtfj;jpw;F
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfj; jahu; nra;ag;gLk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G. cjhuzk;: Dialog, Airtel
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7
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(03) fzpdpj; juTfis rku;g;gpf;Fk; Kiw
(01) vz; Kiwikfs;.
vz; Kiwik mbg; ngWkhdk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,yf;fq;fSk;>
neLq;fzf;F tupAUf;fSk;
,Uk(Jtpj) vz; Kiwik 2 0,1
vz;k vz; Kiwik 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
gjpd;k vz;Kiwik 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
gjpdWk vz;Kiwik 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
(02) vz; KiwikfSf;fpilapyhd gupkhw;wk;

Jtpjk; Jtpjk;
10101101012 2 693 kPjp
2 346 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 2 173 0
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 2 86 1
512 0 128 0 32 16 0 4 0 1 2 43 0
10101101012
2 21 1
512+128+32+16+4+1 = 69310 2 10 1
2 5 0
kjpg;Ngw;W 2 2 1
q; fhuzp 2 1 0
0 1
gjpd;kk;
vz;kk; 69310 vz;kk;
12658 8 693 kPjp
1 2 6 5 8 86 5
(1x83) +(2x82) +(6x81) +(5x80) 8 10 6 12658
(1x512)
512 HNST-JAFFNA
+(2x64)
+128
= 69310
+(6x8)
+48
+(5x1)
+5
8 1
0
2
1
gjpdWkk; gjpdWkk;
2B516
2 B 5 16 693 kPjp
(2x162) +(11x161) +(5x160) 16 43 5
(2x256) +(11x16) +(5x1) 16 2 11(B)
2B516
512 +176 +5 0 2
= 69310
vz;kk; vz;kk;
12658
8=23 8=23 1>010>110>101
1 2 6 5 1 010 110 101
*** *** *** *** 1 2 6 5
001 010 110 101
10101101012 12658
Jtpjk;
10101101012 gjpdWkk;
gjpdWkk;
2B516 8=24 10>1011>0101
4 10 1011 0101
8=2
2 B (11) 5 2 B 5
**** **** ****
0010 1011 0101 2B516
10101101012
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8
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(03) juTf; fsQ;rpaq;fis (Data storage) mstPLfsf;Fg; gad;gLj;jy;.
8 Bits  1 byte Bit

1024 bytes  1 Kilo byte KB
1024 Kilo bytes  1 Mega byte MB 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1024 Mega bytes  1 Giga byte GB
1024 Giga bytes  1 Tera bytes TB
8 Bits
1024 Tera byte  1 Peta byte PB
(1 byte)
(04) fzpdpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fwpg;gl

P ;L Kiwfs;.
16 NtWgl;l FwpaPLfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;g Lj;j

BCD 4 Bits 1 0 0 1
KbAk; (0 - 15)> (24)
ASCII 7 Bits 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
KbAk; (0 - 127)> (27)
EBCDIC 8 Bits 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
KbAk; (0 - 255)> (28)
Unicode 16 Bits 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 65536 NtWgl;l FwpaPLfis

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;g Lj;j KbAk; (0 - 65535)> (216)
(05) gapw;rp:
 COMPUTER vDk; nrhy;iyf; fUJf. ,r;nrhy;ypy; mlq;Fk; vOj;Jf;fspd; m];fp
ngWkhdq;fs; tUkhW. C=67, O=79, M=77, P=80, U=85, T=84, E=69, R=82 . Nkw;gb M, U, T, E
Mfpa vOj;Jf;fSf;Fupa gjpd;k nghWkhdq;fis ,Uk ngWkhdq;fshf khw;wp vOJf.
M= U= T= E=
HNST-JAFFNA
(07) gapw;rp:
A, B, C tupAUf;fspd; m];fp  X=1101, Y=111 vdpd;> X+Y,  je;ijapd; taJ kfdpd;
ngWkhdq;fs; KiwNa X-Y ,dJ ngWkhdq;fisf; tajpd; %d;W klq;fhFk;.
A=65, B=66, C=67 vdpd;> fzpf;f. je;ijapd; taJ 39 vdpd;>
tupAU D ,dJ m];fp ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; gpd;
kfdpd; tajpid Jtpj vz;
ngWkhdj;ij Jtpj tbtpy; jUf.
vz;tbtpy; jUf
tpil: tpil: tpil:
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9
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(04) ju;f;f thapy;fSldhd G+ypad; ml;rufzpjg; gad;ghL
(01) VNjDk; xU khwp ,uz;L ngWkhdq;fis kl;Lk; vLf;Fkhapd; mk;khwp g+ypad; khwp
vdg;gLk;. ,g; ngWkhdq;fis True (1) my;yJ False (0) vd fhl;l KbAk;.
X = 1 either X = 0
(02) G+ypad; ml;rufzpj mbg;gilj; Njw;wq;fs;.(X,Y,Z G+ypad; khwpfshFk;)
OR AND
X+0=X X+1=1 X.0=0 X.1=X
X+Y=Y+X X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z X.Y=Y.X X . (Y . Z) = (X . Y) . Z
X.(Y+Z) = (X.Y) + (X.Z) A  B  A.B De Morgan’s X+(Y.Z) = (X+Y) . (X+Z) A.B  A  B De Morgan’s
X+X=X A A X.X=X
(03) cz;ik ml;ltiz / nka;epiy ml;ltiz
A Exclusive Or B
Not(A And B)
Not A And B
Not (A Or B)
Not A or B
A NAND B
A NOR B
A And B
2n=22=4
A Or B
…..2,1
Not A
A B A A.B A.B A B A B A B A +B A .B
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1
HNST-JAFFNA
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Not(A And B And C)
Not (A Or B Or C )
Not A And B Or C
A XOR B EXOR C
A And B And C
A Or B Or C
…..4,2,1
2n=23=8
Not A
A B C A A.B.C A.B.C A B C A B C A B C A.B  C

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
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10
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(03) gpd;tUk; ju;f;fr; Rw;Wf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd g+ypad; Nfhitfis vOJf> cz;ik
ml;ltiz jahupf;Ff.
HNST-JAFFNA
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11
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(05) gzpnray; Kiwik
(01) fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd nkd;nghUl; njhFjp gzpnray; KiwikahFk;.

Windows , Linux, UNIX, Mac, DOS
(02) gzpnray; Kiwikapd; nraw;ghL.
epidtf Kfhik> Kiwtop Kfhik> JizAWg;G Kfhik> Nfhg;G Kfhik> ghJfhg;G
Kfhik
(03) fzpdp Kiwikf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; ,iNaAs;s njhlu;G.

gadu;
gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs;
 Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, Power Point,
 Antivirus Software:
Front Page.
Kasper sky, AVG, AVIRA, Avast
 Adobe Photoshop, Flash
 Trouble Shooting Tool:
 Macromedia Flash, Dreamweaver
Scanning, Defragment, Backup
 Sony Sound Forge
gzpnray; Kiwik
 Windows XP, windows Vista, Windows 7
 Linux: Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat
 DOS, MS DOS
 Mac OS
td;nghUs;
 Mother Board, RAM, Hard Disk, DVD Drive, Power Supply…
 Monitor, Key Board, Mouse, Scanner, Printer…
(04) gadu; ,ilKfj;jpd; tif.

fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; CLI> tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk; GUI
gpujhd $Wfs; rpy HNST-JAFFNA

(05) tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gzpnray; Kiwikapy; cs;s
rhusq;fs;> glTU> gl;b> Rl;b
(06)
epakf; fUtpg; gl;il
Kftupg;
gl;il
ciw
fz;Lgp
bf;Fk;
gl;il nrYj;jpfs;
kPs;Rw;Nwhl;lf;
nfhs;fyk;
Nfhg;G Nfhg;G ePl;rp
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12
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(06) nrhy;Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;fs;
(01) nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;fs;.

Microsoft Office Word, Open Office Writer, Corel Word Perfect, Kingsoft Office.
(02) nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspy; cs;s rpy tpNrl trjpfs;.

jpUj;jQ; nra;jy;> vOj;JU tbtikg;Gr; nra;jy;> jahupf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fis kPs vLj;jy;>
Nfhg;gpid Nrkpj;jy; jpwj;jy;> gjpg;G nra;a Kd;gjhf mjd; jd;ikia Nehf;Fjy;. gf;f
mikg;G> ml;ltiziar; Nru;j;jy;> tbtikg;G nra;jy;> ge;jp mikj;jy;> Neu;g;gLj;jy;> vOj;J
,yf;fzg; gpiofisr; rupghu;j;jYk; rPu;nra;jYk;> nrhw;fisj; NjLjy; nrhy;iy khw;wL
P nra;J
nfhs;sy; trjpfs;> mQ;ry; xd;wpizg;G>
(03)
ml;ltiz
Neu;g;gLj;jy; -
Neu;g;gLj;jy; - ,lk; Neu;g;gLj;jy; - kj;jp Neu;g;gLj;jy; - tyk; ,Ugf;fk;
On the Insert tab, the On the Insert tab, the On the Insert tab, the On the Insert tab, the
galleries include items galleries include items galleries include items galleries include items
that are designed to that are designed to that are designed to that are designed to
coordinate with the coordinate with the coordinate with the coordinate with the
overall look of your overall look of your overall look of your overall look of your
document. document. document. document.
vOj;JUg; ghzp jbg;ghf rha;thf mbf;NfhL

vOj;JU msT
vOj;JU tif HNST-JAFFNA MicroWish w we u o k g l MicroWish
Bullets Numbering
 One 1. Red
Merge Cells
 Two 2. Green
 Three 3. Yelow
Cut (Ctrl + X)
Header
Copy (Ctrl + C)
& Paste (Ctrl + V)
Footer?
Insert Picture Auto Shapes
2
X - Supper Script Ω Φ λ
Page Border?
Log10 – Sub Script Insert Symbols
O
n the Insert tab, the You can use these galleries to When you create pictures,
galleries include insert tables, headers, charts, or diagrams, they also
items that are footers, lists, cover pages, coordinate with your current
designed to coordinate with and other document building document look.
the overall look of your blocks.
document.(Drop Cap) (3 Columns)
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13
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(07) kpd;dZrhu; tpupjhs;fs;
(01)
Statistical Functions Examples Results
=AVERAGE(A2:A6)
01 AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)
=AVERAGE(A2:A6, 5)
=COUNT(B2:B6)
02 COUNT(value1,value2,...)
=COUNT(B2:B6,2)
03 MAX(number1,number2,...) =MAX(D2:D6)
04 MIN(number1,number2,...) =MIN(D2:D6,50)
05 RANK(number,ref,order) =RANK(D5,D2:D6,0)
B Logical Functions Examples Results

=AND(3<A2, D5<100)
01 AND(logical1,logical2, ...)
=AND(3<A2, D5>100)
=OR(5<A2, D5<100)
02
03 NOT(logical)
HNST-JAFFNA
OR(logical1,logical2,...)
=OR(5<A2, D5>100)
=NOT(FALSE)
=NOT(1+1=2)
04 TRUE( ) =TRUE( )
05 FALSE( ) =FALSE( )
06 IF(logical test, value if true, value if false) =IF(A2<=100,"Yes","No")
(02)
C Math & Trigonometric Functions Examples Results

=ABS(2)
01 ABS(number)
=ABS(-2)
=ROUND(2.15, 1)
02 ROUND(number,num_digits)
=ROUND(2.149, 2)
=SUM(3, 2)
03 SUM(number1,number2, ...)
=SUM("5", 15, TRUE)
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14
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(8) kpd;dZ epfo;j;Jif
(01) kpd;dZ epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUs;fs;: xU Fwpj;j jiyg;G my;yJ epfo;rr ; p njhlu;ghfj;

njhFf;fg;glj;jf;f tplq;fis xOq;F Kiwahf VidNahUf;F vLj;Jiug;gjw;F cjTk;
gy;Y}lf nkd;nghUs; tif.
 Microsoft PowerPoint, Impress (Open Office), Magic Point, Apple Works, Google Docs.
(02) epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs;:

 kpf typikahd njhlu;ghlYf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.
 epfo;j;JdUf;Fk; ghu;itahsUf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;ig Nkk;gLj;jfpd;wJ.
 jfty;fs; vspjhfTk; rPuhfTk; xOq;fikg;gjw;F tha;gspf;fpd;wJ.
 capu;g;ghd epfo;j;Jifia jahupg;gjw;Fk;> vLj;Jiug;gjw;Fk; tha;g;ig mspf;fpd;wJ.
 rypg;gpd;wp fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiug;gjw;Fg; gy;Y}lfj; njhlu;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
(03) epfo;j;Jifia mikj;jy;:

 fhl;rpr; rl;l msitj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
 fhl;rpr; rl;lfj; jsf;Nfhyj;jpid njupT nra;jy;.
 fhl;rpr; rl;l tbtikg;Gfisr; Nru;j;jy;.
 fhl;rpj; jpiug; gpd;dzpapidr; Nru;j;jy;.
 fhl;rpr; rl;lf cs;slf;fj;Jld; mirT+l;lq;fisr; Nru;j;jy;.
 fhl;rpr; rl;lf cs;slf;fj;Jld; xypiar; Nru;j;jy;.
 fhl;rpr; rl;lfq;fSf;fpilNa epiy khwy;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.
(04) kpd;dZ epfo;j;Jifapy; fhzg;glf;$ba gy;NtW ghq;Ffs; (View):

 Normal
 Slide Sorter
 Slide Show
 Notes Page
HNST-JAFFNA
(05) ghu;itahsUf;F epfo;j;Jifia Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghq;F
SlideShow (F5) MFk;.
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15
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(09) juTj;jsk;
(01)
ifapdhy; juTj; jsq;fis Kfhik nra;jy; fzpdp %ykhd juTj;js Kfhik Kiwik
 ml;ltizapd; msT> gjptpd; msT juT ml;ltizfis vspjhf mikf;fyhk;.
mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ ml;ltiz mikj;jy; rpukk;.
 juT ml;ltizfisr; Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;F kpff; $Ljyhd msT juTfisr; Nrkpf;fyhk;.
ngupa msT ,ltrjp Njitg;gLjy;.
 gjpit kWgbAk; ifahsy; rpukk;. kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;.
 neLq;fhyj;jpw;F ghJfhj;J itj;jy; rpukk;. $Ljyhd ghJfhg;igg; ngwyhk;.
 gjpit ePf;Fjy;> ,w;iwg;gLj;Jjy;> gjpitr; gjpitr; Nru;j;jy;> Gjpjhfg; Gyj;ijr; Nru;j;jy;>
Nru;j;jy; rpukk;. gjpit ePf;fy;> gjpit ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;> gjpitj;
NjLjy;> kpf vspJ.
 gjpit Njitahd Kiwapy; xOq;F nra;jy;> gjpit Njitahd Kiwapy; xOq;F nra;jy;>
Njitahd gjpit khj;jpuk; ngwy; fbdkhFk;. Njitahd gjpit khj;jpuk; ngWjy; vspJ.
(02) juTj;js Kfhkpg;G nkd;nghUs;fs;:
Microsoft Access, Oracle, MYSQL, dBASE, FoxPro, Paradox
(03) juTj;jsj;ij Kfhkpf;f gpd;tUk; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ml;ltizfs;> gbtq;fs;> tpdty;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> kf;Nwhf;fs;
(04) juT tiffs;:
Text, Memo, Numbers, Currency, Date/Time, Yes/No
Gyk; juT tif Gyk; juT tif

 gjpT vz;  guPl;irg; Gs;spfs;
 ngau;  trjpf; fl;lzk;
 gpwe;j jpfjp  rk;gsk;
 mDkjpj; jpfjp  Ra tpguk;
 kUj;Jtf; fl;lzk;  jpUkzkhdtuh?
 khztu; njhif  Nj.m.m. ,yf;fk;
(05)
 ml;ltizapy; cs;s gjpTfis
jdpj;Jtkhf ,dq;fhzg;
HNST-JAFFNA
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ rhtpahFk;.
 Kjd;ikr;rhtpahf gpufldg;gj;jg;gl;l
Gyj;jpy; xNu juT kPs ,lk;ngw ml;liz 1 ,d; Kjd;ikr; rhtp vJ?
,ayhJ. jdpj;Jtj; jd;ik
nfhz;ljhFk;.
 xu; ml;ltizapid NtNwhu;
ml;ltizAld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Gyk; ml;ltizapd; ml;ltiz 2 ,d; Kjd;ikr; rhtp vJ? md;dpar;
md;dpar; rhtp MFk;. rhtp vJ?
(06) ml;ltizfSf;fpilNa gpd;tUk; njhlu;Gilikfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
xd;Wf;nfhd;whd 1:1> xd;Wf;Fg; gythd 1:*> gyTf;Fg; gythd*.*
(07) tpdty;: vkf;Fj; Njitahd Gyq;fspd; fPo; khj;jpuk; gjpTfisg; ghu;g;gjw;F tpdty;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Field: Gyj;jpd; ngaiu njupT nra;a gad;gLk;.
Table: ml;ltizia njupT nra;a gad;gLk;.
cupa Gyj;ij xOq;FgLj;jg; gad;gLk;.

Sort: (VWtupir> ,wq;Ftupir)
cupa Gyj;ij Njhd;wr; nra;a my;yJ
Show: Njhd;whkypUf;fr; nra;a gad;gLk;.
cupa Gyj;jpy; juTfis Kfhkpf;fg; gad;gLk;.
Criteria:(epge;jidg;gLj;j)
(08) gbtq;fs;: ml;ltizfSf;Fj; juTfis vspjhfr; Nru;g;gjw;Fk;> ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa
jfty;fisg; ghu;g;gjw;Fk; gbtq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
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16
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(10) jfty; Kiwik
(01) ahNjDnkhU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mj;jpahtrpakhd

Fwpg;gpl;l nrad;Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;w xd;Wlndhd;D njhlu;Gila gy;NtW $Wfspd;
Nru;f;if KiwikahFk;. KiwikahdJ cg Kiwikfisf; nfhz;likayhk;.
(02) njhFjpapd; gpujhd nraw;ghLfshtd:
cs;sPL> Kiwtopahf;fk;> tUtpisT
(03) jfty; Kiwik:
 ifahy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwik:

vy;yh Kiwtopahf;fKk; kdpju;fspd; ifahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld;> juTfSk;>
jfty;fSk; fljhrpapy; vOjp Nfhitfshf ciwfspYk; fhg;Gg; ngl;lfq;fspYk;
itf;fg;gLk;.
jfty;fs; jpUj;jkw;Wf; fhzg;glf;$ba jd;ik> Jupjkhfj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
fbdk;> Kiwtopahf;fk; tpidj;jpwd; Fiwe;J fhzg;gly; ,jd; FiwghLfshFk;.
 fzpdpfis mbg;gilahf; nfhz;l jfty; Kiwik:
fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Kiwtopahf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,q;F jfty;fis kpfj;
jpUj;jkhditahfTk;> tpiuthfTk;> Neu;j;jpahfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. tpidj;jpwd;
$ba nrad;KiwahFk;.
,k;Kiwikapd; $Wfshtd: td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs;> kf;fs;(gadu;> nra;epuyu;)>
nray;Kiwfs;> juTfSk; jfty;fSk;.
(04) jfty; Kiwik tiffs;:
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Kiwtopahf;f Kiwikfs;:

md;whlk; eilngWk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Kiwtopg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jfty;
KiwikahFk;. (tq;fpfs;> tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs;)
 Kfhikj;Jt jfty; Kiwikfs;:
,q;F Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; juTfs; midj;Jk; juTj; jsj;jpy; Ngzg;gl;L> Njitahd
HNST-JAFFNA
Kiwapy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;L> epUthf eltbf;iffSf;F Njitahd jfty;fs;
ntspaplg;gLk;. ,j;jfty;fs; epWtdj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> gpd;dilT gw;wp mwptjw;Fupa
fhuzp ,Ug;gJld;> jPu;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTk;. (ghlrhiy> itj;jparhiy>
E}yfk;)
 jPu;khd cjT Kiwikfs;:
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd jfty;fisj; Njitf;Nfw;g ngWtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwikahFk;.
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw> epUthf tpjpfs;> nranyhOq;F> nghwpKiwfs;
Nghd;w cupa juTfis KiwikapDs; cs;sPL nra;Ak;NghJ KiwikahdJ
jPu;khdq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;.
 ty;Ydu; Kiwikfs;:
Fwpj;j Jiw rhu;e;j rfy tplaq;fisAk; KiwikapDs; cs;sPL nra;J gpd;du;
KiwikahdJ cupa epiyikfSf;Nfw;g mwpTkl;lj;jpyhd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L
MNyhridfis toq;Fk;. (kUj;Jt MNyhrid toq;Fk; ty;Y}du; Kiwik)
(05) Kiwik tpUj;jp tl;lk;:
fzpdp Kiwikia mikf;Fk;NghJ

ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk; gbKiwfs;.
1. gpurpdj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;.
2. ,aYik Ma;T.
3. Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T.
4. Kiwik tbtikg;G.
5. Kiwik tpUj;jp.
6. Nrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
7. Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;.
8. Kiwikiag; guhkupj;jy;.
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17
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1. gpurpdj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;. 6. Nrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 Kiwikapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;> KiwikapypUe;J  Kiwikapy; tOf;fs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gij
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gfpd;w tplaq;fs;> cs;sPLfs;> cWjpg;gLj;jy;.(FwpKiw tOf;fs;> mikg;G
tUtpisfs;> ,ilKfk;> Kiwikg; tOf;fs;> Njitfspd; FiwghLfs;)
ghJfhg;G Nghd;wit gw;wp vspa Mtzk;  KiwikapDs; rfy tpjkhd
jahupj;jy;. cs;sPLfisAk; ,l;L vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w
 epWtd Kfhikf; FOTk;> Kiwik tUtpisTfs; KiwikapD}lhf rupahfg;
tpUj;jpf; FOTk; ,ize;J ,ay;ghd ngwg;gLfpd;wjh vd nrt;it ghu;f;fg;gLk;.
nkhopapy; ,t; Mtzj;jpid jahupg;gu;. (Kiwikapd; tpidj;jpwd;> ek;gfj;jd;ik>
fhg;G)
2. ,aYik Ma;T.  $W}fSf;fhd Nrhjid:
 Kiwikia cUthf;Ftjw;F Muk;gpf;f Kiwikapd; xt;nthU $Wf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf
Kd;du; mjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fs; cs;sPLfis toq;fp mf;$wpdhy;
cs;sdth? me;j Kiwik %ykhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tUtpisT ngwg;gLfpd;wjh vd
Nrhjpj;jy;.
ngwj;jf;f nghUshjhu mD$yq;fs;
Mfpad gw;wpa mbg;gilf; fw;ifahFk;.  njhlu;Gilikr; Nrhjid:
Kiwikapd; $Wfs; xd;Wlndhd;W
 njhopDl;g ,aYik> nra;gzp ,aYik> njhlu;Ggl;L> nra;epuy;fs; cupa Kiwapy;
nghUshjhu ,aYik. nraw;gLfpd;wdth vd cs;sPLfis toq;fpr;
Nrhjpj;jy;.
 Kiwikr; Nrhjid:
KO Kiwikf;Fk; cs;sPLfis toq;fp
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w tUtpisT ngwg;gLfpd;wjh vdr;
Nrhjpj;jy;.
3. Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T.
 Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nrhjid:
 fzpdp Kiwikia cUthf;f Kd;du; Kiwikapd; Nritg; gadu; %yk; ,Wjpahf
mk;Kiwikapd; Njit> mjd; %yk; Kiwik Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L Kiwik
epiwNtw;w vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fUkq;fs;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;.
mjpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs;>
mtw;Wld; njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fs;> 7. Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;.
Kiwik nranyhOq;F gw;wp Muha;jy;.  cupa Kiwapy; Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;.
 Kiwik gFg;ghsu; cupikahsu;> gadu;  Neubahfr; nraw;gLj;jy;:
MfpNahUld; fye;Jiuahly;. ,Uf;fpd;w Kiwika ePf;fptpl;L mjw;Fg;
Kiwikapd; Njit:
 nray;rhu;e;j Njitfs;: HNST-JAFFNA
tq;fpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Kiwikapy;
gzitg;G> gzk; kPsg;ngwy;> khjhe;j
gjpyhf Gjpa Kiwikia nraw;gLj;jy;.
 rkhe;ju nraw;gLj;jy;:
,Uf;fpd;w KiwikiaAk;> Gjpa
KiwikiaAk; rkhe;jukhf xU fhy
mwpf;if> tq;fp kPjpia mwpjy;. mtfhrj;jpy; eilKiwg;glj;jy;. Gjpa
 nray;rhuhj Njitfs;. Kiwik ntw;wpfukhdnjdpd; gioaij
ek;gfj; jd;ik> Kiwikapd; ,ilKfk;> ePf;fp Gjpaij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
Kiwikapd; ghJfhg;G.  Kd;Ndhbr; nraw;gLj;jy;:
 jfty; Nrfupg;G Kiwfs;: gioa Kiwikapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
mwpf;iffs;> Nfhitfs; Mfpatw;iw ghfq;fs; rpytw;iw Gjpa KiwikAld;
mtjhdpj;jy;. Neu;fhzy;. tpdhf;nfhj;J ,izj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
gad;gLj;jy;. mtjhdpg;Gfis  gbKiwapyike;j nraw;gLj;jy;:
Nkw;nfhs;sy;. khjpupfisg; gad;gLj;jy;. gioa Kiwikapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
ghfq;fs; gbg;gbahf Gjpa Kiwikapdhy;
khw;wL P nra;ag;gly;.
4. Kiwik tbtikg;G.
 nkd;nghUs; $Wfis ,dq;fhzy;.
 Kiwikapd; nkd;nghUs; mikj;jiy 8. Kiwikiag; guhkupj;jy;.
,dq;fhzy;.  cUthf;fpa Kiwikiag;
 ,ilKfq;fis tbtikj;jy;. gad;gLj;Jifapy; guhkupg;gpid
 juTj; jsj;jpid jpl;lkply;. Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 Nrhjidapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Fiwfis
5. Kiwik tpUj;jp. eptu;j;jp nra;jy;.
 tbtikg;gpd;NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;l $Wfs;>  gadupd; Gjpa Njitfis G+u;j;jpnra;jy;.
cgnjhFjpfs; Mfpad fzpdpnkhop njhopDl;g khw;wj;jpw;fpzq;f Kiwikia
%ykhf nra;epuyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L my;yJ Gjpa njhopDl;g mD$yq;fisg;
FwpKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L fzpdp Kiwik ngw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf khw;wy;.
cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Kiwikia mikg;gjw;Fupa nra;epuy;
nkhopiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
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18
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(11) gpurpdj; jPu;Tf;fhd fzpdpg; gad;ghL
(01) fzpdp nkhopfspd; tsu;r;rp

 Kjyhk; re;jjpf; fzpdp nkhopfs; (,ae;jpu nkhopfs;) fPo; kl;l nkhopfs;:
 ,uz;lhk; re;jjpf; fzpdp nkhopfs; (xUq;F Nru;g;G nkhopfs;) fzpdpf;F mz;ikahdJ>
kdpjDf;F Nra;ikahdJ
 %d;whk; re;jjpf; fzpdp nkhopfs; (cau;kl;l nkhopfs;)
Eg: C, VB, PHP, JAVA, Phython
 ehd;fhk; re;jjpf; fzpdp nkhopfs; (nraw;if nkhopfs;)
Eg: Prolog
(02) cau;kl;l nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jp jahupf;fg;gl;l nra;epuy;fs; fzpdpahy; njhopw;glr; nra;a

Kd;gjhf fzpdpahy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba fPok ; l;l nkhopfshf khw;wg;gLk; nrad;Kiw
nkhopngau;g;G MFk;. nkhop ngau;g;gpfshtd:
xUq;F Nru;g;gp> njhFg;gp> nghUs;Nfhlyp
(03) fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk; fl;lq;fshtd.

gpurpdj;ij gFj;jha;jy;. gpurpdj;ij jPu;g;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd newpKiwia cUthf;fy;.
cUthf;fg;gl;l newpKiwia fzpdp nra;epuyhf khw;Wjy;. nra;epuypy; cs;s gpiofis
,dq;fhzYk; jtW ePf;fYk;. nra;epuy;fis nghUj;jkhd juTfSld; nraw;gLj;jy;.
(04) tp\{ty; Ngrpf; juT tiffs;.

vz;rhu;e;j juTfs; (Byte, Integer, Long, Single, Double). ruk; (String). Currency. Date, Varient.
(05) khwpfs;
nra;epuiy juTfSld; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ cupa juTfis gpujhd epidtfj;jpy; (RAM)
jw;fhypfkhf itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf khwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(06) khwpfSf;Fg; ngaupLk;NghJ iff;nfhs;s Ntz;bait.

Mq;fpy vOj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Muk;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J Mq;fpy
vOj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fq;fs; my;yJ (_ ) mbf;NfhL ,lk;ngwyhk;. ngaupy; ,Uf;fj;jf;f Mff;$ba
vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 255 MFk;. tp\{ty; Ngrpf;fpy; cs;s fl;lisfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk;
HNST-JAFFNA
ngau;fs; (Reserved word) khwpfspd; ngau;fshf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.
EX: MyName, _Name, Name?, If, A_5, Salary, Num1 ,tw;Ws; khwpfshf gad;gLj;jf; $batw;iwj; njupf.
(07)
fzpjr; nra;iffs; epge;jidr; nra;iffs; ju;f;fr; nra;iffs;
+ - * / ^ \ mod = > < >= <= <> AND OR NOT
nra;if 1 2 3 4
Kd;Dupik xOq;F () ^ *, / +, -
Ex:
fzpjr; nra;iffs; epge;jidr; nra;iffs ju;f;fr; nra;iffs;
((5+(2*3)-(5^2) tpil: 5>8 tpil: (3>5) And (5=4+1)
15/3 tpil: 5<=8 tpil: (3<=5) And (4=2^2)
17\3 tpil: 5=6 tpil: (3>5) Or (5=4+1)
17 mod 3 tpil: 3<>3 tpil: Not (5<>5)
(08) jlkhf;fy;.
s=0
FOR <Running Variable> = <Start Value> To <End Value> [Step(n)] For c=1 To 10
One or More VB Statement(s) s=s+c
Next <Running Variable> Next c
Print “Sum = “,s
For i=1 To 3
For x=10 To 1 Step -1
For x=1 To 10 For x=1 To 10 Step 2 For j=1 To i
Print “ICT”
Print “Computer” Print x Print i,j
Next x
Next x Next x Next j
Print x
Next i
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19
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Do While x < 10
Print x
Dim number As Integer
x=x+1
Do While <Condition> number = 1
If x = 5 Then
VB Statement(s) Do While number <= 100
Print "The program is exited at x=5"
Loop number = number + 1
Exit Do
Loop
End If
Loop
(09) njupT nra;jy;.

If...Then selection structure
If <condition> Then If mark > 75 Then
statement txtGrade.Text = "A"
End If End If
If...Then...Else selection structure
If <condition > Then If mark > 50 Then
statement(s) txtGrade.Text = "Pass"
Else Else
statement(s) txtGrade.Text = "Fail"
End If End If
Nested If...Then...Else selection structure
If average > 75 Then
If < condition 1 > Then txtGrade.Text = "A"
statement(s) ElseIf average > 65 Then
ElseIf < condition 2 > Then txtGrade.Text = "B"
ElseIf < condition 3 > Then txtGrade.Text = "C"
Else
Statement(s)
End If
HNST-JAFFNA txtGrade.Text = "S"
Else
txtGrade.Text = "F"
End If
Select...Case selection structure
mark = Val(txtMark.Text)
Select Case mark

Case 0 To 34
txtGrade.Text = "W"
Select Case Index/Expression Case 35 To 54
Case 0 txtGrade.Text = "S"
Statements Case 55 To 64
Case 1 txtGrade.Text = "C"
Statements Case 65 To 74
End Select txtGrade.Text = "B"
Case 75 To 100
txtGrade.Text = "A"
Case Else
MsgBox "Invalid average marks"
End Select
(10) mzpfs;.
Dim Marks (0 to 8) as Integer
75 45 87 93 58 69 77 50 59
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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20
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(11)
khwpfis ntspg;gLj;jy;
Dim Variable Name As Data Type
Dim password As String Dim total As Integer Dim FirstNum As Integer
Dim Status As Boolean Dim Surname As String Dim DoB As Date
khwpyp
nra;epuiy nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ ,tw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fs; khw;wkiltjpy;iy.
Const Constant Name As Data Type = Value
Const Pi As Single=3.142 Const Temp As Single=37 Const Score As Single=100
(12)
gha;r;rw; gl FwpaPLfs;
njhlf;fk; cs;sPL tUtpis

T
Kiwtopahf;fk;
jPu; KbT
kh
juTfspd; gha;r;ry; jpirfs;

njhLg;gp
HNST-JAFFNA
(04) gha;r;rw; glKk;> Nghypf; FwpKiwAk;.
Flow Chart Pseudo code
Start
Begin
Read two
numbers Read two numbers X,Y
X,Y If X >= Y then
Print X
X>= Print Y Else
Y No
Print Y
Yes
End If
Print X
End
Stop
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21
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Label 1 Command Button1

Name lblNum1 Name cmdDo
Caption Num1 Caption Do
Alignment Right Justify Command Button2
Label 2 Name cmdExit
Name lblNum2 Caption E&xit
Caption Num2
Alignment Right Justify Text Box1
Label 3 Name txtNum1
Name lblGni Text
Caption Greatest Number is: Text Box1
Alignment Right Justify Name txtNum2
Label 4 Text
Name lblResult Form
Caption
HNST-JAFFNA
Alignment Right Justify
Name frmMyFirstPro
Caption My First Pro
Private Sub cmdDo_Click()

If Val(txtNum1.Text) >= Val(txtNum2.Text) Then
lblResult.Caption = txtNum1.Text
Else
lblResult.Caption = txtNum2.Text
End If
End Sub
Private Sub cmdExit_Click()

End
End Sub
Private Sub cmdDo_Click()

If Val(txtNum1.Text) >= Val(txtNum2.Text) Then
MsgBox ("Greatest number is " & txtNum1.Text & ".")
Else
MsgBox ("Greatest number is " & txtNum2.Text & ".")
End If
End Sub
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22
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Name lblMark1 Name cmdTotal
Caption Mark 1 Caption Total
Name lblMark2 Name cmdAverage
Caption Mark 2 Caption Average
Label 3 Form
Name lblMark3 Name frmSba
Caption Mark 3 Caption SBA
Label 4 Label 5
Name lblTM Name lblAM
Caption Total Marks : Caption Average Marks :
Alignment
Border Style
HNST-JAFFNA
Private Sub cmdTotal_Click()
Right Justify
Fixed Single
I
Alignment
Border Style
Right Justify
Fixed Single
lblTotal.Caption = Val(txtMark1.Text) + Val(txtMark2.Text) +

Val(txtMark3.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub cmdAverage_Click()
lblAverage.Caption = (Val(txtMark1.Text) + Val(txtMark2.Text) +
Val(txtMark3.Text)) / 3
End Sub
lblAverage.Caption = Val(lblTotal.Caption) / 3
End Sub
II
Function avg()
lblAverage.Caption = (Val(txtMark1.Text) + Val(txtMark2.Text) +
Val(txtMark3.Text)) / 3
End Function
Function tot()
lblTotal.Caption = Val(txtMark1.Text) + Val(txtMark2.Text) +
Val(txtMark3.Text)
End Function
Call avg
End Sub
Private Sub cmdTotal_Click()
Call tot
End Sub
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23
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(12) jfty; NjlYf;F ,izaj;jpd; gad;ghL
(01) ,izak;:
 ,izaj;jpd; Kf;fpa nray;Kiwfs;:

kpd;dQ;ry;> /Nghuk; Forums> ciuahly; FO> cyfshtpa ,iza tiy> fye;Jiuahlw;
FO> nra;jpf; FO> Nfhg;G khw;wj;jpw;fhd nrk;ik elg;nghOq;F (File Transfer Protocol)
 tiy NkNyhbfs;: ,izaj; jsj;jpy; ,iza gf;fq;fis ghu;itapLtjw;fhf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fs; tiyNkNyhbfshFk;.
Internet Explorer, Mozilla FireFox, Google Chrome, Opera
 Njlw;nghwpfs;: ,izaj;jsj;jpy; NjLjy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdp

nkd;nghUs;fs;.
Yahoo, Google, ask, Altavist
 ,iza Kftup: ,izaj;js jfty;fis xOq;FKiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; toq;fg;gLk; jdpj;Jtkhd ngau;.
www.schoonet.lk, www.doenets.gov.lk,
 ,izaj;jpy; ,iztjw;Fj; Njitahdit:

njiyNgrp ,izg;G> fzpdp> nkhnlk;> njhlu;ghly; fzpdp nkd;nghUs;> ,iza Nrit
toq;Feu; ISP.
(02) kpd;dQ;ry;:
 Inbox: vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kpd;dQ;ry;fs; te;JNrUk; ,lk;.
 Draft: mDg;Gtjw;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;l Kbtilahj fbjq;fs; ,q;F Nru;j;J
itf;fg;gLk;.
HNST-JAFFNA
 Sent: vk;khy; mDg;g;gl;l fbjq;fspd; gpujpfs; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; ,lk;.
 Spam: vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mdhkNjaf; fbjq;fs; ,q;F te;J NrUk;.
 Trash: mopf;fg;gLk; fbjq;fs; ,jpy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;.
 To: kpd;dQ;ry; mDg;gNtz;batuJ kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup cl;GFj;jg;gLk; ,lk;.
kpd;dQ;riyg; gyUf;F mDg;gNtz;ba re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Kftupfs; fhw;Gs;sp (>)
milahsk; ,l;L Nru;f;fg;gLk;.
 Cc: kpd;dQ;rypd; efy; (gpujp) Fwpg;gpl;l egiuj; jtpu VidNahUf;Fk; mDg;gNtz;ba
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; KftupfSf;F ,ilNa fhw;Gs;sp ,l;L Kftupfs; cl;GFj;jg;gLk; ,lk;.
,k; Kftupfs; fbjk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; midtuhYk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 Bcc: kpd;dQ;rypid gy egu;fSf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf ,J gad;gLk;. vdpDk;> ,q;Fs;s
Kftupfis Kftup ,lg;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l egiuj; jtpu NtW Kftupf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
vtuhYk; fhzKbahJ.
 Subject: fbjk; njhlu;ghf jiyaq;fk; ,Ltjw;fhf ,J cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 Attachments: kpd;dQ;rYld; Gifg;glk;> xyp xsp epfo;rr ; pfspd; Nfhg;Gf;fis
,izg;ghf mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;.
 Reply: fpilf;fg;ngw;w kpd;dQ;ry; fbjnkhd;wpw;F gjpy; mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;.
 Forward: fpilj;j kpd;dQ;rypid NtnwhUtUf;F jpUg;gpaDg;GtJ.
 Sign Up: Gjpa kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;if Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;jpid Vw;gLj;jg;
gad;gLk;.
 Sign In: Vw;fdNt ngw;Wf;nfhz;l kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;fpDs; Eiotjw;Fg; gad;gLk;.
 Sign Out: cs; Eioe;j kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;fpypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;.
 kpd;dQ;ry; Nritapd; rpwg;gk;]q;fs;:

tpiuthdJ> ,yhgfukhdJ> cyfpd; vg;gFjpapy; cs;stUlDk; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jyhk;>
Gifg;glq;fs; rydg;glq;fs; Fuy; xyp Nghd;wtw;iw ,izj;J mDg;gyhk;> kpd;dQ;ry;
Fwpj;j egiu nrd;wilahtpl;lhy; fhuzk; te;J Nruy;. (Windows Outlook, Webmail)
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 kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup: ,dq;fhZk; ngau;> Ms;fsg; ngau; Mfpa ,U gFjpfisf;
nfhz;like;jJ. ,t;tpU gFjpfisAk; Ntwhf;Ftjw;F @ FwpaPL gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(ID@DomainName)
micro_wish@yahoo.com, lms@ucsc.cmb.ac.lk, ravi95@gmail.com, col.city@sltnet.lk
 kpd;dQ;rYld; njhlu;Gila Nritaf fzpdpfs;;.

SMPT Server, POP3 Server
 Ms;fsg; ngaupd; ,Wjpg; gFjp FwpaPLfs;;.

.com thzpg epWtdq;fs; .int ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs;
.edu fy;tp epWtdq;fs; .net tiyaikg;G njhopDl;g epWtdq;fs;
.org mur rhu;gw;w ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fs; .lk ,yq;if
.gov mur epWtdq;fs; .us mnkupf;fh
.mil gilazp .ch rPdh
HNST-JAFFNA
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(13) fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;fhd gy;Y}lfg; gad;ghL
(01) tz;z khjpupaq;fs;:

 RGB: rptg;G> gr;ir> ePyk;.
njiyf;fhl;rp> fzpdpj; jpiufspy;
cUthf;fg;gLk;.
 CMYK: ,sePyk;> Cjh> kQ;rs;>
(fWg;G)
mr;R Clf NtiyfSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdJ.
(02) xU glj;jpd; my;yJ gbkj;jpd; jukhdJ jq;fpAs;s fhuzpfs;:

 glj;jpd; ePsk;> mfyk; (gpupjpwd;).
 xU gl%yj;jpy;(pixel) mlq;fpAs;s epwq;fspd; vz;zpf;if (bit-depth).
(03) RGB= 256x256x256 =16777216 epwq;fs; (RGB, 24 Bits= 8x8x8) . xU %y epwj;jpw;F 256 (0-255) (28
bits) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(04) gpupjpwd; (Resolution): jpiuapy;(glj;jpy;) xU mq;Fy rJug;gug;gpy; cs;s gl%yq;fspd;

vz;zpf;if ppi (Pixel Per Inch), dpi(Dots per Inch). ( fzpdpapy; my;yJ njhiyf;fhl;rpj; jpiuapy;
jdpj; jdpNa vLf;fj;jf;f glf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if)
72ppi gpupjpwd; vdg;gLtJ. 72x72=5184 gl%yq;fs; (1 mq;Fy ePsKk;> 1 mq;Fy mfyKk;
nfhz;l gug;gpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;)
gupjpwd; mjpfupf;f glj;jpd; juKk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
(05) gbkthf;fy; nkd;nghUs;fs;:

Adobe photoshop: xspg;gnkhd;wpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;> xspg;glj;jpy; cs;s ghfq;fis mfw;Wjy;>
vOj;JU tiffisr; Nru;j;jy;> Nkyjpf myq;fhuj;jpid xspg;glj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
(06) File Format:

HNST-JAFFNA
BMP, TIFE, TGA, JPEG, GIF
(JPEG-Joint Photographers Expert Group, GIF- Graphic Interchange Format rpwe;jit)
(07)
Polygonal Lasso Tool gy;Nfhzp tbtq;fis njupT nra;a
Magnetic Lasso Tool ve;jnthU tbtj;jpYk; njupT nra;a
Brush Tool tpUk;gpa cUtq;fis tiue;J nfhs;s
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(14) gy;Y}lfj; njhopDl;gj;ijf; nfhz;l ,izaj;jsq;fis cUthf;fy;
milahs
Tag xl;Lf;fs; <Body>, <B>, <Html>….
Hyper Text Marup

HTML
Language
Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Google
Web Browser tiy NkNyhb
Chrome, …
Home Page njhlf;fg; gf;fk;
Web Page ,izag; gf;fk;
Web Site ,izaj; jsk;
Search Engine Njlw; nghwp Google, Yahoo,
Teleconferencing njhiy khehL
Adobe ColdFusion, Macromedia Dreamweaver,
 ,izaj; js cUthf;f nkd;nghUs;fs; Microsoft Expression Web, SharePoint Designer,
WYSIWIG- Editor Visual Studio, Visual Web Developer Express,
Microsoft Front page.
gy;NtW Clfq;fspd; Nru;khdk; gy;Y}lfk; WWW Server vdg;gLk; cyfshtpa ,iza
MFk; (Gjpdj; jhs;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>
jpiug;glq;fs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp). Nritafj;jpy; ,izag; gf;fq;fs;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mf;fzpdpapy;
,jD}lhf Fwpg;gpl;l tupAUf;fs;> nrhw;fs;> mlq;fpAs;s jfty;fis ehk; ,yFthfg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
juTfs;> xspg;glq;fs;> tiutpay;fs;> xypfs;>
mirT+l;lq;fs;> xspj;Njhw;wq;fs; upk; gu;d]; yP vd;gtuhy; WWW
Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp jfty;fisg; cyfshtpa ,izak;(tiy) mwpKfk;
gupkhwpf; nfhs;syhk;. nra;ag;gl;lJ.
HNST-JAFFNA
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27
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HNST-JAFFNA
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(15) jftw; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gKk; r%fKk;
(01) tptrhaj;Jiwapy; jftw; njhopDl;gj;jpd; gad;ghL:

 tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;LtUk; etPd Ma;Tfspd; my;yJ gupNrhjidfspd;
ngWNgWfisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;F ,izak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 tptahapfSf;Fk; re;ijfSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjdhy; re;ijapd; tpiy
epiyikfis clDf;Fld; mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTtJld; re;ijapy; ,lk;ngWk;
KiwNfLfspy; ,Ue;J tptrhapfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G mspf;f %bAk;.
 ,ilj;jufu;fs; %yk; tptrhapfs; Ruz;lg;gLtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLtJld; tptrha
cw;gj;jpfSf;Fupa epahakhd tpiyAk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;.
 ,izaj;jpd; %yk; tptrha cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd fhyepiyj; jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;
nfhs;syhk;.
 tptrhak; rhu;e;j nfhLg;gdT mwpf;iffis fzpdpg;gLj;jy; ,yFthdJ..
(02) ifj;njhopw;Jiwapy; jftw;njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;;

 gy;NtW nghUl;fisAk; fUtpfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ mit njhlu;ghd
Muk;gj; jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> KbTg; nghUspd; mikg;ig Kd;dNu mwpe;J
nfhs;sTk; jftw;njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 fzpdpapd; %yk; ,aq;Fk; NuhNgh ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp KO cw;gj;jpr;
nrad;KiwiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp KbTg; nghUl;fisf; Fiwfs; vJTkpd;wp
ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
(03) mur JiwAk; jfty; gupkhw;wKk;:

 murJiw Mtzq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> nghJj; juTfs;> jfty;fs;> nra;jpj; jhs;fs;>
Rw;wwpf;iffs;> rl;lk; Nghd;w Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Nritfs; fzpdpkag;gLj;jy;.
 kf;fs; tPl;bypUe;jthNw Nkw;gb jfty;fisAk; NritfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
(04) jftw;njhopDl;gKk; tu;j;jfKk;:

 nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Kjy; nfhs;tdT nra;tJ tiuAs;s rfy
nraw;ghLfspYk; jftw;njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpahghu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; nghUshjhu
HNST-JAFFNA
uPjpapYk; epUthf uPjpapYk; ed;ikfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
 ru;tNjr uPjpahf tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyfis xg;gpl;L tpUk;gpa ehl;by; ,Ue;J
nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;aTk;> mNef re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy;
nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJk; ed;ikfshFk;. (Amazon)
 ,izaj;jpd; %yk; tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; kpfTk;
ghJfhg;ghdJk;> ,yFthdJkhFk;.
 tpUk;gpa vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fisj; Njly;> fUj;Jf;fisg;
gupkhwy; nghUl;fSf;fhd nfhs;tdTf; fl;lisfis ,ly; vd;gdtw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;tJld; mjw;fhd gzj;ij VISA, Master ml;il %ykhfr; nrYj;j KbAk;.
 tpkhdr; rPl;Lf;fis ngwy;> Rw;Wyhtpw;Fj; Njiahd N`hl;ly;fis xJf;fpf; nfhs;sy;>
ez;gu;fSf;Fg; gupRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gpf; nfhs;Sjy;> Milfis thq;Ftjw;Fk;
,aYk;.
(05) jftw;njhopDl;gKk; Rfhjhuj;JiwAk;:

 Rfhjhuj; Jiwapy; kUe;Jfisj; jahupj;jy;> kUj;Jt Ma;Tfs;> kUj;Jt gupNrhjidfs;>
mWitr; rpfpr;ir Nghd;wdtw;wpw;F fzpdpj; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 MRI tUb %yk; ntspg;ghu;itf;Fj; njupahj clypd; cs; mtatq;fis gy;NtW
Nfhzq;fspy; cau; juj;jpy;> tu;zq;nfhz;ljhf glk;gpbg;gjd; %yk; kUj;Jtu;fs;
rupahd jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f cjTfpd;wJ.
 CAT tUb %yk; Kg;gupkhzg; glq;fs; ngwg;gLk;. cUg;gpf;fg;gl;l glq;fs; %yk; cs;
cWg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;w Fzg;gLj;j Kbahj Neha;fisf; fz;lwpa cjTfpd;wJ. (vYk;G
kr;ir).
 EEG %yk; %isapy; Vw;gLfpd;w jPik tpistpf;Fk; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpr; rupahf mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;. J}q;Fk;NghJ> elf;Fk;NghJ> jpBu; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ %isapd;
nraw;ghl;bid ,jd; %yk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 Telemedicine: kUj;Jtu;fs; Nehahspfisg; gupNrhjpj;jy;> mtjhdpj;jy;> NehahsuJ
kUj;Jt mwpf;iffis Kfhik nra;jy; vd;gdtw;wpw;F fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;
njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy; Telemedicine MFk;>
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(06) fy;tpj; Jiwapy; jftw;njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;:

 fzpdp mbg;gilapyhd gapw;rp> ,iza mbg;gilapyhd gapw;rp> fw;wy; Kfhikj;Jt
Kiw> njhiyf; fy;tp KiwfspD}lhf kpd;fy;tp KiwahdJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,iza trjp ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F ,yj;jpudpay; fy;tp epfo;rr ; p> ghl ,Wtl;Lf;fs;> %yk;
fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fyhk;.
 ,k; kpd;fw;ifapy; khztu;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; fw;wy; eltbf;iffspy; <Lglr;
re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jy;> tpUk;Gk; ghlnewpiaj; njupT nra;jy; rpwg;gk;]q;fshFk;.
 fw;if Kiwapy; cs;s ghlnewpfs; gy;tifg;gl;l gy;Y}lf fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
mikf;fg;gl;lik khztu;fSf;F fw;wypy; Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 khztu;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;> guPl;ir eltbf;iffs;> Rafw;wy; gapw;rpfs;> Njitahd
topfhl;ly;fs; ,tw;wpd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 gjpT nra;Jnfhz;l khztu;fs; gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;Wk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjw;fhd
cjtpia kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; jkJ MNyhrfUld; my;yJ gjpT nra;J nfhz;l gpw
khztu;fSld; njhlu;gpid vw;gLj;jpj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
 ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;> Neu R+rpif jahupj;jy;> yPT eltbf;iffs;>
tuTg; gjpTfs;> elj;ijr; rhd;wpjo; jahupj;jy;> fl;lzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpid Kfhik
nra;tjw;F jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(07) fzpdp Kiwikfs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk;:

fzpdp KiwikfSf;F gpur;rpidfisAk;> rthy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUs;fs; jPa
nkd;nghUs;fs; ( Malware or Malicious Software) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 fzpdp er;R epuy;:

o fzpdpr; nra;epuypd; cs;Ns ,Ue;jthW RakhfNt ngUFk; Mw;wYilaJ.
o ,izak;> tiyaikg;G> kpd;dQ;ry;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;> nefpo;tl;Lf;fs;> ,yf;fKiw
gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L> gspr;rPl;L tl;L Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf er;R epuy; guTfpd;wJ.
o er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfs;: fzpdpapDs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
juTfSk; jfty;fSk; mope;JNghjy;> rpijTWjy;. nkd;nghUl;fs; nraypoj;jy;.
fzpdpapd; nraw;wpwd; Fiwtiljy;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fzpdp td;nghUl;fSf;F
ghjpg;G Vw;gLjy;.
HNST-JAFFNA
o er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpid ,dq;fhz gad;gLk; mwpFwpfs;: fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;L
Ntfk; Fiwtiljy;. fhuzkpd;wp fzpdp mbf;fb nraypoj;jy;> kPs Muk;gpj;jy; >
kPs Muk;gpf;f Kbahky; Nghjy;> Muk;gpf;f mjpf Neuk; vLj;jy;. rpy
nkd;nghUl;fs; ,af;f Kbahky; Nghjy;> nraw;ghL rpijtiljy;> jhdhf
mopf;fg;gLjy;. Nfhitfs; jhdhfNt mopf;fg;gLjy;. gadw;w Nfhitfs;
Nru;f;fg;gLjy;. jpiuapy; Njitaw;w mwpTWj;jy;fs; nra;jpfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gly;.
Gjpa nkd;nghUl;fisr; Nru;f;fKbahky; Nghjy;. gl;bg; gl;ilfspd; xOq;F
rpijtiljy;. gy;NtW rj;jq;fs; Vw;gly;. td;tl;L nrYj;jp nraypoj;jy;>
njhlu;r;rpahf ,aq;Fjy;. rupahf mr;nrLf;f Kbahky; Nghjy;> Njitaw;w
tplaq;fs; mr;rhjy;. tl;Lf;fspy; ,lk; ,Ue;jhYk; ,lk; ,y;iy vd Fwpg;gply;.
o fzpdpapy; er;R epuiy ePf;Ftjw;Fupa rpwe;jtop er;Repuy; vjpu;g;Gr; nra;epuy;fisg;
gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. Anti Virus : Norton, McAfee, Panda, AVG, Kaspersky, Avira, Avast.
o er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;: jPr; Rtupid njhopw;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;.
fhg;G Nfhitfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> er;R epuy; vjpu;g;Gr; nra;epuy;fspy; cs;s
ghJfhg;G Kiwfis njhopw;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;. vg;NghJk; %y
nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;. nghJthd ghtidf;F epu;thff; fzf;fpidg;
gad;gLj;jhJ rhjhuz ghtidf; fzf;fpidg; gad;gLj;jy;. mwpKfkpy;yhj
,izaj; jsq;fis gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;jy;. kpd;dQ;ry; ,izg;Gf;fis
mtjhdkhff; ifahsy;. gspr;rPl;L tl;Lf;fis ftdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
nkd;nghUl;fspd; fl;lisg; gpupT trjpfis nraw;gLj;jhJ itj;jpUj;jy;.
 Ntu;k;];:
o kdpjdpd; jiyaPL ,d;wp RakhfNt gpujpahf;fk; nra;Ak; Mw;wYilaJ.
o tiyaikg;gpD}lhf Ntfkhf gutp ghuJ}ukhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 l;nuh[d; N`hu;];:
o gaDs;s fzpdp nra;epuy; vd mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L kiwe;jpUe;J mopit
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 ];igntahu;:
o fzpdpapDs; epiynfhz;L fzpdpapd; juTfis gpujp nra;J nfhLf;Fk;.
o ,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhf njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jpg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ
fzpdpapd; flTr;nrhy;> jdpg;gl;l tpguq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw gpw fzpdpfSf;F
gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak;.
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 ml;ntahu;:
o ,izaj;js;fisg; gad;gLj;Jifapy; jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; Njitaw;w tpsk;guq;fs;>
mwpTWj;jy;fs; ,itahFk;.
o ,tw;wpdhy; cs uPjpahd jhf;fk;> ftdk; fiyf;fg;gly;> fhy tPz;tpuak; Nghd;wd
Vw;glf;$Lk;.
 i`[hf;fu;:
o VjhtnjhU fzpdpapy; fhzg;gLk; juTfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis NtW xUtuhy;
Fwpj;j fzpdp cupikahsupd; mDkjp ,d;wp ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ.
 layu;:
o nkhlk; ghtidA+lhf Vw;gLk; Dial up gpur;rpidfs;.
o Nkyjpf njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzq;fs; Vw;gly;> njhiyNgrp ghtidapy;
jilNaw;gly;.
 ];ghk;:
o mtrpakw;w kpd;dQ;ry;fis njhlu;e;J kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupf;F fpilf;fg;ngwy;.
o Kf;fpa kpd;dQ;ry;fs; jpUk;gptpLjy;> kpd;dQ;ry;fis mopf;f mjpf Neuk; vLj;jy;>
kpd;dQ;riyg; gad;gLj;jy; rpukk; Vw;glyhk;.
(04) fzpdpAk; MNuhf;fpaKk;:
 kf;fs; jkJ flikfSld; ngsjpf mk;rq;fis ,izj;J nray;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd

fw;ifapid Ergonomics vd;gu;. (Ergo – Work, nomos – law)
 kPs;tUk; jifg;G: xNu gzpapy; njhlu;e;J ePz;l Neuk; <LgLtjd; fhuzkhf clypy;
Vw;gLk; xUtif typ kPs;tUk; jifg;G RSI vd;gu;.
 fz; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;:

o tuz;l fz;> fz; vupT> fz; typ> ghu;itf; FiwT> ,ul;ilg; ghu;it> jiy typ.
o mbf;fb fz;fis %Ljy;> tpj;jpahrkhd J}uq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; kPJ
HNST-JAFFNA
ghu;itiar; nrYj;Jjy;> Rw;Wr; R+oiy fhw;Nwhl;lkhfTk; Nghjpa ntspr;rj;JlDk;
itj;jpUj;jy;> ,ilapilNa Xa;ntLj;jy; %yk; Nkw;gb gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jp
nra;ayhk;.
 fzpdpfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; fzpdpg; gad;ghl;lhsu;fis ghjpg;giar; nra;ayhk;:

o ghJfhg;gpd;wp mq;Fkpq;Fk; kpd; tau;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
o nghUj;jkw;w Nkir> fjpiufisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
o Nghjpa kpd;ndhsp ,d;wp ,Uj;jy;.
o fhw;Nwhl;lk; Ngzg;glhik.
o fzpdp JizAWg;Gf;fs; rupahfTk;> KiwahfTk; gad;gLj;jhik
(mr;Rg;gpujpnaLg;ghdpd; Torner cupa Kiwapy; mfw;wg;glhik)
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1

G.C.E (O/L) - 2013 Information & Communication Technology

(02) md;whl tho;tpy; vkf;F mbg;gil tpsf;fj;ij mspf;Fk; vt;tifapYk; mike;j

(03) Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;ijj; juf;$bajhf rupahf Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;l juTfs; jfty;fshFk;.

(04) jfty;fspd; gz;Gfs;:

(05) fzpdpapd; tuyhW:

re;jjp gad;gLj;jg;gl;l $W gz;Gfs;

cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; ika Kiwtop myF ntspaPl;Lr;

cU Fij tif ,izf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;

PS/2 Fijfs; tpirg;gyif> Rl;b

njhlu;f; Fijfs; Nkhlk;> Rl;b

rkhe;juf; Fijfs; mr;Rg; nghwp> tUb

tiyaikg;Gf; Fij fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdpfis

fzpdpj; jpiuf; Fij fzpdpj; jpiu> gy;Y}lf vwpfUtp

HNST-JAFFNA USB Fij

Nkhnlk; Fij Nkhnlk;

14) juTj; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;.

 njhlu;j; juT CLflj;jy;:

16) juT CLflj;jy; topfs;.

17) fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; mD$yq;fs;.

18) fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; gpujp$yq;fs;:

19) ngsjpf uPjpapy; fzpdpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W nghUj;jg;gLk; tpjk; tiyaikg;G ,lj;jpay;

20) fzpdp tiyaikg;gpd; gpujhd tiffs;.

21) fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;.

22) ,izak;: Internet

24) ,iza mfk;: Intranet

(02) vz; KiwikfSf;fpilapyhd gupkhw;wk;

8 Bits  1 byte Bit

(04) fzpdpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fwpg;gl

16 NtWgl;l FwpaPLfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;g Lj;j

Unicode 16 Bits 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 65536 NtWgl;l FwpaPLfis

(02) G+ypad; ml;rufzpj mbg;gilj; Njw;wq;fs;.(X,Y,Z G+ypad; khwpfshFk;)

(03) cz;ik ml;ltiz / nka;epiy ml;ltiz

A B C A A.B.C A.B.C A B C A B C A B C A.B  C

(01) fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd nkd;nghUl; njhFjp gzpnray; KiwikahFk;.

(03) fzpdp Kiwikf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; ,iNaAs;s njhlu;G.

(04) gadu; ,ilKfj;jpd; tif.

gpujhd $Wfs; rpy HNST-JAFFNA

rhusq;fs;> glTU> gl;b> Rl;b

(01) nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;fs;.

(02) nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspy; cs;s rpy tpNrl trjpfs;.

vOj;JUg; ghzp jbg;ghf rha;thf mbf;NfhL

(07) kpd;dZrhu; tpupjhs;fs;

Statistical Functions Examples Results

B Logical Functions Examples Results

C Math & Trigonometric Functions Examples Results

(01) kpd;dZ epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUs;fs;: xU Fwpj;j jiyg;G my;yJ epfo;rr ; p njhlu;ghfj;

(02) epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs;:

(03) epfo;j;Jifia mikj;jy;:

(04) kpd;dZ epfo;j;Jifapy; fhzg;glf;$ba gy;NtW ghq;Ffs; (View):

Gyk; juT tif Gyk; juT tif

Field: Gyj;jpd; ngaiu njupT nra;a gad;gLk;.

Table: ml;ltizia njupT nra;a gad;gLk;.

cupa Gyj;ij xOq;FgLj;jg; gad;gLk;.

(01) ahNjDnkhU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mj;jpahtrpakhd

(03) jfty; Kiwik:

 ifahy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwik:

(04) jfty; Kiwik tiffs;:

 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Kiwtopahf;f Kiwikfs;:

(05) Kiwik tpUj;jp tl;lk;:

fzpdp Kiwikia mikf;Fk;NghJ

(01) fzpdp nkhopfspd; tsu;r;rp

(02) cau;kl;l nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jp jahupf;fg;gl;l nra;epuy;fs; fzpdpahy; njhopw;glr; nra;a

(03) fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk; fl;lq;fshtd.